资源简介

(共65张PPT)
Guishan Han Tomb
Main Contents
Major Elements
Words & Expressions
Part One
General Knowledge
Main Contents
Part Two
Detailed Information
General Introduction
Blocking stones
The southern pathway
Burial Chamber
The northern pathway
Shape of Gui Hill
景点概况 1.龟山汉墓的主人身份、修建墓葬的时间2.龟山平剖图、介绍墓葬构造
塞石 1.塞石的数量和作用；2.墓志铭的内容和字体特点
3.塞石的石质及打凿的精细度
南甬道 1.甬道的宽度、高度、长度及打凿的精细度
2.甬道的作用
墓室 1.墓室的建筑结构特点 2.擎天柱的设计作用和特点
3.合葬墓的形式及壶门的作用 4.楚王迎宾影像及四大千古未解之谜
北甬道 1.历史上盗墓的时间、次数和方式 2.两甬道的平行夹角
3.墓葬夯土层的作用及保护措施
龟山山形 1.龟山的美丽传说 2.龟的寓意及祝福
Part One General Knowledge
1. Major Elements
General Understanding Questions
1. What is the total area of Guishan Han tomb How many chambers is it made up of
2. Who was the tomb constructed for
3. What is the length, width and height of the pathway of Guishan Han Tomb
4. When and how was the tomb firstly discovered
5. What type of tomb is Guishan Han Tomb as to its structure
6. How many years did the sixth Prince Liu Zhu reign the country And how long did it take to build the tomb
General Understanding Questions
7. What are the two big blocking stones in front of the door used for
8. When was Guishan Han Tomb listed as a “National Key Cultural Relic Protection Unit” by the State Council
9. How did the identity of the owner of the tomb become known
10.What is the artistic value of the stone at the entrance of the tomb with inscriptions of “the one hundredth upper layer stone” on it
sculpture / 'sk lpt / n. 雕塑
craftsmanship / 'kr ftsm n ip / n. 技艺
trumpet / 'tr mpit / n. 喇叭
passage / 'p sid / n. 通道
parallel / 'p r lel / v. 与…平行
manually / 'm nj li / adv. 手工地
polish / 'p li / v. 擦亮
stable / 'steibl / n. 马厩
coffin / 'k :fin / n. 棺材
laser / 'leiz / n. 激光
Part One General Knowledge
2. Words & Expressions (1)
epiphany / i'pif ni / n. 显现（特指神的显现）
cereal / 'si ri l / n. 谷物产品
urn / :n / n. 瓮
pest / pest / n. 害虫
layer / 'lei / n. 层
justify / 'd stifai / v. 证明…有理
quarry / 'kw ri / v. 采石，挖掘
Terra Cotta Warriors and Horses 兵马俑
Jiuli Mountain 九里山
Part One General Knowledge
2. Words & Expressions (2)
景点概况 1.龟山汉墓的主人身份、修建墓葬的时间2.龟山平剖图、介绍墓葬构造
塞石 1.塞石的数量和作用；2.墓志铭的内容和字体特点
3.塞石的石质及打凿的精细度
南甬道 1.甬道的宽度、高度、长度及打凿的精细度
2.甬道的作用
墓室 1.墓室的建筑结构特点 2.擎天柱的设计作用和特点
3.合葬墓的形式及壶门的作用 4.楚王迎宾影像及四大千古未解之谜
北甬道 1.历史上盗墓的时间、次数和方式 2.两甬道的平行夹角
3.墓葬夯土层的作用及保护措施
龟山山形 1.龟山的美丽传说 2.龟的寓意及祝福
Part Two Detailed Information
1. General Introduction
1.龟山汉墓的主人身份、修建墓葬的时间
1.龟山汉墓的主人身份、修建墓葬的时间
Useful Expressions
three treasures of the Han Dynasty “汉代三绝”
2. tombs, stone sculptures and terra cotta warriors and horses
汉兵马俑、汉墓、汉画像石
3. this tomb boasts the grand scale, extraordinary design and delicate work
这座陵墓规模宏伟，设计独特，雕凿精细
4. be praised as “China’s Treasure” and “a Wonder through the Ages”
被誉为“中国瑰宝”、“千古奇观”
Ladies and gentlemen, we are now at Guishan Han Tomb! I think all of you know something about the Han Dynasty and want to learn more about it, right Then, Xuzhou is the right place for you. It is said that one can not really understand the culture of the Han Dynasty until he comes to Xuzhou. Xuzhou features itself with three treasures of the Han Dynasty. They are tombs, stone sculptures and terra cotta warriors and horses. Today we will appreciate one of the most famous Han Tombs: Guishan Han Tomb. With an area of over 700 square meters (more than 837 square yards), this tomb boasts the grand scale, extraordinary design and delicate work, some of which are even superior to today’s technology. As a result, the tomb has long been praised as “China’s Treasure” and “a Wonder through the Ages”.
1.龟山汉墓的主人身份、修建墓葬的时间
2.龟山平剖图、介绍墓葬构造
2.龟山平剖图、介绍墓葬构造
Useful Expressions
1. tortoise-like shape 龟形
2. Liu Zhu, the sixth Prince of State Chu 第六代楚王襄王刘注
3. is composed of two parallel but communicating parts
由并列相通的两部分组成
4. consists of fifteen chambers including bedrooms, parlors, kitchens and even the wash rooms and stables 墓室共有15间，包括寝殿、前殿、厨房、厕所和马厩
2.龟山平剖图、介绍墓葬构造
Useful Expressions
5. a complete drainage system 完善的排水系统
6. a horizontal cliff cave tomb 横穴崖洞式
7.a majestical underground palace 一座雄伟的地下宫殿
Guishan Hill is part of Jiuli Mountain, famous for its tortoise-like shape. The tomb was constructed for Liu Zhu, the sixth Prince of State Chu (who reigned between 128 BC-116 BC) and his wife in Western Han Dynasty (206 BC-24 AD). When we step into the inner part of the tomb, we will find the whole hill is a tomb. It is composed of two parallel but communicating parts: the south part is the tomb of Liu Zhu and the north part of his wife. Each part has a path for people to enter the main body of the tomb. The main body of the tomb consists of fifteen chambers including bedrooms, parlors, kitchens and even the wash rooms and stables.
2.龟山平剖图、介绍墓葬构造
The whole tomb even has a complete drainage system. The design of middle part higher than the outer layer with tanks on both sides of the tomb floor can naturally drain water. Both parts are chiseled into caves and the tomb is a horizontal cliff cave tomb. It is just like a majestical underground palace indeed. According to some experts, it probably took 300 skilled craftsmen decades of years to complete the project.
2.龟山平剖图、介绍墓葬构造
景点概况 1.龟山汉墓的主人身份、修建墓葬的时间2.龟山平剖图、介绍墓葬构造
塞石 1.塞石的数量和作用；2.墓志铭的内容和字体特点
3.塞石的石质及打凿的精细度
南甬道 1.甬道的宽度、高度、长度及打凿的精细度
2.甬道的作用
墓室 1.墓室的建筑结构特点 2.擎天柱的设计作用和特点
3.合葬墓的形式及壶门的作用 4.楚王迎宾影像及四大千古未解之谜
北甬道 1.历史上盗墓的时间、次数和方式 2.两甬道的平行夹角
3.墓葬夯土层的作用及保护措施
龟山山形 1.龟山的美丽传说 2.龟的寓意及祝福
2. Blocking stones
Part Two Detailed Information
1.塞石的数量和作用
1.塞石的数量和作用
Useful Expressions
1. take the shape of a trumpet 呈喇叭形状
2. rectangular stones 长条形石头
3. are used for blocking the entrances to the corridors and preventing theft
用作阻塞甬道入口以防盗
4. each entrance blocked with two layers of such stones, each weighing 6-7 tons, 13 stones making up one layer
甬道由26块塞石分上下两层封堵，每层13块，每块塞石重达6-7吨
Now, we are at the entrance to the tomb. And first of all, I want you to have a look at the entrance, and tell me what it looks like. Yes, it takes the shape of a trumpet. Now, I’ll take you to see some stones. There are many rectangular stones just outside the tomb. Can you tell me what they are used for They are used for blocking the entrances to the corridors and preventing theft, so they are called blocking stones①. According to experts, the stones were not the ones from the hill itself but from far southwest.
1.塞石的数量和作用
As you can see, the stones are huge and of course very heavy. It is hard to move them even today, so we can by no means understand how the people of the Han Dynasty took them here and used them to block the entrances. When people were going to excavate the tomb in 1982, they found each entrance blocked with two layers of such stones, each weighing 6-7 tons, 13 stones making up one layer.
1.塞石的数量和作用
2.墓志铭的内容和字体特点
3.塞石的石质及打凿的精细度
2.墓志铭的内容和字体特点
3.塞石的石质及打凿的精细度
Useful Expressions
1. “the one hundredth upper layer stone” “第百上石”
2. the last blocking stone which was plugged into the entrance 最后一块塞进入口的石头
5. It is justified to say that the artisanship of the time was excellent beyond description.
可以说当时的手艺相当之精湛。
3. A certain small official or a family member of the king 一位小隶或一位皇族成员
4. carved the epitaph with the intention to warn away grave robbers
刻墓志铭意在警告盗墓者远离
Let’s take a close look at the stone with inscriptions of “the one hundredth upper layer stone” at the entrance of the tomb. This stone was considered to be the last blocking stone which was plugged into the entrance after Liu Zhu’s body was buried. A certain small official or a family member of the king carved the epitaph with the intention to warn away grave robbers. All the stones were put together so closely that one could hardly put a coin between them. It is justified to say that the artisanship of the time was excellent beyond description.
2.墓志铭的内容和字体特点
3.塞石的石质及打凿的精细度
景点概况 1.龟山汉墓的主人身份、修建墓葬的时间2.龟山平剖图、介绍墓葬构造
塞石 1.塞石的数量和作用；2.墓志铭的内容和字体特点
3.塞石的石质及打凿的精细度
南甬道 1.甬道的宽度、高度、长度及打凿的精细度
2.甬道的作用
墓室 1.墓室的建筑结构特点 2.擎天柱的设计作用和特点
3.合葬墓的形式及壶门的作用 4.楚王迎宾影像及四大千古未解之谜
北甬道 1.历史上盗墓的时间、次数和方式 2.两甬道的平行夹角
3.墓葬夯土层的作用及保护措施
龟山山形 1.龟山的美丽传说 2.龟的寓意及祝福
3. Southern path
Part Two Detailed Information
1.甬道的宽度、高度、长度及打凿的精细度
2.甬道的作用
1.甬道的宽度、高度、长度及打凿的精细度
2.甬道的作用
Useful Expressions
1.the red laser beam 红色激光束
2. the two paths respectively leading to the two tomb chambers are paralleled
分别通往两个墓室的两条甬道互相平行
5. are polished carefully 雕凿精度高
3. about 2600 cubic meters 大约2600立方米
4. nearly takes up the whole bosom of the mountain 几乎占据整个山体
From the red laser beam②, you can see the two paths respectively leading to the two tomb chambers are paralleled, and the distance between them is about 19 meters (about 21 yards). Each of them is about 56 meters long (about 61 yards), 1.78 meters high (about 1.95 yards) and 1.06 meters wide (about 1.16 yards).
Walking along the paths, people could enter the main body of the tomb. With about 2600 cubic meters (more than 3401 cubic yards), the main body nearly takes up the whole bosom of the mountain. As you can see, the stone walls are smooth, because they are polished carefully. All the angles on the top of the corridor are almost right.
1.甬道的宽度、高度、长度及打凿的精细度
2.甬道的作用
景点概况 1.龟山汉墓的主人身份、修建墓葬的时间2.龟山平剖图、介绍墓葬构造
塞石 1.塞石的数量和作用；2.墓志铭的内容和字体特点
3.塞石的石质及打凿的精细度
南甬道 1.甬道的宽度、高度、长度及打凿的精细度
2.甬道的作用
墓室 1.墓室的建筑结构特点 2.擎天柱的设计作用和特点
3.合葬墓的形式及壶门的作用 4.楚王迎宾影像及四大千古未解之谜
北甬道 1.历史上盗墓的时间、次数和方式 2.两甬道的平行夹角
3.墓葬夯土层的作用及保护措施
龟山山形 1.龟山的美丽传说 2.龟的寓意及祝福
4. Burial chamber
Part Two Detailed Information
1.墓室的建筑结构特点
2.擎天柱的设计作用和特点
1.墓室的建筑结构特点
2.擎天柱的设计作用和特点
Useful Expressions
1. are arranged in a clear order according to their functions 根据功能按照清晰的顺序排列
2. stable, garage, music chamber, burial chamber, kitchen chamber and so on
马厩、车马库、礼乐器具库、墓室、庖丁室（厨房）等
4. huge stone pillars 巨型石柱
3. the roofs of the chambers are in various styles like vault, flat or four-angled spire
墓室的屋顶风格各异，如拱形、扁平或四角攒尖顶
Here, we can have a look at chambers of various functions. In the main body, there are fifteen chambers. Connecting to each other, those chambers are arranged in a clear order according to their functions. They are stable, garage, music chamber, burial chamber, kitchen chamber and so on. With the elaborate design, the roofs of the chambers are in various styles like vault, flat or four-angled spire.
1.墓室的建筑结构特点
2.擎天柱的设计作用和特点
And by the exquisite work, all the corners in the chambers are almost carved into a right-angle. In some larger chambers, there are huge stone pillars left since the tomb was excavated. The largest stone pillar is located in the front parlor of Liu Zhu’s chamber, and it is also the central position of the whole tomb.
1.墓室的建筑结构特点
2.擎天柱的设计作用和特点
1.墓室的建筑结构特点
2.擎天柱的设计作用和特点
Useful Expressions
1. most of which had basically rusted away 大部分基本都锈蚀了
2. installed an anti-theft door 安装了防盗门
5. can be regarded as a high-end toilet in the Han Dynasty 算得上是汉代的高档马桶了
4. has a backrest, a pedal under it, and a handrail on the right 有靠背，下面有踏板，右边有扶手
3.the squatting pit 蹲坑
6. a room for storing corns and cereals 储藏玉米和谷物的房间
This is an arsenal. Not many weapons dug out during excavation because weapons at that time were made of iron, most of which had basically rusted away. The arsenal is very important to a country. Liu Zhu also realized this, so he made further protection to this arsenal at that time and specially installed an anti-theft door here. Please look back. This is what these two big blocking stones are for.
This chamber is the smallest of the 15 chambers, only 4 square meters. You can judge from the facilities inside that this is a toilet. Toilet is symbol of human civilization. As you can see, there are two basins for hand washing.
1.墓室的建筑结构特点
2.擎天柱的设计作用和特点
Here is the squatting pit. This squatting pit has a backrest, a pedal under it, and a handrail on the right. It is very well-designed, which can be regarded as a high-end toilet in the Han Dynasty.
There are also some other chambers for other functions. For example, this is a room for storing corns and cereals. In the room you can find many pottery urns in which the grains were put in case that they should get wet and eaten by pests.
1.墓室的建筑结构特点
2.擎天柱的设计作用和特点
3.合葬墓的形式及壶门的作用
3.合葬墓的形式及壶门的作用
Useful Expressions
1. attached great importance to 重视
2. co-burial of husband and wife in the same tomb with different caskets 夫妻合葬，同墓异穴
4. the coins unearthed from the tombs 墓室中出土的钱币
3. break through the partition wall in the middle 凿穿中间的隔断墙
5. “opening the door to find her husband” “开门寻夫”
The door you can see now is called the kettle door, which connects the tomb chambers of Liu Zhu and his wife. The burial system in the Han Dynasty attached great importance to co-burial of husband and wife in the same tomb with different caskets for the accompany of souls. In other words, the husband and wife respectively dug their own tomb chambers, and only after both husband and wife were buried could they break through the partition wall in the middle.
3.合葬墓的形式及壶门的作用
From the coins unearthed from the tombs of Liu Zhu and his wife, it is inferred that Liu Zhu was buried three years earlier than his wife, that is to say, it was not until three years after Liu Zhu was buried that the door was opened from his wife’s tomb to this side, which was called “opening the door to find her husband” at that time.
3.合葬墓的形式及壶门的作用
4.楚王迎宾影像及四大千古未解之谜
4.楚王迎宾影像及四大千古未解之谜
Useful Expressions
1. steel nails 钢钉
2. a silhouette of a life-sized person in Han clothing 一个身穿汉服真人大小的人影
4. “Greeting Chu Wang” “楚王迎宾”
3. in a position of greeting the guests 作拱手迎宾状
5. frighten away the tomb robbers 吓走盗墓者
Next, I would like to introduce Liu Zhu’s burial to you. The burial chamber is the focus of the tomb. You will find the chamber is most carefully and delicately dug among the fifteen chambers. From here, we can see some steel nails which were used to be parts of the coffin. Please look at the northwest wall, and tell me what you have seen. Yes. There is a shadow on the wall. It is an interesting scene. The north wall of this hall reveals a silhouette of a life-sized person in Han clothing. He is in a position of greeting the guests. It is called the “Greeting Chu Wang” (which means Liu Zhu).
4.楚王迎宾影像及四大千古未解之谜
What’s amazing is that this scene does not appear at first but gradually shaped after the tomb was opened to the public eye. It looks as if the Prince Liu Zhu is extending his greeting to the tourists. The shadow adds one more mystery to the tomb. Why is it there Is it the epiphany of Liu Zhu Or is it made by wise designers of the tomb on purpose to frighten away the tomb robbers We have no answers to these questions.
4.楚王迎宾影像及四大千古未解之谜
景点概况 1.龟山汉墓的主人身份、修建墓葬的时间2.龟山平剖图、介绍墓葬构造
塞石 1.塞石的数量和作用；2.墓志铭的内容和字体特点
3.塞石的石质及打凿的精细度
南甬道 1.甬道的宽度、高度、长度及打凿的精细度
2.甬道的作用
墓室 1.墓室的建筑结构特点 2.擎天柱的设计作用和特点
3.合葬墓的形式及壶门的作用 4.楚王迎宾影像及四大千古未解之谜
北甬道 1.历史上盗墓的时间、次数和方式 2.两甬道的平行夹角
3.墓葬夯土层的作用及保护措施
龟山山形 1.龟山的美丽传说 2.龟的寓意及祝福
5.Northern path
Part Two Detailed Information
1.历史上盗墓的时间、次数和方式
1.历史上盗墓的时间、次数和方式
Useful Expressions
1. nine out of ten tombs would be stolen 十墓九盗
2. the upper layer of blocking stones 上层塞石
4. an organized large-scale official theft 一次有组织、大规模的官方盗墓
3. with the help of mechanized hoisting equipment 借助机械化起重设备
There is a saying that nine out of ten tombs would be stolen. Experts speculate that Guishan Han Tomb have been stolen at least twice. Tomb raiders entered this tomb through the northern pathway. When the archaeologists came to conduct the excavation in 1982, the upper layer of blocking stones had been dragged out of the tomb by grave robbers and only the lower layer of blocking stones was left. Archaeologists found two relics that didn’t belong to Liu Zhu’s period on the northern pathway. As for the question of how the grave robbers dragged the plugs out Please follow me outside and have a look.
1.历史上盗墓的时间、次数和方式
These blocking stones used to block the northern corridor were pulled outside the tomb by grave robbers. By contrast, the blocking stones in the southern corridor were very well preserved. During the excavation in 1982, a lot of officers and soldiers were employed to drag them out for three months with the help of mechanized hoisting equipment. From this we can see that the first theft of Liu Zhu’s tomb must be an organized large-scale official theft.
1.历史上盗墓的时间、次数和方式
2.两甬道的平行夹角
2.两甬道的平行夹角
Useful Expressions
1. excavated artificially 人工挖掘
2. relying on the simple craft and tools 依靠简单的工艺和工具
4. the angle between the two paths is even less than 20 seconds 两条甬道的夹角不到20秒
3. limit the paths’ deviation within 5 millimeters (about 0.2 inch) from midline 沿中线开凿最大误差仅为5毫米
5. be on a par with modern upholstering 可以与现代室内装潢媲美
The two corridors were not built up by laying stones but excavated artificially. What’s amazing is that just relying on the simple craft and tools, the workmen should limit the paths’ deviation within 5 millimeters (about 0.2 inch) from midline and the angle between the two paths is even less than 20 seconds. Moreover, without any advanced machine, the wall and floor of the whole paths are chiseled so smooth that could be on a par with modern upholstering.
2.两甬道的平行夹角
3.墓葬夯土层的作用及保护措施
3.墓葬夯土层的作用及保护措施
Useful Expressions
1. enclose the exposed pathways 把露出的甬道围起来
2. the rammed soil layer was also very delicate 夯土层也非常精细
3. reflected the peak period of the Han Dynasty tomb development 体现了汉代墓葬发展的巅峰水平
Rammed earth walls can also be seen on the two sides of the pathway. They are mainly used to enclose the exposed pathways, but also play a role in protecting the tomb. When archaeologists cleaned up the tomb paths, they found that the tomb paths of Guishan Han Tomb is different from other large Han Dynasty tombs in Xuzhou. Its pathways were flat and wide, and the rammed soil layer was also very delicate. Therefore, many experts inferred that Guishan Han Tomb reflected the peak period of the Han Dynasty tomb development in Xuzhou area.
3.墓葬夯土层的作用及保护措施
景点概况 1.龟山汉墓的主人身份、修建墓葬的时间2.龟山平剖图、介绍墓葬构造
塞石 1.塞石的数量和作用；2.墓志铭的内容和字体特点
3.塞石的石质及打凿的精细度
南甬道 1.甬道的宽度、高度、长度及打凿的精细度
2.甬道的作用
墓室 1.墓室的建筑结构特点 2.擎天柱的设计作用和特点
3.合葬墓的形式及壶门的作用 4.楚王迎宾影像及四大千古未解之谜
北甬道 1.历史上盗墓的时间、次数和方式 2.两甬道的平行夹角
3.墓葬夯土层的作用及保护措施
龟山山形 1.龟山的美丽传说 2.龟的寓意及祝福
6.Shape of Gui Hill
Part Two Detailed Information
1.龟山的美丽传说
1.龟山的美丽传说
Useful Expressions
1. was discovered inadvertently by local farmers 被当地农民无意中发现
2. under the instruction of the experts from Nanjing Museum and Xuzhou Bureau of Cultural Affairs 在南京博物院和徐州文化局的专家指导下
4. a tortoise-shaped silver seal 一枚龟钮银印
3. in the cultural heritage investigation of 1985 在1985年的文化遗产考察中
1.龟山的美丽传说
Useful Expressions
5. was officially opened to the public 正式对公众开放
6. was listed as a “National Key Cultural Relic Protection Unit” by the State Council 被国务院列为“全国重点文物保护单位”
Guishan Han Tomb was discovered inadvertently by local farmers in February 1981. From November of the same year to November of 1982, the north pathway and the whole tomb were excavated under the instruction of the experts from Nanjing Museum and Xuzhou Bureau of Cultural Affairs. Originally, no one knew anything about its owner. Then, in the cultural heritage investigation of 1985, a tortoise-shaped silver seal③ with the name of Liu Zhu on it was discovered and the identity of the owner of the tomb became known. The first protection project of Guishan Han Tomb began in 1992 and was completed in June, 1993. It was officially opened to the public in June 1993 and was listed as a “National Key Cultural Relic Protection Unit” by the State Council on November 20, 1996.
1.龟山的美丽传说
2.龟的寓意及祝福
2.龟的寓意及祝福
Useful Expressions
1. a treasure land from the perspective of ancient Fengshui 从古代风水学看来是块宝地
2. the famous ancient battlefield of Jiuli Mountain 著名的九里山古战场
4. symbolize longevity in Chinese culture 在中国文化中寓意长寿
3. is of the same shape of the silver seal 与银制印章形状相同
5. “A touch on the tortoises’ heads, no more worries in your lives.” 摸摸乌龟头，万事不用愁。
At last, I’d like to ask you one more question. Why was Liu Zhu’s tomb built at the foot of this hill Despite the fact that Guishan is only 73.5 meters above sea level, it is a treasure land from the perspective of ancient Fengshui. To the south of the mountain is the famous ancient battlefield of Jiuli Mountain, and to the north is the Bian River. What’s more, the mountain is of the same shape of the silver seal I just mentioned like a tortoise. Tortoises symbolize longevity in Chinese culture. No wonder Liu Zhu valued this precious land. Ladies and gentlemen, before you leave, don’t forget to touch these two stone tortoises in front of the door. As the saying goes, “A touch on the tortoises’ heads, no more worries in your lives.”
2.龟的寓意及祝福
Thank you!

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