资源简介

(共32张PPT)
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Chapter 2
The Tourism System
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Chapter 2
The Tourism System
A Systems Approach to Tourism
The Tourist
Origin Region
Transit Region
Destination Region
The Tourism Industry
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A Systems Approach to Tourism
The basic whole tourism system
What is a tourism system
A system is a group of interrelated, interdependent and interacting elements that together form a single functional structure.
(Leiper, 2004)
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A Systems Approach to Tourism
The basic whole tourism system
Other system characteristics include:
hierarchical nature
composed of subsystems
flows & exchanges of energy
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A Systems Approach to Tourism
The basic whole tourism system
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A Systems Approach to Tourism
The basic whole tourism system
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The Tourist
Who is a tourist
Three criteria must be satisfied:
spatial
temporal
purposive
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The Tourist
Spatial component
Distinctions in International Tourism
Inbound = those arriving from another country
Outbound = those departing from their usual country of residence
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The Tourist
Spatial component
Long-haul and short-haul travel
United Nations: long-haul travel trips are outside the multi-country UNWTO region where traveller resides
Implications
- airlines
- destinations
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The Tourist
Spatial component
Domestic Tourist
1st – travel occurs beyond person’s usual environment but within their usual country
of residence
2nd - distance thresholds applied
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The Tourist
Spatial component
How important is domestic tourism
globally - domestic tourists outweigh international tourists 10 to 1
domestic tourists account for 70% of world demand for commercial accommodation
in Australia, 288 million domestic visitor-nights
(2007-08) vs. 161 million international visitor-
nights
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The Tourist
Spatial component
Little is known about domestic tourism because…
generally, national governments favour international over domestic tourism
1st – no foreign exchange
2nd – difficult to quantify due to freedom of mobility
Rationale:
3rd – distinction between international & domestic is not always clear
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The Tourist
Temporal component
How long can a tourist stay in a destination before they are not considered a tourist by host government
Thresholds applied:
international stayover tourist =
1 year max.
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The Tourist
Temporal component
tourist who spends at least one night in
destination region
Stayover:
tourist who does not incorporate at least one
overnight stay in their trip
Excursionist:
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The Tourist
Travel purpose
leisure & recreation
VFR
business
sport
spirituality
health
study
Travel purposes:
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The Tourist
Travel purpose
Leisure & recreation:
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The Tourist
Travel purpose
Visiting friends and relatives (VFR):
2nd most important tourist purpose at global level
destination choice predetermined by friends’ or
relatives’ residential location
affiliated with migration systems
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The Tourist
Travel purpose
Business:
3rd most important tourist purpose at global level
destination choice predetermined by nature
of business
classed as business travel only as long as traveller is not paid from within the destination
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The Tourist
Travel purpose
Sport:
periodic high profile events give destination
visibility, involve participants & generate
tourism-related ‘spin-off’ effects
2003 America’s Cup:
- $500 million in expenditure in New Zealand
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The Tourist
Travel purpose
Spirituality:
‘secular pilgrimage’
Health:
medical tourism
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The Tourist
Travel purpose
Study: Australian Education tourism in 2007-08
accounts for 7% of all inbound visitor arrivals, but 32% of all visitor nights
average expenditure by international students was $13,400 compared with $2,350 for inbound ‘holiday’ tourists
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The Tourist
Travel purpose
Multipurpose tourism:
travel undertaken for more than a single
purpose (i.e. primary vs. secondary)
moreover, people in same group may have
different trip purpose
causes data classification & analysis problems
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The Tourist
Travel purpose
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The Tourist
Travel purpose
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Origin Region
Origin community
little research done on tourism impacts on
the origin community
(e.g., mass exodus of residents during summer to beach; returning tourist effects - diseases)
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Origin Region
Origin government
influence of origin government on tourism system has been neglected
US citizens prohibited from travelling to Cuba
Impact Examples
travel advisories & consular services
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Transit Region
Management implications of transit regions
occasional noise, pollution problems or congestion
associated with airport’s status as a major hub
Impacts on Transit Regions
development of extensive motel strips along
primary roads
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Transit Region
Effects of technology
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Destination Region
reconfigured both horizontally & vertically over years
e.g. space tourism
e.g. underwater hotels
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Destination Region
Destination communities
recognition that long-term success of tourism depends upon maintaining goodwill & support of local community
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Destination Region
Destination governments
implementation of pro-tourism policies to encourage growth of sector
establish tourism-related agencies
establish requirements under which tourists can enter & leave country
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The Tourism Industry

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