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(共37张PPT)
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Chapter 4
Destinations
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Chapter 4
Destinations
Global Destination Patterns: MDCS and LDCS
Pull Factors Influencing a Destination
Regional Destination Patterns
Internal Destination Patterns
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Global Destination Patterns:
MDCS and LDCS
Tourism market share and growth
More Developed Countries (MDCs)
Corresponds to Burton’s Phase 3 & 4 of tourism participation
Corresponds to Burton’s Phase 2 of tourism participation
Less Developed Countries (LDCs)
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Global Destination Patterns:
MDCS and LDCS
Tourism market share and growth
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Global Destination Patterns:
MDCS and LDCS
Reasons for the emergence of the LDCs
as destinations
Two factors:
Demand for 3S tourism led to emergence of ‘The pleasure periphery’
Economic growth of LDCs = intra-regional
travel
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Global Destination Patterns:
MDCS and LDCS
Reasons for the emergence of the LDCs
as destinations
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Global Destination Patterns:
MDCS and LDCS
Reasons for the emergence of the LDCs
as destinations
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Global Destination Patterns:
MDCS and LDCS
Reasons for the emergence of the LDCs
as destinations
Expansion notable in small island states or
dependencies (SISODs) = 3S assets
63 SISODs account for 0.3% of global population, but 5% of all international stayover arrivals
SISODs over-represented as inbound tourist destinations in proportion to their resident population
Characteristics of SISODs:
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Global Destination Patterns:
MDCS and LDCS
Reasons for the emergence of the LDCs
as destinations
Dominant pattern = inbound tourist traffic into pleasure periphery, i.e. “North-South” flow
Accelerated growth within less developed world is eroding or changing pattern
(e.g. North America
Caribbean)
2nd: Economic growth of LDCs (intra-regional travel)
(e.g. Chinese tourists
Malaysia)
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Global Destination Patterns:
MDCS and LDCS
Reasons for the emergence of the LDCs
as destinations
2nd: Economic growth of LDCs (intra-regional travel)
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Pull Factors Influencing A Destination
Geographical proximity to markets
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Pull Factors Influencing A Destination
Accessibility to markets
Infrastructure accessibility
(e.g. transportation linkages)
Political accessibility
(e.g. entry conditions,
bilateral treaties, EU)
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Pull Factors Influencing A Destination
Availability of Attractions
most important component of tourism sector
(= influences destination development)
concept extended to VFR & business-related tourist flows
factors such as quality, market image and accessibility influence visitation to attractions
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Pull Factors Influencing A Destination
Cultural links
travel more likely between countries sharing similar cultural elements
immigration flows VFR tourism
religious links
Muslim pilgrims to Saudi Arabia
- Roman Catholics to Italy (Vatican City)
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Pull Factors Influencing A Destination
Availability of services
tourists avoid attractions if affiliated facilities are unavailable or poor quality
at broader destination level - basic services non-specific to tourism are critical
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Pull Factors Influencing A Destination
Affordability
reductions in cost generate increased tourist traffic to destination
tourist flows are sensitive to exchange rate fluctuations
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Pull Factors Influencing A Destination
Peace, stability and safety
Sensitivity of tourism to instability or perception thereof (e.g., Bali, Israel)
Influence of unstable destinations on destination regions (e.g., Middle East)
Tourism-directed terrorism (e.g., Egypt, Bali)
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Pull Factors Influencing A Destination
Peace, stability and safety
Personal safety considerations
disease
crime
natural disasters probability
traffic
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Pull Factors Influencing A Destination
Positive market image
Image
defined as ‘the sum of beliefs, attitudes and impressions held by a person or group of people towards some phenomenon’.
(Baloglu & Brinberg, 1997)
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Pull Factors Influencing A Destination
Positive market image
Product, for first-time visitors, is intangible: i.e. cannot be directly experienced prior to consumption
Images used by potential visitors to choose destinations (= manipulation of public symbols to improve market image)
Tourists must be aware of destination’s existence in order to be considered for visit (e.g. Japan vs. Suriname)
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Pull Factors Influencing A Destination
Positive market image
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Pull Factors Influencing A Destination
Pro-tourism policies
National Government Initiatives
Easing of entry requirements (e.g. EU)
Reduction or elimination of taxes, etc. incurred by tourists or tourism (e.g. infrastructure)
Initiation of positive domestic marketing campaigns
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Regional Destination Patterns
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Regional Destination Patterns
Europe
Most over-represented tourism region: 54% of world arrivals vs. 13% of world population
6 of 10 top destination-countries
Highly positive on all pull factors
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Regional Destination Patterns
Europe
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Regional Destination Patterns
Europe
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Regional Destination Patterns
Asia-Pacific
Greatly under-represented tourism region: 18.4% of world arrivals vs. 57.4% of world population
Size and diversity warrants analysis at subregional level
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Regional Destination Patterns
The Americas
slightly over-represented tourism region: 15.8% of world arrivals vs. 13.8% of world population
due to strong pull factors in America including Caribbean
Latin America long impeded by chronic social & political instability, & distance to markets
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Regional Destination Patterns
The Middle East
Over-represented tourism region:
5.3% of world arrivals vs. 3.0%
of world population
Great internal variation (e.g. Dubai vs. Iraq)
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Regional Destination Patterns
The Middle East - Dubai
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Regional Destination Patterns
Africa
Greatly under-represented tourism region: 4.9% of world arrivals vs. 12.5% of world population
Most pull factors are weak
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Regional Destination Patterns
Australia
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Regional Destination Patterns
Australia
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Regional Destination Patterns
Australia
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Internal
Destination Patterns
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Internal Destination Patterns
The Australia pattern
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Internal Destination Patterns
The Australia pattern

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