资源简介

(共38张PPT)
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Chapter 3
The Evolution and Growth of Tourism
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Chapter 3
The Evolution and Growth of Tourism
Premodern Tourism
Early Modern Tourism
Contemporary Tourism
Factors Associated with Increased
Tourism Demand
Australian Tourism Participation
Future Growth Prospects
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Introduction
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Premodern Tourism
Mesopotamia, Egypt and the Indus Valley
- water supply
Acknowledged as ‘Cradle of Civilization’ due to the following factors:
- rich alluvial soils
- warm climate
- central location
Created inventions which led to demand & ability to travel
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Premodern Tourism
Ancient Greece and Rome
Olympic Games commenced in 776 BC
participants & residents came from surrounding Greek states = domestic stayovers
roads & accommodation were rudimentary & dangerous
travel restricted to small elite
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Premodern Tourism
Ancient Greece and Rome
Rome
tourist travel facilitated by:
urbanisation
- vast road network (= 80,000 km)
- safety
- geographical knowledge
emergence of large wealthy leisure class led to incipient tourism/hospitality industry
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Premodern Tourism
The Dark Ages and Middle Ages
The Dark Ages (c.500-1100)
travel was dangerous
most people were impoverished
knowledge of outside world limited = reduction in travel
NOTE: From 1st edition
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Premodern Tourism
The Dark Ages and Middle Ages
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Early Modern Tourism (1500-1950)
The Grand Tour
travel circuit of continental Europe undertaken by aristocratic classes for educational & cultural purposes
late 1700s - Grand Tour participation shifted from aristocracy to more affluent middle class for sightseeing
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Early Modern Tourism (1500-1950)
Spa resorts
date back to Greek & Roman periods
Middle Ages - spas associated with wealthy in Europe & UK
access possible due to construction
of railway networks
Industrial Revolution contributed to their emergence (e.g. Brighton)
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Early Modern Tourism (1500-1950)
Spa resorts
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Early Modern Tourism (1500-1950)
Thomas Cook
1851 – Great London Exhibition
Baptist minister concerned with moral state of English working class
1841 – first package tour
1861 – first traveller cheques issued
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Early Modern Tourism (1500-1950)
The post-Cook period (1880-1950)
Factors that hindered growth of tourism:
Two global depressions (1890s & ‘The Great
Depression’ of 1930s)
WW I (1914-1918)
WW II (1939-1945) = however, created ‘war dividend’
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Contemporary Tourism (1950 onwards)
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Contemporary Tourism (1950 onwards)
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Contemporary Tourism (1950 onwards)
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Contemporary Tourism (1950 onwards)
The world’s biggest industry
>10% of the global GDP = (~$6 trillion) in 2008
231 million jobs dependent on ‘tourism
economy’ in 2007
> 900 million international tourist trips of at least one night stay made in 2007
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Factors Associate with Increased Tourism Demand
Economic factors
society becomes more economically developed, & greater household discretionary income subsequently becomes available
average economic wealth measured by per capita GNP
Distribution and volume of tourism increases as:
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Factors Associate with Increased Tourism Demand
Economic factors
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Factors Associate with Increased Tourism Demand
Economic factors – Increasing income and expenditure in Australia
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Factors Associate with Increased Tourism Demand
Social factors
POST-INDUSTRIAL ERA:
Increased discretionary time
INDUSTRIAL ERA:
“work in order to play” mentality
“play in order to work” mentality
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Factors Associate with Increased Tourism Demand
Social factors
Flextime:
re-arrangement of standard work week to suit lifestyle/preference of
worker
Examples of Work Times:
Mon., Tues., Wed. 12 each day = 36 hrs
Wed., Thurs. 18 each day = 36 hrs
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Factors Associate with Increased Tourism Demand
Social factors
Earned time:
quota based: work until weekly/monthly/yearly quota is achieved, then remainder of time is your own
Example:
worker required to produce
1000 units of production per year; goal attained by August 10, & can have rest of year off without loss of normal pay (however, they may elect to work overtime to increase pay)
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Factors Associate with Increased Tourism Demand
Demographic factors
Reduced Family Size
small family size = large amounts of discretionary time & household income
inverse relationship between GNP & Total Fertility Rates (average number of children a woman can expect to have in lifetime)
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Factors Associate with Increased Tourism Demand
Demographic factors
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Factors Associate with Increased Tourism Demand
Demographic factors
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Factors Associate with Increased Tourism Demand
Demographic factors – Population Increase
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Factors Associate with Increased Tourism Demand
Demographic factors
61% of Australians live in five largest metropolitan areas
Urbanisation
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Factors Associate with Increased Tourism Demand
Demographic factors
Increased life expectancy
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Factors Associate with Increased Tourism Demand
Demographic factors
Increased life expectancy
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Factors Associate with Increased Tourism Demand
Technological factors
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Factors Associate with Increased Tourism Demand
Political factors
tourism depends on freedom of people to travel internationally & within own borders
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Australian Tourism Participation
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Australian Tourism Participation
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Australian Tourism Participation
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Future Growth Prospects
Western Europe
United Kingdom
Australia & New Zealand
North America
Condensed Development Sequence
1st Wave - Phase Four Examples
UK = about 200 years (1750-1950)
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Future Growth Prospects
Condensed Development Sequence
Japan
Korea
Singapore
2nd Wave - Phase Four Examples
Japan = about 80 years (1860-1940)
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Future Growth Prospects
Condensed Development Sequence
China
India


3rd Wave – Phase Four Examples
South Korea = 40 years (1950-90)
Latin America

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