资源简介

(共21张PPT)
*
Chapter 10
Destination Development
*
Chapter 10
Destination Development
Destination Cycle
Factors that Change the Destination Cycle
National Tourism Development
*
Destination Cycle
The Butler sequence
*
Destination Cycle
The Butler sequence
Appeal of Butler sequence
simplicity
intuitive appeal
comprehensive and integrative structure
(i.e. ability to incorporate all facets of the tourism experience – see Table 10.1)
*
Destination Cycle
The Butler sequence
*
Destination Cycle
The Butler sequence
*
Destination Cycle
The Butler sequence
*
Destination Cycle
The Butler sequence
The Exploration Stage
EXPLORATION
what type of tourists are evident during this stage of the DLC
drawn to a region because of its cultural/natural uniqueness
(what does this say about commodification )
revenues obtained from tourism are small
(what does this say about the multiplier effect )
what is the attitude toward tourists
# of visitors
Time
*
Destination Cycle
The Butler sequence
arise from within destination itself
(e.g. entrepreneur builds guesthouse)
Factors that trigger the involvement stage
INTERNAL FORCES – often prolongs involvement stage
EXTERNAL FORCES – often shortens involvement stage
originate from outside destination itself
(e.g. high-profile media event)
*
Destination Cycle
The Butler sequence
The Development Stage
DEVELOPMENT
Time
# of visitors
change from involvement to development stage is transitional
destination is fully integrated into tourism system = what type of
local control exists
what does the landscape look like now (i.e. attractions)
what type of consumers are now present How long do they stay
what is happening to the multiplier effect why
how do residents view visitors
what limits is destination in danger of breeching
*
Destination Cycle
The Butler sequence
The Consolidation Stage
CONSOLIDATION
Time
# of visitors
overwhelming dependency on tourism
psychocentric clientele – large package
tour operators & hotel chains
carrying capacities breached
deterioration of tourism product begins
high turnover in tourism facilities can
lead to abandonment
seasonality emerges as an impediment
locals - antagonistic or resigned
negative WOM advertising = decline in visitor numbers (leads to stagnation)
*
Destination Cycle
The Butler sequence
disappointment with product (negative WOM) = loss of repeat visitation
no attempts to revitalise local product or attempts unsuccessful
resident antagonism
intervening opportunities emerge = diversion & market capture of consumer base by other destinations
Possible reasons for decline
*
Destination Cycle
The Butler sequence
Decline
What happens to accommodation during decline
What happens to attractions
What happens to ownership of attractions & other tourist facilities
What happens to economic dominance of tourism relative other service industries
Extinction of tourism
*
Destination Cycle
The Butler sequence
Proactive Response
e.g. Atlantic City; Las Vegas
Reactive Response
e.g. European spas coming back into fashion
Rejuvenation
*
Destination Cycle
Critique of Butler sequence
General Criticisms Directed at Model
1st - testing of model revealed many deviations
(e.g., Cancun – no involvement stage)
2nd - deterministic - tourism carries within itself the ‘seeds of its own destruction’
3rd – determinism associated with rigid capacity thresholds - need to take a closer look at two scenarios:
*
Destination Cycle
Critique of Butler sequence
*
Destination Cycle
Critique of Butler sequence
General Criticisms Directed at Model (con’d)
4th – not applicable at all geographic scales; large-country level not appropriate
= internal variations within destinations may occur
5th – does not take into account other sectors influencing destination (e.g., New York City)
*
Destination Cycle
Butler sequence as ‘ideal type’
The Butler Sequence as An ‘Ideal Type’
i.e. model (‘ideal type’) against which real life situations can be measured and compared
To what extent does a particular destination deviate from the undistorted ideal type
*
Factors that change the destination cycle
*
National Tourism Development
Spatial diffusion
*
National Tourism Development
Model of National Tourism Development

展开更多......

收起↑