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(共25张PPT)
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Chapter 8
Economic Impacts of Tourism
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Chapter 8
Economic Impacts of Tourism
Economic Benefits
Economic Costs
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Economic Benefits
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Economic Benefits
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Economic Benefits
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Economic Benefits
Direct revenue
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Economic Benefits
Direct revenue
Taxation revenue
bed & sales taxes (set %)
visas
entry permit fees to public attractions
airport departure taxes
(e.g., national parks)
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Economic Benefits
Strategies to increase direct revenue
Direct revenue
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Economic Benefits
Contributions of tourism to GNP
Direct revenue
GNP = value of all goods & services produced by a country in a given year
5% figure - indicates significant contribution to a country’s economy
(e.g., 63 out of 178 countries (= 35%) meet or exceed 5% criterion - see Appendix 3)
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Economic Benefits
Indirect revenue
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Economic Benefits
Economic integration and diversification
Encompasses goods & services that ‘feed into’ tourism industry through indirect impacts
High IME found in a tourism sector with comprehensive backward linkages (e.g., UK)
Backward Linkages
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Economic Benefits
Employment (direct and indirect)
Accounts for 231 million jobs directly & indirectly
close to 900,000 jobs in Australia
Worldwide tourism:
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Economic Benefits
Regional development
Suitability of certain types of tourism to areas where economic options are limited or in decline:
3S tourism
ecotourism
farm tourism
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Economic Benefits
Formal and informal sectors
Reasons why destination managers/governments favour strong formal sector
Subject to government regulation
Includes largest & most technologically sophisticated businesses = primary generator of wealth & economic development indicator
Generates substantial tax revenue
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Economic Benefits
Formal and informal sectors
Reasons why destination managers/governments do not favour informal sector
Not regulated in any official way
Does not pay regular wages & taxes to government = difficult to quantify
Perceived indicator of economic underdevelopment
Criticised for unprofessional & harassing attitude toward tourists = not subject to quality control
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Economic Costs
Direct financial costs
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Economic Costs
Indirect financial costs
Imported capital goods & services required by tourist industry (e.g. architect’s fees)
Revenue leakages = curtail circulation of tourist receipts in destination economy
Importation of goods & services used by tourist or tourism industry (e.g. petrol, food)
Examples
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Economic Costs
Indirect financial costs
Resort enclaves
Inadequate local investment (e.g. foreign owned hotels)
Demonstration effect
Serious revenue leakages are most problematic for destinations with small economies, because of:
Limited & non-diverse economies
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Economic Costs
Indirect financial costs
Examples of indirect incentives:
Reduced interest rates
Tariff & quota exemptions
Provision of land on favourable terms
Tax holidays
Special depreciation allowances
Loan guarantees
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Economic Costs
Fluctuations in intake
Seasonality
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Economic Costs
Fluctuations in intake
Rise & fall of specific destinations
Fashion
Demonstrated by shifting perceptions (‘Western’ views on sunbathing)
Associated with resort cycle concept
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Economic Costs
Fluctuations in intake
Vulnerability to instability
social & political instability = leads to decline in visitor intakes
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Economic Costs
Competition with other sectors
In some cases, tourism may undermine, rather than complement, other sectors of economy
Diversion of labour
More competitive bidder for land
Associated opportunity cost
TOURISM AND AGRICULTURE EXAMPLE
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Economic Costs
Employment problems
unskilled nature of most jobs
treatment of skilled jobs as unskilled by employers
high labour turnover
Reasons for low wages in the tourism/hospitality sector include:
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Economic Costs
Employment problems
weak unionisation & collective bargaining
problems with minimum wage regulations
depression of local wages (lack of competition for labour in other sectors)
Reasons for low wages in the tourism/hospitality sector include:

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