资源简介

(共35张PPT)
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Chapter 11
Sustainable Tourism
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Chapter 11
Sustainable Tourism
A Paradigm Shift
Sustainable Tourism
Sustainable Tourism and Mass Tourism
Sustainability and Small-Scale Tourism
Ecotourism
Destination Sustainability
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A Paradigm Shift
Dominant Western environmental paradigm
Manifestation of scientific paradigm that replaced theological paradigm beginning in the 16th century
determinism & objectivity
human superiority; nature for the use of people
belief in linear ‘progress’
capitalism
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A Paradigm Shift
Dominant Western environmental paradigm
Findings of subatomic physics
Effects of ‘progress’ on natural environment
disasters (e.g., Chernobyl, Bhopal, Katrina)
escalation of anthropogenic climate change
ozone depletion
bacterial mutations
Unsustainable mass tourism (chapters 8 & 9) = manifestation of dominant Western environmental paradigm
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A Paradigm Shift
Towards a green paradigm
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A Paradigm Shift
Towards a green paradigm
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A Paradigm Shift
Sustainable development
Sustainable development – popularised in Our Common Future (Brundtland Report) 1987
‘…development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.’
Weak & strong sustainable development
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Sustainable Tourism
= tourism development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
Sustainability intentions
Financial sustainability
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Sustainable Tourism
Indicators
= variables providing information about the status of some phenomenon
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Sustainable Tourism
Indicators
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Sustainable Tourism
Indicators
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Sustainable Tourism
Challenges of indicators
fuzzy boundaries of complex tourism systems
incompatible timeframes of monitoring vs. political process
nonlinear relationships between cause & effect
lack of knowledge re. benchmarks & thresholds
potential incompatibility between environmental, economic & sociocultural outcomes
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Sustainability and Mass Tourism
Reasons for adoption
A. Ethical considerations
B. Growth of the green consumer market
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Sustainability and Mass Tourism
Growth of the green consumer market
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Sustainability and Mass Tourism
Growth of the green consumer market
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Sustainability and Mass Tourism
Reasons for adoption
C. Profitability of sustainability
- e.g., Sheraton Hotels recycling
D. Suitability of large corporations to adopt sustainable practices
- economies of scale
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Sustainability and Mass Tourism
Practices
Establishment of formal mechanisms (e.g., ITP)
Small number of leaders in each sector
(e.g., Marriott, Orchid Hotel, British Airways)
Focus on profitable, inexpensive and high exposure practices
No depth in sectors
= veneer pattern of sustainability; reflects market
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Sustainability and Mass Tourism
Quality control
A. Codes of practice (e.g., APEC/PATA Code)
Negatives:
- voluntary - no timelines
- vague, general - self-regulated
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Sustainability and Mass Tourism
Quality control – Codes of practice
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Sustainability and Mass Tourism
Quality control
B. Ecolabels
Certification & accreditation
global
encompasses all tourism sectors
Benchmarked - Certified
consumer awareness lacking
Green Globe
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Sustainability and Small-Scale Tourism
Alternative Tourism
Circumstantial AT
no regulations; exploration or involvement stage
Deliberate AT
regulations in place to better ensure compliance
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Sustainability and Small-Scale Tourism
Alternative Tourism
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Alternative Tourism
Sustainability and Small-Scale Tourism
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Sustainability and Small-Scale Tourism
Manifestations
Homestays
Indigenous tourism (e.g., Camp Coorong)
Elderhostel
Vacation farms
Educational tourism
Volunteer activity (e.g., Habitat for Humanity)
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Sustainability and Small-Scale Tourism
Critique of alternative tourism
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Ecotourism
Attractions = natural environment or some component thereof
- role of charismatic megafauna
Learning/educational outcomes & interactions
Operate in an environmentally, economically & socioculturally sustainable way
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Ecotourism
Soft and hard ecotourism
Soft Hard
- short trips - long trips
- multipurpose trips - specialised trips
- large groups - small groups
- mediated encounters - personal encounters
- services expected - no services expected
- site-hardened locales - wilderness locales
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Ecotourism
Soft and hard ecotourism
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Ecotourism
Magnitude
- <1% of all tourism activity if hard only,
- 15-20% if soft and hard together
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Ecotourism
Location
primary role of protected areas
- urban ecotourism
- leaders = Costa Rica, Australia, Belize
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Ecotourism
Location
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Destination Sustainability
Development standards
e.g., - density & height restrictions
- setbacks
Zoning
Districting
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Destination Sustainability
Extending the Butler sequence
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Towards Quality Tourism in New Zealand
Case Study
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Case Study
Towards Quality Tourism in New Zealand

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