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(共23张PPT)
高考阅读理解---说明文（研究发现型）
解题指导
Learning Ojectives:
1. To grasp the text structure quickly according to
some typical words.
2. To enhance your ability to analyze the logic of
the key information in the Expositary text.
3. To increase your confidence in answering the
questions for Exposition.
2023年全国1卷D篇本班答题正确率
题1：31%
题2: 43%
题3: 37%
题4: 63%
专有名词，专业术语多
Why is exposition difficult
Difficulties
语篇结构不熟
说明对象陌生，难理解
句式复杂，长难句多
试卷名称 篇目 主题语境 话题 体裁 说明对象
2023年新课标Ⅰ卷 C 人与自我 数字极简生活方式 说明文 新理论
D 人与社会 群体智慧效应 说明文 研究报告
2022年新课标Ⅰ卷 B 人与社会 零废弃的生活方式 说明文 社会现象
C 人与社会 关爱老人 说明文 新做法
D 人与社会 人类语音发展与农业之间的关系 说明文 研究报告
2021年新课标Ⅰ卷 C 人与自然 野生动物保护----美国联邦鸭票计划 说明文 新事物
D 人与社会 情商 说明文 研究报告
近三年新课标1卷阅读理解说明文概况
主题说明型
问题解决型
研究发现型
问题解决型：问题 分析问题（因果） 解决措施 呼吁或建议或评价
主题说明型：引出主题（a phenomenon / project / plan/ debate/ theory... ） 解释主题 拓展主题（利弊、因果、影响、意义、评价...）
研究发现型：研究发现 研究过程：背景、目标、对象、原理、方法、数据、结果... 研究结论：前景、影响、意义、评价、未来方向、不足...
说明文
三大类型
①On March 7, 1907, the English statistician Francis Galton published a paper which illustrated what has come to be known as the “wisdom of crowds” effect. The experiment of estimation he conducted showed that in some cases, the average of a large number of independent estimates could be quite accurate.
②This effect capitalizes on the fact that when people make errors, those errors aren’t always the same. Some people will tend to overestimate, and some to underestimate. When enough of these errors are averaged together, they cancel each other out, resulting in a more accurate estimate. If people are similar and tend to make the same errors, then their errors won’t cancel each other out. In more technical terms, the wisdom of crowds requires that people’s estimates be independent. If for whatever reasons, people’s errors become correlated or dependent, the accuracy of the estimate will go down.
Activity 1 To learn and understand
Task 1. Pay attention to some typical words and summarize the main idea of each paragraph
Topic sentence
A finding:The effect of “Wisdom of crowds”
The principle of the effect
③But a new study led by Joaquin Navajas offered an interesting twist (转折) on this classic phenomenon. The key finding of the study was that when crowds were further divided into smaller groups that were allowed to have a discussion, the averages from these groups were more accurate than those from an equal number of independent individuals. For instance, the average obtained from the estimates of four discussion groups of five was significantly more accurate than the average obtained from 20 independent individuals.
④In a follow-up study with 100 university students, the researchers tried to get a better sense of what the group members actually did in their discussion. Did they tend to go with those most confident about their estimates Did they follow those least willing to change their minds This happened some of the time, but it wasn’t the dominant response. Most frequently, the groups reported that they “shared arguments and reasoned together”. Somehow, these arguments and reasoning resulted in a global reduction in error. Although the studies led by Navajas have limitations and many questions remain, the potential implications for group discussion and decision-making are enormous.
Follow-up study &Evaluation
A new study with further finding
Task2:Summarize the text structure and locate the answer to each quesion.
Para1: A finding : The effect
of “Wisdom of crowds”
Para2: The principle of the
effect
Para3: Another study with
further finding
Para4: Follow-up study
&Evaluation
1.What is paragraph 2 of the text mainly about
2.Navajas’ study found that the average accuracy could increase even if ________.
3.What did the follow-up study focus on
4.What is the author’s attitude toward Navajas’ studies
General
概括
Specific
具体
Structure
Questions
Pattern
1.What is paragraph 2 of the text mainly about
A．The methods of estimation. B． The underlying logic of the effect.
C．The causes of people’s errors. D．The design of Galton’s experiment.
Para 2
This effect capitalizes on the fact that when people make errors, those errors aren’t always the same. Some people will tend to overestimate, and some to underestimate. When enough of these errors are averaged together, they cancel each other out, resulting in a more accurate estimate. If people are similar and tend to make the same errors, then their errors won’t cancel each other out. In more technical terms, the wisdom of crowds requires that people’s estimates be independent. If for whatever reasons, people’s errors become correlated or dependent, the accuracy of the estimate will go down.
归纳概括
段落大意题
Task3: Analyze the key information and answer the quesions
Para3
But a new study led by Joaquin Navajas offered an interesting twist (转折) on this classic phenomenon. The key finding of the study was that when crowds were further divided into smaller groups that were allowed to have a discussion, the averages from these groups were more accurate than those from an equal number of independent individuals. For instance, the average obtained from the estimates of four discussion groups of five was significantly more accurate than the average obtained from 20 independent individuals.
2.Navajas’ study found that the average accuracy could increase even if ________.
A．the crowds were relatively small
B．there were occasional underestimates
C．individuals did not communicate
D．estimates were not fully independent
推理概括
细节理解题
3.What did the follow-up study focus on
A．The size of the groups. B．The dominant members.
C．The discussion process. D．The individual estimates.
Para4
In a follow-up study with 100 university students, the researchers tried to get a better sense of what the group members actually did in their discussion. Did they tend to go with those most confident about their estimates Did they follow those least willing to change their minds This happened some of the time, but it wasn’t the dominant response. Most frequently, the groups reported that they “shared arguments and reasoned together”. Somehow, these arguments and reasoning resulted in a global reduction in error. Although the studies led by Navajas have limitations and many questions remain, the potential implications for group discussion and decision-making are enormous.
归纳概括
细节理解题
4.What is the author’s attitude toward Navajas’ studies
A．Unclear. B．Dismissive. C．Doubtful. D．Approving.
Para4
In a follow-up study with 100 university students, the researchers tried to get a better sense of what the group members actually did in their discussion. Did they tend to go with those most confident about their estimates Did they follow those least willing to change their minds This happened some of the time, but it wasn’t the dominant response. Most frequently, the groups reported that they “shared arguments and reasoned together”. Somehow, these arguments and reasoning resulted in a global reduction in error. Although the studies led by Navajas have limitations and many questions remain, the potential implications for group discussion and decision-making are enormous.
推理判断
观点态度题
SUMMARY
宏观层面：梳理语篇结构， 根据语篇结构和题目关键
词确定考查的核心要点
微观层面：分析语义逻辑，推理归纳概括锁定正确答案
(2022年全国新高考Ⅱ卷·D) As we age, even if we’re healthy, the heart just isn’t as efficient in processing oxygen as it used to be. In most people the first signs show up in their 50s or early 60s. And among people who don’t exercise, the changes can start even sooner.
“Think of a rubber band. In the beginning, it is flexible, but put it in a drawer for 20 years and it will become dry and easily broken,” says Dr. Ben Levine, a heart specialist at the University of Texas. That’s what happens to the heart. Fortunately for those in midlife, Levine is finding that even if you haven’t been an enthusiastic exerciser, getting in shape now may help improve your aging heart.
Levine and his research team selected volunteers aged between 45 and 64 who did not exercise much but were otherwise healthy. Participants were randomly divided into two groups. The first group participated in a program of nonaerobic (无氧) exercise—balance training and weight training—three times a week. The second group did high-intensity aerobic exercise under the guidance of a trainer for four or more days a week. After two years, the second group saw remarkable improvements in heart health.
“We took these 50-year-old hearts and turned the clock back to 30-or 35-year-old hearts,” says Levine. “And the reason they got so much stronger and fitter was that their hearts could now fill a lot better and pump (泵送) a lot more blood during exercise. ” But the hearts of those who participated in less intense exercise didn’t change, he says.
“The sweet spot in life to start exercising, if you haven’t already, is in late middle age when the heart still has flexibility,” Levine says. “We put healthy 70-year-olds through a yearlong exercise training program, and nothing happened to them at all. ”
Dr. Nieca Goldberg, a spokeswoman for the American Heart Association, says Levine’s findings are a great start. But the study was small and needs to be repeated with far larger groups of people to determine exactly which aspects of an exercise routine make the biggest difference.
Activity 2 To apply and to practice
Task1. Read the text quickly and grasp the text structure
1
2
3
4
5
6
As we age, even if we’re healthy, the heart just isn’t as efficient in processing oxygen as it used to be. In most people the first signs show up in their 50s or early 60s. And among people who don’t exercise, the changes can start even sooner.
“Think of a rubber band. In the beginning, it is flexible, but put it in a drawer for 20 years and it will become dry and easily broken,” says Dr. Ben Levine, a heart specialist at the University of Texas. That’s what happens to the heart. Fortunately for those in midlife, Levine is finding that even if you haven’t been an enthusiastic exerciser, getting in shape now may help improve your aging heart.
Levine and his research team selected volunteers aged between 45 and 64 who did not exercise much but were otherwise healthy. Participants were randomly divided into two groups. The first group participated in a program of nonaerobic (无氧) exercise—balance training and weight training—three times a week. The second group did high-intensity aerobic exercise under the guidance of a trainer for four or more days a week. After two years, the second group saw remarkable improvements in heart health.
“We took these 50-year-old hearts and turned the clock back to 30-or 35-year-old hearts,” says Levine. “And the reason they got so much stronger and fitter was that their hearts could now fill a lot better and pump (泵送) a lot more blood during exercise. ” But the hearts of those who participated in less intense exercise didn’t change, he says.
“The sweet spot in life to start exercising, if you haven’t already, is in late middle age when the heart still has flexibility,” Levine says. “We put healthy 70-year-olds through a yearlong exercise training program, and nothing happened to them at all. ”
Dr. Nieca Goldberg, a spokeswoman for the American Heart Association, says Levine’s findings are a great start. But the study was small and needs to be repeated with far larger groups of people to determine exactly which aspects of an exercise routine make the biggest difference.
Finding
process
Research result
Further study
1
2
3
4
5
6
As we age, even if we’re healthy, the heart just isn’t as efficient in processing oxygen as it used to be. In most people the first signs show up in their 50s or early 60s. And among people who don’t exercise, the changes can start even sooner.
“Think of a rubber band. In the beginning, it is flexible, but put it in a drawer for 20 years and it will become dry and easily broken,” says Dr. Ben Levine, a heart specialist at the University of Texas. That’s what happens to the heart. Fortunately for those in midlife, Levine is finding that even if you haven’t been an enthusiastic exerciser, getting in shape now may help improve your aging heart.
1. What does Levine want to explain by mentioning the rubber band
A. The right way of exercising.
B. The causes of a heart attack.
C. The difficulty of keeping fit.
D. The aging process of the heart.
1
2
写作意图题
2. In which aspect were the two groups different in terms of research design
A. Diet plan. B. Professional background.
C. Exercise type. D. Previous physical condition.
Levine and his research team selected volunteers aged between 45 and 64 who did not exercise much but were otherwise healthy. Participants were randomly divided into two groups. The first group participated in a program of nonaerobic (无氧) exercise—balance training and weight training—three times a week. The second group did high-intensity aerobic exercise under the guidance of a trainer for four or more days a week. After two years, the second group saw remarkable improvements in heart health.
3
推理判断题
“We took these 50-year-old hearts and turned the clock back to 30-or 35-year-old hearts,” says Levine. “And the reason they got so much stronger and fitter was that their hearts could now fill a lot better and pump (泵送) a lot more blood during exercise. ” But the hearts of those who participated in less intense exercise didn’t change, he says.
“The sweet spot in life to start exercising, if you haven’t already, is in late middle age when the heart still has flexibility,” Levine says. “We put healthy 70-year-olds through a yearlong exercise training program, and nothing happened to them at all. ”
5
3. What does Levine’s research find
A. Middle-aged hearts get younger with aerobic exercise.
B. High-intensity exercise is more suitable for the young.
C. It is never too late for people to start taking exercise.
D. The more exercise we do, the stronger our hearts get.
get younger
turned the clock back
4
细节理解题
4. What does Dr. Nieca Goldberg suggest
A. Making use of the findings.
B. Interviewing the study participants.
C. Conducting further research.
D. Clarifying the purpose of the study.
Dr. Nieca Goldberg, a spokeswoman for the American Heart Association, says Levine’s findings are a great start. But the study was small and needs to be repeated with far larger groups of people to determine exactly which aspects of an exercise routine make the biggest difference.
推理判断题
6
Self-evaluation
Items Good Average Need Improvement
I can identify the typical words analyze the text structure.
I can locate the answers with the help of the key words and text structure.
I can analyze the key information and get the righ answers.
Evaluate your class performance.
HOMEWORK
Task 1 (选做）
Design four questions for the passage and compare your own questions with the questions in Gaokao.
Task 2（必做）
Finish the task on you exercise sheet.
Thanks！

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