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江苏译林中考复习专项名词
教学目标
一、名词词义辨析；
二、名词的数；
三、名词所有格；
四、名词构词法。
基础知识梳理
考点一：名词的分类
一、普通名词
分为可数名词和不可数名词。
可数名词分为个体名词和集体名词。个体名词表示人或事物的个体名称。例如：city城市，panda熊猫，chair椅子，hospital医院，nurse护士。集体名词表示一群人或一些事物的总称。例如：public公众，people人们，class班级，family家庭，police警察。
不可数名词分为物质名词和抽象名词。物质名词表示无法分为个体的物质或材料的名称。例如：rice大米，snow雪，steel钢铁，cotton棉花，corn玉米，air空气。抽象名词表示行为、状态、品质、感情等抽象概念的名词。例如：courage勇气，determination决心，satisfaction满意，happiness幸福，success成功，love热爱。
二、专有名词
1）表示人名、地名、国名
London伦敦，Tom汤姆，the Great Wall长城，Asia亚洲
表示书名、电影名、各种标语
Spider Man 《蜘蛛侠》
表示机构、组织、团体
UNESCO联合国教科文组织
Beijing University北京大学
表示月份、星期、节日
Monday星期一，National day国庆节
注：集体名词的分类
1. 本身是复数，如，cattle牛群，people人们，police警察。
2. 本身单复数均可表示，如audience观众，class班级，club俱乐部，committee委员会，company公司，crew船员，enemy敌人，family家庭，government政府，group组，team队（当这一类词作主语时，谓语动词的单复数形式取决于其表示的具体含义，如果作为一个整体看待时，谓语动词用单数形式；如果指的是具体成员，则谓语动词用复数形式）
eg.The family is the basic unit of society. 家庭是构成社会的基本单位。
My family are going on a trip this summer. 我们全家今年夏天要外出旅游。
考点二：名词的数
可数名词有单、复数形式。
（一）名词复数形式的规则变化
1. 一般在名词的结尾加-s，在清辅音后读/s/，在浊辅音和元音后后读/z/。
exercise→exercises desk→desks
2. 以s、x、ch、sh结尾的名词加-es，读/Iz/。
watch→watches box→boxes
3. 以＂辅音字母+y＂结尾的词，把y变i，再加-es。
factory→factories lady→ladies
4. 以f 或fe结尾的词，一般把f 或fe 改为v，加-es。
wolf→wolves knife→knives
5. 以o结尾的可数名词，有生命的加-es，无生命的加-s。
potato→potatoes piano→pianos
注意：
1. 注意以下名词的复数形式是在词尾加-s。
American→Americans 美国人 Australian→Australians 澳大利亚人
Canadian→Canadians 加拿大人 German→Germans 德国人
Greek→Greeks 希腊人 Indian→Indians 印度人
Russian→Russians 俄罗斯人
2. 有些名词表面为复数形式，实为单数。
math数学，news新闻，physics物理，politics政治，the United Nations 联合国，the United States美国
【知识拓展】
1. 以o结尾的名词，需加-es的名词有：negro（黑人），hero（英雄），tomato（西红柿），potato（土豆）。可结合顺口溜来记忆这些单词，即＂黑人英雄 西红柿和土豆＂。
2. 以f或fe结尾的名词，须把f或fe变为v，再加-es的名词有：calf（小牛，牛犊），half（一半），knife（小刀），leaf（叶子），life（生活，生命），loaf（长面包），self（自己），shelf（架子），thief（小偷），wife（妻子），wolf（狼）。可结合顺口溜来记忆，即＂妻已架刀命牛郎（狼），半夜（叶）偷包要提防＂（单词顺序为wife，self，shelf，knife，life，calf，wolf，half，leaf，thief，loaf）
3. 以ch结尾的名词：ch发音为/k/的名词，其复数形式直接在词尾加-s，如：stomach→stomachs胃
（二）名词复数的不规则变化
1. 单复数同形
Chinese→Chinese sheep→sheep Japanese→Japanese
2. 改变元音字母
man→men woman→women foot→feet tooth→teeth policewoman→policewomen
3. 只有复数形式的名词
trousers scissors pants glasses shoes
4. 其他变化
mouse→mice child→children
【易错警示】
1. fish表示鱼的种类时，复数形式为fishes，而fish表示鱼的条数时，复数形式仍为fish。如：
different fishes不同种类的鱼 five fish五条鱼
2. works意为＂工厂＂时，单复数形式一样，而work意为＂著作，作品＂时，复数形式是works。如：
a chemical works 一座化工厂 three chemical works 三座化工厂
a work by Mo Yan 一部莫言的作品 three works by Mo Yan 三部莫言的作品
（三）不可数名词
一般情况下，专有名词、物质名称、抽象名词为不可数名词。不可数名词一般没有复数形式，但有些名词在不同的语境下有不同的含义，从而也表现出可数与不可数性。
1. 常见的不可数名词
不能用具体的数字来表示。
cotton棉花，food食物，hair头发，health健康，ice冰，wind风
2. 可转化为可数名词的物资名称
（1）有些物质名词在表达个体概念时，是可数名词。
rain雨→a rain一场雨，wind风→a wind一阵风，beer啤酒→a beer一杯啤酒，paper纸→a paper一份论文
（2）有些物质名词的复数形式表示特殊含义。
Water水→waters海域，wood木头→woods森林，custom习惯→customs海关
3. 可转化为可数名词的抽象名词
抽象名词表示具体的人或事物时，被视为可数名词，可与不定冠词连用，也可有复数形式，表示＂某种人或事＂。
disappointment失望→a disappointment令人失望的事，experience经验→an experience 一次经历，success成功→a success成功的人或事
4. 可转化为可数名词的专有名词
有的专有名词也可以用作可数名词，可以由不定冠词修饰，也可有复数形式。
eg.A Mr Black is waiting for you. 一个叫布莱克的先生在等你。
【例题讲解】
1.（22-23九年级上·江苏无锡·期中）The great (achieve) of the new era(时代) have come from the collective dedication(集体奉献) and hard work of our Party and our people.
2.（22-23九年级上·江苏无锡·阶段练习）The (decide) made by our leader don’t seem so good.
3.（22-23九年级上·全国·单元测试）Tom prefers (west) to romantic films because they tells the life of cowboys.
4.（2022·江苏·二模）A group of (library) and teachers from across the country met on Saturday to talk about how they could help with their local education.
5.（2022·江苏扬州·一模）We are who we are today because of the (选择) we have made.
6.（2021·江苏苏州·二模）The young man is trying to be a pioneer in the field of high (科技).
7.（21-22九年级上·江苏盐城·期末）Come on! You must be one of the (获胜者) .
8.（2022·上海静安·一模）The famous writer has made two on the topic to his fans. (speech)
9.（21-22九年级上·江苏南通·阶段练习）When I was young,I liked watching cartoons though there wasn’t much in them.
10.（21-22九年级上·江苏苏州·阶段练习）The films of these new （导演）won high praise from the young audiences.
11.（21-22九年级上·甘肃武威·期末）He was pleased by the (warm) of his welcome.
12.（2022·上海虹口·一模）He was aware of the power of and technology after taking part in this activity. (know)
13.（20-21九年级上·江苏泰州·阶段练习）Scientists continue to make more (进步) in the fight against cancer.
14.（20-21九年级上·江苏泰州·阶段练习）Our English teacher gives us a number of _____________(建议) on how to remember words.
15.（20-21九年级上·江苏南通·阶段练习）Horry films seem to be full of , but in fact, they’re quite stupid.
16.（21-22九年级上·江苏宿迁·阶段练习）With the fast development of the world, we will face more and more (挑战).
17.（21-22九年级上·江苏苏州·阶段练习）—It is a good idea to wear yellow when you are having an exam.
—Yes. It is the color of .
考点三：名词的格
名词所有格表示所有关系，修饰另一名词，作定语。它有三种形式： 's所有格、of所有格和双重所有格。
1．'s所有格的构词规则
表示人或其他有生命的东西的名词常在词尾加's或'，表示所有关系。
易错点：
表示两者或多者各自的所有关系时，分别在每个名词的词尾加's或'；表示两者或多者共有时，在最后一个名词词尾加's或'。
Tom's and Jim's fathers 汤姆的父亲和吉姆的父亲
Tom and Jim's father 汤姆和吉姆的父亲
表示店铺、办公室或某人的家时，名词所有格后被修饰的名词一般省略。
at the barber's 在理发店
at my uncle's 在我叔叔家
2．of所有格
表示无生命的事物的名词通常用of所有格表示所有关系；名词短语或有定语修饰的有生命的名词也常用of所有格。
3．双重所有格
双重所有格的构成为：“名词＋of＋名词 's”或“名词＋of＋名词性物主代词”，主要用法如下：
表示“其中之一”或“其中一部分”，可用a，any, some, a few, two等修饰of短语前面的名词，但不能用the
被双重所有格修饰的名词前有this, that, these, those等指示代词修饰时，通常带有一定的感彩，如赞赏、不满、厌恶等
易混点： 名词所有格作定语主要表示事物间的关系（如所属关系、主谓关系、动宾关系等）；
名词作定语主要表示被修饰名词的特征、性别、用途、功能、内容等。
【例题讲解】
1.1.（2023·江苏淮安·二模）After (century) development, our transportation has improved a lot.
2.（21-22九年级上·江苏扬州·期末）The audience can enjoy young (direct) films from different countries.
3.（2022·江苏泰州·一模）Actually, whatever decisions you make, you are supposed to consider these (science) suggestions properly in order to show your modesty and respect to them.
4.（2022·江苏泰州·一模）Luoyang Museum of Ancient Art catches (visit) eyes with a series of mystery treasure.
5.（2022·山东日照·一模）Her uncle’s office is about fifteen (分钟）drive away from his home.
6.（21-22九年级上·江苏宿迁·阶段练习）The (先锋) extra work won high praise from the people in the town. They are well worth respecting.
考点四：易混考点辨析
易混一：sound，voice，noise
sound “声音”，指耳朵能听到的各种声音。e.g. I heard the sound of the bell.
voice “嗓音”，指人的说话声。e.g. She has a beautiful voice.
noise “噪音”，即心理感受不好的声音。词组：make a noise/make much noise等。
易混二：job，work
job “工作”，指长期的职业，可数。
work “工作”，可以作名词或动词。作名词表示“工作”时指一般的事，不可数；作名词表示“作品”时可数。
易混三：a number of，the number of
a number of表示“大量的；许多”，谓语动词用复数。
如：A number of people are playing chess.
the number of表示“……的数量”，谓语动词用单数。
如：The number of people in the room is 50.
易混四：idea，advice，suggestion
idea表示“主意”，可数。 如：a good idea 一个好主意
advice表示“建议；忠告”，不可数。 如：a piece of advice
suggestion意同advice，可数。
易混五：news，information，message，instruction
news表示“新闻；消息”，不可数。如：two pieces of news
information表示“信息”，不可数。如：some information about the Great Wall
message表示“便条；口信；短信”，可数。
常用词组：leave a message(留便条); take a message to...(捎口信给……)
instruction表示“说明；须知；指令”，可数。
如：some instructions about how and when to take this medicine
易混六：house，family，home
house表示“住宅”，指的是具体的房子或建筑物。
family表示“家；家庭”，强调家庭成员。
home意为“家”，带有眷恋等感彩，具有抽象意义。
易混七：problem，question
problem表示出现的、提出的、需要解决的问题。
question表示问、答的问题。
易混八：floor，ground
floor表示室内，车内等的地板。 ground表示室外的地面。
易混九：road，way，street
road表示“公路，马路”，较具体; 常用短语：on the road(在路上)，across the road(过马路)等。
way表示“路线，方法，方面”，较抽象。
street意为“街” 常用短语：in/on the street(在街上)，across the street(过街)等。
易混十：reason，cause，excuse
reason表示“原因，理由”，常与for连用。
cause表示“起因，导致……的原因”，常与of连用。
excuse表示“借口”，指不存在的理由。
易混十一：population，people，person
population表示“人口”，不指具体的人，常用large，big，small 修饰。提问时用“What”。
people表示“人”，一定是复数。提问时用“How many”。
person表示“人”，可以是单数也可以是复数。
【题型归纳】
一、用所给单词适当形式填空
1．（2023浙江·模拟预测）Please give my to your parents. (wish)
2．（2023·昆明·模拟预测）Students should pay attention to problems when traveling. (safe)
3．（2023武威·模拟预测）Marin wants to be a （sing）when he grows up.
4．（2023·陇南·模拟预测）The astronauts have recently made a couple more (discovery) about the space.
5．（2023下·张掖·模拟预测）Mike prefers to take part in some outdoor （activity）on weekends.
6．（2023·陇南·模拟预测）There are many (different) between British English and American English.
7．（2023下·临夏·模拟预测）Many young talented (student) gave a wonderful performance on May 4th.
8．（2023·定西·模拟预测）The most important thing is to reach an (agree) and to avoid a trade war.
9．（2023·定西·模拟预测）The computer is a great (invent). I can’t imagine life without it.
10．（2023·定西·三模）I have two (knife). I use them to cut watermelons.
二、单项选择
11．（2023·平凉·模拟预测）—What would you like, sir
—________.
A．Two orange B．Two bottles orange
C．Two bottles of orange D．Two bottle of orange
12．（2023·定西·三模）They are from ________. They are both ________.
A．Germany; Germen B．Germany; Germans
C．Germans; Germany D．German; Germany
13．（2023·呼伦贝尔·一模）— What would you like to buy
—________.
A．Chicken, vegetable and two kilos of rice B．Chicken, vegetables and two kilos of rice
C．Chickens, vegetable and one kilo of rice D．Chickens, vegetables and two kilos of rices
14．（2023·绥化·模拟预测）“The ________ trust has been my greatest source of strength（力量源泉）to go forward and also the greatest responsibility on my shoulders,” Chinese President Xi Jinping said.
A．people B．people’s C．peoples
15．（2023·乌鲁木齐·模拟预测）—How far is it from your home to school
—It’s about ________ from my home to school.
A．15 minutes walk B．15 minute’s walk
C．15 minutes’ walk D．15-minute-walk
16．（2023·兴安盟·一模）—What’s that on the wall
—Oh, it is a photo of ________. My parents are in it. We are eating barbecue (烧烤).
A．my family B．my family’s C．my families D．my families’
17．（2023·浙江·模拟预测）Two thirds of the population in that faraway village ________ farmers.
A．are B．is C．have D．has
18．（2023·哈尔滨·一模）________, which becomes a festival of respecting the old people, loving and helping the old in China.
A．Lantern Festival B．Double Ninth Festival C．Dragon Boat Festival
19．（2023·哈尔滨·二模）We Chinese usually put things on the plate while people in ________ are supposed to put bread on the table.
A．Japan B．Germany C．France
20．（2023·哈尔滨·二模）—There will be ________ tomorrow. We can make a snowman.
—Sounds great.
A．snow B．snowy C．snowing
21．（2023·哈尔滨·模拟预测）—How time flies! It’s two _______ since we met last.
—So it is. I miss you so much.
A．monthes B．months C．months’
22．（2023·沙坪坝·一模）—What’s your favorite dish in the dining hall
—________ soup of course.
A．Chickens’ B．Chickens C．Chicken D．Chicken’s
23．（2023·浙江·模拟预测）Susan went to buy a newspaper and when she came back she lost her ________ in the queue.
A．way B．place C．chance D．time
24．（2023·长春·模拟预测）Nowadays, more and more people are paying attention to the ________ of environment.
A．population B．pressure C．protection D．performance
25．（2023·上饶·模拟预测）Which do you want, Mary You can’t have all of them. You have to make a ________.
A．wish B．choice C．survey D．call
26．（2023·宣城·模拟预测）Maybe it’s a ________ to you, but to me, it’s not funny at all.
A．chance B．secret C．joke D．reason
27．（2023·龙岩·模拟预测）Mr. White keeps some ________ on the farm. They feed on grass.
A．sheep B．dogs C．monkeys
28．（2023·龙岩·模拟预测）TikTok is another ________ for Douyin in foreign countries. It is very popular with many foreigners.
A．name B．book C．exam
29．（2023·漳州·模拟预测）— Nowadays more and more foreigners are becoming interested in Yue Opera.
— That’s true. It’s an important part of Chinese ________.
A．culture B．invention C．custom
30．（2023·福州·模拟预测）Yuan Longping is greatly honored by people for the ________ he made to the world.
A．communication B．introduction C．contribution
【真题练习】
一、用所给单词适当形式填空
1．（2023·淮安·中考真题）Jing Haipeng and his team are working in the space station. They’re our ________(hero).
2．There are many （panda） in Chengdu Research Base.
3．Spiders are insects with eight (foot).
4．（2023·常德·中考真题）—What did you do in class this morning, Sally
—We had a (discuss), about Chinese culture.
5．（2023·包头·中考真题）The players all have in their coach. (confident)
6．（2023·武威·中考真题）Frank has more than 500 (stamp).
7．（2023·云南·中考真题）Amy is my best friend. She’s always there to be a good . (listen)
8．（2023·云南·中考真题）We’re going to make vegetable salad. How many do we need (tomato)
9．（2022·西藏·中考真题）The volunteer sang a song to draw (child) attention.
10．（2022·安顺·中考真题）All the Chinese (player) did excellently in the 2022 Beijing Winter Olympics, especially Eileen Gu.
二、单项选择
1．（2023·湖北十堰·统考中考真题）—How did you fix up the machine, dad
—It’s easy. I just followed the ________.
A．instructions B．inventions C．interviews D．influences
2．（2023·山东青岛·统考中考真题）Before flying a plane, a ________ must take a lot of training.
A．policeman B．musician C．nurse D．pilot
3．（2023·山东东营·统考中考真题）—What goes up, but never comes down
—Your ________, of course.
A．age B．wealth C．weight D．temperature
4．（2023·江苏徐州·中考真题）Of all the ________, I love summer best.
A．seasons B．subjects C．colours D．hobbies
5．（2023·辽宁丹东·统考中考真题）Mary’s parents are interested in ________, so they often take her to concerts.
A．sports B．music C．science D．movies
6．（2023·四川雅安·统考中考真题）Nancy, please take your ________ with you to school. It’s raining heavily.
A．cup B．watch C．umbrella D．dictionary
7．（2023·湖北恩施·中考真题）—Miss Li, happy Teachers’ Day! Here is a flower for you.
—Wow! Thanks for your ________.
A．present B．help C．question
8．（2023·江苏宿迁·统考中考真题）—The girl’s beautiful pronunciation caught our ________ in yesterday’s English speech competition.
—Yes, many students couldn’t help cheering for her.
A．condition B．attention C．invention D．position
9．（2023·辽宁抚顺·统考中考真题）I wish you to have good ________ and get good grades.
A．chalk B．space C．luck D．music
10．（2023·吉林长春·统考中考真题）John Smith often looks through the news about _______ to know what’s on in the cinema.
A．films B．music C．books D．weather
11．（2023·辽宁沈阳·统考中考真题）Betty is crazy about music. Her dream is to be a ________.
A．scientist B．painter C．musician D．writer
12．（2023·江苏泰州·中考真题）—Good news! The Chinese women table tennis team won a gold and a silver again.
—Great! No matter who wins the medals, it is the ________ of our country.
A．price B．pioneer C．pride D．pain
13．（2023·四川遂宁·中考真题）—Which movie would you like to watch, Tracy
— Um…it’s hard to make a ________.
A．survey B．choice C．call D．wish
14．（2023·辽宁·统考中考真题）Thanks to the teacher’s help, I solved all the ________ easily.
A．chances B．problems C．habits D．grades
15．（2023·黑龙江牡丹江·统考中考真题）Although our school life is a little busy, it is full of ________.
A．pain B．sadness C．laughter
16．（2023·辽宁营口·中考真题）Scientists who are full of ________ always come up with new ideas and bring great changes to our life.
A．instruction B．instrument C．invention D．introduction
17．（2023·吉林·统考中考真题）Li Wei likes science and his dream is to be a ________ like Tu Youyou.
A．scientist B．singer C．driver
18．（2023·湖北鄂州·统考中考真题）—Tom always reads for an hour every day.
—That’s a good ________.
A．habit B．dream C．time D．wish
19．（2023·黑龙江齐齐哈尔·统考中考真题）Chinese scientists have made great ________ in space technology recently.
A．information B．progress C．knowledge
20.（2023·四川乐山·统考中考真题）—Have you heard about the car ________ near the school
—Yes. Luckily, no one was seriously hurt.
A．accident B．park C．club
21．（2023·广西·统考中考真题）My mother is a ________ in Zhongshan Hospital. She has saved many people’s lives.
A．singer B．doctor C．writer
22．（2023·福建·统考中考真题）— How is the ________ today
— It’s hot. You don’t need to wear the coat.
A．weather B．traffic C．price
23．（2023·湖北荆州·统考中考真题）—What can you learn from Journey to the West
—I learn that we should have enough _______ to overcome the difficulties in our life.
A．danger B．success C．courage D．excitement
24．（2023·湖南郴州·统考中考真题）My parents took me to the amusement park on ________ Day. There were so many exciting things to do there.
A．Children’s B．Children C．Child’s
25．（2023·湖北孝感·统考中考真题）—Can you give me some ________ on learning English well
―Sure. Watching English programs is a good way.
A．news B．advice C．decisions D．messages
26．（2023·青海·统考中考真题）A taxi driver prevented (阻止) an _________ when he saw a car with serious problems travelling across Huangnan.
A．accident B．interview C．advertisement
27．（2023·山东菏泽·统考中考真题）—What club do you want to join
—I want to join a ________ club. I can sing and dance.
A．sports B．music C．chess
参考答案
名词的数：
1.achievements 2.decisions 3.westerns 4.librarians 5.choices
6.technology 7.winners 8.speeches 9.dialogue 10.directors
11.warmth 12.knowledge 13.progress 14.suggestions 15.mysteries
16.challenges 17.wisdom
名词的格：
1.centuries’ 2.directors’ 3.scientists’ 4.visitors’ 5.minutes’ 6.pioneers’
一、1．wishes
2．safety
3．singer
4．discoveries
5．activities
6．differences
7．students
8．agreement
9．invention
10．knives
二、11-15 CBBBC 16-20 AABCA 21-25 BCBCB 26-30 CAAAC
一、1．heroes
2．pandas
3．feet
4．discussion
5．confidence
6．stamps
7．listener
8．tomatoes
9．children’s
10．players
二、1-5 ADAAB 6-10 CABCA 11-15 CCBBC 16-20 CAABA 21-25 BACAB 26-27 AB

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