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七选五 学案
教学目标：
1.了解七选五的命题特点
2.掌握七选五的解题方法及规律
教学过程：
一、命题特点：
1．命题规律：以说明文为主，时而兼顾记叙文。题型以段中句为主，以段首句和段尾句为辅。
2．命题类型：话题与当代社会生活紧密相关，体现较强的实际应用性，引导学生关爱自我、关爱社会、热爱生活。
3．命题趋势：2024年可能继续考查说明文，考查考生理解语篇整体或者局部的基本结构，以及上下文的逻辑关系和基本的同义改写能力。
二、 解题方法及规律
（一）利用位置关系解题
1. 段首句的选择
段落标题句：
观察其他段落标题的表达形式；
段落标题句的特点：短小且语言精炼，以祈使句或短句为主；
阅读段落内容，提炼中心句，留意体现主旨的原词、同源词、同义词、近义词或反义词。
段落主题句：阅读段落内容，提炼段落中心词、高频词和中心词的近义词，进而推断主题句。
段落间的过渡句：瞻前顾后找提示，正确答案应该连贯上一段结尾和下一段内容。
2. 段中句的选择
段中设空题通常考查过渡句和细节句。段中句若位于主题句后，很可能是说明原因、举例证明、分述细化主题、解释前面句中的某个概念等；位于段落中间可能起衔接作用。要重点阅读空前一句和空后一句，找出它们之间的逻辑关系，或者根据意义的连贯性得出答案。解题时要特别注意体现时间、原因、方式、转折等逻辑关系的语篇标志词(关联词)。
段中设空题：
细节句：设空位于段中，首先阅读选项并画出关键词；然后重点阅读设空处的前一句和后一句，画出关键词，找出它们之间的逻辑关系或根据意义的连贯性得出答案；阅读各个选项，标记关键词；比较匹配关键词，确定答案；利用词汇复现找到答案；利用表并列、转折、递进和因果的关系的关联词找到答案。
(2)过渡句：阅读空处前后内容，挖掘内在的逻辑关系；阅读各个选项，标记表示转折、并列、递进或因果关系的关联词；注意词汇复现：同源词、同义词、近义词或反义词复现，不同时态形式的动词等。
3. 段尾句的选择
(1)细节句：①与上文是转折或对比关系；②与上文是并列或递进关系。
(2)总结句：用于总结本段内容，常含有总结性的词语，如therefore、 as a result、 thus、 to sum up、 to conclude、 in a word等。
(3)段落过渡句：此空处的答案能够将上段和下段的内容连贯起来。
（二）利用逻辑关系解题
一组意义相关的句子，按照一定的逻辑关系排列起来，就能在语篇中表达一个层次的意思。这种逻辑关系有时是显性的，即运用明显的过渡词语来表达出来；有时是隐性的，即不使用任何过渡词语，仅凭句子的排列顺序来表达。语篇中的句际关系主要有以下诸类。
(1) 并列关系
并列关系指句子之间在语义上处于平等并立的地位，互不相属。如果改变句子的排列顺序，并不影响整个语段的意义。例如：
All the people on our block give us trouble. Mrs. Brown calls the police whenever we go to play ball on the street. Mrs. Johnson complains that skateboarding makes too much noise. If we happen to stray into Mr. Hardy's yard, he yells at us.
上面这个语段中，后面三句是平列关系，共同说明“社区所有人都给我们带来麻烦”这一主题。
(2)时间顺序关系
时间顺序关系指各个句子只能按事物发展的时间先后顺序排列，不可随意改动次序，常用于描述事件过程或者操作流程。例如：
We had a hard time getting Peter out of the hole he had fallen into. First, we made a rope by linking our belts together. Then we lowered it to Peter, telling him to grasp the end. After he had hold of the rope, we began to pull him slowly out of the hole. As he came up, no one dared to speak a word. Finally, we could grasp him arms, and with a sigh of relief, we pulled him out onto the grassy bank.
上面这个语段中，后五句话是时序关系，共同说明“我们好不容易才把Peter拉出掉进的坑”这一过程。描述中，分别用了first，then，after，as，finally这些描述顺序的关联过渡词语，使得文章脉络清晰。
(3)层递关系
层递关系指句子间按照语义的轻重、认知的深浅作由轻到重、由浅入深、由主到次的顺序排列。例如：
I seem to be suffering from all the illnesses imaginable: insomnia (失眠), headache, backache, indigestion (消化不良), constipation (便秘) and pains in the stomach. To make things still worse (更糟糕的是), I've caught a cold, I've got a sore throat, and I'm constantly sneezing and coughing. To crown it all (最糟糕的是), I had an accident the other day, hurt my right shoulder, leg and knee, and nearly broke my neck. If I take a long walk, I get short of breath. In fact, I feel more dead than alive.
上面语段中，作者用层层递进的方式描述了自己的不幸遭遇，感到生不如死。to make things worse 和 to crown it all，清楚地表现了这种层递关系。
(4)转折关系
转折关系指句子间意义表达发生转折，常用于进行对比、对照。例如：
Cloning takes the DNA from a single cell to create a whole new individual. A clone is an organism which is genetically identical to another one. But it's now certain that no clone is an exact copy because of differences in experiences and upbringing.(克隆技术通过提取单个细胞的DNA来创造出一个完整的新个体。克隆体在基因上与另一个有机体是相同的。然而，现在可以确定的是，由于经历和成长环境的不同，没有哪个克隆体是一丝不差的复制品。)又例如：
It's tempting to see the life of a journalist as glamorous and exciting, but as with any other occupation, there is a lot of hard work and routine activity. It also depends on what kind of publication you work for. However, each day is different and you will cover a wide range of news stories and features.
(5)总分关系
总分关系指前面的句子涉及两个或多个对象，后面的句子紧接着分别他们加以说明。这种组织方式使语段前后呼应，彼此配合，意义表达条理分明。例如：
Friends come in many flavors. There are best friends, school friends, fair-weather friends (顺境朋友), forever friends and many more. Best friends are friends with whom you spend a lot of time and with whom you share all your thoughts and feelings. School friends are different: you see each other in school and you study and have fun together, but you may not know everything about each other. Fair-weather friends are friends who only like you when you are happy or when you are popular. If you are feeling down, or if you are having a problem, fair-weather friends don't want to spend time or talk with you. Forever friends are friends that will always listen to you and try to help you, even if you disagree or if you are having a problem.
这一语段首先提出“朋友有许多种”，然后分别对best friends，school friends，fair-weather friends 和 forever friends 进行解释和说明。
(6) 解释关系
解释关系指后面的句子对前面的句子进行阐释、引申、例证，从而使意义表达更加明了、具体、生动，更有说服力。例如：
Do you know that the average person puts only 25% of his energy and ability into his work That means those who use 50% of their ability really stand out from the rest. And the very few who actually give their full 100% of strength and smarts to their work become the most successful. Many people want the greener grass, but they don't want to pay the higher water bill to get it!
普通人在工作或学习中只投入了25%的精力和能力。根据这一论断，作者进行了引申和阐释：投入50%就会出类拔萃，投入100%就会最成功。最后告诫普通人：草坪要比别家更加翠绿，就要比别人承担更多水费。
(7) 因果关系
因果关系指句子之间在逻辑上存在因果联系。在排列方式上，既可以采用前因后果，也可以采用前果后因。例如：
Advertisers discovered years ago that all of us love to get something out of nothing. An advertisement which begins with the magic word FREE can rarely go wrong. These days, advertisers not only offer free samples, but free cars, free houses, and free trips around the world as well.
(8)比拟关系
比拟关系指把深奥抽象的事物比喻为浅显易懂、具体生动的事物。从而达到深入浅出、通俗易懂、形象生动的表达效果。例如：
The surface of the earth is like the skin of an orange, which cannot be spread out flat unless it is torn into strips. That is why flat maps of the whole earth always distort its appearance.
此段把较为抽象的地球表面比拟成人们熟悉的橘子皮，形象地说明了为什么平面地图难以展示地球的真正地貌。
（三）利用词汇关系解题
词汇复现法是为了保证文章前后衔接而经常使用的一种写作手段，即在文章中对同一个概念进行重复描述，从而使得同样的意思在文章中不同位置反复出现。在做题时考生要注意选项中出现的与正文意思相同、相近或相反的词汇。
词汇复现：原词复现、同义词或近义词复现、反义词复现、同源词复现。
识别词汇复现的方法：
1.着重阅读空前、空后两句，锁定关键词，在选项中查找关键词。
2.正确选项中的关键词一般重复前一句中的关键词，且与下一句的关键词呼应
（四）代词指代
代词的作用是指代前后提及的名词或整个句子，巧妙地利用代词的指代关系及其单复数差异可以准确而快速地解题。做题时需注意设空前后句中出现的代词，并确定其意义，辦别代词指代的单复数并结合其指代意义解题。例如：it可指代不可数名词、可数名词单数或整个句子，ones可泛指复数名词等。
（五）标点符号
如果设空处后面是逗号，则该处填入的句子应为从句或者主句；如果设空处前面是逗号，则该处填入的句子的首字母应为小写(专有名词除外)；如果设空处后面是问号，则该处填入的句子是对上一句的解释和回答或并列的问句。可以根据此类规则缩小选择范围。
【2024年高考命题预测】
根据高考考情分析2024年高考将：以说明文的形式，考查考生理解语篇整体或者局部的基本结构，以及上下文的逻辑关系和基本的同义改写能力。
预测考向1 考查段首句
1.（2024·广东省高三上学期12月联考节选）
Spending time with people pursuing knowledge as intentionally as you are can encourage you to push through challenges to achieve your learning goals. And engaging with people who have different opinions and experiences can help keep your worldview flexible. Then you can continue to find new fields of knowledge to explore.
A．Surround yourself with fellow learners.
B．Encourage yourself to brave challenges.
C．Every kid’s favorite question is “Why ”
D．You’re surrounded by opportunities to learn.
E．There’s no better or worse hobby or information to acquire.
F．Of course, scheduling learning isn’t just limited to the ways mentioned.
G．Adding a learning session to your timetable prevents you forgetting about it.
2.（2024·高三第一次学业质量评价(T8联考)节选）
Have you ever caught a smell of something and been strongly reminded of a person or place There seems to be a deep psychological link between smells and our memory.Some research even suggests that smells can influence our cognition(认知，感知).
36 Roja Dove, a perfumer,informed the BBC that when we are born,the olfactory bulb(嗅球), which is the area in our brain that processes smell, is empty, without pre-existing information or association.
A.Why do smells take us back
B.So,don't take your nose for granted.
C.How is the sense of smell connected to your brain
D.Scents can revive memories that have been long forgotten.
E.We are not actively aware of them unless they are extremely strong.
F.This is especially true when it comes to the fragrance of essential oils.
G.Therefore, our responses to smells are learnt and highly individualized.
预测考向2 考查段中句
1.（2024·广东省高三上学期12月联考节选）
Life’s rarely boring if you’re open to learning new things. No matter what you want to learn, the first step is noticing and seizing learning opportunities wherever you find them. Here are ways to develop the habit of learning.
Get curious and make friends with your inner child. This sense of curiosity is how you begin to learn, grow, and understand the world around you. As an adult, it’s important to stay curious to remain open to possibilities and opportunities by making a habit of asking questions.
A．Surround yourself with fellow learners.
B．Encourage yourself to brave challenges.
C．Every kid’s favorite question is “Why ”
D．You’re surrounded by opportunities to learn.
E．There’s no better or worse hobby or information to acquire.
F．Of course, scheduling learning isn’t just limited to the ways mentioned.
G．Adding a learning session to your timetable prevents you forgetting about it.
2.（2024·浙江省台州市高三上学期第一次教学质量评估节选）
Set actionable goals. It can be helpful to break down the feedback into specific, actionable goals. Set time to outline an action plan and timeline for each of these goals. With this, you can keep track of your progress and hold yourself accountable to your goals.
Though negative feedback may be disheartening, take the necessary steps to become an even better version of yourself.
A．Avoid reacting defensively.
B．Don’t take the feedback personally.
C．These can feel easier to work with and give you direction.
D．You don’t have to apply every piece of feedback you receive.
E．Negative feedback can sometimes make you feel like a failure.
F．It’s almost impossible to consistently do everything right all the time.
G．So instead of reacting negatively, thank those caring about you to give you honest feedback.
预测考向3 考查段尾句
1.（2024·河南省郑州市高中毕业年级第一次质量预测节选）
Recently, a topic featuring “Graduates avoid sending resumes out of social anxiety disorder” received many comments on Sina Weibo. It seems that social anxiety disorder, also known as social phobia (恐惧症), is affecting many people’s lives. Over 80% of university students who took part in a survey tended to avoid social interaction due to an assumed social phobia.
For those who have a social phobia, everyday social situations cause strong fear beyond their control because they fear being watched or judged negatively by others.
A．After all, they are not making you any better.
B．Understand it’s perfectly fine to make mistakes.
C．Here are some tips for overcoming a fear of social interaction.
D．But is avoiding social interaction equal to having a social phobia
E．However, my attitude began to change when I met a senior journalist.
F．But if you only feel a bit uncomfortable, it might mean you are just shy.
G．Shy people avoid socializing because they take others’ opinions seriously.
2.（2024·浙江省Z20名校联盟第二次联考节选）
Get eight hours of sleep. “When you’re not rested, everything that happens in your life is a lot more stressful,” says Dr. Arya Sharma, a professor of medicine at the University of Alberta. If we don’t have enough sleep, our bodies also have more difficulty controlling blood pressure, inflammation and glucose levels. 37
A．Avoid polluted air.
B．Engage in indoor activities.
C．These factors can all have an impact on cardiovascular health.
D．Read the following tips to make your life filled with happiness.
E．Doing good for others helps your self-esteem and relieves stress.
F．It reduces stress and depression, and it may also serve as a mini-workout.
G．Actually, a small change in your everyday routine can potentially have a big impact.
预测考向1 考查段首句
1.【答案】A
【解析】空处为本段主旨句。根据后文“Spending time with people pursuing knowledge as intentionally as you are can encourage you to push through challenges to achieve your learning goals. And engaging with people who have different opinions and experiences can help keep your worldview flexible. Then you can continue to find new fields of knowledge to explore.(花时间和那些和你一样追求知识的人在一起可以鼓励你克服挑战，实现你的学习目标。与有不同观点和经历的人交往可以帮助你保持世界观的灵活性。然后你可以继续寻找新的知识领域去探索)”可知，本段建议人们要花时间和与自己一样追求知识的人在一起，因此判断A项“让自己与其他学习者为伍。”可以作为主旨句，总领本段。故选A。
2.【答案】A
【解析】第一段说嗅觉和记忆似乎有心理关联, 且研究发现气味会影响我们的认知。下文引用调香师 Roja Dove 的话说明嗅觉和记忆之间的关系。 因此, A项“为什么气味会唤起记忆 ”承上启下, 符合语境。C项中 your brain中的your与段落的叙述角度不符。
预测考向2 考查段中句
1.【答案】C
【解析】根据上文“Get curious and make friends with your inner child.(保持好奇，和你内心的孩子交朋友)”可知空前内容建议人们要保持好奇，和内心的孩子交朋友，因此判断C项“每个孩子最喜欢问的问题是为什么？”和前句语义衔接，且kid和child是同义词。故选C。
2.【答案】C
【解析】根据上文“Set actionable goals. It can be helpful to break down the feedback into specific, actionable goals.(设定可行的目标。将反馈分解成具体的、可操作的目标是很有帮助的)”可知，本句承接上文，说明设定目标的作用，C选项中These指代上文goals。故C选项“他们会让你感觉更容易相处，给你指明方向”符合语境，故选C。
预测考向3 考查段尾句
1.【答案】D
【解析】根据前文“Over 80% of university students who took part in a survey tended to avoid social interaction due to an assumed social phobia.(在一项调查中，超过80%的大学生由于假定的社交恐惧症而倾向于避免社交互动)”可知，此处作者说80%的大学生由于假定的社交恐惧症而倾向于避免社交互动，以及后文内容在讨论因为害羞避免社交是不是社交恐惧症的问题，所以D项“But is avoiding social interaction equal to having a social phobia (但是，回避社交就等于患有社交恐惧症吗 )”承接上文，并引出下文，符合文意。故选D。
2.【答案】C
【解析】前文“If we don’t have enough sleep, our bodies also have more difficulty controlling blood pressure, inflammation and glucose levels.(如果我们睡眠不足，我们的身体也会更难控制血压、炎症和血糖水平。)”讲述了睡眠不足时身体的某些方面会出现的一些反应，空处应承接上文，讲述这些因素对心脏产生的后果，C项“这些因素都会对心血管健康产生影响。”符合题意，“These factors”指代上文中的“blood pressure, inflammation and glucose levels”。故选C

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