-2024届高三高考英语语法填空复习实词之谓语动词判断学案(含答案)

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-2024届高三高考英语语法填空复习实词之谓语动词判断学案(含答案)

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实词之谓语动词
填动词,看谓语。有谓语填非谓语,先看主被动,再看定义,最后看完成; 无谓语,填谓语,看三态,情态,语态和时态。
(

谓语判断
)
谓语动词是一个完整句子的核心,我们具体分为以下:
1. 及物动词 vt:必须带宾语,如果及物动词缺少宾语,则该句子结构不完整。 2. 不及物动词 vi:不能直接带宾语,可以带介宾。 3. 系动词:构成主系表结构 (1) be:表示状态。 (2) become/get/grow/turn:变得 (3) 感官系动词: feel/taste/smell/sound/look (4) stay/keep/remain:保持,维持 (5) prove:证明 (6) seem:似乎
一个句子中如果出现了一个以上的谓语,则务必有连词连接。如果无连词,则其余动词就应变为非谓语的
形式。请看典型案例:
There (be) two large huamo enterprises and 12 cooperatives in Wenxi,with more than1 ,000 locals working for them, the annual output value has reached 10 million yuan so far. 分析:本句中,已有谓语动词 has reached,且无连词,所以 be 一定要变形成非谓语的形式。又因为为独 立主格结构,所以用 being。
二 填谓语,看三态:情态,语态和时态
当判断出此空填谓语,则我们需要从三个角度出发, 按顺序思考:情态动词,被动语态,谓语时态。
1. 情态动词后要使用原型,但是笔者提醒,此处小心宾语从句虚拟语气。如若是以下词,则从句使用
(should)+动词原形。因为 should 可以省略,所以从句谓语动词无论第几人称, 一定是原型。
(1) 一坚持和督促: insist/urge (2) 二命令: order/suggest (3) 三建议: recommend/suggest/advise (4) 四要求: require/request/demand/ask
例句: I suggest that she (should) see a doctor.
2. 被动语态
判断完情态动词后,先判断主被动关系。大部分考生会通过翻译进行被动语态的判断,但事实上,英
语中的被动要依靠动词及物与否判断。我们从语法角度来进行分析:
主动形式: 主 + 及物动词 + 宾语 被动形式: 主 + 及物动词的被动(be done) + by +宾语 分析:主动形式中的主语会变成被动语态中的宾语,但必须有 by 介词连接,所以介宾结构相当于被动 句中的状语。而主动形式中宾语变成了被动语态中的主语。所以被动形式中,谓语被动后,没有宾语。那 我们就可以得到一个结论: (
及物动词如果没有宾语,一定是被动语态。
如果有宾语,则谓语动词一定不是被动语态。(双宾语动词除外)
)
为什么要排除双宾语,我们同样也可以从语法角度分析: 主动形式:主 + 双宾语动词 + 宾语 1 + 宾语 2 被动形式:主 +双宾语动词的被动 + 宾语 2 + by +宾语
分析:主动形式中的主语变成被动语态的宾语,而主动语态中的宾语 1 变成被动语态的主语后,还剩 一个 宾语 2 ,所 以被动语态之后 ,谓语还 带着一个 宾语 。所 以我们要记住 常见 的双 宾语动词: offer/give/pass/lend/show/teach/tell/send…… 那么不及物动词呢?一定是没有被动语态的。因为不及物动词没有宾语,就没有词可以充当被动语态 的主语。所以我们总结被动语态的判别方法,步骤如下: (
空后有宾语且所给词不是双宾语动词,或所给词是不及物动词,则此空一定不被动。
如果所给词是及物动词且空后无宾语,或所给词是双宾语动词但空后只有一个宾语,则一定被动。
)
3. 动词时态
首先我们从两个维度分析时态:时间+状态
过去 现在 将来 过去将来
一般(客观存在/常发 生的动作) 1. was/were 2. 动词过去式 1. am/is/are 2. 动词看单三 1. will+be/动原 2. be going to+be/ 动原 3. be about to do 4. 位移性动词 be doing 1. would+be/动原
完成(截止到某点已 经完成) had done have/has done will have done would have done
进行(某个时间点或 段动作正在发生) was/were+doing be+doing will be doing would be doing
完成进行(截止到某 点已经做了还要继续 进行) had been doing have / has been doing will have been doing would have been doing
注意以下时间标志词:
1. 现在完成时: (1) so far=up till now=up to now=by now 到目前为止 (2) in/over the last/past +一段时间 (3) since+过去时间点 (4) for+一段时间 (5) recently 最近 2. 过去完成时: (1) by the end of+过去时间点 (2) by the time+句子,句子要使用一般过去时 (3) by+过去时间点
此外,注意语法填空最常考时态的一种思路便是时态混合以及谓语动词和非谓语动词时间标志词的区分。
请看高考真题。
例一: (visit) several times over the last 10 years, I (amaze) by
the co-existence of old and new, and how a city was able to keep such a rich heritage (遗产) while constantly growing. 分析: visit 和 amaze 都是动词, 首要分析整句中有没有谓语动词。was 是谓语, 但是是 how 引导的从句谓语, 所 以整句中缺少谓语,而如果 visit 是谓语,则缺少主语,所以要让 amaze 充当谓语,此刻要分析三态:没 有情态动词, amaze 作为及物动词,缺少宾语,所以一定是被动。最后分析时态,这是最容易出错的地方, 前面出现了 over the last 10 years,所以大部分考生会填现在完成时。但事实上是, 这个标志词是非谓语 visit 的时间状语,所以 visit 要填 having visited。而 amaze 作为谓语,没有时间标志词,分析时间和状 态,为一般过去时,所以填 was amazed。
例二 The (remark) development of this city, which is consciously designed to protect the
past while stepping into the modern world, (mean) there is always something new to discover here, and I could be photographing Beijing for the next 50 years. 分析: 此句中谓语 is 是 which 引导的定语从句的谓语,第二个 is 是 mean 的宾语从句的谓语,第三个谓语 could be 是由 and 并列的谓语,所以整个主句中缺少谓语,则 mean 填谓语,分析三态。情态没有, mean 后有宾 语从句所以不是被动语态,没有时间标志词,但分析后, mean 表示“意味着 ”,客观事实的陈述,所以填 一般现在时,看单三, 主语是 development,所以填单三。
(
注意:在以下情况中,时态有固定的要求:
)
1. 在时间/条件/让步状语从句中,使用一般现在时态表示将来。
2. It is the first time + 从句,从句使用现在完成时态
It was the first time + 从句,从句使用过去完成时态
3. 宾语从句中,如果主句是一般过去时,从句一定使用过去的某种时态。
4. It’s high time that +从句, 从句使用一般过去时或 should+动词原形, 动词不能省(定语从句虚拟
语气
(
虚拟语气
)
虚拟语气是一种表达强烈“要求/建议/命令 ”或“几乎不可能实现的事情 ”的语气。通过变化谓语的时态 达到让读者明白“特殊语气和特殊语境 ”的目的。所以,在所有类型的从句中,都可以出现,所以我们按
照类型去分析各种从句的虚拟语气:
宾语从句的虚拟语气
(1.)在动词 wish/hope 后的虚拟语气,表示一种不可能实现的愿望: 1.对现在情况的虚拟,从句的谓语动词用过去时或过去进行时。 例子:I wish that I were a bird. 2.对过去情况的虚拟,从句的谓语动词用过去完成时或者 would/ could/ might+动词原形。 例子:I wish that I had seen the movie last night. 3.对将来情况的虚拟,从句谓语用 would/should/might/could+动词原形。 例子:I wish that I would go. (2.)表示建议,忠告,命令,要求等动词后面的宾语从句中的虚拟语气。 1.表示建议的有: advice,suggest,propose,recommend. 2.表示要求的有: ask,desire,request,require,beg 3.表示决定,命令的有: decide, order 4.表示同意,坚持: insist 后面从句的谓语动词用 should+动词原形(should 可以省略) (3.)would rather/had rather 后的宾语从句中的虚拟语气。 1.谓语动词用过去式表示与现在或将来相反。例子:I would rather you told me the truth. 2.用过去完成式表示与过去事实相反。 例子: I would rather you had gone there last Sunday.
主语从句的虚拟语气
(1.)It is(was) +形容词/过去分词+that...结构中的虚拟语气。 表达形式为: should+动词原形或者省略 should 例子:It is necessary that we (should) go now. 常 见 的 形 容 词 有 : necessary, important, desirable,strange,possible,natural, appropriate,advisable 等 (2.)It is(was)+名词+that...结构中的虚拟语气。
表示建议,命令,怀疑,惊奇,请求,道歉等。例子:It is a pity that you (should) miss such a good chance. 常 见 的 名 词 有 :advice,decision,desire,demand,idea, order,pity,surprise,wish,wonder, recommendation 等 (3.)表示请求,命令,建议等名词做主语时,后面的表语从句或同位语从句用虚拟语气。表现形式 为:should+动词原形或者直接用动词原形。 例子:My idea is that we (should) consider it clearly before we accepting his suggestion.
虚拟语气在状语从句中的用法 (注:从句表示条件,主句表示目的)
虚拟语气在 if 引导的条件状语从句中的用法: 1.表示与现在事实相反的条件句: 从句:if +主语+动词的过去时(were) 主句: 主语+would/should/might/could+动词原形 例子: If I had the time, I would attend your birthday party. 2.表示与过去事实相反的条件句: 从句: if +主语+had+动词的过去分词 主句: 主语+ would/could/should/might + have + 动词的过去分词 例: If I had hurried, I would have caught the bus.(如果我匆忙一点,我就可以赶上公交车了) 3.表示与未来事实相反的条件句(使用较少) 从句: if+主语+动词过去式 / if +主语+were to+动词原形 / if+主语+should +动词原形 主句: 主语+would/could/should/might+动词原形(与第一个现实相反的那个是一样的) 例:If I were to go abroad, I would go to America. 4.条件从句中省略 if,采用倒装语序 在 if 引导的虚拟条件句中,有时可以将 if 省略,这时我们就要把 had/should/were 等助动词提到主语的 前面去,主句不变。 例子: ①原:If she were younger, she would do it. 省:Were she younger, she would do it. ②原:If you had come earlier, you would have met him. 省:Had you come earlier,you would have met hin.
5. 错综时间条件句 在条件句中,我们可能会遇到主从句时间不一致的情况,这个时候的虚拟语气就稍微有点复杂了。 下面看例子: If you had followed my advice, you would be better now. 这里的从句使用的是过去时, 按理来说这个句子是与过去事实相反, 主句应该使用would have been better, 但是这里的主句有一个很直接的表示时态的词:now,表示现在,所以这里的主句要特殊考虑,采用的是与 现在事实相反时的主句的表达。 (总之, 就是, 如果主句动作与从句动作发生的时间不一致, 这时动作的形式就应该根据它所表示的时间来 进行调整) 6. 含蓄条件句 有时候条件句没有用 if 来引导, 而是用介词短语(without,or,but for,otherwise),上下文或者其他方式 来表示,这时我们就需要自己判断这个就是虚拟语气。 7. 虚拟语气在 as if /as though 引导的方式状语从句中: 1.表示与现在事实相反或者对现在情况有所怀疑, 谓语动词用过去时。 例子:He treats the boy as if he were his own son. 2.表示与过去事实相反,谓语动词用过去完成时。 例子: He spoken as if he had known about it. 3.表示与将来事实相反(将来发生的可能性不大),用 would /might / could +动词原形。例子:He acts as if he could win in the game. 8. 虚拟语气在 least/for fear that/in order that/so that 引导的目的状语从句中: 通常表示:以防,以免的意思。 谓语动词 多用:should/could/might+动词原形构成。 例子:For fear that it may rain tomorrow,we should bring an umbrella.(以防明天下雨,我们要带一把伞去) 9. 由 provided/providing/supposed/ supposing(that) //on condition that 引导的条件状语从句: 例子:Supposing that it rained, we shouldn't go out(假如下雨,我们就不出去了) f only 引起的感叹句中的虚拟语气。
其他情况
if only 引起的感叹句中的虚拟语气表示:要是……多好,表达了说话人的一种愿望。 1.表示现在的情况,用过去时。 例:If only he didn't drive so fast! 2.表示过去的情况,用过去完成时。 例:Look at the terrible situation I am in! If only I had
folled your advice.
3.表示将来的情况,用 would+动词原形。 例:If only the rain would stop.
even if/ enve though 引导的让步状语从句中的虚拟语气。
表示一种让步语气,即使……也做不成某事。
1.表示现在的情况,用过去式。 例:Even if he were here, he could not solve the problem.
2.表示过去的情况,用过去完成时。 例: Even if I had been busy then, I would have helped you.
(
提升训练
)
(
1.The new policy
(make) known by the
local educational
authority
s
ince
the
start
of
)
school on September 1st.
2.The scientific literature evaluating these techniques (stretch) back decades and
across thousands of articles.
3.According to some academic studies, sugar painting (date) back to the Ming
Dynasty when sugar animals and figures were made in moulds (模具) as part of a sacrifice in religious
ceremonies.
4.After visiting many fancy restaurants, she declared this bowl of noodles to be the best
thing she (eat) in China ever.
5.Children should (expose) to as much traditional culture as possible.
6.It was the first time she (leave) her motherland.
7.The students have been working hard on their lessons and their efforts (pay) off
in the end.
8.I requested that the trip (schedule) to start tomorrow.
9.The effectiveness of this medicine (evaluate) by these scientists the other day.
10.It was announced that a charge for plastic bags (introduce) next year.
11.When and where professor James will give us a lecture on the Western culture (not
decide) yet.
12.When he finally raised the money for the violin, he returned to buy it but learned that
it (sell) to a collector.
13.Sometimes, I act as a listening ear for students to talk over what (bother) them.
14.Not only the students but also the teacher (be) against the plan at that time.
15.The young man insisted that he (do) nothing wrong and that he (set) free.
16.I (mean) to offer you a hand, but I was otherwise engaged then.
17.The man insisted that he (do) his best and (not blame) for the
failure.
18.Tu Youyou (屠呦呦) the Nobel Prize, while she has no chance to get the China
Science and Technology .(award)
19.(2020 北京卷)The Neanderthals (live) alongside human ancestors in Europe for tens
of thousands of years, before dying out about 40, 000 years ago.
20.(2022·河南新乡·二模) Humans are explorers since the dawn of civilization. We (attract) over the horizon to find food or more space, or just to see what beyond those trees
or mountains or oceans.
21.It is not the first time that immense amounts of state-of-art teaching equipment
(deliver) to the poverty-stricken regions.
22.The stadium (build) at present in our city is (intend) for the coming
Asian Games.
23.This was the first time I (experience) sandstorms and I don't ever want to be in
one again.
24.Without his wartime experiences, Hemingway (write) his famous novel A Farewell to
Arms.
25.If it (be) for his invitation the other day, I should not be here now.
26. it not for your help, I couldn’t have made such amazing progress.
27. you be fired, your health care and other benefits will not be immediately cut off.
28.—John went to the hospital alone.
—If he (tell) me about it, I would have gone with him.
29.If she had been more careful, she (not make) these mistakes in the
exam.
30.My father was strict. He requested that I (not watch) television on this week
nights.
31.I was busy finishing my paper that day. Otherwise I (go) there with them.
32.一 Thank God! The accident was avoided after all.
一 That was lucky, but ten inches nearer and the two cars ( destroy).
33.If only I as clever as you!
34.I would appreciate it if I (offer) an opportinutity to display my talent.
35.—Did George pass the interview
—I’m afraid not. If so, he (inform) me in the first place.实词之谓语动词
填动词,看谓语。有谓语填非谓语,先看主被动,再看定义,最后看完成; 无谓语,填谓语,看三态,情态,语态和时态。
(

谓语判断
)
谓语动词是一个完整句子的核心,我们具体分为以下:
1. 及物动词 vt:必须带宾语,如果及物动词缺少宾语,则该句子结构不完整。 2. 不及物动词 vi:不能直接带宾语,可以带介宾。 3. 系动词:构成主系表结构 (1) be:表示状态。 (2) become/get/grow/turn:变得 (3) 感官系动词: feel/taste/smell/sound/look (4) stay/keep/remain:保持,维持 (5) prove:证明 (6) seem:似乎
一个句子中如果出现了一个以上的谓语,则务必有连词连接。如果无连词,则其余动词就应变为非谓语的
形式。请看典型案例:
There (be) two large huamo enterprises and 12 cooperatives in Wenxi,with more than1 ,000 locals working for them, the annual output value has reached 10 million yuan so far. 分析:本句中,已有谓语动词 has reached,且无连词,所以 be 一定要变形成非谓语的形式。又因为为独 立主格结构,所以用 being。
二 填谓语,看三态:情态,语态和时态
当判断出此空填谓语,则我们需要从三个角度出发, 按顺序思考:情态动词,被动语态,谓语时态。
1. 情态动词后要使用原型,但是笔者提醒,此处小心宾语从句虚拟语气。如若是以下词,则从句使用
(should)+动词原形。因为 should 可以省略,所以从句谓语动词无论第几人称, 一定是原型。
(1) 一坚持和督促: insist/urge (2) 二命令: order/suggest (3) 三建议: recommend/suggest/advise (4) 四要求: require/request/demand/ask
例句: I suggest that she (should) see a doctor.
2. 被动语态
判断完情态动词后,先判断主被动关系。大部分考生会通过翻译进行被动语态的判断,但事实上,英
语中的被动要依靠动词及物与否判断。我们从语法角度来进行分析:
主动形式: 主 + 及物动词 + 宾语 被动形式: 主 + 及物动词的被动(be done) + by +宾语 分析:主动形式中的主语会变成被动语态中的宾语,但必须有 by 介词连接,所以介宾结构相当于被动 句中的状语。而主动形式中宾语变成了被动语态中的主语。所以被动形式中,谓语被动后,没有宾语。那 我们就可以得到一个结论: (
及物动词如果没有宾语,一定是被动语态。
如果有宾语,则谓语动词一定不是被动语态。(双宾语动词除外)
)
为什么要排除双宾语,我们同样也可以从语法角度分析: 主动形式:主 + 双宾语动词 + 宾语 1 + 宾语 2 被动形式:主 +双宾语动词的被动 + 宾语 2 + by +宾语
分析:主动形式中的主语变成被动语态的宾语,而主动语态中的宾语 1 变成被动语态的主语后,还剩 一个 宾语 2 ,所 以被动语态之后 ,谓语还 带着一个 宾语 。所 以我们要记住 常见 的双 宾语动词: offer/give/pass/lend/show/teach/tell/send…… 那么不及物动词呢?一定是没有被动语态的。因为不及物动词没有宾语,就没有词可以充当被动语态 的主语。所以我们总结被动语态的判别方法,步骤如下: (
空后有宾语且所给词不是双宾语动词,或所给词是不及物动词,则此空一定不被动。
如果所给词是及物动词且空后无宾语,或所给词是双宾语动词但空后只有一个宾语,则一定被动。
)
3. 动词时态
首先我们从两个维度分析时态:时间+状态
过去 现在 将来 过去将来
一般(客观存在/常发 生的动作) 1. was/were 2. 动词过去式 1. am/is/are 2. 动词看单三 1. will+be/动原 2. be going to+be/ 动原 3. be about to do 4. 位移性动词 be doing 1. would+be/动原
完成(截止到某点已 经完成) had done have/has done will have done would have done
进行(某个时间点或 段动作正在发生) was/were+doing be+doing will be doing would be doing
完成进行(截止到某 点已经做了还要继续 进行) had been doing have / has been doing will have been doing would have been doing
注意以下时间标志词:
1. 现在完成时: (1) so far=up till now=up to now=by now 到目前为止 (2) in/over the last/past +一段时间 (3) since+过去时间点 (4) for+一段时间 (5) recently 最近 2. 过去完成时: (1) by the end of+过去时间点 (2) by the time+句子,句子要使用一般过去时 (3) by+过去时间点
此外,注意语法填空最常考时态的一种思路便是时态混合以及谓语动词和非谓语动词时间标志词的区分。
请看高考真题。
例一: (visit) several times over the last 10 years, I (amaze) by
the co-existence of old and new, and how a city was able to keep such a rich heritage (遗产) while constantly growing. 分析: visit 和 amaze 都是动词, 首要分析整句中有没有谓语动词。was 是谓语, 但是是 how 引导的从句谓语, 所 以整句中缺少谓语,而如果 visit 是谓语,则缺少主语,所以要让 amaze 充当谓语,此刻要分析三态:没 有情态动词, amaze 作为及物动词,缺少宾语,所以一定是被动。最后分析时态,这是最容易出错的地方, 前面出现了 over the last 10 years,所以大部分考生会填现在完成时。但事实上是, 这个标志词是非谓语 visit 的时间状语,所以 visit 要填 having visited。而 amaze 作为谓语,没有时间标志词,分析时间和状 态,为一般过去时,所以填 was amazed。
例二 The (remark) development of this city, which is consciously designed to protect the
past while stepping into the modern world, (mean) there is always something new to discover here, and I could be photographing Beijing for the next 50 years. 分析: 此句中谓语 is 是 which 引导的定语从句的谓语,第二个 is 是 mean 的宾语从句的谓语,第三个谓语 could be 是由 and 并列的谓语,所以整个主句中缺少谓语,则 mean 填谓语,分析三态。情态没有, mean 后有宾 语从句所以不是被动语态,没有时间标志词,但分析后, mean 表示“意味着 ”,客观事实的陈述,所以填 一般现在时,看单三, 主语是 development,所以填单三。
(
注意:在以下情况中,时态有固定的要求:
)
1. 在时间/条件/让步状语从句中,使用一般现在时态表示将来。
2. It is the first time + 从句,从句使用现在完成时态
It was the first time + 从句,从句使用过去完成时态
3. 宾语从句中,如果主句是一般过去时,从句一定使用过去的某种时态。
4. It’s high time that +从句, 从句使用一般过去时或 should+动词原形, 动词不能省(定语从句虚拟
语气
(
虚拟语气
)
虚拟语气是一种表达强烈“要求/建议/命令 ”或“几乎不可能实现的事情 ”的语气。通过变化谓语的时态 达到让读者明白“特殊语气和特殊语境 ”的目的。所以,在所有类型的从句中,都可以出现,所以我们按
照类型去分析各种从句的虚拟语气:
宾语从句的虚拟语气
(1.)在动词 wish/hope 后的虚拟语气,表示一种不可能实现的愿望: 1.对现在情况的虚拟,从句的谓语动词用过去时或过去进行时。 例子:I wish that I were a bird. 2.对过去情况的虚拟,从句的谓语动词用过去完成时或者 would/ could/ might+动词原形。 例子:I wish that I had seen the movie last night. 3.对将来情况的虚拟,从句谓语用 would/should/might/could+动词原形。 例子:I wish that I would go. (2.)表示建议,忠告,命令,要求等动词后面的宾语从句中的虚拟语气。 1.表示建议的有: advice,suggest,propose,recommend. 2.表示要求的有: ask,desire,request,require,beg 3.表示决定,命令的有: decide, order 4.表示同意,坚持: insist 后面从句的谓语动词用 should+动词原形(should 可以省略) (3.)would rather/had rather 后的宾语从句中的虚拟语气。 1.谓语动词用过去式表示与现在或将来相反。例子:I would rather you told me the truth. 2.用过去完成式表示与过去事实相反。 例子: I would rather you had gone there last Sunday.
主语从句的虚拟语气
(1.)It is(was) +形容词/过去分词+that...结构中的虚拟语气。 表达形式为: should+动词原形或者省略 should 例子:It is necessary that we (should) go now. 常 见 的 形 容 词 有 : necessary, important, desirable,strange,possible,natural, appropriate,advisable 等 (2.)It is(was)+名词+that...结构中的虚拟语气。
表示建议,命令,怀疑,惊奇,请求,道歉等。例子:It is a pity that you (should) miss such a good chance. 常 见 的 名 词 有 :advice,decision,desire,demand,idea, order,pity,surprise,wish,wonder, recommendation 等 (3.)表示请求,命令,建议等名词做主语时,后面的表语从句或同位语从句用虚拟语气。表现形式 为:should+动词原形或者直接用动词原形。 例子:My idea is that we (should) consider it clearly before we accepting his suggestion.
虚拟语气在状语从句中的用法 (注:从句表示条件,主句表示目的)
虚拟语气在 if 引导的条件状语从句中的用法: 1.表示与现在事实相反的条件句: 从句:if +主语+动词的过去时(were) 主句: 主语+would/should/might/could+动词原形 例子: If I had the time, I would attend your birthday party. 2.表示与过去事实相反的条件句: 从句: if +主语+had+动词的过去分词 主句: 主语+ would/could/should/might + have + 动词的过去分词 例: If I had hurried, I would have caught the bus.(如果我匆忙一点,我就可以赶上公交车了) 3.表示与未来事实相反的条件句(使用较少) 从句: if+主语+动词过去式 / if +主语+were to+动词原形 / if+主语+should +动词原形 主句: 主语+would/could/should/might+动词原形(与第一个现实相反的那个是一样的) 例:If I were to go abroad, I would go to America. 4.条件从句中省略 if,采用倒装语序 在 if 引导的虚拟条件句中,有时可以将 if 省略,这时我们就要把 had/should/were 等助动词提到主语的 前面去,主句不变。 例子: ①原:If she were younger, she would do it. 省:Were she younger, she would do it. ②原:If you had come earlier, you would have met him. 省:Had you come earlier,you would have met hin.
5. 错综时间条件句 在条件句中,我们可能会遇到主从句时间不一致的情况,这个时候的虚拟语气就稍微有点复杂了。 下面看例子: If you had followed my advice, you would be better now. 这里的从句使用的是过去时, 按理来说这个句子是与过去事实相反, 主句应该使用would have been better, 但是这里的主句有一个很直接的表示时态的词:now,表示现在,所以这里的主句要特殊考虑,采用的是与 现在事实相反时的主句的表达。 (总之, 就是, 如果主句动作与从句动作发生的时间不一致, 这时动作的形式就应该根据它所表示的时间来 进行调整) 6. 含蓄条件句 有时候条件句没有用 if 来引导, 而是用介词短语(without,or,but for,otherwise),上下文或者其他方式 来表示,这时我们就需要自己判断这个就是虚拟语气。 7. 虚拟语气在 as if /as though 引导的方式状语从句中: 1.表示与现在事实相反或者对现在情况有所怀疑, 谓语动词用过去时。 例子:He treats the boy as if he were his own son. 2.表示与过去事实相反,谓语动词用过去完成时。 例子: He spoken as if he had known about it. 3.表示与将来事实相反(将来发生的可能性不大),用 would /might / could +动词原形。例子:He acts as if he could win in the game. 8. 虚拟语气在 least/for fear that/in order that/so that 引导的目的状语从句中: 通常表示:以防,以免的意思。 谓语动词 多用:should/could/might+动词原形构成。 例子:For fear that it may rain tomorrow,we should bring an umbrella.(以防明天下雨,我们要带一把伞去) 9. 由 provided/providing/supposed/ supposing(that) //on condition that 引导的条件状语从句: 例子:Supposing that it rained, we shouldn't go out(假如下雨,我们就不出去了) f only 引起的感叹句中的虚拟语气。
其他情况
if only 引起的感叹句中的虚拟语气表示:要是……多好,表达了说话人的一种愿望。 1.表示现在的情况,用过去时。 例:If only he didn't drive so fast! 2.表示过去的情况,用过去完成时。 例:Look at the terrible situation I am in! If only I had
folled your advice.
3.表示将来的情况,用 would+动词原形。 例:If only the rain would stop.
even if/ enve though 引导的让步状语从句中的虚拟语气。
表示一种让步语气,即使……也做不成某事。
1.表示现在的情况,用过去式。 例:Even if he were here, he could not solve the problem.
2.表示过去的情况,用过去完成时。 例: Even if I had been busy then, I would have helped you.
(
提升训练
)
(
1.The new policy
(make) known by the
local educational
authority
s
ince
the
start
of
)
school on September 1st.
(
【答案】has been made
【详解】考查时态、语态和主谓一致。句意:

9

1 日开学以来,当地教育部门已经公布了这项新政策。
主语
policy
和动词
make
之间是被动关系,根据时间状语“since the start of school on
Se
ptember
1st”可知,此处应用现在完成时的被动语态,主语是名词单数,故填
has been made。
)
2.The scientific literature evaluating these techniques (stretch) back decades and
across thousands of articles.
(
【答案】
stretches
【详解】考查时态和主谓一致。句意:评估这些技术的科学文献可以追溯到几十年前,
有数千篇文章。stretch
back
追溯到。陈述客观事实,
用一般现在时。主语是
The
scientific
literature,谓语动词用第三人称单
数形式。故填
stretches。
)
3.According to some academic studies, sugar painting (date) back to the Ming
Dynasty when sugar animals and figures were made in moulds (模具) as part of a sacrifice in religious
ceremonies.
(
【答案】dates
【详解】考查时态和主谓一致。句意:根据一些学术研究,糖画可以追溯到明朝,当时糖制的动物和人物 是在模具中制成的,作为宗教仪式中祭祀的一部分。分析句子结构可知,空
处为主句谓语动词,描述客观
事实用一般现在时,主语是单数名词“sugar
painting”,故谓语动词用第三人称单数。故填
dates。
)
4.After visiting many fancy restaurants, she declared this bowl of noodles to be the best
thing she (eat) in China ever.
(
【答案】had eaten
【详解】考查时态。句意:在逛了许多高级餐馆之后,
她说这碗面条是她在中国吃过的最好吃的东西。 “吃

这个动作发生在
declared
之前,表示“过去的过去
”,因此空格处时态是过去完成时,
故填
had eaten。
)
5.Children should (expose) to as much traditional culture as possible.
(
【答案】be exposed
【详解】考查情态动词和语态。句意:儿童应尽可能多地接触传统文化
。结合句意可知,主语
Children

动词
expose“使暴露
”为被动关系,故用过去分词
expo
sed,且空前为情态动词 should,故填
be
exposed。
)
6.It was the first time she (leave) her motherland.
(
【答案】had
left
【详解】考查固定句型和时态。句意:这是她第一次离开祖国。
“It was +第几次+ that sb. had
done
sth.”表示“这是某人第几次做某事
”,为固
定结构,故本空用 leave“离开
”的过去完成时形式
had
left。故填
had
left。
)
7.The students have been working hard on their lessons and their efforts (pay) off
in the end.
(
【答案】will pay
【详解】考查时态。句意:学生们一直在努力学习功课,他们的努力最终会得到回报的。由
in the end

知,句子表示“他们的努力最终会得到回报的
”,空格处用一般将来时表将来的事情,因此空格处是
will
pay。故填
will pay。
)
8.I requested that the trip (schedule) to start tomorrow.
(
【答案】should be schedu
led#be
scheduled
【详解】考查虚拟语气。句意:我要求把这次旅行安排在明天开始。动词
requ
est
后面
that
引导的宾语从
句要用虚拟语气(should)+动词原形,
其中
should
可以省略, 且从句的主语
the
trip
和动词
schedule

间是被动关系,所以从句的谓语动词用被动语态。故答案为
should be scheduled

be scheduled。
)
9.The effectiveness of this medicine (evaluate) by these scientists the other day.
(
【答案】 was
evaluated
【详解】考查动词时态、语态和主谓一致。句意:前几天这些科学家对这种药的有效性进行了评估。分析
)
句子成分可知,设空处作谓语,由句中的时间状语 the other day 可知此处应用一般过去时,此处指“这种 药的有效性在几天前被这些科学家评估过了 ”,The effectiveness 和 evaluate 之间是被动关系,且主语 是第三人称单数。故填 was evaluated。
10.It was announced that a charge for plastic bags (introduce) next year.
(
【答案】would be
introduced
【详解】考查时态语态。句意:有消息称,明年将对塑料袋收费。根据主句谓语动词“wa
s announced”的
时态可知, 主语从句也应为相应的过去时态。再
结合主语从句的时间状语“next year”可知, 应为过去将
来时。因从句的主语“a charge”为动作承受者,故应为被动语态。故填
would be
introduced。
)
11.When and where professor James will give us a lecture on the Western culture (not
decide) yet.
(
【答案】hasn’t been decided
【详解】考查时态、语态和主谓一致。句意:詹姆斯教授何时何地给我们做关于西方文化的讲座还没有决
定。根据语境及句中的
yet
可知, 用现在完成时,
主语
When and where professor James will give us a
lecture
on
the
Western
culture
与谓语
decide
之间是被动关系,
所以用被动语态,
且主语为单数概念,

语动词用单数形式。故
hasn’t been decided。
)
12.When he finally raised the money for the violin, he returned to buy it but learned that
it (sell) to a collector.
(
【答案】had been
sold
【详解】考查动词时态和语态。句意:当他最终筹集到买小提
琴的钱时,他回去买了它,但是得知它已经 被卖给了一个收藏家。空格处在宾语从句中作谓语,根据句意从句动作发生在主句动作
learned 之前,应
用过去完成时,且主语 it(指代小提琴)和 sell
之间是逻辑上的被动关系,应用过去完
成时的被动语态。
故填
had been
sold。
)
13.Sometimes, I act as a listening ear for students to talk over what (bother) them.
(
【答案】
is bothering
【详解】考查动词时态。句意:有时候我充当一个倾听者,让同学们倾诉什么在困扰着他们。根据此句谓

act
为一般现在时和语境可知,
“烦扰他们
的事情
”应是正存在着的,所以用现在进行时表,
what
作主
语表示单数意义,故填
is bothering。
)
14.Not only the students but also the teacher (be) against the plan at that time.
(
【答案】
was
)
【详解】考查时态及主谓一致。句意:当时不仅学生而且老师都反对这项计划。在 Not only… but also… 连接并列主语时,谓语动词的数遵循“就近原则 ”,由此可知, teacher 为单数名词, be 动词应使用单数
形式;时间状语为 at that time,应使用一般过去时。故填 was。
15.The young man insisted that he (do) nothing wrong and that he (set) free.
(
【答案】
had done
should be
s
et/be
set
【详解】考查时态、虚拟语气和语态。句意:他坚持认为他没有做坏事,
坚持要求
被释放。
insist
表示“坚
称,坚决认为
”时其后的宾语从句用陈述语气;表示“坚持主张,坚
决要求
”时其后宾语从句用虚拟语气。
空格
1
处表达的是坚持认为是事实,所以从句要用陈述
语气,主句所用的时态为一般过去时,从句用过去 完成时,表示动作发生在主句动作之前,故填
had done;空格
2
处表示“坚持要求
”,故用虚拟语气,谓
语动词用
should+do,should
可省略,
同时
he

set
之间是被动关系,
所以用(should)be set。故答案
是①had done②should be
s
et

be
set。
)
16.I (mean) to offer you a hand, but I was otherwise engaged then.
(
【答案】had meant
【详解】考查虚拟语气、固定句型。句意:我本想帮你一把,但当时我另有安排。根据句意可知,此
处为
虚拟语气的固定句型,
应用过去完成时,
had meant to do
表示“
本打算做某事,
但实际却没有做
”。故填
had meant。
)
17.The man insisted that he (do) his best and (not blame) for the
failure.
(
【答案】
had done
not
be
blamed
【详解】考查虚拟语气。句意:这个人坚称已经尽了最大的努力,
坚决要求不应该为这次失败负责。
insist
后面跟了两个宾语从句。第一个宾语从句,
ins
ist
当“坚称
”讲时,宾语从句不用虚拟语气,主句用的一
般过去时,从句要使用相应的过去的时态,用过去完成时,所以第一个空填
had done;第二
个宾语从句,
insist
当“坚决要求
”讲时,
宾语从句用
sho
uld + 动词原形, should
可以被省略的虚拟语气, 故填
not be
blamed。
)
18.Tu Youyou (屠呦呦) the Nobel Prize, while she has no chance to get the China
Science and Technology .(award)
(
【答案】
was awarded
Award
【详解】考查时态语态和名词。句意:屠呦呦被授予诺贝尔奖,而她没有机会获得中国的科技奖。第一个
空做谓语, 主语
Tu Youyou

award(授予, 颁发)之间是被动关系,
且该句介绍的是过去的事情,
故该句应
)
(

一般过去时的被动语态,
主语是单数,
故填was
awarded。“the
China
Science
and
Te
chnology


专有名词,做
get
的宾语,所以此处应用名词
award,首字母需要大写,故填①was awarded②Award。
)
19.(2020 北京卷)The Neanderthals (live) alongside human ancestors in Europe for tens
of thousands of years, before dying out about 40, 000 years ago.
(
【答案】
lived/had lived/had be
en
living
【详解】考查时态。句意:尼安德特人与人类祖先一起在欧
洲生活了数万年,直到大约
4
万年前灭绝。设
空处在句中作谓语,结合语意,尼安德特人生活在欧洲这一动作发生在过去,句
子使用一般过去时,动词
使用过去式形式
lived;或表示
live
这一动作发生在灭绝之前,
表示“过去的过去
”,使用过去完成时
had
lived;或强调
live
这一动作是一直正在进行的,使用过去完成进行时
had been living。故填
lived/had
lived/had been
living。
)
20.(2022·河南新乡·二模) Humans are explorers since the dawn of civilization. We (attract) over the horizon to find food or more space, or just to see what beyond those trees
or mountains or oceans.
(
【答案】have been attracted
【详解】考查动词时态和语态。句意:自从人类文明以来,人类就渴望探索太空。我们被地平线所吸引,
去寻找食物或更大的空间,或者只是去看看那些树、山或海洋之外的东西。根据
句意可知,本句为现在完
成时,句子主语
we
和所填词
attract
之间是被动的关系,故填现在完成时的被动语态。故填
have been
attracted。
)
21.It is not the first time that immense amounts of state-of-art teaching equipment
(deliver) to the poverty-stricken regions.
(
【答案】have been delivered
【详解】考查固定句型和现在完成时的被动语态。句意:这并不是第一次向贫困地区运送大量先进的教学
设备。对于固定结构“It
is the first time+that
从句
”来说,
主句用一般现在时,
从句要用现在完成时,
所以空处应填谓语动词的现在完成时,
又根
据主谓一致原则, 要与主语
immense amounts of state-of-art
teaching equipment
保持复数一致,
amounts
of+不可数名词作主语时,
谓语要用复数形式,
且主语与主语
是被动关系,因此空处应填现在完成时的被动语态
,即
have been delivered。故填
have been
delivered。
)
22.The stadium (build) at present in our city is (intend) for the coming
Asian Games.
(
【答案】
being built
intended
【详解】考查非谓语动词和语态。句意:目前我市正在建设的体育场,是为了迎接即将到来的亚运会。第
一空是非谓语动词做后置定语修饰名词
stad
ium,stadium(舞台)和动词
build(建造)二者之间是被动关系,
根据时间标志词“at present(目前)”
可知, 此处表示“正在被建造
”,所以应用过去分词的进行式
being
done
来做后置定语;第二空
be intended for
是固定搭配,意为“为......准备
”,故第一空填
being
built,第二空填
intended。
)
23.This was the first time I (experience) sandstorms and I don't ever want to be in
one again.
(
【答案】had experienced
【详解】考查时态。句意:这是我第一次经历沙尘暴, 我不想再经历一次。“This was the fi
rst time
that
sb. had done sth.”为固定句型

表示“这是某人第一次做某事
”,在此句型中,
主句
be
动词用
was,后
面的
that
从句中,从句谓语
experience
用过去完成时,故填
ha
d experienced。
)
24.Without his wartime experiences, Hemingway (write) his famous novel A Farewell to
Arms.
(
【答案】wouldn’t have written
【详解】考查虚拟语气。句意:如果没有他的战时经历,海明威不可能写出著名的小说《永别了,武器》。
根据句意分析句子可知, without his wartime experiences
是隐含含蓄条件的介
词短语, 且表示与过去事
实相反,空格处是该句子的谓语部分,所以谓语动词应该用
would
have
done,根据句意又表示否
定意义。
故填
wouldn’t have written。
)
25.If it (be) for his invitation the other day, I should not be here now.
(
【答案】hadn’t been
【详解】考查虚拟语气。句意:如果不是那天他的邀请, 我现在就不会在这里了。结合语境和“I should not
be here now.”可知,本句为虚拟语态,
the other day
说明从句与过去事实相
反,应用过去完成时;且是
否定形式。再根据提示
be,故答案是
hadn
’t been。
)
26. it not for your help, I couldn’t have made such amazing progress.
(
【答案】Were
【详解】考查虚拟条件句的倒装省略。句意:如果没有你的帮助
,我不可能取得如此惊人的进步。根据句
意及所给句子可知,
此处是虚拟条件句的倒装省略, 当
if
引导的虚拟条件句中有
were/s
hould/had(助动词)
时,可以省略
if,将
were/should/had(助动词)提前,构成倒装结构。本句中
W
ere
it not for your help=If
)
(
it were not for
your
help。故填
Were。
)
27. you be fired, your health care and other benefits will not be immediately cut off.
(
【答案】Should
【详解】考查虚拟条件句的倒装省略。句意:万一你被解雇了,你的医疗保健和其他福利不会立即被切断。
根据句意及所给句子可知,
此处是虚拟条件句的倒装省略,

if
引导的虚拟条件句中有were/should
/had(助
动词)时,可以省略
if,将
were/should/had(助动词)提前,构成倒装结构。本句中
Should you be
fired=If
you should be fired,单词位于句首,首字母大写。故

Should。
)
28.—John went to the hospital alone.
—If he (tell) me about it, I would have gone with him.
(
【答案】had told
【详解】考查虚拟语气。句意:
——John
独自去医院了

——如果他告诉我,我会和他一起去的。表示与
过去事实相反的情况。其结构为:从句(If+主语+had+过去分词),主句(
主语+should/would+have+过去分
词),故填
had told。
)
29.If she had been more careful, she (not make) these mistakes in the
exam.
(
【答案】wouldn’t have made
【详解】考查虚拟语气。句意:如果她再认真些,她就不会在考试中
犯那些错误。表示与过去事实相反的
情况。其结构为:从句
( If+主语+had+过去分词 ),主句
(主语+should/would+have+过
去分词),故填
wouldn’t have made。
)
30.My father was strict. He requested that I (not watch) television on this
week nights.
(
【答案】
(should) not watch
【详解】考查虚拟语气。句意:我的父亲非常严厉。他要求我在这周的晚上不要
看电视。
request
之后的宾
语从句,要用
should + 动词原形,
should
可以被省略的虚拟语气,故填(should) not watch。
)
31.I was busy finishing my paper that day. Otherwise I (go) there with them.
(
【答案】would have gone
【详解】考查虚拟语气。句意:我那天忙着完成我的论文,否则我就和他们一起去那儿了

otherwise
后的
句子是虚拟条件句,
根据
that
day
可知, 此处表示
与过去事实相反,
谓语动词用
would
have
done
形式。故
)
(

would have
gone。
)
32.一 Thank God! The accident was avoided after all.
一 That was lucky, but ten inches nearer and the two cars ( destroy).
(
【答案】would have been destroyed
【详解】考查虚拟语气。句意:
——谢天谢地!毕竟避免了一场事故。 ——那很幸运,但是如果再靠近
10
寸,两辆车就毁了。根据句意可知,事故没有发生,所以“ten inches
nearer and the two
cars
( destroy)”,是一种假设,而且是对过去的一种假设,应该用虚拟语气
, “ten inches
nearer ”
是虚拟条件句,
相当于:If
they
had
been
ten
inches
nearer,所以主句应该用
wo
uld
have
done
形式,destroy
与主语是被动关系,所以应用
would hav
e been done
的形式,故填
would have been destroyed。
)
33.If only I as clever as you!
(
【答案】 were
【详解】考查虚拟语气。句意:我要是像你一样聪明就好了!
if only
意为“但愿,要是...就好了

,表
示由于客观条件限制,为某事不太可能或完全不可能实现而感到惋惜或遗憾的复杂情绪,常用虚拟语气。
此处表示与现在事实相反的情况。故填
were。
)
34.I would appreciate it if I (offer) an opportinutity to display my talent.
(
【答案】 were
offered
【详解】考查虚拟语气和语态。句意:如果能给我一个施展才华的机会,我将不胜感激。对现在情况的虚 拟,从句:if+主语+动词的过去式(be

were)+其他;主句:主
语+would(should, could, might)+动词
原形+其他, “我
”和“提供一个机会
”之
间是被动关系,用被动语态,所以填
were offered。
)
35.—Did George pass the interview
—I’m afraid not. If so, he (inform) me in the first place. (用所给单词适当形式填空)
(
【答案】would have
informed
【详解】考查虚拟语气。句意:
——乔治通过面试了吗? ——恐怕没有。如果有的话,他会第一时间告诉
我的。根据句意和句子结构可知,
此题考查
if
引导条件状语从句的虚拟语气,
并且是对过去虚拟,
从句谓
语动词使用
had done,主句使用
would
/could/might/should have done。故填
would have informed。
)

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