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现在完成时
一、现在完成时定义：
(1) 表示动作发生在过去某个不确定的时间，但对现在留下了某种影响和结果。常被just、already、yet 等副词修饰。例如：
　　— Have you had lunch yet 你（已经）吃午饭了吗？
　　— Yes, I have. I’ve just had it. 是的，吃过了。我刚刚吃过。（现在我不饿了）
(2) 表示从过去某一时刻开始一直持续到现在的动作或状态。这个动作可能刚停止，可能仍然在进行。常带有for和since等表示一段时间的状语。（注意：句中谓语动词要用延续性动词，对“for…和since…提问要用how long）例如：
He has taught here since 1981. 他自1981年就在这儿教书。（可能还要继续教）
I haven’t seen her for four years. 我有四年没见到她了。
(3) 现在完成时还可以表示一个动作到现在为止发生过多少次。常带有twice, ever, never, three times等时间状语。
例如： I have already read this book three times. 这本书我已经看过三次了。
I have been to Beijing twice.我去过北京两次。
★对多少次提问要用：How many times
二、现在完成时构成：
have\has+过去分词（have\has为助动词，有人称变化）
四个基本句型：
肯定句： He has finished the work.
一般疑问句： Has he finished the work
否定句： He has not finished the work. Yes ,he has./ No, he hasn’t.
特殊疑问句：What has he done
现在完成时与一般过去时的比较
现在完成时与一般过去时都表示在过去发生的动作，但现在完成时强调这一动作与现
在的关系，如对现在产生的结果、影响等。而一般过去时只表示过去的事实，不表示和现在的关系。所以，表示过去固定时间的状语只能与一般过去时连用，而不能与现在完成时连用。比较：
①他把我的钢笔拿走了
A: He has taken my pen away .{强调我现在没有钢笔用}
B:He took my pen away ,(陈述“他拿走了钢笔”这一情况)
②She has gone to Shanghai . 她已去上海了。（强调结果是人不在这儿）
③She went to Shanghai a year ago .她一年前去过上海。（只表明她去过这件事实）
【辨别】1. already. adv. “已经”多用于肯定句中，通常与动词的完成时或进行时连用。　　
① I’ve seen the film already. 我已经看过这部电影了。
　　② The train has already left. 火车已经开走了。
　　2. yet. adv “已经、仍然、还”一般只用于否定句或疑问句，且常常置于句末。如：
① He hasn’t found his bike yet他还没有找到他的自行车。
②Have you read Treasure Island yet 你读过《金银岛》？
【注意】already也可用于疑问句，但不表真心的疑问，而表“惊奇”。它多置于句中。有时为了强调而置于句末。
Have you already had breakfast 难道你已经吃过早餐了？
【练习】
用适当的时态填空
---Where ______(be) my bike ---It _________(be) here just now.
---___________ you ______(see) my book ---Yes, he ______ (take) it away half an hour ago.
---_____ he _____(eat) all the food ----Yes, I __ all the food, because I ___(be) very hungry.
Nanjing _________________(change) in the past twenty years.
Mary ______(want) _____(collect) more information before she ____(do) the history project.
Great changes __________(take) place in Shanghai since 1996.
My mother ___________(teach) Maths for 20 years.
Daniel _______(join) the swimming club when he _____(be) 18. He _____(be) a member of the club for 20 years.
---Would you like_____(go) to the park with me ---I’d like to. But I ______(not have) dinner.
Millie _____(just) _________(finish) her homework. She _________(watch) TV.
My parents ____________(live) there for years.
---_______you ______(read) this book ---Yes, I __________.
---When ________you ____ (read) it ---I ________ (read) it two months ago.
Joe ______(be) here for three hours since he ______(come) here.
I ___________(not see) so beautiful park before.
She _______already________(learn) how _______(drive) a car for two weeks.
---How long________your father________(work) at this school ---For more than ten years.
There ___(be) fresh air and green hills on Lautau Island in the past.
I__________my homework already. (finish)
You won't know if it fits you until you_________it on. (try)
It's said that he______sent to Australia to improve his English.(be)
The living standard of the people in Nanjing _____ since 1983. (rise)
Tom_______for 40 years. (marry)
三大结构
have/has been to 曾经去过某地 现在已不在那里了，后可接次数，once，twice，three times等，表示“去过某地几次”，也可和 just，never，ever等连用。 My father has been to Beijing twice． 我父亲去过北京两次。
have/has gone to 到某地去 说话时该人不在现场 —Where is Jim？吉姆在哪里？ —He has gone to England． 他去英国了。
have been in 在某地呆 了多少时间 常与时间段状语连用 I have been in Shanghai for three years． 我到上海已有三年了
考点2 当have been to后面接副词，如here, there, home时，to要省略。变为have been here/there/home
You said that Zhijin Cave is very beautiful.___ you _____ there？
A. Have；gone　B. Have；been C. Have；gone to D. Have；been to
考点3 ever, never常与现在完成时连用，是现在完成时态的提示词。 ever adv.曾经；在任何时候 never adv.从未
—Have you ever been there？你曾去过那里吗？
—No, I have never been there before. 不，我以前从未去过那里。
【练习】
一．填空。
1) Where’s Jim ---- he ____________ Guiling.
2) She _____________ the park,she will be back in two hours.
3) I __________ the West lake,Look,I have taken many photos on it .
4) Tom _____________ Jim’s home,but he hasn’t come back.
5) They __________________ the forest alone and returned safely.
6) The Whites _________________ the U.S.A,They won’t come back.
7) We _________________ the bookshop and bought many books.
8) She ________ her homeland; she is coming to my home next week.
9) I __________________ Hong Kong twice.
10) We ________________ the Mount Tai,we all enjoyed ourselves.
11) I _____ never _________________ the beach in Sonya.
12) He missed his mother very much,so he ___ already_____ his home.
13) They ______________ Hangzhou,they found it very interesting.
14) Tom __________________ the W.C,so I have to wait for him..
15) How many times _____you_______________ Shanghai.
考点：
since和for是现在完成时当中常见的标志词。since＂自从……＂，for＂持续了……＂。since用来说明动作的开始时间，for用来说明动作延续的时间长度。since和for是现在完成时的重要标志。
1. since和for的用法
（1）since的用法
①since + 过去的时间点。如：年、月、日、几点等
since 1990 自从1990年起 since 5 o’clock 自从五点起
②since + 时间段+ ago
since 3 months ago 自从三个月以前
③since + 一般过去时的从句
since you left home 自从你离开家以后
④since的一个固定句式＂It is＋时间段＋since＋一般过去时的从句.＂。
It is five years since I came here. 我来这儿5年了。
2. for的用法：for＋时间段
在现在完成时当中，若对since和for引导的时间状语进行提问，都可以用how long来提问。
since和for的句式转换：
since＋时间段＋ago＝for＋时间段
They haven't changed since twenty years ago.
＝They haven't changed for twenty years.他们已经二十年没有改变了。
在现在完成时中，非延续性性动词不能和一段时间状语连用
例：He has bought the book for 3 years.（错）
因buy这个一次性动词不能和一段时间for 3 years连用, 改正的办法有五种：
① He has bought the book.. (去掉一段时间for 3 years)
② He bought the book 3 years ago(改为一般过去时，使句子的意思不变)
③ It’s 3 years since he bought the book. = 3 years has passed since he bought the book.（改为固定句型 It is ---since---）
④ He has not bought the book for 3 years. （改为否定句）
⑤ He has had the book for 3 years.（用延续性动词have代替buy）
其他非延续性动词也是这样，前四种改法都一样。第五种改法各不相同，举例如下：
(come/arrive/get to/reach→be here) (leave/go→be away)
(begin/start→be on) (open/close→be open/be closed)
(die→be dead) (finish/end→be over)
(join→be in/the+组织/be a member of…) (catch→have…)
(borrow/buy→keep) (marry/get married→be married)
(return→be back)
break → be broken get up → be up
become → be lose →be lost
end→be off come home →be home
go out→be out sit down → be seated
put on → wear/ be in fall ill/sick/asleep→be ill/sick/asleep
练习：
( )1、Both his parents look sad .Maybe
they _________what's happened to him .
Ａ. knew Ｂ. have known Ｃ. must know Ｄ.will know
( )2、He has _______ been to Shanghai , has he
　　 Ａ. already Ｂ.never Ｃ.ever Ｄ. still
( )3、Have you met Mr Li ______？
　　Ａ. just Ｂ. ago Ｃ.before Ｄ. a moment ago
( )4、The famous writer _____ one new book in the past two year
　　 Ａ. is writing Ｂ.was writing Ｃ.wrote Ｄ.has written
( )5、-Our country ___ a lot so far .
-Yes . I hope it will be even____ .
Ａ. has changed ; well Ｂ. changed ; good
Ｃ. has changed ; better Ｄ. changed ; better
( )6、Zhao Lan ______already ______in this school for two years .
Ａ. was ; studying Ｂ. will ; study
Ｃ. has ; studied Ｄ. are ; studying
( )7、We ______ Xiao Li since she was a little girl .
　　 Ａ. know Ｂ. had known
Ｃ. have known Ｄ. knew
( ) 8、Harry Potter is a very nice film .I_______ it twice .
　　Ａ. will see Ｂ. have seen Ｃ. saw Ｄ.see
( )9、-These farmers have been to the United States . -Really When _____ there
Ａ. will they go Ｂ. did they goＣ. do they go Ｄ. have they gone
( )10、-______ you ___ your homework yet -Yes . I _____ it a moment ago .
　　 Ａ. Did ; do ; finished Ｂ. Have ; done ; finished
　　 Ｃ. Have ; done ; have finished Ｄ. will ; do ; finish
( )11、 His father ______ the Party since 1978 .
　　 Ａ. joined Ｂ. has joined Ｃ. was in Ｄ. has been in
( )12、-Do you know him well - Sure .We _____ friends since ten years ago .
　　 Ａ. were Ｂ. have been Ｃ. have become Ｄ. have made
( )13、-How long have you ____ here -About two months .
　　 Ａ. been Ｂ. gone Ｃ. come Ｄ. arrived
( )14、Hurry up! The play __________ for ten minutes .
　　 Ａ. has begun Ｂ. had begun
Ｃ. has been onＤ. began
( )15、 It _____ ten years since he left the army .
　　 Ａ. is Ｂ. has Ｃ. will Ｄ. was
( )16、 Miss Green isn't in the office . she_______ to the library .
　　 Ａ.has gone Ｂ. went Ｃ.will go Ｄ. has been
( )17、My parents ______ Shandong for ten years .
　　 Ａ. have been in Ｂ. have been toＣ. have gone to Ｄ. have been
( )18、The students have cleaned the classroom,
　　 A. so they B. don't they C. have they D. haven't they
( )19、has Mr White been a member of Greener China since he to China
How soon, comes B. How often, got
C. How long, came D. How far, arrived
( )20、 His uncle for more than 9 years.
has come here B. has started to work
C. has lived there D. has left the university
二、句型转换
1、The old man ______ last year. He for a year. (die) 　
2、This factory opened twenty years ago.(同义句转换)
　This factory ________ for twenty years.
3、Miss Gao left an hour ago. (同义句转换)
　Miss Gao ________ _______ ________ ________ an hour ago.
4、Her mother has been a Party member for three years .（同义句）
　 Her mother _______ the Party three years ________ .
5、The Green Family moved to France two years ago. (同义句转换)
　 _______ two years ________ the Green family moved to France.

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