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关系副词“when, where, why” 和
“介词＋which”引导的限制性定语从句
I will tell you an interesting story. It's about a young man called Tom. Tom married a girl named Jane. They got married and lived in an old house where① Tom was born. They had five children, three of whom② were boys. Tom loved Jane deeply and once said he would never forget the day when③ he met Jane. The reason why④ Tom married Jane was that he believed they were made for each other. Neighbors all admired the way in which⑤ Tom treated his children like friends.
①该句中where引导定语从句，并在从句中作地点状语。
②该句中three of whom引导定语从句，并在从句中作主语。
③该句中when引导定语从句，并在从句中作时间状语。
④该句中why引导定语从句，并在从句中作原因状语。
⑤该句中in which引导定语从句，并在从句中作方式状语。
慧学语法——运用“形式—意义—使用”三维动态语法观　
当引导定语从句的关系词在从句中作时间、地点、原因状语时，应使用关系副词when， where， why。,关系副词的作用如下：, 1 指代表示时间、地点、原因的先行词；, 2 在从句中充当句子成分——状语；, 3 起连接作用，把主句和定语从句连接起来。
一、关系副词when引导的定语从句　
[先感知]
①(教材典句)．.. as it was a time when people were divided geographically ...
②I still remember clearly the day when I first met Mr Li.
[会发现]
(1)①句中的when引导定语从句，修饰先行词time，并在定语从句中作时间状语，相当于during which (＝during the time)“在这期间”。
(2)②句中的when在定语从句中作时间状语，相当于on which (＝on the day)“在那天”。
[明规则]
1．when引导定语从句的用法：when (＝at/in/on/during＋which)表示时间，代替先行词并在定语从句中作时间状语，其先行词往往是表示时间的名词，如time, day, week, year等。
2．表示时间的名词后的定语从句的关系词的选择标准：当先行词是时间名词时，定语从句既可以用when引导，也可以用that或which引导，关键看关系词在从句中作何种成分。若关系词在定语从句中作状语，则用when引导；若关系词在定语从句中作主语或宾语，则用that或which引导。　　　
[对点练]　(单句语法填空)
①(2021·新高考Ⅰ卷改编)But like all performances, there are moments when things go wrong.
②Inglis said phone boxes called to mind an age when things were built to last.
③Do you still remember the days that/which_we spent together on the farm
二、关系副词where引导的定语从句　
[先感知]
①(教材典句)Emperor Qinshihuang united the seven major states into one unified country where the Chinese writing system began to develop in one direction.
②Keep the books in a place where you can find them easily.
[会发现]
两句中的定语从句都是由关系副词where所引导。
①句中的where (＝in which)相当于in the country，修饰先行词country; ②句中的where (＝in which)相当于in the place。 where在两个定语从句中均作地点状语。
[明规则]
1．where (＝in/at/on＋which)表示地点，代替先行词并在定语从句中作地点状语，其先行词往往是表示具体地点的名词，如place, factory, house, village等，或表示抽象地点的名词，如position, point, case, stage, situation, atmosphere等。
2．当先行词是地点名词时，如果关系词在定语从句中作主语或宾语，则用that或which引导定语从句。　　　
3．where 引导的定语从句和状语从句的区别
(1)where 引导定语从句时，为关系副词，在定语从句中作地点状语，其前有一个表示地点的先行词。此时，where 可以换成“介词＋which”结构。where 引导的定语从句只能位于主句之后或句中，不能位于句首。
Is there a shop around where(＝in which) we can buy some fruit
附近有没有商店可以让我们在里面买些水果？
(2)where 引导状语从句时，为从属连词。where引导的地点状语从句修饰主句中的谓语动词， where 前面没有表示地点的名词。此时，where 不能换成“介词＋which”结构。where 引导的地点状语从句可位于主句之前，也可位于主句之后。
Where I live there are plenty of sheep.
我住的地方绵羊很多。
We should go where we are needed.
我们应该到需要我们的地方去。
[对点练]　(用适当的关系词填空)
①(2022·新高考Ⅰ卷)This is an amazing program_where_you can share your ideas with students.
②(2020·全国卷Ⅰ)Because the moon's body blocks direct radio communication with a probe, China first had to put a satellite in orbit above the moon in a spot where it could send signals to the spacecraft and to Earth.
③Their child is at the stage where she can say individual words but not full sentences.
④Students should join in community activities where they can gain experience for growth.
⑤His father works in a factory_that/which makes radio parts.
三、关系副词why引导的定语从句　
[先感知]
①That was the reason why he was so upset.
②The reason why he came late was not reasonable.
[会发现]
上述两个定语从句中都使用了why，所修饰的词都是the_reason。
[明规则]
1．why (＝for which)表示原因，代替先行词并在定语从句中作原因状语，其先行词是名词reason。
2．若代替先行词reason的关系词在定语从句中不作状语，而是充当主语或宾语，则用that或which引导定语从句。　　　
[对点练]　(用定语从句合并句子)
①He didn't tell me the reason. He changed his plan for the reason.
→He_didn't_tell_me_the_reason_why_(for_which)_he_changed_his_plan.
②You have a full preparation before this event and you show up here. It is the most important reason.
→You have a full preparation before this event, which_is_the_most_important_reason_why_you_show_up_here.
四、“介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句　
[先感知]
①(教材典句)It dates back several thousand years to the use of longgu — animal bones and shells on which symbols were carved by ancient Chinese people.
②This is the hall in which the medical conference will be held.
③The couple have two children, neither of whom lives with them.
[会发现]
(1)在句①和②中，which前都有介词。on which (＝on animal bones and shells)“在……的上面”，修饰bones and shells; in which (＝in_the_hall)“在大厅里”。
(2)在句③中whom前有neither of, neither of whom (＝neither of the two children)“两个孩子没有一个”修饰two_children。
[明规则]
1．关系代词的选择
“介词＋关系代词”既可以引导限制性定语从句，也可以引导非限制性定语从句。在此结构中，先行词指人时关系代词用whom，不能用who/that；先行词指物时关系代词用which，不能用 that。
2．介词选择的三原则：
一先：根据先行词的搭配习惯来确定。
二动：根据从句中谓语动词的搭配习惯来确定。
三意义：根据从句所表达的意义来确定。如表“所属关系”或“整体中的一部分”时，常用 ... of which/whom引导定语从句。
3．其他注意事项
(1)介词可后移，此时关系代词可省略(省略时，介词必须后移)。
(2)有些含有介词的固定动词短语一般不能将介词分开放在关系代词前，如listen to, look for, care for, hear from, hear of, take care of等。
(3)“名词/代词/数词＋of＋关系代词”引导的定语从句通常是非限制性定语从句，该结构在定语从句中一般作主语。　　　　
[对点练]　(用定语从句完成句子)
①This is the newspaper in_which_I_read_the_article.
这就是我读到那篇文章的报纸。
②The teacher didn't believe the reason for_which_he_came_late.
老师不相信他迟到的理由。
③There are 50 students in our class, half_of_whom_come_from_the_countryside.
我们班有50名学生，其中一半来自农村。
④(2022·浙江6月高考)Those rooms are equipped with modern electronic facilities, all_of_which_are_linked_to_the_Internet.
那些房间配备了现代化的电子设备，所有这些设备都与互联网相连。
活用语法——在针对训练中提能　
Ⅰ.用适当的介词或关系副词完成短文
Last Sunday Liu Mei and her friends wanted to visit the school ①where her father studied. They wrote down some information ②about which her father told them, and then set out. The reason ③why they did it was that they wanted to know more about the village school. And they will never forget the day ④when they had a good time.
Ⅱ.根据括号内的汉语提示完成短文
①There_was_a_time_when (有一段时间) I was tired of learning English and disliked speaking English. And ②this_was_the_reason_why (这就是……的原因) my father forced me to join in a 30-day training in an English club before I went to senior high school. When I first came to the club, ③where_I_met_many_strangers (在那里我遇到了很多陌生人), I missed my parents very much. So I packed up my things and wanted to go home. Fortunately, my guide communicated with me face-to-face, ④from_whom_I_gained_some_useful_instructions (从他那里我得到了一些有用的指导). He also introduced a good partner to me, and we got along well with each other. Gradually I adapted to the life there.

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