资源简介

阅读理解专题
一、命题概况
1. 文本信息、题型分布
年份 语篇 体裁 难度 话题 考点分布
2023 阅读A 应用文 易 人与社会：自行车租赁和雇佣导游等细节 细节理解7题 推理判断5题 词义猜测1题 主旨大意1题 观点态度1题
阅读B 记叙文 易 人与社会：净化污水的生态机器
阅读C 说明文 中 人与社会：数字极简主义生活方式的优点
阅读D 说明文 难 人与社会：“群体智慧”效应
2022 阅读A 应用文 易 人与社会：文学引用课的评分制度 细节理解9题 推理判断3题 词义猜测1题 主旨大意1题 文章来源1题
阅读B 说明文 中 人与社会：实际行动减少食物浪费
阅读C 新闻报道 中 人与社会：养鸡提升老年人幸福感
阅读D 说明文 难 人与社会：饮食变化带来发音变化
2021 阅读A 应用文 易 人与社会：罗马的四个旅馆 细节理解8题 推理判断2题 词义猜测1题 主旨大意1题 标题归纳1题 写作意图1题 观点态度1题
阅读B 记叙文 易 人与社会：介绍钢琴翻页的职业
阅读C 说明文 中 人与自然：湿地破坏，保护环境
阅读D 说明文 中 人与自我：情商是品质还是技能
2020 阅读A 应用文 易 人与社会：诗歌邀请赛 细节理解题7 推理判断题5 词义猜测题2 写作意图题1
阅读B 记叙文 易 人与自我：努力自有回报
阅读C 说明文 中 人与社会：介绍一本有关乌兹别克斯坦游记的书
阅读D 说明文 中 人与社会：就餐同伴对饮食习惯的影响
2. 考点分布
2023新课标I卷 2022新课标I卷 2021新课标I卷 2020新高考全国I卷
阅读理解 细节理解7题 推理判断5题 词义猜测1题 主旨大意1题 观点态度1题 细节理解9题 推理判断3题 词义猜测1题 主旨大意1题 文章来源1题 细节理解8题 推理判断2题 词义猜测1题 主旨大意1题 标题归纳1题 写作意图1题 观点态度1题 细节理解题7 推理判断题5 词义猜测题2 写作意图题1
二、微技能提升
1. 细节定位和替换
通过题目中的提示，根据原词复现、近义词、反义词等提示信息，定位到原文中的信息，并理解此信息，然后对应选项作出正确选择。训练信息定位能力和英英释义的理解能力。此类题型属于基础题，学生应该尽可能不失分。
范例1: 2023新高考I 卷
A
Bike Rental & Guided Tours
Welcome to Amsterdam, welcome to MacBike. You see much more from the seat of a bike! Cycling is the most economical, sustainable and fun way to explore the city, with its beautiful canals, parks, squares and countless lights. You can also bike along lovely landscapes outside of Amsterdam.
Why MacBike
MacBike has been around for almost 30 years and is the biggest bicycle rental company in Amsterdam. With over 2,500 bikes stored in our five rental shops at strategic locations, we make sure there is always a bike available for you. We offer the newest bicycles in a wide variety, including basic bikes with foot brake (刹车), bikes with hand brake and gears (排挡), bikes with child seats, and children’s bikes.
Prices
Hand Brake, Three Gears Foot Brake, No Gears
1 hour ?7.50 ?5.00
3 hours ?11.00 ?7.50
1 day (24 hours) ?14.75 ?9.75
Each additional day ?8.00 ?6.00
Guided City Tours
The 2.5-hour tour covers the Gooyer Windmill, the Skinny Bridge, the Rijksmuseum, Heineken Brewery and much more. The tour departs from Dam Square every hour on the hour, starting at 1:00 pm every day. You can buy your ticket in a MacBike shop or book online.
23. Where does the guided city tour start
A. The Gooyer, Windmill. B. The Skinny Bridge.
C. Heineken Brewery. D. Dam Square.
【思路解析】
抓住题干中的关键词start, 对比原文后发现它是最后一段中depart的同义词，因此定位到最后一段The tour departs from Dam Square. 答案D便显而易见。
范例2：2021新高考I 卷
B
By day, Robert Titterton is a lawyer. In his spare time though he goes on stage beside pianist Maria Raspopova — not as a musician but as her page turner. “I’m not a trained musician, but I’ve learnt to read music so I can help Maria in her performance.”
Mr Titterton is chairman of the Omega Ensemble but has been the group’s official page turner for the past four years. His job is to sit beside the pianist and turn the pages of the score so the musician doesn’t have to break the flow of sound by doing it themselves. He said he became just as nervous as those playing instruments on stage.
“A lot of skills are needed for the job. You have to make sure you don’t turn two pages at once and make sure you find the repeats in the music when you have to go back to the right spot.” Mr Titterton explained.
Being a page turner requires plenty of practice. Some pieces of music can go for 40 minutes and require up to 50 page turns, including back turns for repeat passages. Silent onstage communication is key, and each pianist has their own style of “nodding” to indicate a page turn which they need to practise with their page turner.
But like all performances, there are moments when things go wrong. “I was turning the page to get ready for the next page, but the draft wind from the turn caused the spare pages to fall off the stand,” Mr Titterton said, “Luckily I was able to catch them and put them back.”
Most page turners are piano students or up-and-coming concert pianists, although Ms Raspopova has once asked her husband to help her out on stage.
“My husband is the worst page turner,” she laughed. “He’s interested in the music, feeling every note, and I have to say: ‘Turn, turn!’ “Robert is the best page turner I’ve had in my entire life.”
26. What does Titterton need to practise
A. Counting the pages. B. Recognizing the “nodding”.
C. Catching falling objects. D. Performing in his own style.
【思路解析】
通过题干中的need to practise，结合原文第四段首句Being a page turner requires plenty of practice.，定位到原文中四小节。接下来就需要正确理解这个小节的内容。注意提炼关键信息：Silent onstage communication is key, and each pianist has their own style of “nodding” to indicate a page turn which they need to practise with their page turner. 而在选项中，这些关键信息被替换为recognize the nodding。
范例3: 2022新高考I 卷
D
Human speech contains more than 2,000 different sounds, from the common “m” and “a” to the rare clicks of some southern African languages. But why are certain sounds more common than others A ground-breaking, five-year study shows that diet-related changes in human bite led to new speech sounds that are now found in half the world's languages.
More than 30 years ago, the scholar Charles Hockett noted that speech sounds called labiodentals, such as “f” and “v”, were more common in the languages of societies that ate softer foods. Now a team of researchers led by Damian Blasi at the University of Zurich, Switzerland, has found how and why this trend arose.
They discovered that the upper and lower front teeth of ancient human adults were aligned (对齐), making it hard to produce labiodentals, which are formed by touching the lower lip to the upper teeth. Later, our jaws changed to an overbite structure (结构), making it easier to produce such sounds.
The team showed that this change in bite was connected with the development of agriculture in the Neolithic period. Food became easier to chew at this point. The jawbone didn't have to do as much work and so didn2t grow to be so large.
Analyses of a language database also confirmed that there was a global change in the sound of world languages after the Neolithic age, with the use of “f” and “V” increasing remarkably during the last few thousand years. These sounds are still not found in the languages of many hunter-gatherer people today.
This research overturns the popular view that all human speech sounds were present when human beings evolved around 300,000 years ago. “The set of speech sounds we use has not necessarily remained stable since the appearance of human beings, but rather the huge variety of speech sounds that we find today is the product of a complex interplay of things like biological change and cultural evolution,” said Steven Moran, a member of the research team.
33. Why was it difficult for ancient human adults to produce labiodentals
A. They had fewer upper teeth than lower teeth.
B. They could not open and close their lips easily.
C. Their jaws were not conveniently structured.
D. Their lower front teeth were not large enough.
【思路解析】
首先抓住题干中的关键词difficult和 produce labiodentals, 对比原文便会发现difficult是第三段中hard的同义词，而produce labiodentals则是原文信息复现，因此答案定位到第三段的They discovered that the upper and lower front teeth of ancient human adults were aligned (对齐), making it hard to produce labiodentals. 造成唇齿音发音困难的原因是古代人类成年人的上门牙和下门牙是对齐的。再结合选项，ABD中的信息与原文信息有明显的偏差，而C项中提到的下颚结构问题与原文信息相关，因此选C。
练习1：
POETRY CHALLENGE
Write a poem about how courage, determination, and strength have helped you face challenges in your life.
Prizes
3 Grand Prizes: Trip to Washington, D.C. for each of three winners, a parent and one other person of the winner’s choice. Trip includes round-trip air tickets, hotel stay for two nights, and tours of the National Air and Space Museum and the office of National Geographic World.
6 First Prizes: The book Sky Pioneer: A Photobiography of Amelia Earhart signed by author Corinne Szabo and pilot Linda Finch.
50 Honorable Mentions: Judges will choose up to 50 honorable mention winners, who will each receive a T-shirt in memory of Earhart’s final flight.
Rules
Follow all rules carefully to prevent disqualification.
■Write a poem using 100 words or fewer. Your poem can be any format, any number of lines.
■Write by hand or type on a single sheet of paper. You may use both the front and back of the paper.
■On the same sheet of paper, write or type your name, address, telephone number, and birth date.
■Mail your entry to us by October 31 this year.
21. How many people can each grand prize winner take on the free trip
A. Two. B. Three. C. Four. D. Six.
【思路解析】
由题干中grand prize定位在原文Prizes部分第一句话——3 Grand Prizes: Trip to Washington, D.C. for each of three winners, a parent and one other person of the winner’s choice. （大奖获得者有三名，其中每一名获胜者都可获得免费去华盛顿的旅游机会，并且可以带一位家长——父亲或者母亲，和另一位获奖者仔细选择的人。因此，每位大奖获得者可以带2人免费参加履行。）注意正确理解各个数字代表的具体内容。选A。
练习2：
Now, Earth Day is celebrated around the world. We still face many challenges, such as climate change, plastic pollution, and deforestation. But we can all make a difference.
Her Trees Save Lives
Adeline Tiffanie Suwana was 12 when her family’s home flooded. Indonesia, her island nation, is often hit hard by floods and other natural disasters.
Adeline learned that mangrove trees play a key role in flood protection and rallied classmates to plant 200 trees during a school break. They started a group called Sahabat Alam or Friends of Nature, which works to conserve the region’s biodiversity and combat climate change.
Today, Adeline attends university, studying how businesses can help the environment.
Teens’ Two-Fold Invention
EPS—expanded polystyrene foam—is the white, lightweight stuff used to make things like takeout food containers, foam egg cartons, and packing “peanuts”. But it takes up a lot of space and is difficult to recycle. EPS breaks into small pieces as it floats down waterways into oceans, harming wildlife along the way.
Eighth-graders Julia Bray, Luke Clay, and Ashton Cofer looked at EPS’s chemical makeup and saw that it was mostly carbon. That sparked an idea. Could they turn it into activated carbon, a material that filters toxins from water
After 50 hours of experiments, including one that accidentally set the family grill fire, they succeeded!
Solar for Her School
When Claire Vlases of Montana was in seventh grade, she learned about plans to expand and modernize her middle school. Claire asked the school board to add solar panels to the project. The board liked the idea but said it could contribute just $25, 000, one-fifth of the cost. So Claire organized a group of kids and adults who set to work raising the rest.
They asked for donations, even going door-to-door for them. And they appealed to charitable foundations too. One even donated half the cost!
After two years of hard work, the group paid for the solar panels, which now supply one-fourth of the school’s electricity needs.
22. How much did one of the charitable organizations donate for solar panels
A. $25,000. B. $50,000. C. $62,500. D. $125,000.
【思路解析】
由题干中锁定关键词charitable organization, donate solar panels，定位在Solar for Her School这个部分，尤其是文章倒数第二段They asked for donations, even going door-to-door for them. And they appealed to charitable foundations too. One even donated half the cost! 向上一段追溯the cost的数额，可知$25,000, one-fifth of the cost（得出算式 $25,000 =1/5*the cost——the cost = $125,000 ）；最终可得出half the cost = 1/2*$125,000 = $62,500。选C。
练习3:
Leaving our hostel in the centre of Phnom Penh, we climb inside our small Tuk Tukcabin attached to the back of Kiwi's motorbike; a bottle of water in one hand and asurgeon-style mask in the other we set off on our 45-minute commute. It is a familiar startto the day for me and two other volunteers. We are setting out to work in an orphanage just outside Cambodia's capital city.
The morning rush hour in Phnom Penh is crowded and chaotic. Kiwi directs our path between the trucks, 4×4 Lexus’ and countless motorbikes, which often carry entire families. We reach the dusty highway，masks and sunshades firmly in place to protect oureyes and lungs. A mixture of concrete buildings and huts exist along the side of the roadamong a sea of rubbish.The residents often smile and wave as we pass by.
We turn onto a farm track. The last part of our journey is a roller coaster, jumping out of potholes（路面坑洼）and turning to avoid falling off the sinking road. We pass huts onstilts（木桩），skinny cows and farm yards where children jump and scream upon seeing us. The stream along the side of the road is almost bone dry and vegetation is rare across the fields.
Finally we arrive at our destination: the oasis（令人快慰的地方）is Samrong Farm. By the gates，a group of 10-year-old children compete in the area of marbles. We're greeted bythe shouts of “Cha, cha（short for ‘teacher’）!” from several other kids gathering round.As we climb out of our vehicle，the sun is already hot and the oasis is as dry as the fields surrounding it. In such conditions you would imagine life to be hard，but you wouldn't know it to see the warm smiles and hear the laughter of the residents at Samrong Orphanage.
Compared to children in the Western World they have little and yet they give so much in generosity of spirit and enthusiasm for every day. Despite the journey, it is so good toarrive at work in the morning.
24. Where was the author going
A. To Samrong Orphanage. B. To the oasis of Samrong.
C. To the capital of Cambodia. D. To the centre of Phnom Penh.
【思路解析】
根据题干信息，我们可以在原文中定位到两处信息，其一是第一段中的“We are setting out to work in an orphanage just outside Cambodia's capital city. ”此处set out是题干中go 的近义词，由这句可知，“我们”要前往柬埔寨首都郊外的一家孤儿院工作，因此A项可选。但另一处信息可能会给学生产生干扰，即第四段段首的“Finally we arrive at our destination: the oasis（令人快慰的地方）is Samrong Farm.”，学习易受到arrive at 的干扰，误选B项。事实上，此句中的oasis是一个暗喻，并非指具体的地方。
练习4：
When humans are feeling lonely, we can call or video chat with friends and family who live far away. But, scientists asked, what about pet parrots New research suggests that these chatty creatures may also benefit from virtually connecting with their peers.
The idea for this study was not random: In the wild, parrots tend to live in large groups. But when kept in as pets, these social birds are often on their own. Feeling bored and lonely, they may develop psychological issues and can even turn to self-harming behaviours like pulling out their feathers.
In the study, researchers wanted to see whether 18 pet parrots could learn to make and receive video calls when they needed to help reduce loneliness. In the initial stage, the birds learnt to ring a bell and then touch a photo of another bird on a tablet screen to start a call to that bird. Calls would only work when caregivers were able to assist at both ends. In the second stage, the parrots could choose to call other birds at their own will by ringing the bell then selecting the bird they wanted to call. During a two-month study period, owners said they recorded 147 deliberate calls between birds.
“We saw some really encouraging results from the study,” said researchers. The parrots seemed to grasp that they were truly engaging with other birds onscreen and their behaviour often mirrored what we would expect from real-life interactions between these types of birds. “She came alive during the calls,” one pet owner said about her bird, according to a Northeastern University statement.
The team has previously designed similar technology such as DogPhone, which allowed pet dogs to shake a ball to communicate with their owner. “The animal Internet is already here—there are hundreds of products on the market that let pet owners interact with their animals remotely over the net, but their design is primarily focused on what humans want, not what their pets need,” Hirskyj-Douglas from the University of Glasgow added.
24. Why did researchers want to teach parrots to make video calls
A. To assess the effects of video calls on animals.
B. To train parrots’ communication skills.
C. To help get pet parrots out of bad moods.
D. To improve the relationships between parrots.
【思路解析】
分析题干 Why did researchers want to teach parrots to make video calls 确定问题重心：研究，研究对象parrots，任务make video calls，为什么有此任务？即任务的目的是什么？带着关键词，我们可以在原文中寻找“目的”的表达。定位在第三小节第一句话In the study, researchers wanted to see（目的）whether 18 pet parrots could learn to make and receive video calls when they needed to help reduce loneliness. 而选项C. To help get pet parrots out of bad moods. 中用bad moods 替换了原文的loneliness。而loneliness这个概念在原文第一二小节进行了铺垫：根据文章第一节和第二节内容可知，宠物鹦鹉会感到无聊、孤独，研究人员借鉴人们用视频通话来消除孤独的方法，看看鹦鹉会不会受益。所以研究的目的是为了帮助鹦鹉摆脱低落情绪。选C。
2. 细节推理判断
此类题型属于中高档题，具有一定挑战性，并非简单的所见即所得。这类题型往往注重对学生思维力的考查，要求学生能基于对题干的理解准确定位信息，需要学生具备分析长难句、语篇等的能力，培养对于原有信息的分析再加工能力，才能实现对原文信息的准确理解。有时候还需结合选项，进行综合的分析、推理，才能作出准确的判断。
范例1：2023新高考I卷
B
When John Todd was a child, he loved to explore the woods around his house, observing how nature solved problems. A dirty stream, for example, often became clear after flowing through plants and along rocks where tiny creatures lived. When he got older, John started to wonder if this process could be used to clean up the messes people were making.
After studying agriculture, medicine, and fisheries in college, John went back to observing nature and asking questions. Why can certain plants trap harmful bacteria (细菌) Which kinds of fish can eat cancer-causing chemicals With the right combination of animals and plants, he figured, maybe he could clean up waste the way nature did. He decided to build what he would later call an eco-machine.
The task John set for himself was to remove harmful substances from some sludge (污泥). First, he constructed a series of clear fiberglass tanks connected to each other. Then he went around to local ponds and streams and brought back some plants and animals. He placed them in the tanks and waited. Little by little, these different kinds of life got used to one another and formed their own ecosystem. After a few weeks, John added the sludge.
He was amazed at the results. The plants and animals in the eco-machine took the sludge as food and began to eat it! Within weeks it had all been digested, and all that was left was pure water.
Over the years, John has taken on many big jobs. He developed a greenhouse — like facility that treated sewage (污水) from 1,600 homes in South Burlington. He also designed an eco-machine to clean canal water in Fuzhou, a city in southeast China.
“Ecological design” is the name John gives to what he does. “Life on Earth is kind of a box of spare parts for the inventor,” he says. “You put organisms in new relationships and observe what’s happening. Then you let these new systems develop their own ways to self-repair.”
24. What can we learn about John from the first two paragraphs
A. He was fond of traveling. B. He enjoyed being alone.
C. He had an inquiring mind. D. He longed to be a doctor.
【思路解析】
题干中已经帮助我们锁定文章第一二小节：
根据第一段 When John Todd was a child, he loved to explore the woods around his house, observing how nature solved problems. A dirty stream, for example, often became clear after flowing through plants and along rocks where tiny creatures lived. When he got older, John started to wonder if this process could be used to clean up the messes people were making.（当约翰·托德还是个孩子的时候，他喜欢探索房子周围的树林，观察大自然是如何解决问题的。例如，一条肮脏的小溪流经植物和微小生物居住的岩石后，往往变得清澈。长大后，约翰开始思考这个过程是否可以用来清理人们制造的混乱）以及第二段After studying agriculture, medicine, and fisheries in college, John went back to observing nature and asking questions. Why can certain plants trap harmful bacteria (细菌) Which kinds of fish can eat cancer-causing chemicals （在大学学习了农业、医学和渔业之后，约翰又回到了观察自然和提出问题的生活中。为什么某些植物能捕获有害细菌？哪些鱼类会食用致癌化学物质？）可知，约翰聪颖好学、好奇心很强。通过这两段描述的细节，我们需要分析信息，并总结出答案C：He had an inquiring mind.
范例2: 2023新高考I 卷
C
The goal of this book is to make the case for digital minimalism, including a detailed exploration of what it asks and why it works, and then to teach you how to adopt this philosophy if you decide it’s right for you.
To do so, I divided the book into two parts. In part one, I describe the philosophical foundations of digital minimalism, starting with an examination of the forces that are making so many people’s digital lives increasingly intolerable, before moving on to a detailed discussion of the digital minimalism philosophy.
Part one concludes by introducing my suggested method for adopting this philosophy: the digital declutter. This process requires you to step away from optional online activities for thirty days. At the end of the thirty days, you will then add back a small number of carefully chosen online activities that you believe will provide massive benefits to the things you value.
In the final chapter of part one, I’ll guide you through carrying out your own digital declutter. In doing so, I’ll draw on an experiment I ran in 2018 in which over 1,600 people agreed to perform a digital declutter. You’ll hear these participants’ stories and learn what strategies worked well for them, and what traps they encountered that you should avoid.
The second part of this book takes a closer look at some ideas that will help you cultivate (培养) a sustainable digital minimalism lifestyle. In these chapters, I examine issues such as the importance of solitude (独处) and the necessity of cultivating high-quality leisure to replace the time most now spend on mindless device use. Each chapter concludes with a collection of practices, which are designed to help you act on the big ideas of the chapter. You can view these practices as a toolbox meant to aid your efforts to build a minimalist lifestyle that works for your particular circumstances.
31. What does the author suggest readers do with the practices offered in part two
A. Use them as needed. B. Recommend them to friends.
C. Evaluate their effects. D. Identify the ideas behind them.
【思路解析】
根据题干中的part two，答案可以在最后一段定位。在根据题干中的suggest readers可以定位到最后一句话“You can view these practices as a toolbox meant to aid your efforts to build a minimalist lifestyle that works for your particular circumstances.”对这句话的准确理解是关键。这句话属于长难句，句子结构比较复杂，句子的主干是You can view these practices as a toolbox，meant to aid...作后置定语修饰toolbox，后置定语中还包含了定语从句that works for your particular circumstances，修饰lifestyle。整句话的意思是：你可以将这些实践视为一个工具箱，旨在帮助你努力建立一种特定环境下适合你的极简主义生活方式。视作工具箱与A项的意思相符。
范例3：2023新高考I卷
D
On March 7, 1907, the English statistician Francis Galton published a paper which illustrated what has come to be known as the “wisdom of crowds” effect. The experiment of estimation he conducted showed that in some cases, the average of a large number of independent estimates could be quite accurate.
This effect capitalizes on the fact that when people make errors, those errors aren’t always the same. Some people will tend to overestimate, and some to underestimate. When enough of these errors are averaged together, they cancel each other out, resulting in a more accurate estimate. If people are similar and tend to make the same errors, then their errors won’t cancel each other out. In more technical terms, the wisdom of crowds requires that people’s estimates be independent. If for whatever reasons, people’s errors become correlated or dependent, the accuracy of the estimate will go down.
But a new study led by Joaquin Navajas offered an interesting twist (转折) on this classic phenomenon. The key finding of the study was that when crowds were further divided into smaller groups that were allowed to have a discussion, the averages from these groups were more accurate than those from an equal number of independent individuals. For instance, the average obtained from the estimates of four discussion groups of five was significantly more accurate than the average obtained from 20 independent individuals.
In a follow-up study with 100 university students, the researchers tried to get a better sense of what the group members actually did in their discussion. Did they tend to go with those most confident about their estimates Did they follow those least willing to change their minds This happened some of the time, but it wasn’t the dominant response. Most frequently, the groups reported that they “shared arguments and reasoned together.” Somehow, these arguments and reasoning resulted in a global reduction in error. Although the studies led by Navajas have limitations and many questions remain, the potential implications for group discussion and decision-making are enormous.
33. Navajas’ study found that the average accuracy could increase even if ________.
A. the crowds were relatively small B. there were occasional underestimates
C. individuals did not communicate D. estimates were not fully independent
【思路解析】
此题重点是对题干中even if（即使）的逻辑理解。
根据第二段的In more technical terms, the wisdom of crowds requires that people’s estimates be independent.（从更专业的角度来说，群众的智慧要求人们的估计是独立的。）和第三段的The key finding of the study was that when crowds were further divided into smaller groups that were allowed to have a discussion, the averages from these groups were more accurate than those from an equal number of independent individuals. For instance, the average obtained from the estimates of four discussion groups of five was significantly more accurate than the average obtained from 20 independent individuals.（这项研究的关键发现是，当人群被进一步划分为允许进行讨论的小组时，这些小组的平均值比同等数量的独立个体的平均值更准确。例如，从四个五人讨论组的估计中获得的平均值明显比从20个独立个体获得的平均值更准确。）可知，人们在没有独立的情况下，分成更小群体，平均值是更准确的，说明即使在估计数字并非完全独立的情况下，准确率提高也是可以做到的。故选D。
注意：复习过程中一定要注重英语思维能力的培养。这篇文章的中心词并不是群体的大小，而是是否独立思考（即实验中设置的have a discussion或independent individuals）。事实上文章中心句并不是第一段第一句“On March 7, 1907, the English statistician Francis Galton published a paper which illustrated what has come to be known as the “wisdom of crowds” effect.”，而是最后一段最后一句“Although the studies led by Navajas have limitations and many questions remain, the potential implications for group discussion and decision-making are enormous.”，因为第三段已经有转折，第四段是论证，第五段是结论——讨论的重要性。因此第一段反而是背景，是本文观点的起点，第二段是对第一段的解释。可见，现在高考卷对学生思维能力要求很高，因此我们应该在解决词汇、语法等基础语言能力的基础上，提升思维能力，能够快速理顺文章的逻辑关系。
如何快速读懂原文，理顺逻辑关系？
以上题为例：
①要快速定位，根据题干Navajas’ study确定第三段（根据第三段首句第一个词的转折意味，But a new study led by Joaquin Navajas offered an interesting twist (转折) on this classic phenomenon.此题也需要了解上一段所讲述的内容）；
②锁定关键词，简化信息并予以图示：解决说明文，一个有效方式就是mind map
This effect capitalizes on the fact that when people make errors, those errors aren’t always the same. Some people will tend to overestimate, and some to underestimate. When enough of these errors are averaged together, they cancel each other out, resulting in a more accurate estimate. If people are similar and tend to make the same errors, then their errors won’t cancel each other out. In more technical terms, the wisdom of crowds requires that people’s estimates be independent. If for whatever reasons, people’s errors become correlated or dependent, the accuracy of the estimate will go down.
But a new study led by Joaquin Navajas offered an interesting twist (转折) on this classic phenomenon. The key finding of the study was【that when crowds were further divided into smaller groups that were allowed to have a discussion, the averages from these groups were more accurate than those from an equal number of independent individuals.】For instance（举例为主旨服务）, the average obtained from the estimates of four discussion groups of five was significantly more accurate than the average obtained from 20 independent individuals.
Para 2 view average accuracy
require independent estimates
Para 3 finding average accuracy
4 small groups*5 20 individuals
more
Conclusion Navajas’ study found that the average accuracy could increase even if not individual but in small groups .
③理解题目中的让步逻辑，分析选项，确定答案D. estimates were not fully independent
范例4：2023～2024学年第一学期高三年级教学质量检测（省外1）——2023.11 杭州
C
That dinosaurs ate the mammals(哺乳动物) that ran beneath their feet is not in doubt. Now an extraordinary fossil newly described in Scientific Reports, unearthed by a team led by Gang Han at Hainan Vocational University of Science and Technology in China, shows that sometimes the tables were turned.
The fossil—dated to about 125 million years ago, during the Cretaceous period—was formed when a flow of boiling volcanic mud swallowed two animals seemingly locked in a life and death fight. The one on top is a mammal. This animal is a herbivorous species closely related to the Triceratops（三角恐龙）. Animal interactions such as this are exceptionally rare in the fossil record.
One possibility is that the mammal was eating something already dead, rather than hunting live prey. These days it is uncommon for small mammals to attack much larger animals. But it is not unheard of. And Dr. Han and his colleagues point out that those mammals which eat dead bodies typically leave tooth marks all over the bones of the animals. The dinosaur’s remains show no such marks. There is also a chance the fossil could be a fake. More and more convincing fakes have emerged, as this one did—though Dr. Han and his colleagues argue that the complexly connected nature of the skeletons（骨骼） makes that unlikely, too.
Assuming it is genuine, the discovery serves as a reminder that not all dinosaurs were enormous during the Cretaceous and not all mammals were tiny. From nose to tail, the dinosaur is just 1.2 meters long. The mammal is a bit under half a meter in length. Despite being half the size, the mammal has one paw firmly wrapped around one of its prey's limbs，and another pulling on its jaw. It is biting down on the dinosaur's chest, and has ripped off two of its ribs. Before they were interrupted, it seems that the mammal was winning.
29. Why does the author mention the “tooth mark” in paragraph 3
A. To prove the fossil was fake.
B. To show the forming of the fossil.
C. To illustrate the process of hunting.
D. To suggest the dinosaur was hunted alive.
30. What makes Dr. Han think the fossil is genuine
A. The size of the fossil. B. The absence of fake fossils.
C. The complexity of the skeletons. D. The consistency of the opinions.
【思路解析】
重点考查逻辑推理。由第三段And Dr. Han and his colleagues point out that those mammals which eat dead bodies typically leave tooth marks all over the bones of the animals.（韩博士和他的同事们指出，那些吃尸体的哺乳动物通常会在动物的骨头上留下牙印。）意为骨头上有牙印的是已经死掉的动物，而紧接着又提到The dinosaur’s remains show no such marks.（恐龙的遗骸没有这样的痕迹。）可以推理，恐龙当时是活着的。作者在暗示恐龙被活活猎杀，故选D项。
分析段落结构，简化获取的信息： possibility①the dinosaur mammal ate was dead
Possibility②the fossil was fake
确定29题 定位点第三段前半部分；30题 定位点第三段后半部分
①One possibility is that the mammal was eating something already dead, rather than hunting live prey. These days it is uncommon for small mammals to attack much larger animals. But it is not unheard of. And Dr. Han and his colleagues point out that those mammals which eat dead bodies typically leave tooth marks all over the bones of the animals. The dinosaur’s remains show no such marks. ②There is also a chance the fossil could be a fake. More and more convincing fakes have emerged, as this one did—though Dr. Han and his colleagues argue that the complexly connected nature of the skeletons（骨骼） makes that unlikely, too.
29. 注意正反逻辑转换
if dead——tooth marks
no tooth marks——not dead but alive
30. … argue that the complexly connected nature of the skeletons（骨骼） makes that unlikely, too
练习1:
When the explorers first set foot upon the continent of North America, the skies and lands were alive with an astonishing variety of wildlife. Native Americans had taken care of these precious natural resources wisely. Unfortunately, it took the explorers and the settlers who followed only a few decades to decimate a large part of these resources. Millions of waterfowl (水禽) were killed at the hands of market hunters and a handful of overly ambitious sportsmen. Millions of acres of wetlands were dried to feed and house the ever-increasing populations, greatly reducing waterfowl habitat (栖息地).
In 1934, with the passage of the Migratory Bird Hunting Stamp Act (Act), an increasingly concerned nation took firm action to stop the destruction of migratory (迁徙的) waterfowl and the wetlands so vital to their survival.Under this Act, all waterfowl hunters 16 years of age and over must annually purchase and carry a Federal Duck Stamp. The very first Federal Duck Stamp was designed by J.N. “Ding” Darling a political cartoonist from Des Moines, lowa, who at that time was appointed by President Franklin Roosevelt as Director of the Bureau of Biological Survey. Hunters willingly pay the stamp price to ensure the survival of our natural resources.
About 98 cents of every duck stamp dollar goes directly into the Migratory Bird Conservation Fund to purchase wetlands and wildlife habitat for inclusion into the National Wildlife Refuge System — a fact that ensures this land will be protected and available for all generations to come. Since 1934, better than half a billion dollars has gone into that Fund to purchase more than 5 million acres of habitat. Little wonder the Federal Duck Stamp Program has been called one of the most successful conservation programs ever initiated.
28. What was a cause of the waterfowl population decline in North America
A. Loss of wetlands. B. Popularity of water sports.
C. Pollution of rivers. D. Arrival of other wild animals.
【思路解析】
根据题干信息，答案可以在第一段定位。第一段的最后两句话中提及了几个影响水禽数量的因素，猎人的猎杀(killed at the hands of market hunters)、一些过于激进的运动员的射杀(a handful of overly ambitious sportsmen)、为不断增长的人口提供食物和住所而填埋掉的湿地(Millions of acres of wetlands were dried to feed and house the ever-increasing populations)。
基于此，再分析选项，A项与第三个因素相符，B项中的popularity不正确。C项与D项均为提及。故选A。
练习2:
Like most of us, I try to be mindful of food that goes to waste. The arugula（芝麻菜）was to make a nice green salad, rounding out a roast chicken dinner. But I ended up working late. Then friends called with a dinner invitation. I stuck the chicken in the freezer. But as days passed, the arugula went bad. Even worse, I had unthinkingly bought way too much; I could have made six salads with what I threw out.
In a world where nearly 800 million people a year go hungry, “food waste goes against the moral grain,” as Elizabeth Royte writes in this month’s cover story. It’s jaw-dropping how much perfectly good food is thrown away — from “ugly” (but quite eatable) vegetables rejected by grocers to large amounts of uneaten dishes thrown into restaurant garbage cans.
Producing food that no one eats wastes the water, fuel, and other resources used to grow it. That makes food waste an environmental problem. In fact, Royte writes, “if food waste were a country, it would be the third largest producer of greenhouse gases in the world.”
If that’s hard to understand, let’s keep it as simple as the arugula at the back of my refrigerator. Mike Curtin sees my arugula story all the time — but for him, it's more like 12 bones of donated strawberries nearing their last days. Curtin is CEO of DC Central Kitchen in Washington, D.C., which recovers food and turns it into healthy meals. Last year it recovered more than 807,500 pounds of food by taking donations and collecting blemished (有瑕疵的) produce that otherwise would have rotted in fields. And the strawberries Volunteers will wash, cut, and freeze or dry them for use in meals down the road.
Such methods seem obvious, yet so often we just don’t think. “Everyone can play a part in reducing waste, whether by not purchasing more food than necessary in your weekly shopping or by asking restaurants to not include the side dish you won’t eat,” Curtin says.
27. What does Curtin suggest people do
A. Buy only what is needed. B. Reduce food consumption.
C. Go shopping once a week. D. Eat in restaurants less often.
【思路解析】
①语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。
The passage mainly talks about the phenomenon of food waste and the efforts Mike Curtin has made to solve the problem.
文章介绍了我们日常生活中的食物浪费现象以及华盛顿DC中央厨房的首席执行官科廷为解决食物浪费而采取的努力。
②27题定位在最后一段。
Suggestion 1：Don’t purchase (buy) more food than necessary.
Suggestion 2：Ask restaurants to not include the side dish you won’t eat.
Conclusion: Buy only what is necessary.
最后一段中的““Everyone can play a part in reducing waste, whether by not purchasing more food than necessary in your weekly shopping or by asking restaurants to not include the side dish you won’t eat,” Curtin says.(“每个人都可以在减少浪费方面发挥作用，无论是在每周的购物中不购买不必要的食物，还是要求餐馆不包括你不吃的配菜，”科廷说)”可知，科廷建议人们只买需要的东西来避免浪费食物。故选A。
练习3：
Each year, Boston University proudly celebrates the very best in academics, innovation, and teaching through the awarding of University wide honors and in our support of applicants for prestigious(赫赫有名的) national scholarships. The following showcases the growing list of opportunities and resources Boston University provides.
Harold C. Case scholarship
The Harold C. Case scholarship is offered to outstanding Boston University juniors for support of their senior year. Case scholarships recognize scholarly accomplishment and potential as well as extracurricular activities that contribute to the university.
Scholarship recipients receive between $1，000 and full tuition depending on financial needs. Funds can only be applied to undergraduate study. In most application cycles 10－12 recipients are selected.
Dean Elsbeth Melville scholarship
The Dean Elsbeth Melville scholarship was established in 1978 by the Trustees of Boston University to honor Dean Melville's “splendid and varied contribution” to the education and lives of women at Boston University. Only two scholarships are awarded each year to top ranked women in the junior class who are representatives of the qualities stressed by Dean Melville.
Scholarship recipients receive a minimum of $1，000 depending on financial needs. Funds can only be applied to undergraduate study.
Clare Boothe Luce scholar awards
The Clare Boothe Luce program of the Henry Luce Foundation supports a limited number of Undergraduate Scholarships for women students in the fields of the physical and life sciences, mathematics, engineering, and computer science.
Provost’s scholar award
The Provost’s scholar award celebrates the achievements of students who have demonstrated the spirit of a true scholar at a research university. Up to 20 awards are given annually, each carrying $1000 of funding for research creative activity expenses such as travel to conferences and archives（档案馆）or for research related equipment and supplies. Awards are distributed through the Undergraduate Research Opportunity Program (UROP). Winners are selected in the Spring Semester, and recognized at the Provost’s academic awards ceremony during Parents’ Weekend in October.
23. What can Provost’s scholar award winners do with the funding
A. Buy research facilities. B. Pay tuition fees.
C. Attend business conferences. D. Go on an adventure travel.
【思路解析】
根据题干很容易定位在最后一段，锁定关键句each carrying $1000 of funding for research creative activity expenses such as travel to conferences and archives（档案馆）or for research related equipment and supplies. 选A。注意干扰词：travel, conferences，但是选项C，conferences前有定语business，而选项D中travel为名词且前有定语adventure，原文中travel为动词，可用go替代。在解题时，分析对比选项和原文，使用排除法解题确保正确率。
练习4：Sort out the information
2023新高考I卷听力文本
M: Yes. Ashley, my sister. In 2012, she lived in Los Angeles and her husband worked in Chicago. Both of them often flew between two cities. I asked the seller where he got the book. He said it was bought at a second-hand bookstore in Los Angeles three years ago. Last year, he and his family moved from Los Angeles to Philadelphia.
Q: 12. Where does Mark live
A. Los Angeles. B. Chicago. C. Philadelphia.
Fill in the blanks
M’s ① ________ Ashley 2012 lived LA Flew between the two cities
S’ husband worked ③
②________ bought ④
Seller&family moved to ⑤
Conclusion: Mark lives in ⑥ ________
Answers
M’s ①sister Ashley 2012 lived LA Flew between the two cities
S’ husband worked ③Chi
②Seller bought ④LA
Seller & family moved to ⑤Phi
⑥ C
练习5：
On September 7, 1991, the costliest hailstorm (雹暴) in Canadian history hit Calgary’ southern suburbs. As a result, since 1996 a group of insurance companies have spent about $2 million per year on the Alberta Hail Suppression Project. Airplanes seed threatening storm cells with a chemical to make small ice crystals fall as rain before they can grow into dangerous hailstones. But farmers in east-central Alberta — downwind of the hail project flights — worry that precious moisture (水分) is being stolen from their thirsty land by the cloud seeding.
Norman Stienwand, who farms in that area, has been addressing public meetings on this issue for years. “Basically, the provincial government is letting the insurance companies protect the Calgary-Edmonton urban area from hail,” Mr. Stienwand says, “but they’re increasing drought risk as far east as Saskatchewan.”
The Alberta hail project is managed by Terry Krauss, a cloud physicist who works for Weather Modification Inc. of Fargo, North Dakota. “We affect only a very small percentage of the total moisture in the air, so we cannot be causing drought.” Dr. Krauss says. “In fact, we may be helping increase the moisture downwind by creating wetter ground.”
One doubter about the safety of cloud seeding is Chuck Doswell, a research scientist who just retired from the University of Oklahoma. “In 1999, I personally saw significant tornadoes (龙卷风) form from a seeded storm cell in Kansas,” Dr. Doswell says. “Does cloud seeding create killer storms or reduce moisture downwind No one really knows, of course, but the seeding goes on.”
Given the degree of doubt, Mr. Stienwand suggests, “It would be wise to stop cloud seeding.” In practice, doubt has had the opposite effect. Due to the lack of scientific proof concerning their impacts, no one has succeeded in winning a lawsuit against cloud-seeding companies. Hence, private climate engineering can proceed in relative legal safety.
① 通读全文，完成思维导图
Cause: event (costliest 1 )
Effect: Alberta Hail Suppression Project [Content: apply 2 to prevent heavy hail]
Effect: different attitudes on the project
Representative Identity Attitude
Norman Stienwand _____4_____ worried & negative
Terry Krauss project manager & a cloud physicist ____5_____
_____3_____ a research scientist doubtful
hailstorm 2. cloud seeding 3. Chuck Doswell 4. farmer 5. positive
② 翻译最后一段，完成选择题
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
31. What can we infer from the last paragraph
A. Scientific studies have proved Stienwand right.
B. Private climate engineering is illegal in Canada.
C. The doubt about cloud seeding has disappeared.
D. Cloud-seeding companies will continue to exist.
第31题 D 根据最后一段的最后一句话，Due to the lack of scientific proof concerning their impacts, no one has succeeded in winning a lawsuit against cloud-seeding companies, Hence, private climate engineering can proceed in relative legal safety. 由于缺乏关于人工增雨影响的科学证据，没有人能在法庭上赢得对增雨公司的诉讼。因此，私人气候工程可以相对合法地进行。这句话提到，由于科学证据的不足，目前没有人能在法庭上根据人工增雨的影响赢得对增雨公司的案件。这使得私人气候工程可以在相对较安全的法律环境下进行。它也暗示了人工降雨公司继续会存在。选D。 proceed与continue to exist 同义替换。
练习 6：根据上下文逻辑解题
However, aquaculture is not a silver bullet. In some southeast Asian countries, shrimp farming does disastrous damage to marine ecosystems. Despite these problems, however, shrimp continues to be among the most popular seafood worldwide.
1. Which has the closest meaning to the underlined part “a silver bullet” in the last paragraph
A. A big surprise. B. A minor problem.
C. A wise move. D. A wet blanket.
【思路解析】However, aquaculture is not a silver bullet. In some southeast Asian countries, shrimp farming does
－ ？+
disastrous damage to marine ecosystems. Despite these problems, however, shrimp continues to be among the most
－
popular seafood worldwide.
C1. Which has the closest meaning to the underlined part “a silver bullet” in the last paragraph
A. A big surprise. B. A minor problem.
C. A wise move. + D. A wet blanket. （扫兴的人）
3. 主旨大意
此类题型属于阅读理解中的高档题目，难度大，也最有区分度。常以“文章或某一段落的主旨大意”或“最佳标题”等形式来考查。它要求学生要有语篇意识、全局观，能够把握文章的主题，不被细节牵着鼻子走。在理解选项时，要善于识别选项中的关键词，通过关键词匹配法（即选项中关键词与主题句的匹配）来作出正确的选择。
范例1：2022新高考I卷
D
Human speech contains more than 2,000 different sounds, from the common “m” and “a” to the rare clicks of some southern African languages. But why are certain sounds more common than others A ground-breaking, five-year study shows that diet-related changes in human bite led to new speech sounds that are now found in half the world’s languages.
More than 30 years ago, the scholar Charles Hockett noted that speech sounds called labiodentals, such as “f” and “v”, were more common in the languages of societies that ate softer foods. Now a team of researchers led by Damián Blasi at the University of Zurich, Switzerland, has found how and why this trend arose.
They discovered that the upper and lower front teeth of ancient human adults were aligned (对齐), making it hard to produce labiodentals, which are formed by touching the lower lip to the upper teeth. Later, our jaws changed to an overbite structure (结构), making it easier to produce such sounds.
The team showed that this change in bite was connected with the development of agriculture in the Neolithic period. Food became easier to chew at this point. The jawbone didn’t have to do as much work and so didn’t grow to be so large.
Analyses of a language database also confirmed that there was a global change in the sound of world languages after the Neolithic age, with the use of “f” and “v” increasing remarkably during the last few thousand years. These sounds are still not found in the languages of many hunter-gatherer people today.
This research overturns the popular view that all human speech sounds were present when human beings evolved around 300,000 years ago. ”The set of speech sounds we use has not necessarily remained stable since the appearance of human beings, but rather the huge variety of speech sounds that we find today is the product of a complex interplay of things like biological change and cultural evolution,“ said Steven Moran, a member of the research team.
34. What is paragraph 5 mainly about
A. Supporting evidence for the research results.
B. Potential application of the research findings.
C. A further explanation of the research methods.
D. A reasonable doubt about the research process.
【思路解析】
①语篇解读：本篇是一篇说明文。主要介绍因为饮食的改变导致了现在在世界上一半的语言中发现了新的语音。
②题目解读：段落主旨大意题。
③原文信息分析：根据第五段中的首句Analyses of a language database also confirmed that there was a global change in the sound of world languages after the so Neolithic age, with the use of “f” and “v”increasing remarkably during the last few thousand years. These sounds are still not found in the languages of many hunter-gatherer people today.（对语言数据库的分析也证实，在新石器时代之后，世界语言的发音发生了全球性的变化，在过去几千年里，“f”和“v”的使用显著增加。这些声音在今天许多狩猎采集者的语言中仍然没有发现）可知，第五段主要是通过列明数据分析结果来进一步证明研究结果。
④注意关键词confirmed，可根据信息解读直接确定选项A。
范例2：2021新高考I 卷
C
When the explorers first set foot upon the continent of North America, the skies and lands were alive with an astonishing variety of wildlife. Native Americans had taken care of these precious natural resources wisely. Unfortunately, it took the explorers and the settlers who followed only a few decades to decimate a large part of these resources. Millions of waterfowl (水禽) were killed at the hands of market hunters and a handful of overly ambitious sportsmen. Millions of acres of wetlands were dried to feed and house the ever-increasing populations, greatly reducing waterfowl habitat (栖息地).
In 1934, with the passage of the Migratory Bird Hunting Stamp Act (Act), an increasingly concerned nation took firm action to stop the destruction of migratory (迁徙的) waterfowl and the wetlands so vital to their survival. Under this Act, all waterfowl hunters 16 years of age and over must annually purchase and carry a Federal Duck Stamp. The very first Federal Duck Stamp was designed by J.N. “Ding” Darling a political cartoonist from Des Moines, Iowa, who at that time was appointed by President Franklin Roosevelt as Director of the Bureau of Biological Survey. Hunters willingly pay the stamp price to ensure the survival of our natural resources.
About 98 cents of every duck stamp dollar goes directly into the Migratory Bird Conservation Fund to purchase wetlands and wildlife habitat for inclusion into the National Wildlife Refuge System — a fact that ensures this land will be protected and available for all generations to come. Since 1934, better than half a billion dollars has gone into that Fund to purchase more than 5 million acres of habitat. Little wonder the Federal Duck Stamp Program has been called one of the most successful conservation programs ever initiated.
31. Which of the following is a suitable title for the text
A. The Federal Duck Stamp Story B. The National Wildlife Refuge System
C. The Benefits of Saving Waterfowl D. The History of Migratory Bird Hunting
【思路解析】
①语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。美国为了保护“水禽”而颁布的一项政策，即狩猎者要购买相关的水禽类邮票。政府把售卖所得拨给保护这些水禽的基金。
②题目解读：主旨大意题（选择最佳标题）。
③原文结构分析：
Para 1: 介绍了美国鸭票发行的背景；
Para 2: 介绍了美国鸭票发行的经过；
Para 3: 讲述了美国鸭票发行带来的种种好处。
文章最后一句Little wonder the Federal Duck Stamp Program has been called one of the most successful conservation programs ever initiated. 更是点明主题。
④选项解读：31. A本文主要讲述的是美国鸭票的故事（The Federal Duck Stamp Story），全文都是围绕着这个主旨展开的。确定选项A。
范例3：2023届高三第一次学业质量评价(T8联考)
C
There seems to be a lot of talk these days about what is fair, and what is not. Most people tend to believe life should be fair. Some of the 99 % seem to believe life has somehow treated them unfairly, and some of the 1% feel life hasn't treatted them fairly enough. My questions are these: What is fairness Is life fair Should life be fair
We clearly have no choice about how we come into this world. We have little choice early in life. But as we grow older, choices abound. I have long believed that while we have no control over the beginning of our life, the majority of us have the ability to influence the outcomes we attain. Fairness is a state of mind, and most often, an unhealthy state of mind. Our state in life cannot, or at least should not, be blamed on our parents, our teachers, or our society—it's largely based on the choices we make, and the attitudes we adopt.
Life is full of examples of the uneducated, the mentally and physically challenged people born into war-torn areas, who could have complained about life being unfair, but who instead chose a different path. Regardless of the challenges they faced, they had the character to choose contribution over complaint.
I agree that challenges exist. I agree that many have an uphill battle due to the severity of the challenges they face. What I disagree with is the attempt to use fairness to solve all problems in the world. Rules and orders don't create fairness, but people's desire and determination can work around most life challenges.
It doesn't matter whether you are born with a silver spoon，plastic spoon，or no spoonat all. A friend of mine came to this country from Africa in his late teens barely spoke the language, drove a cab while working his way through college, and is now the president of a technology services firm. Stories such as this are all around us—they are not miracles, nor are they the rare exception. They do, however, demonstrate blindness to the mindset of the fairness.
31. Which of the following can be the best title for the text
A. Fairness Is Justice B. Life Is Not Fair—Deal With It
C. Fairness Comes First D. Fairness Creates Chances
【思路解析】
本题是标题归纳题。最佳标题应能反应文章的主题。本文讨论的主题是公平(fairness)。由人人渴求公平导入，在第一段的段尾通过三个问题来引出作者的观点和态度。学生可以感受到作者对公平的观点与普通人不同。
在第二段至第五段，作者进一步明确了他的态度。第二段中“Fairness is a state of mind, and most often, an unhealthy state of mind.”句中的unhealthy；第三段中举未受过教育的人的例子(examples of the uneducated), 他们本身就是受到不公对待的人，但他们选择贡献而不是抱怨(choose contribution over complaint)；第四段中提及他不赞同试图用公平来解决所有问题(What I disagree with is the attempt to use fairness to solve all problems in the world. )；第五段更是在段尾直接点明They do, however, demonstrate blindness to the mindset of the fairness.
由这些细节可见，作者对“公平”的态度是：反对一味追求公平，而要直面生活中的不公平。
故选B项。
练习 1：
Hospice（临终安养院）services benefit only about one person in three who dies in the US. “There are still over one million Americans who die each year without receiving hospice services,” according to a report produced in 2003. And for most who do get hospice care, their time in hospice is so short that staff members often lack the opportunity to provide the best care for their physical and emotional needs.
There are several reasons that more patients do not go into hospice care earlier. One is that Medicare（医疗保险）doesn’t cover the cost of patients’ life-extending treatment if they enter hospice. Medicare also requires that the doctor referring someone for hospice care must declare that the patient is expected to die within six months. As a result, some doctors hesitate about making an early referral to avoid being accused of cheating. Finally, there are simply not enough hospice centers and services available to meet the needs of dying patients throughout the country.
Many patients still have some concern over how hospice works. The philosophy of hospice is to neither accelerate nor postpone death. As Dr. Matt Kestenbaum, a hospice director, put it: “We let nature take its course, and we give patients all the things they need to be comfortable.”
Dying “naturally” in hospice does not deny patients the treatment for common diseases like blood clots. Hospice expenses are automatically covered by Medicare and most insurers provide hospice coverage as well.
Choosing hospice care does not mean patients lose the services of their personal doctors. They can return to regular insurance benefits when they leave hospice care because their condition improves or they want a therapy the hospice does not provide.
One thing bothering doctors is that patients will lose hope if they go into hospice. But the goal should be to refocus hope on what might be realistically achieved in the time remaining. A patient who enters hospice can have the opportunity to spend quality time with family and friends and settle unfinished business.
35. What is the purpose of the author in writing this passage
A. To criticize America’s Medicare system.
B. To explain why hospice is unpopular.
C. To introduce the way hospice works.
D. To popularize hospice services.
填空题
①语篇解读：本文是一篇 ___1___。
②原文结构分析：
Para 1: Present the ___2___ ——There are still 1/3 Americans who die each year ___3___ receiving hospice services;
Para 2: Analyze ___4___
Paras 3-6: Responses to patients’ ___5___ about hospice services.
③ 选项解读：请对比选项B、D
作者通过提出问题、分析原因、打消病人的顾虑，推广临终关怀这项服务。作者只在第二节分析了临终安养院不受欢迎的原因，所以选项B不是写作目的。因此选择D。
答案：1. 议论文 2. phenomenon 3. without 4. reasons 5. concerns
练习2：
We may weep for the dodo, but could and should we bring this lovely bird back from the dead De-extinction is the science of restoring lost species and it has been in the news for decades.
The story in modern times began in 1990 when Michael Crichton published his science fiction novel Jurassic Park, in which he imagined a world where scientists were able to bring dinosaurs back to life. Crichton imagined that polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technology could be a way to amplify (放大) tiny quantities of dinosaur DNA and thus build a living embryo.
Sadly, biologists soon realized that DNA in fact breaks down super-fast; even after 100 years, DNA from museum skins of dodos was decayed (腐烂) beyond repair. They could be sequenced (测定序列) using massive computational power, but then only with considerable uncertainty. And even if you capture a DNA sequence, there’s still the problem of how you get living cells to read that sequence and express proteins that make the dinosaur or the dodo.
But why would anyone want to see mammoths, or something like them, roaming (漫游) present-day Siberia Well, they were undoubtedly amazing beasts. As well as hunting them, our distant ancestors painted their likenesses in caves across Europe. Fascinating as they may be, there’s some ecological justification for the project too.
It was this diversity of land surface, broken up by heavy limbs and randomly fertilised by faeces (排泄物), that supported so much flora (植物群). Without the mammoths, that diversity disappeared. Return them and landscapes would once again be with a variety of species, including flowers and bushes.
True, it’s not de-extinction in the sense of bringing a long-dead species back to life. Instead, it’s more like making a “dodo” by engineering a modern pigeon, its closest relative, to become huge and flightless. The result would be a big, fatty pigeon that, whether it looked like a dodo or not, would probably fulfil some of its ecological roles.
As a palaeontologist, I would of course love to see living dinosaurs, mammoths and dodos. In some ways, though, I am relieved that the optimistic claims for cloning and genetic technologies have not been borne out. The slowdown gives us time to consider the outcomes—and hopefully avoid some of Michael Crichton’s more fevered imaginings.
一、分析文章结构，写出段落大意
Para 1:
Para 2:
Para 3:
Para 4:
Para 5:
Para 6:
Para 7:
翻译最后一段，完成选择题
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
A35.What’s the author’s attitude toward cloning extinct species
A. Cautious. B. Unclear. C. Dismissive. D. Approving.
练习3：
Since the 1950s, some 9.2 billion tonnes of plastic have been produced globally, of which only about 10% has ever been recycled. Yet environmentally conscious companies and consumers continue to look to recycling as a way to ease the plastic problem. Manufacturing giants claim to be committed to making more of their products and packaging from recycled materials. However, this confidence masks(掩饰) a complex web of issues around plastic recycling. Recycling rates remain extremely low and critics argue that we should look at alternative ways to tackle plastic pollution.
While many plastics have the potential to be recycled, most are not because the process is costly, complicated and the resulting product of a lower quality than the original. Despite rising demand for recycled plastic, few waste companies turn a profit. Part of this is because virgin plastic--linked to oil prices--is often cheaper than recycled plastic, meaning there is little economic incentive to use it. Worse yet, much of our plastic waste is difficult to recycle. Lightweight food packaging, like a mozzarella packet, contains different plastics, dyes and toxic additives(添加剂). This dirty mix means plastic recycled through mechanical methods--the most common form--can only be melted down and moulded again a couple of times before it becomes too fragile to be reused. And the nature of the process means plastic recycling has a carbon footprint of its own.
Given all of these difficulties, environmental critics say recycling is not the solution--and argue that creating more products from recycled material to attract environmental consciousness merely worsens the problem. “The solution is to use less plastic and to stop misleading the public about the recyclability," says Enck, president of Beyond Plastics, a US campaign group with a mission to end single-use plastic. “They should stop making false claims about the recyclability of plastics since they know most will either be littered or burned or landfilled (填埋). Using less plastics means shifting to reusable products and relying more on paper, cardboard, glass and metal--all of which should be made from recycled content.”
34. What is Paragraph 2 mainly about
A. The recycling process of plastics.
B. Pollutants contained in recycled plastics.
C. Reasons why users dislike recycled plastics.
D. Contributing factors to low plastic recycling rates.
【思路解析】
本文是一篇说明文。从第一段“However, this confidence masks(掩饰) a complex web of issues around plastic recycling. Recycling rates remain extremely low and critics argue that we should look at alternative ways to tackle plastic pollution.”可知，本文讨论的主题是塑料回收并不能解决塑料污染的问题。
第二段便顺理成章地解释了为何塑料回收不能解决塑料污染的问题。作者提及了诸多因素，如回收过程昂贵、复杂、且回收的产品质量低下(the process is costly, complicated and the resulting product of a lower quality than the original)；回收公司不能盈利(few waste companies turn a profit)；回收过程本身也有碳排放(the nature of the process means plastic recycling has a carbon footprint of its own)等。
结合选项，A项指回收过程；B项为回收过程中的污染物；C项意为用

展开更多......

收起↑