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(共32张PPT)
How to complete
a gap-filling task
based on cohesion theory
授课人：李婉秋
01
析考纲 联语篇
What is the gap-filling task designed to test
Activity 1 析考纲 联语篇
01
logic
02
content
03
七选五题型解读
考查目的：阅读理解“七选五”题型主要考查考生对文章的整体内容、结构及上下文逻辑意义的理解和掌握。
考试说明解读：该题型的实质是句子填空，考生将句子空白补充完整，使语篇内容合情，逻辑合理，行文合法。考查考生既要在整体上对语篇（Discourse）结构进行宏观把握，又要在词汇、语法、逻辑等衔接（Cohesion）方式进行微观分析的能力。
Discourse
structure
Activity 1
析考纲, 联语篇
找逻辑 重排序
② Man has always depended on wood.
①It is one substance, which grows that can provide him with shelter, fuel and clothing.
④It is also a substance which gives him materials ranging from the softest tissues to hard, metal-like plastics.
⑤A few years ago, it was found that man uses wood and wood products in at least 4,000 ways.
③Probably by now, hundreds of new uses have been developed.
正确顺序：②①④⑤③
Man has always depended on wood. It is one substance, which grows that can provide him with shelter, fuel and clothing. It is also a substance which gives him materials ranging from the softest tissues to hard, metal-like plastics. A few years ago, it was found that man uses wood and wood products in at least 4,000 ways. Probably by now, hundreds of new uses have been developed.
Activity 1
Activity 1
析考纲, 联语篇
Activity 1 析考纲 联语篇
连贯(Coherence)是围绕一个共同的话题来链接与连贯全文，指的是篇章的语义关联，是篇章的无形网络，存在于篇章的底层。
衔接（Cohesion）是篇章的一种语言显性特征，是篇章的有形网络。语篇衔接的实现主要依赖三种手段即词汇衔接、语法衔接和逻辑衔接。
Discourse Cohesion in Gap-filling of NMET
语篇衔接 语篇连贯
词汇衔接 语法衔接 结构衔接 语境推理 世界知识 想象联想 总计
复现 照应 连接词 替代 省略
2023 5 5 3 2 5 20
2022 10 5 6 6 3 30
2021 3 5 3 2 7 7 27
总计 18 15 12 2 15 15 77
02
词汇衔接
Activity 2 看词汇 抓衔接
1. （2020全国课标卷III）____37____. Some people register a list of things they want or need for their new home at a local store or stores. Some common things people will put on gift registry include kitchen tools like knives and things like curtains. Even if there isn’t a registry, a good housewarming gift is something to decorate the new house with, like a piece of art or a plant.
This isn’t usual though.
It is traditional to bring a gift to housewarming party.
You can also bring food or drinks to share with the other guests.
If you’re lucky enough to receive gifts, keep them in a safe place.
词汇衔接：原词复现 Words of repitition
Activity 2 看词汇 抓衔接
2.(2021年新高考卷I)The place wasn’t entirely authentic, though. Unlike a normal Parisian apartment, the plumbing ( 水 管 ) worked. ____37____Our building even had a tiny lift with a female voice that said, “Ouverture des portes,” in perfect French. That is the only French phrase I mastered, and it’s a shame I don’t have much use for it.
C. There was a nice kitchen and a comfortable bed.
D. The amazing food is mainly consumed by local farmers.
E. That’s not the only reason the French eat less than we do.
F. Our aim was to see if we could live, in some way, like real Parisians.
词汇衔接：上下义词复现 Words of hyponymy总括与分述的词汇复现
Activity 2 看词汇 抓衔接
3. (2023年全国II卷英语) 39 Seeking and accepting constructive feedback (反馈) is crucial to growth. I post my work on social media and, in turn, have met some of the kindest people. They make me feel valued and respected, no matter my level of artistic ability.
D. Share your work if you feel comfortable doing so.
词汇衔接：
4. （2017年6月浙江卷）The man-on-the-street interview is an interview in which a reporter hits the streets with a cameraman to interview people on the spot. 31 But with these tips, your first man-on-the-street interview experience can be easy.
D. For new reporters, this can seem like a challenging task.
同/近义词复现 Words of similar meanings
反义词复现 Words of antonymy
Summary 1
词汇衔接
Lexical cohesion
原词复现Words of repitition
同义词复现Words of similar meanings
上下义词复现Words of hyponymy
反义词复现Words of antonymy
03
语法衔接
语法衔接
Grammatical
cohesion
照应Reference
连接词 Conjunction
照应是指用人称代词或指示代词等语法手段来表示的一种语义关系，也就是用代词代替前文提到的人或物，前后形成照应关系便于阅读。照应常分为人称照应（it, them, she...）和指示照应(this, that ,those, these)。
Activity 3 研真题 抓衔接
1. ( 2024年皖北协作区）Permit yourself to feel anxious.
Anxiety can be unpleasant . 39 Giving yourself the freedom to feel this is sometimes necessary to free yourself from an impossible battle.
C. Of course,worring plays a purpose.
D. These are some alternatives for dealing with fear of the future.
E.It could be an experience like a drink of water,ome’s breath,or a sound.
F.Yet,try to make ourselves feel less anxious often results in greater anxiety.
表转折关系连接词
语法衔接：指示代词照应
Summary 2
连接词
Conjunction
转折关系 因果关系 例证关系 并列关系
递进关系 比较关系 对照关系 总结关系
连接词 Conjunction
表示转折关系的关联词
如 however, but, although, though, while, instead,yet, or/otherwise, on the contrary, nevertheless (然而), still（尽管如此）, in contrast，
in comparison, by comparison等
表示因果关系的关联词
如 so, therefore, hence, consequently, then, thus because, thanks to, because of, due to, as a result / consequence (of), so/such ...that ..., so that ...等
表示例证关系的关联词
如 in other words，in fact, for example, actually，for instance, as a matter of fact, actually, that is to say等
连接词 Conjunction
表示并列的关联词
如 also, besides, in addition to, what is more, in addition,and, first(ly), second(ly); first, then/next; to begin with, some ... others ...; for one thing, for another thing; then/next, finally/last，等
表示递进关系的关联词
如 also, besides, in addition to, what is more, in addition,too, further, furthermore, moreover, likewise, similarly, what’s more, as well, to make matters worse（使情况更糟）, not ... but ..., not only ... but also, even more, once more等
表示比较关系的关联词
如 similarly（相似地）, like, likewise, in the same way, equally 等
表示对照关系的关联词
如on the contrary, by contrast, on the other hand等
表示总结关系的关联词
如so far, altogether, overall, in short, to sum up等
04
逻辑衔接
Activity 4 研逻辑 抓位置-点明主题看段首
1.（2022全国甲卷）
Making Requests
39. In Portugal,this would be a serious mistake,because it shows the chef that you don’t like their seasoning skills. Similarly,in Italy,never ask for extra cheese to add to your food.
D. Don't get caught making an embarrassing mistake at a restaurant
E. It's a good sign for the chef if you make a mess around your plate
F. Never stick them upright in your food or cross them as you use them
G. It may seem like a simple request to ask for salt and pepper at a meal
段首设空特点：常为段落主题句。需根据段落一致性原则，查找同义词和其他相关词，推断出主题句。
Activity 4 研逻辑 抓位置-瞻前顾后是中间
2.（2022全国乙卷）
·More isn’t always merrier
Make sure you have communicated with your friend about how frequently each of you wants to be contacted and what method works best for you both. ___37___. There are alternatives to constant written communication, such as leaving voice messages or having a group chat.
D. Try to find a time that works for both of you and stick to it
E. Friends need to talk about their preferred methods of communication
F. It is easy to have a sense of connectedness through social media
G. You may be the friend who left or the one who was left behind
段中设空特点：承上启下，过渡句。
Activity 4 研逻辑 抓位置-总结概括多段尾
3.（2022全国乙卷）
·Set a regular date
Long-lasting friendships share the characteristic that both sides equally contact (联系) and share with one another. With busy schedules, squeezing in phone calls can be a challenge. ___16___.
C. It is also helpful for you to be a friendship keeper
D. Try to find a time that works for both of you and stick to it
E. Friends need to talk about their preferred methods of communication
F. It is easy to have a sense of connectedness through social media
段尾设空特点：通常是总结句，概括该段内容。
如非总结句，则要考虑与前面句子的词汇和逻辑衔接。
Summary 3
05
做真题 练一练
4.（2021年1月浙江卷）Let’s take a minute to think about the water we use. The human body is 60% water and we need to drink lots of water to be healthy. When we are thirsty we just go to the kitchen and fill a glass with clean water.
31 For example, farmers, who produce the food we eat, use water to make the plants grow. When we turn on a light or switch on a TV or a computer we use energy and we need water to produce this energy.
The truth is that we are lucky enough to have clean water whenever we want, but this is not the case for many people around the world. 32 That’s around one in 10 people in the world. If we drink dirty water, we can catch diseases from the bacteria and become ill. Every year over 500,000 children die from diarrhoea (腹泻) from dirty water. That’s around 1,400 children every day! Also, in some countries children walk many kilometres every day to get water. 33 Therefore, they don’t have time to learn how to read or write and don’t get an education.
34 On this day every year, countries around the world hold events to educate people about the problems of dirty water and that clean water is something that everyone should have around the world. At one school in the UK, children between the ages of 10 and 15 walk 6km with six litres of water. 35 People give them money to do this and all the money helps get clean water to as many people as possible around the world.
Activity 5 做真题 练一练
A. We use water indirectly too.
B. Every system in our body depends on water to function.
C. It is to inspire people to learn more about water-related problems.
D. If children walk many hours a day to get water, they can’t go to school.
E. Did you know that around 750 million people do not have clean water to drink
F. In 1993 the United Nations decided that March 22nd is the World Day for Water.
G. In this way, they know how it feels to walk a long distance carrying heavy bottles.
Let’s take a minute to think about the water we use. The human body is 60% water and we need to drink lots of water to be healthy. When we are thirsty we just go to the kitchen and fill a glass with clean water.
31 For example, farmers, who produce the food we eat, use water to make the plants grow. When we turn on a light or switch on a TV or a computer we use energy and we need water to produce this energy.
The truth is that we are lucky enough to have clean water whenever we want, but this is not the case for many people around the world. 32 That’s around one in 10 people in the world. If we drink dirty water, we can catch diseases from the bacteria and become ill. Every year over 500,000 children die from diarrhoea (腹泻) from dirty water. That’s around 1,400 children every day! Also, in some countries children walk many kilometres every day to get water. 33 Therefore, they don’t have time to learn how to read or write and don’t get an education.
34 On this day every year, countries around the world hold events to educate people about the problems of dirty water and that clean water is something that everyone should have around the world. At one school in the UK, children between the ages of 10 and 15 walk 6km with six litres of water. 35 People give them money to do this and all the money helps get clean water to as many people as possible around the world.
Activity 5 做真题 练一练
Let’s take a minute to think about the water we use. The human body is 60% water and we need to drink lots of water to be healthy. When we are thirsty we just go to the kitchen and fill a glass with clean water.
31 For example, farmers, who produce the food we eat, use water to make the plants grow. When we turn on a light or switch on
a TV or a computer we use energy and we need water to produce this energy.
A. We use water indirectly too.
衔接手段：逻辑连接词；同/近义词复现
The truth is that we are lucky enough to have clean water whenever we want, but this is not the case for many people around the world. 32 That’s around one in 10 people in the world. If we drink dirty water, we can catch diseases from the bacteria and become ill. Every year over 500,000 children die from diarrhoea (腹泻) from dirty water. That’s around 1,400 children every day! Also, in some countries children walk many kilometres every day to get water. 33 Therefore, they don’t have time to learn how to read or write and don’t get an education.
E. Did you know that around 750 million people do not have clean water to drink
D. If children walk many hours a day to get water, they can’t go to school.
衔接手段：指示/人称代词替代；逻辑连接词
34 On this day every year, countries around the world hold events to educate people about the problems of dirty water and that clean water is something that everyone should have around the world. At one school in the UK, children between the ages of 10 and 15 walk 6km with six litres of water. 35 People give them money to do this and all the money helps get clean water to as many people as possible around the world.
F. In 1993 the United Nations decided that March 22nd is the World Day for Water.
G. In this way, they know how it feels to walk a long distance carrying heavy bottles.
衔接手段：指示代词替代；同义词复现
SUMMARY
外练筋骨皮---重结构与语篇
内练一口气---析内容和逻辑
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