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考点01 句子成分与句子类型（知识精细化梳理）
课前热身练

Directions: After reading the passages below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.
Fresh warning sounded on plastics problem
Walk along any beach in the world, no matter how isolated, and you will see plastic of some kind washed up on the shoreline, 1 (offer) a reminder of the reckless throwaway culture of the present-day world.
Lately, a study 2 (sound) a fresh warning on the damage caused to the marine ecosystem due to discarded plastics, which eventually has a bearing on human health due to the seafood we consume.
In a paper 3 (title) “A Growing Plastic Smog” published on March 8, 2023 in the peer-reviewed research journal Plos One, researchers called on governments around the world 4 (take) sweeping action to address the “unprecedented plastic pollution” of the world’s oceans.
The plastics break down over time into minute particles that cannot be detected by the naked eye, but find their way into the marine ecosystem and into the seafood humans consume. No one knows for certain 5 the long-term damage will be to marine life and humans, but the study placed much of the blame on the plastics industry for failing to recycle or design for recyclability. “ 6 eaten, microplastics can severely damage an animal’s internal tissues. Globally, we have reached a situation 7 we can no longer ignore the plastic pollution pandemic that is infecting our oceans,” he said.
“This research shows us that beach cleanups and citizen science projects that focus on the environmental fate of plastics have little impact on solving the enormity of the plastic problem. Marcus Eriksen, lead author of the study, said in a statement that the findings were a “stark warning 8 we must act now at a global scale”. “We’ve found an alarming trend of exponential growth of microplastics in the global ocean since the millennium, which 9 (expect) to reach over 170 trillion plastic particles,” said Eriksen, adding that the exponential increase in microplastics across the world’s oceans makes 10 necessary to “bring in an age of corporate responsibility for the entire life of the things they make”.
核心考点梳理
（一）句子成分
句子成分的定义：
构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；主要成分有主语和谓语；次要成分有表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语和同位语。

1.主语：主语是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首。但在there be结构、疑问句（当主语不疑问词时）和倒装句中，主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面。主语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等表示。例如：
　　 During the 1990s, American country music has become more and more popular.（名词）
　　 We often speak English in class.（代词）
　　 One-third of the students in this class are girls.（数词）
　　 To swim in the river is a great pleasure.（不定式）
　　 Smoking does harm to the health.（动名词）
　　 The rich should help the poor.（名词化的形容词）
　　 When we are going to have an English test has not been decided.（主语从句）
　　 It is necessary to master a foreign language.（it作形式主语，真正的主语为后面的不定式）

2.谓语：谓语说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。动词在句中作谓语，一般放在主语之后。谓语的构成如下：
　　 1、简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。如：He practices running every morning.
　　 2、复合谓语：（1）由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成。如：You may keep the book for two weeks. He has caught a bad cold. （2）由系动词加表语构成。如：We are students.

表语：表语用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态，它一般位于系动词（如be, become, get, look, grow, turn,
seem等）之后。表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式、动名词、介词短语、副词及表语从句表示。例如：
　　 Our teacher of English is an American.（名词）
　　 Is it yours （代词）
　　 The weather has turned cold.（形容词）
　　 The speech is exciting.（分词）
　　 Three times seven is twenty one （数词）
　　 His job is to teach English.（不定式）
　　 His hobby（爱好）is playing football.（动名词）
　　 The machine must be out of order.（介词短语）
　　 Time is up. The class is over.（副词）
　　 The truth is that he has never been abroad.（表语从句）

3.宾语：宾语表示动作的对象或承爱者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面。例如：
　　 They went to see an exhibition（展览）yesterday.（名词）
　　 The heavy rain prevented me from coming to school on time.（代词）
　　 How many dictionaries do you have I have five.（数词）
　　 They helped the old with their housework yesterday.（名词化形容词）
　　 He pretended not to see me.（不定式短语）
　　 I enjoy listening to popular music.（动名词短语）
　　 I think（that）he is fit for his office.（宾语从句）
　　 宾语种类：（1）双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语），例如：Lend me your dictionary, please.（2）复合宾语（宾语+宾补），例如：They elected him their monitor.

4.宾语补足语：英语中有些及物动词，除有一个直接宾语以外，还要有一个宾语补语，才能使句子的意义完整。带有宾语补足语的一般句型为：某些及物动词（如make等+宾语+宾补）。宾补可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当。例如：
　　His father named him Dongming.（名词）
　　They painted their boat white.（形容词）
　　Let the fresh air in.（副词）
　　You mustn't force him to lend his money to you.（不定式短语）
　　We saw her entering the room.（现在分词）
　　We found everything in the lab in good order.（介词短语）
　　We will soon make our city what your city is now.（从句）

5.定语：修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语。定语可由以下等成分表示：
　　 Guilin is a beautiful city.（形容词）
　　 China is a developing country; America is a developed country.（分词）
　　 There are thirty women teachers is our school.（名词）
　　 His rapid progress in English made us surprised.（代词）
　　 Our monitor is always the first to enter the classroom.（不定式短语）
　　 The teaching plan for next term has been worked out.（动名词）
　　 He is reading an article about how to learn English.（介词短语）

6.状语：修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明动作或状态特征的句子成分，叫做状语。可由以下形式表示：
　　 Light travels most quickly.（副词及副词性词组）
　　 He has lived in the city for ten years.（介词短语）
　　 He is proud to have passed the national college entrance examination.（不定式短语）
　　 He is in the room making a model plane.（分词短语）
　　 Wait a minute.（名词）
　　 Once you begin, you must continue.（状语从句）
状语种类如下：
　　 How about meeting again at six （时间状语）
　　 Last night she didn't go to the dance party because of the rain.（原因状语）
　　 I shall go there if it doesn't rain.（条件状语）
　　 Mr. Smith lives on the third floor.（地点状语）
　　 She put the eggs into the basket with great care.（方式状语）
　　 She came in with a dictionary in her hand.（伴随状语）
　　 In order to catch up with the others, I must work harder.（目的状语）
　　 He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately.（结果状语）
　　 She works very hard though she is old.（让步状语）
　　 I am taller than he is.（比较状语）

7.同位语：是在名词或代词之后并列名词或代词对前者加以说明的成分，近乎于后置定语。如：
We students should study hard. / (students是we的同位语，都是指同一批‘学生’）
We all are students. / (all是we的同位语，都指同样的‘我们’）
句子成分口诀：
主语谓语是基础，宾表定状补辅助。
宾主来自名代数，动词作谓不可无。

补充内容：有时一个句子中会出现一种与全句没有语法关系的成分，被称之为独立成份。感叹语、呼语和插入语一般都充当独立成分。
1、感叹语
感叹语不仅可以是惊叹词，也可以是名词、动词、副词；不仅可以是单词，它表示突然产生的感情，多置于句首，也可置于句中或句末。
Oh! What is that？
Silence! Father is sleeping.
Look! Here is her letter.
Quickly! It’s dangerous.
In about ten minutes, OK
2、呼语
呼语是说话人对听话人（或拟人化的东西）的称呼。
May I help you, madam？（已婚或单身女人）
Waiter, four cups of tea, please.
3、插入语
插入语表示整个句子是怎样说的或应怎样理解；可以看作是句子的修饰语。插入语往往是插入句中的词语，偶尔也可放在句子末尾来加以强调或作为后加的意思。
The boy, I think, has come from the country.
The boy has come from the country, I think.
To be frank with you, I have no money to spare.
I eat a lot of sweet things, for example, chocolate.

（二）句子类型
一）英语句子按照其用途可分四种
1）陈述句（肯定、否定）：He is six years old; She didn’t hear of you before.
2）疑问句（一般、特殊、选择、反意）：Do they like skating How old is he Is he six or seven years old Mary can swim, can’t she
3）祈使句：Be careful, boys; Don’t talk in class
4）感叹句：How clever the boy is!

二）英语句子按照其结构分为简单句、并列句和复合句
1．简单句：简单句是指只有一套主、谓结构（或并列主语和并列谓语）并且句子各成分都只由单词或短语构成的独立句子。简单句由五种基本句型构成，如下：
1） Ｓ Ｖ Ｐ （主＋系＋表）
2） Ｓ Ｖ （主＋谓）
3） Ｓ Ｖ Ｏ （主＋谓＋宾）
4） Ｓ Ｖ ｏ Ｏ （主＋谓＋间宾＋直宾）
5） Ｓ Ｖ Ｏ Ｃ （主＋谓＋宾＋宾补）

1) 主语 + 系动词 + 表语：这种句型结构主要指谓语动词为连系动词的情况。常见的系动词有①状态类：be；②保持类：keep, remain, stay；③感官类：feel, taste, smell, sound, look；④表象类：seem, appear；⑤变化类：get, come, become, turn, grow, go；⑥终止类：prove, turn out等。
This is my English book.
The weather is getting windy and rainy.
The trouble is that they are short of money.

2) 主语 + 谓语：此句式中的谓语动词为不及物动词（短语）, 如live, travel, work, lie, arrive, stay, agree, rise, fail, succeed, happen, get up，take place, 等。其后没有宾语。因为此句型中的动词表达的意思已经很明确，所以不需要跟宾语。有时为了表示动作发生的频率、程度、原因、结果、目的、场所、时间等，可以带状语修饰动词。
Poems don't translate easily.
My recent book sells very well.
The sun was shining.

3) 主语 + 谓语 + 宾语：此句式中的谓语动词为及物动词（短语）, 如spend, visit, reach, forget, explain, take, discover, waste, trust, do with, look forward to, look after等，其后必须跟宾语才能使句意表达完整、准确。宾语可以由名词、代词或相当于名词的词或短语充当,如动词的-ing形式、动词不定式或从句等.。
I look forward to hearing from you soon.
You can put the dishes in the kitchen.
They ate what was left over.
→主谓宾结构的被动语态都属于主谓结构：Dishes can be put in the kitchen.

4) 主语 + 谓语 + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语：英语中有些及物动词能跟双宾语,即间接宾语(指人) 和直接宾语(指物) 。通常情况下间接宾语在前，直接宾语在后。能跟双宾语的动词常见的有：give, offer, lend, teach, bring,take, return, send, hand, pass, buy, make, cook, get, sing, ask等。
The driver saved us a lot of trouble.
They have offered us ＄60,000 for the house.
I told him that the bus was late.
→主谓双宾结构的被动语态有2种：We are offered ＄60,000 for the house by them.（主谓宾）
＄60,000 is offered to us for the house by them.（主谓）

5) 主语 + 谓语 + 宾语 + 宾语补足语：英语中,有些及物动词除能跟宾语外,有时还须加一个补足语,句意才能完整。宾语补足语的作用是说明宾语的动作或状态。作宾语补足语的主要是名词、形容词、动词不定式和分词,副词和介词短语等也可以用作宾语补足语。
本句型中的"宾语 + 宾语补足语",也可称之为复合宾语。宾语和宾语补足语之间有着逻辑上的主谓关系,因此,逻辑上的主谓关系乃是本句型的特点,它不同于第四基本句型中的 "间接宾语 + 直接宾语","间接宾语 + 直接宾语"之间并无逻辑上的主谓关系。 例：
1) We elected Liu Lei monitor.
2) The news made him unhappy.
3) You shouldn't let him go there alone.
4) I had the bike repaired.
5) I feel it very pleasant to be with your family.
注意：
（1）后跟名词作宾语补足语的动词有call, name, make, choose, elect, appoint, think, consider, find等。（call, name, make, choose, elect, appoint后面跟表示职位的名词做宾语补足语时，职位名词前不要冠词）例：
We call him Tom for short．
I made painting the house the project for the summer.
（2）后跟形容词做宾语补足语的动词有keep, make, find, get, think, believe, feel, leave等。例如：
She thought him kind and generous.
We’d better keep the windows open．
（3）动词不定式做宾语补足语有以下三种情况：
1. 后跟带to的不定式作宾语补足语的动词常有ask, tell, teach, warn, encourage, allow, advise, 等。例：
He told us to keep quiet in the hospital．
David taught his brother to use the computer.
2. 后跟不带to的不定式作宾语补足语的动词可归纳为：“吾看三室两厅一感觉”
感官动词：五看(see, watch, notice, observe, look at, witness)、 三个使役动词（make, let, have）、
两听(hear, listen to)、 一感觉（feel），变被动，to还原。例：
Let me try again．
I often hear her sing in the next room．
She is often heard to sing in the next room.
感官动词hear, see, watch, feel, notice, observe等后既可接不带to的不定式作宾补，也可用v-ing形式作宾补。前者表示动作已结束，后者表示动作正在发生。试比较：
a. He saw a girl get on the bus.
b. He saw a girl getting on the bus.
3. help后跟不定式作宾语补足语时，不定式既可带to,也可不带to。例如：
My father often helps me(to) study English．
（4）后跟分词形式作宾语补足语的动词有find, feel, get, make, leave, keep, have, hear, notice, see, watch等。
We found a man lying on the ground．
He saw a woman’s wallet stolen yesterday.
She couldn’t make herself heard above the noise of the traffic.
（5）后跟介词短语作宾语补足语的动词有keep, find, take等。例：
I’ll keep the words in my mind．
I often find him at work.
由 as 构成的短语作宾补:常用as构成的短语作宾补的动词有：consider…as, treat…as, regard…as, look on…as, think of…as等。例：
They treat me as their daughter.
→主谓宾宾补结构的被动语态都是主谓主补结构：The book was found interesting.
The woman’s wallet was seen stolen yesterday.

6) there be 句型：表示人或事物"存在"的概念,一般译作"有",本句型句首的 There只是一个引导词,本身并无任何词汇意义。谓语动词单复数采用就近原则。反意问句的疑问句部分要用isn’t there 或aren’t there 在本句型中,还可将谓语动词be换成某些表示"来往,存在,发生"之类的不及物动词,如 arrive, come, go, exist, happen, live, remain, seem, stand 等。
a. There is a dictionary lying on the desk.
b. There will be a sports meet next week.
c. There stands a big tree in front of the classroom.
e. There used to be a shop on the corner of the street.

注意：
1)其他各种句子都可由以上基本句型扩展、变化或省略而构成。
2)以上各种句型中都可以在名词前后加上定语，句首、句中、句末加上相应的状语。

2. 并列句：两个或两个以上的简单句用并列连词或标点符号连接而成的句子叫并列句。
1）并列句的构成方式：用连接词连接，前面可加逗号。例：
These flowers are white and those flowers are red.
We fished all day, but we didn't catch a thing.
We fished all day; we didn't catch a thing.
Hurry up; it's getting late.
I found a bucket, put it in the sink, and turned the tap on.
I took off my coat, searched all my pockets, but couldn't find my key.
2）并列句的分类：
（1）表示连接两个同等概念，常用and, not only…but also…, neither…nor…, then等连接。
e. g. The teacher’s name is Smith, and the student’s name is John.
（2）表示选择，常用的连词有or, either…or…, otherwise等。
e. g. Hurry up, or you’ll miss the train.
（3）表示转折，常用的连词有but, still, however, yet, while, when等。
e. g. He was a little man with thick glasses, but he had a strange way of making his classes lively and interesting.
（4）表示因果关系，常用的连词有so, for, therefore等。
e. g. August is the time of the year for rice harvest, so every day I work from dawn until dark.
注意：当几个分句并列时，如果它们之间都是并列关系，只在最后两个分句之间加并列连词and，其余分句用逗号隔开，即：“A, B, C and D”结构；如果分句之间关系各异，则需要分别加并列连词。例：
The suit is new and I like its color and style but it doesn't fit me, so I can't buy it.

3. 复合句：复合句又称主从复合句，由一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句构成。主句为句子的主体,从句只用作句子的一个次要成分,不能独立成为一个句子。从句通常由关联词引导,并由关联词将从句和主句联系在一起。从句按其在复合句中的作用,分为名词性从句（主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句）、定语从句和状语从句。
状语从句——状语从句在句中起状语作用，修饰主句中的谓语动词、形容词或副词。
定语从句——在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫做定语从句。定语从句的作用相当于形容词，用来修饰主句中的某一名词或代词或整个主句，所以，也称作形容词性从句。
名词性从句
主语从句:作句子主语的从句叫主语从句
宾语从句:用作宾语的从句叫做宾语从句。
表语从句:用作表语的从句叫作表语从句，它位于主句中的连系动词之后。
同位语从句: 用作同位语的从句叫同位语从句。
例：1）How the book sells depends on its author. （主语从句）
2）I want to know whether/if he can arrive on time. （宾语从句）
3）That's because he didn't understand me. （表语从句）
4）The question who should come with me has not been settled. （同位语从句）
5）He has a friend whose father is a doctor. （定语从句）
6）By the time I graduate next year, I will have lived here for 5 years. （状语从句）




当堂知识检测
1．145 people were missing ______ the crash of the French Airbus.
A．in spite of B．along with C．due to D．rather than
2．——You didn’t watch the film last night, _________
——_________, but I missed the beginning.
A．did I; Yes, I did B．did you; No, I didn’t
C．did you; Yes, I did D．did I; No, I didn’t
3．—What can I do for you, sir
—No, I only want to speak to the person .
A．in danger B．in return
C．in peace D．in charge
4．—I’m leaving now.
— ________ you turn off the lights.
A．To make sure B．Make sure C．Made sure D．Making sure
5．－ _______
－My watch reads nine.
A．What’s the date today B．How much is your watch
C．What time is it now D．How many watches do you have
6．Walk along this road for 100 meters ________ you’ll see the hospital.
A．or B．otherwise C．and D．or else
7．________ it was marching along the streets, enjoying the festive atmosphere!
A．What great fun B．How great fun C．What a great fum D．How a funny
8．--Haven’t seen you for ages! Do you still work in Guangzhou
---______. It’s two years since I worked there.
A．Yes, I have B．Yes, I do C．No, I haven’t D．No, I don’t
9．______ to have a picnic here!
A．What great delight B．How great delight
C．What a great delight D．How a great delight
10．There was a loud scream from the backstage immediately after the concert ended,
A．wasn’t there B．was there
C．didn’t it D．did it
11．I don’t expect you can finish the work in three days，
A．don’t I B．do I
C．can you D．can’t you
12．Mrs.Black doesn’t believe her husband is able to design a digital camera,
A．is he B．isn’t he
C．doesn’t she D．does she
13．—English has a large vocabulary, hasn’t it
—Yes. ________ more words and expressions and you will find it easier to read and communicate.
A．Know B．Knowing C．To know D．Known
14．Improperly moving a person with a neck injury, for example, can ________ permanent spinal injury and paralysis.
A．result from B．suffer from C．take on D．lead to
15．Robin, a rocket scientist, agrees and thinks starting with Mars makes the most sense.句子中非谓语动词是：
A．agrees B．thinks C．starting D．makes
16．We made him our monitor. 划线成分是________
A．宾语 B．定语 C．状语 D．宾补
17．We could have some tests to see what, ________, is wrong, and see whether we can do something to fix it.
A．when necessary B．though enough
C．if anything D．as possible
18．Practicing Chinese kung fu can not only _________ one’s strength, but also develop one’s character.
A．bring up B．take up C．build up D．pull up
19．Several years ago, I had a manager who________ changed his mind about what he wanted.
A．strangely B．constantly C．actually D．ultimately
20．________ a good living habits，________ you will stay healthy.
A．To have; or B．Have；and C．Having；then D．Had；but
21．——________ French book is this
——It must belong to _________. She' s the only one that is studying French.
A．Who's; Li Ying B．Who's; Li Ying's C．Whose; Li Ying D．Whose; Li Ying's
22．We’d better go now, ______ we’ll miss the train.
A．but B．so C．or D．and
23．— A subway will be built in our hometown before 2022.
— ______! Will it pass my house
A．What an excited news B．What exciting news
C．How an excited news D．How exciting news
24．John, read the text for us, ______
A．does he B．will he C．do you D．will you
25．Let’s keep to the point or we __________ any decisions.
A．will never reach B．have never reached
C．never reach D．never reached
26．Zhang Qing has to stay at home to look after her brother, ______
A．hasn’t she B．hasn’t Zhang Qing
C．doesn’t she D．doesn’t Zhang Qing
27．________ does it take to win the hearts and minds of 10 students in today's education？
A．What B．When C．How D．Why
28．Always _____________ in mind that your main task is to get this company running smoothly.
A．to keep B．to have kept
C．keep D．have kept
29．______, I believe, and you will find Tom is very outgoing.
A．Having a talk with the student
B．Given a talk with the student
C．One talk with the student
D．If you have a talk with the student
30．---Shall we go and see the museum
---No, ________.
A．don’t mention it B．not at all C．never mind D．it’s not worth it
31．--- ________bargaining is always such great fun
---Usually people consider it a test to see who can stand their ground longer.
A．What is it that B．Why is it that C．What it is that D．Why it is that
32．The sudden fall in the value of the dollar _____ financial experts.
A．puzzling B．has puzzled C．puzzled out D．puzzles about
33．Start out right away,________ you’ll miss the first train.
A．and B．but C．or D．which
34．________ at the door before entering, please.
A．Knocked B．To knock
C．Knocking D．Knock
35． it is to jump into the river to have a swim in hot summer!
A．What a fun B．How a fun
C．What fun D．How fun
36．Every one of you, ______ the basketball field used to be, quickly please.
A．gathers where B．gather where C．will gather at D．gather at
37．______ is the percentage of the peasants of the country
A．How many B．How much C．What D．How small
38．I felt _____ by my marriage.
A．trap B．trapping C．trapped D．to trap
39．________ sure that all the windows are shut, mainly because it is reported that a heavy rain is on the way.
A．Making B．To make C．Having made D．Make
40．Don’t hesitate to make a decision, ________ you’ll let such a golden opportunity slip through your fingers.
A．and B．or C．but D．so
41．The flying car Transition can travel at speeds up to 115 mph for 450 miles in the air, _______ at highway speeds on the ground, and fold up to fit in a standard garage.
A．driving B．drive C．to drive D．driven
42．The news that he referred ________ us disappointed.
A．to made B．to making C．to make D．to have made
43．The failure was a(n)_______to him, but he wasn't discouraged and soon got as positive as ever.
A．important factor B．major issue C．heavy blow D．serious danger
44．It was at the age of 5 ________ he left his hometown for Shanghai.
A．that B．when C．which D．as
45．These oranges taste _______.
A．good B．well C．to be good D．to be well
46．Was ______ that I saw last night at the concert
A．it you B．not you C．you D．that yourself
47．Alice had a wonderful time yesterday, ________
A．hadn’t she B．wasn’t she C．didn’t she D．wouldn’t she
48．In any unsafe situation, simply ________ the button and a highly-trained agent will get you the help you need.
A．press B．to press
C．pressing D．pressed
49．-The problem wasn't difficult for him，was it？
-______.He should have been given a more difficult one.
A．No，it was B．Yes，it was
C．Yes，it wasn't D．No，it wasn't
50．His strong sense of humor was make everyone in the room burst out laughing.
A．so as to B．such as to
C．so that D．such that
课后巩固提高
二、用单词的适当形式完成句子
51．You should tell your parents that you're fine, otherwise, they will be concerned ________ you. （用适当的单词填空）
52．Due ________ carelessness, your mistakes may have serious results. (用适当的词填空)
53．Two experts from Sotheby's confirmed the bowl was from the 1400s when they were able to look at it ________ person. （用适当的词填空）
54．After he greeted his friend, they ________ (begin) to talk. (所给词的适当形式填空)
55．Paulson screamed so loudly that her daughter came running from the house. ＂She thought I had hurt_________ (I),＂says Paulson.（所给词的适当形式填空）
56．—May I ask for leave tomorrow （用适当的代词填空）
—No，you can’t.________ applying for the scholarship must be present.
57．Student performance will be judged ____the basis of degree examination results, theses and continuous assessment, following current university regulations. (用适当的词填空)
58．He made an________（announce）that the president would come to our city. (所给词的适当形式填空）
59．A woman on the bus shouted , “Oh dear “ It is ______（I）”.
60．Do not have a drink or take drugs to calm ____________ (you) down. (所给词的适当形式填空)
61．It is always the case that the police conducted an investigation and look at the evidence that may suggest who ________(commit) the offence. (所给词的适当形式填空)
62．It is no trouble at all; ___________ the contrary, it will be a great pleasure to help you. (所给词的适当形式填空)
63．They ________(emphasis) that they have been kept busy ________ their study and have no time to spare for the outdoor activities. (所给词的适当形式填空)
64．Apple fans are ________(queue) outside the store to buy the new Apple iPhone 6 which will be on sale tomorrow.（所给词的适当形式填空）
65．We ________ with academic stress now.(burden)

三、用单词的适当形式完成短文
Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.
A New Way to Learn Languages
Nowadays, the Internet is changing the way people learn languages. There is still no way to avoid the hard work through vocabulary lists and grammar rules, but since the birth of the Internet, books, tapes and even CDs 66 (replace) by email, video chat and social networks.
Livemocha, a Seattle-based company, has created a website helping people learn more than 38 languages by exchanging messages over the Internet and then 67 (correct) each other’s messages. The lessons, 68 form they are in, are delivered online.
The CEO of Livemocha says the website’s advantage is the context 69 you may practice speaking with a real person. “The great irony is that even if you have learned a foreign language in the classroom for years, you are not confident 70 (go) into a restaurant, striking up a conversation,” he said. The casual connections with real people throughout the world are not just fun and surprising but reveal more about 71 the language is really used.
Livemocha is now experimenting with many ways that resemble the games 72 (find) on other social websites to motivate people. Besides, each person can set up a profile 73 includes a short self-description and what language he or she would like to learn. Therefore, if you want to learn one language, you will easily find many people fluent in this language. And it becomes 74 (challenging) to find a study partner. An email or two is all it takes.
There are more and more companies like Livemocha offering online language learning to students throughout the world. 75 merely helping people practice different languages, they also enable people to share interests and make new friends

Directions: After reading the passages below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with given words, fill in each blank with the proper form of the word given; for the other blanks, use one word for each blank that best fits the context.
For almost 500 years, people have wondered what deadly disease wiped out most of the Aztecs (阿芝特克人). The locals called it cocolizthi, and now a team of scientists think they know exactly what that was. The outbreak is considered to be one of 76 (deadly) epidemics (传染病) in human history. For centuries, its cause 77 (debate) by historians. New evidence suggests that the Aztecs died from a type of bacteria called salmonella enterica.
An international team of scientists came to this conclusion 78 analysing the skeletons (骨骼) of 29 Aztecs buried in a cocoliztli cemetery in the Oaxaca region of Mexico. The scientists obtained samples from the teeth of ten of the skeletons. They compared these with their database of bacteria and found traces of salmonella enterica.
Salmonella enterica can cause enteric fever, 79 typhoid (伤寒) is a type. Today, there are around 21 million cases of typhoid worldwide and it is considered 80 global threat.
The Aztecs were fierce hunter-gatherers who settled in 81 is now Mexico at the beginning of the 13th century. From their incredible capital city Tenochtitlan (now Mexico City), the Aztecs fought wars with other tribes 82 they ruled much of the region.
The Aztecs ended up controlling large parts of Mesoamerica -now much of Mexico and Central America - until Spanish explorers 83 (arrive) in 1519 and brought with them advanced weapons and deadly diseases. The team believe that the 84 (domesticate) animals, such as goats and horses, which the explorers brought with them carried the deadly bacteria.
By 1545, not even 30 years after the Spanish had arrived, Mexico’s Aztec nation started coming down with a terrible illness. Symptoms included high fever, headaches and bleeding from the eyes, nose and mouth. Within five years, up to 15 million people-- more than 80% of the population at the time-had died from the mystery illness they called cocoliztli. The Aztec people had no immunity (免疫) 85 (fight) the disease.
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