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阅读理解之科普知识类
题型分析
科普知识类说明文是高考阅读理解中的重难点题材，考生往往在这类文章中失分严重，因此，考生需要了解科普知识类文章的主要特点和命题方式。
选材：当前经济和科技等方面的变化，以介绍某一科学现象居多。
特点：结构严谨、逻辑性强。
语言：文章中词汇的意义相对单一、稳定、简明，不带感彩。句子结构较复杂，语法分析较困难，常使用被动语态，尤其是一些惯用被动句式。
命题：主要集中在细节理解题、推理判断题、主旨大意题或词义猜测题，以推理判断题居多。
解题策略
科普知识类说明文长难句居多，题目往往是推理判断题和主旨大意题。因此，考生在扩大词汇量的同时，还需要努力增强分析长难句的能力，把握文章的主旨。具体答题策略如下：
感悟真题· 体验技法
(2019·全国Ⅰ·C)
As data and identity theft becomes more and more common，the market is growing for biometric(生物测量)technologies—like fingerprint scans—to keep others out of private e-spaces.At present，these technologies are still expensive，though.
Researchers from Georgia Tech say that they have come up with a low-cost device(装置) that gets around this problem：a smart keyboard.This smart keyboard precisely measures the cadence(节奏) with which one types and the pressure fingers apply to each key.The keyboard could offer a strong layer of security by analyzing things like the force of a user’s typing and the time between key presses.
These patterns are unique to each person.Thus，the keyboard can determine people’s identities，and by extension，whether they should be given access to the computer it’s connected to—regardless of whether someone gets the password right.
It also doesn’t require a new type of technology that people aren’t already familiar with.Everybody uses a keyboard and everybody types differently.
In a study describing the technology，the researchers had 100 volunteers type the word “touch”four times using the smart keyboard.Data collected from the device could be used to recognize different participants based on how they typed，with very low error rates.The researchers say that the keyboard should be pretty straightforward to commercialize and is mostly made of inexpensive，plastic-like parts.The team hopes to make it to market in the near future.
语篇解读
　本文是一篇说明文。随着数据和身份盗窃变得越来越普遍，对用户信息起防护作用的技术如指纹扫描等的市场正在增长，但这些技术仍然很昂贵。本文介绍了一种具有类似功能的新型低成本设备——智能键盘。
28.Why do the researchers develop the smart keyboard
A.To reduce pressure on keys.
B.To improve accuracy in typing.
C.To replace the password system.
D.To cut the cost of e-space protection.
细节理解题。根据第一段最后一句“At present，these technologies are still expensive，though.”和第二段第一句“Researchers from Georgia Tech say that they have come up with a low-cost device(装置) that gets around this problem：a smart keyboard.”可知，研究者们开发智能键盘是为了降低e-space保护的成本。故选D。
29.What makes the invention of the smart keyboard possible
A.Computers are much easier to operate.
B.Fingerprint scanning techniques develop fast.
C.Typing patterns vary from person to person.
D.Data security measures are guaranteed.
细节理解题。根据第二段的“The keyboard could offer a strong layer of security by analyzing things like the force of a user’s typing and the time between key presses.These patterns are unique to each person.Thus，the keyboard can determine people’s identities...”可知，因为每个人的打字方式不同，使得智能键盘能够识别人的身份。故选C。
30.What do the researchers expect of the smart keyboard
A.It’ll be environment-friendly.
B.It’ll reach consumers soon.
C.It’ll be made of plastics.
D.It’ll help speed up typing.
细节理解题。根据最后一段最后一句“The team hopes to make it to market in the near future.”可知，研究者们希望智能键盘能早日投入市场销售。故选B。
随堂演练
Bioprinting is medically and bio-technologically equal to 3D printing.By using the same principles，the aim is to rapidly develop living structures similar to human-grown organs and tissue that can be used to heal people or test new drugs.
Of course，printing biological tissue is much more complex than building a mechanical part.There are complex layers of cells in living tissue.Bioprinters use bioink made from cells，biochemical nutrients and biological stands to support cells in an exact order. Bioinks have to operate under conditions that are suitable for living，growing tissue，so they cannot really be printed at temperatures that top body temperature.
Perhaps the simplest form of bioprinting is inkjet printing. Bioink is sprayed through tiny tubes so it has to be almost liquid and this limits the biological materials that can be printed.Most 3D printers operate by squeezing material through a pipe and bioprinters can use squeezing too，though care has to be taken not to damage cells through extreme force.Other techniques such as laser-assisted bioprinting or electrospinning(静电纺丝) are incredibly exact and can be used with thicker bioinks，but they are more tricky to use with living cells and not as rapid or able to create large quantities of tissue.
Once the bioprinter has done its work，the post-processing stage begins.Bioreactor systems are often employed to help the tissue grow up.They can be used to copy the forces and biochemical support that tissue needs to grow and differentiate correctly.
Bioprinting may be a relatively new field but the results so far are encouraging.Stem cells，which have the potential to turn into several types of cells，are being used to create bone.Organ printing can improve the health of society in general by wiping out the problem of diseases caused by organ failure，costly treatments and social care.That promise may be years away from realization but rapid prototyping(原型技术) enabled by bioprinting is pushing medical advances forward at pace.
语篇解读
　本文是一篇说明文。文章通过介绍生物打印的所需材料、实施过程和相关用途等告诉读者生物打印的发展很有前景。
1.What does the underlined word “they” in paragraph 2 refer to
A.Cells. B.Bioinks.
C.Nutrients. D.Biological stands.
代词指代题。根据第二段最后一句可知，生物墨水必须在适合的条件下工作，所以它们不能在高于体表温度的状况下打印。由此可推知，画线词they指代的是生物墨水。故选B。
2.What should we pay attention to when using bioprinting
A.The sort of human organs.
B.The thickness of bioinks.
C.The force of squeezing.
D.The order of cells.
细节理解题。根据第三段第三句可知，生物打印机也可以通过挤压原料的方式运作，不过要注意不能过度用力，否则会损坏细胞。故选C。
3.What can we infer from the 3rd and 4th paragraphs
A.The process of bioprinting is practical.
B.Bioreactor systems tend not to damage cells.
C.Most 3D printers limit the biological materials.
D.Laser-assisted bioprinting can produce much tissue.
推理判断题。根据第三段和第四段可知，喷墨印刷是最简单的生物印刷形式。生物打印机通过挤压原料的方式运作。其他技术，如激光辅助生物打印或电纺也非常精准。一旦生物打印机完成工作，生物反应器系统经常会被用来帮助组织生长。由此可知，生物打印的过程是切实可行的。故选A。
4.Which is the suitable title for the passage
A.Bioprinting Cures Diseases of People
B.Bioprinting Is Similar to 3D Printing
C.Bioprinting Gets Care from Society
D.Bioprinting Has Much Potential
标题归纳题。根据文章最后一句并且结合全文内容可知，本文通过介绍生物打印的所需材料、实施过程和相关用途等告诉读者生物打印技术很有前景。因此，D项适合作本文标题。故选D。

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