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人教版选择性必修四Unit 4 Sharing
重点词汇详解+语法+重点句式知识清单
Part one Words and Phrases
一词多义
1.parcel n.包裹 vt.裹好；打包；分成若干部分
①I am going to take the parcel to the post office this afternoon.(n.包裹)
②The sales clerk parceled the customer's purchases.(vt.打包)
③They parceled out the land into small plots.(vt.分成若干部分)
2.mail n.邮件；信件；邮政 vt.邮寄；发电邮给
①Don't forget to mail your mother the letter.(vt.邮寄)
②Please forward my mail to me.(n.邮件；信件)
③If we want to send something to another department，we use the mail system.(n.邮政)
3.shade vt.给……遮挡(光线)；加灯罩；把……涂暗 n.阴凉处；灯罩；阴影部分
①These trees afford a pleasant shade.(n.阴凉处)
②This artist uses light and shade to good effect.(n.阴影部分)
③A big hat shades the eyes.(vt.给……遮挡(光线)
4.wrinkle vt.& vi.[(使脸上)起皱纹；皱起 n.皱纹]
①The old man's face is covered with wrinkles.(n.皱纹)
②She wrinkled her nose at the smell.(vt.皱起)
③The skin on her cheeks and around her eyes was beginning to wrinkle.[vi.(脸上)起皱纹]
重点词汇及拓展
tune n. 曲调；曲子vt.调音；调节；调频道
[教材原句P44] But then I began to hear about the work she was doing in Tanzania，a country that has many health problems，and now I am singing a different tune.但是之后我开始听到她在坦桑尼亚的工作，那里有很多健康问题，(所以)现在我有了不同的看法。
[例1]　 How long has it been since you've had a mechanic tune this engine
你已经有多长时间没请汽车修理工调整这台引擎了？
[例2]　 His ideas are in tune with the times.
他的思想适合时代的潮流。
[造句]　钢琴和小提琴好像不合调。
The violin and the piano seem to be out of tune.
[知识拓展]
(1)in tune　　　　　　 合调子
in good tune 音调准确；协调；融合
out of tune 走调
sing a different tune 对某事有了新的看法
(2)tune up 给(乐器)调音，定调
2　contract vt. 感染(疾病)；与……订立合同(或契约) n. 合同；契约
[教材原句P44] Many dangerous diseases which are rare in China are quite commonly contracted in Tanzania.
很多在中国罕见的危险疾病在坦桑尼亚是很容易感染上的。
[例1]　 Bad habits are easy to contract.
坏习惯很容易养成。
[例2]　 Once you have reached formal agreement，you should enter into a contract with the other party.
你一旦达成正式协议，就应该和对方签订合同。
[造句]　他们已立约承建一条穿越非洲的铁路。
They have contracted to build a railway across Africa.
across Africa.
[知识拓展]
(1)sign a contract　　　 签订合同
keep a contract 遵守或履行合同
make a contract with 与……签定合同
(2)contract in 承诺参加
contract out 包出(某事项或某工程)；拒绝参加
3　relay vt.转发；转播 n．接力赛；接班的人
[教材原句P44] Today，I want to relay to you that I'm proud of the work my mother has done，and I am now supportive of it.
今天，我想告诉你们的是，我为我妈妈所做的工作感到骄傲，我现在也非常支持她的工作。
[例1]　 The program is being relayed by satellite.
节目正在通过卫星转播。
[例2]　 This metal tower is used to relay television signals to distant villages.
这个金属塔是用于向遥远的村子转播电视讯号的。
[造句]　 她向我们转达了那则消息。
She relayed the information to us.
[知识拓展]
relay to　　　　　　　 转达给……
work in/by relays 轮班工作
a relay race 接力赛
mail n.邮件；信件；邮政 vt.邮寄；发电邮给
I've just come out to mail some letters.
我刚出来要寄几封信。
I mailed him a letter yesterday.
昨天我给他邮去一封信。
[造句]在意大利寄一封信要多少钱？
How much does it cost to mail a letter in Italy
[知识拓展]
(1)mail sb.sth.＝mail sth.to sb.　给某人邮寄某物
mail out 邮寄出去
(2)by mail 以邮寄方式
①The shop mailed the book to me.
②The school said it would mail out acceptance letters on Tuesday.
chorus n.合唱曲；合唱团 vt.合唱；齐声说
Never before have I heard this song sung in chorus.
我从来没有听过这首歌的合唱。
The papers all chorused the praises of the President.
各报都异口同声地对总统表示赞扬。
[造句]观众齐声对他报以一阵热烈的掌声。
He was met with a chorus of applause from the audience.
[知识拓展]
a chorus of ...齐声；异口同声
in chorus 异口同声
“Hello，” they shouted in chorus.
The professor's speech was welcomed with a chorus of praise.
not to mention 更不用说；且不说
Old folk and children alike are all against the proposal，not to mention the youth.
老人、小孩都不赞成这个建议，更不用说年轻人了。
Ade is handsome and smart，not to mention being a good athlete.
艾德不但是个好运动员，而且既潇洒又精明。
[造句]他们有三只狗要照顾，更别提那只猫和鸟了。
They have three dogs to look after，not to mention the cat and the bird.
[知识拓展]
as mentioned above　如上所述
be (not) worth mentioning (不)值得一提
Don't mention it.不要客气，不用谢。
As mentioned above，the function of the device is wonderful.
It's no big deal；it's not even worth mentioning.
Don't mention it.You should drink some water and go to lie down.
shade vt.给……遮挡(光线)；加灯罩；把……涂暗 n.阴凉处；灯罩；阴影部分
He bought a green shade.
他买了一个绿色灯罩。
Store the bottle of medicine in the shade.
把这瓶药放在阴凉处。
[造句]我遮住眼睛以避阳光。
I shaded my eyes from the sun.
[知识拓展]
(1)in the shade在阴凉处，阴暗处；默默无闻
put...in the shade 使黯然失色；使相形见绌
a shade of 少许，微微
(2)shade from 遮挡住
①We were completely shaded from the sun by the poplar trees.
②We sat down in the shade of the wall.
③A shade of doubt in her voice made me afraid.
wrinkle vt.& vi.(使脸上)起皱纹；皱起　n.皱纹
Don't wrinkle the carpet.
别弄皱地毯。
Her skin was still without a wrinkle.
她的皮肤仍然没有皱纹。
[造句]她的眼睛周围开始出现细细的皱纹。
Fine wrinkles started to appear around her eyes.
[知识拓展]
(1)wrinkle (up) one's forehead 皱起额头
wrinkle with age 老得皮肤皱起
(2)wrinkles in one's face 脸上的皱纹
without wrinkles/a wrinkle 没有皱纹
(3) wrinkled adj.有皱纹的
His face was wrinkled with age.
②A little old woman with a wrinkled face as brown as a berry told us our fortunes for ten pence.
③In addition，sleep has been shown to reduce wrinkles in the face and neck.
[小片段填空]
If some items are wrinkled，hang them in the bathroom while you take a shower.Steam the wrinkles.
ripe adj.成熟的；时机成熟的
Some of the apples were not quite ripe.
一些苹果不太熟。
The time was ripe to talk about peace.
和谈的时机已经成熟。
[造句]解决这个问题的时机已经成熟。
The problem is ripe for settlement.
[知识拓展]
(1)be ripe for ……的时机成熟；准备就绪；即可……；适于……
(2)ripen vt.& vi.成熟，使成熟
①I'm waiting for the apples to ripen.
②Often you do not notice that the time is not yet ripe for it.
drag vt.拖；拽 vt.& vi.缓慢而费力地移动
They dragged the fallen tree clear of the road.
他们把倒下的树从路上拖走。
He dragged behind the others.
他在别人后面慢吞吞地走着。
[造句]　我每天都不得不迫使自己从床上爬起来。
I have to drag myself out of bed each day.
[知识拓展]
drag in 把……拉进来；硬把(某人)拉进(某事)
drag on 拖延；使拖延；拖长(声调、字眼等)
drag oneself along (慢吞吞地)拖着脚走
drag up 拉上，拔出；故意提起(不愉快的往事)
①There was no need to drag up the time he spent in prison.
②The children are so busy playing that they don't want their dinner；you'll have to drag them in.
③The meeting dragged on for more than two hours.
Part two Grammar
Review of phrases (短语)
英语中的短语是有一定意义但不构成独立从句或句子的一组词。从形式结构角度划分，英语的短语可分为名词短语、动词短语、形容词短语、副词短语、介词短语等。英语短语的句法功能通常与对应的单词的句法功能类似。
[观察例句]
1．So I've been here in the jungle for about a month now.
2．My secondary school is a bush school.
3．It takes me only a few minutes to walk to school down a dusty track covered in weeds.
4．I've had to become much more imaginative in my teaching.
5．Right now I'm feeling very excited.
[归纳用法]
1．例句1中的黑体部分为介词短语。
2．例句2中的黑体部分为名词短语。
3．例句3中的黑体部分为动词短语。
4．例句4中的黑体部分为形容词短语。
5．例句5中的黑体部分为副词短语。
一、名词短语
名词与它的修饰语一起即构成名词短语。完整的名词短语由三个部分组成：限定词、修饰词、名词。名词短语可以充当句子中的主语、宾语、表语等成分。
many good students 许多优秀的学生
his beautiful wife 他美丽的妻子
the best answer 最好的答案
those sweet roses 那些甜美的玫瑰
These red roses are for you.(作主语)
这些红玫瑰是送给你的。
He brought a new book with him.(作宾语)
他带来了一本新书。
He is my best friend.(作表语)
他是我最好的朋友。
名词短语的三个部分并非每一次都要同时出现，在特定场合下，这三个部分都有可能省略。修饰词是名词短语中最不重要的部分，如果不需要描述名词的状态特征则完全可以省略。比如a book同样是正确的名词短语。如果说话人确信听众知道自己在讨论什么东西，则名词也可以省略。比如Of those answers，this one is the best.这里的the best指的就是the best answer。在面对面交流的时候，修饰词和名词有时甚至可以一起省略。假设你在花店，用手指向一捧玫瑰花，对花店老板说“I want those.”的话，花店老板很清楚你想要什么。
二、形容词短语
形容词短语是指由几个形容词或形容词及其修饰语构成的短语。
1．两个或多个形容词可以由and，but等对等连词连接，构成形容词短语。
Your room is large and beautiful.(作表语)
你的房间大且美丽。
He is young but clever.(作表语)
他年轻但聪明。
2．very等程度副词作修饰语，可与形容词构成形容词短语。
It is very hot today.(作表语)
今天很热。
The road is long enough.(作表语)
这路够长的。
3．介词及其宾语可用在形容词后修饰形容词，可与形容词构成形容词短语。
I am sure of success.(作表语)
我确信会成功的。
The bottle is full of water.(作表语)
瓶子里装满了水。
4．不定式在形容词后作修饰语，可与形容词构成形容词短语。
He is sure to come.(作表语)
他一定会来的。
[名师点津]
形容词短语在句中还可以作状语和后置定语。
1．形容词短语作状语说明主语的情况，可以表示动作或状态发生的原因、方式、时间等，或对谓语作补充说明。
Afraid of difficulty，he prefers to do the easy maths problem.(作原因状语)
他害怕困难，宁愿做容易的数学题。
The lost boy spent three days in the forest cold and hungry.(作伴随状语)
那个迷路的男孩又冷又饿地在森林中过了三天。
Wet or fine，he got up at six and took a walk in the park.(作让步状语)
不管天晴还是下雨他总是六点起床在公园里散散步。
2．形容词短语作后置定语
Factories，big or small，can be seen there.
在那里你可以看到大大小小的工厂。
The house worth is 500，000 yuan was sold by his son.
那栋价值高达五十万人民币的房子被他儿子卖掉了。
三、副词短语
副词短语是指由几个副词或副词及其修饰语构成的短语。在句中主要作状语。
1．两个或多个副词可以由and，but等对等连词构成副词短语。
I tried again and again.(作状语)
我试了一遍又一遍。
2．very，extremely，clearly等程度副词作修饰语，可与其他副词构成副词短语。
He runs extremely fast.(作状语)
他跑得快极了。
The teacher speaks clearly enough.(作状语)
老师说得够清楚的。
3．其他类型的副词短语
I was so deeply moved by his deeds that I couldn't fall asleep deep into the night.(作状语)
他的行为深深打动了我，在深夜我无法入睡。
We air the bedrooms every day.(作状语)
我们每天给卧室通通风。
四、动词短语
动词短语就是有些动词可以和一些别的词构成短语(以动词为中心)，表达一个概念，其作用和一个单独动词差不多的一种固定搭配。在实际使用中，通常会把动词短语当成一个整体。动词短语的搭配可分为下列五种基本类型：
1．动词＋介词
go over 复习，listen to 听，think about 考虑，look for 寻找，rely/depend on 依靠，look into 调查，play with 玩，send for 派人去请，consist of 由……构成，arrive at 到达
He wants to check with his secretary before he signs the paper.
在签署该项文件之前，他想跟他的秘书商议一下。
He has been asked to account for his absence.
他已被要求说明缺席的原因。
2．动词＋副词
eat up 吃光，give up 放弃，hold up 举起，put on 穿，上演，turn on 打开，try on 试穿
They were so far away that I couldn't make out their faces clearly.
他们离得那么远，我没法把他们的脸辨认清楚。
Trains stop here in order to pick up passengers only.
火车在这里停车，只让乘客上车。
[名师点津]
“动词＋副词”这类短语动词较容易出错。这类短语动词的宾语若是名词，这个宾语可在短语的中间，亦可在短语的后面。如：Turn the light on.或 Turn on the light.宾语若是代词，这个宾语只能放在短语的中间。如：Turn it on.
3．动词＋副词＋介词
catch up with 赶上，get on with 与……相处，keep up with 跟上，do away with 废除，look down upon 轻视，look forward to 期待，keep away with 脱离，go on with 继续
Have the lawyers checked up on the court proceedings very carefully
律师们是否打算把法庭的记录仔细审查一遍呢？
There are some things that teachers will not put up with.
有些事情教师是不会容忍的。
4．动词＋名词＋介词
catch hold of 抓住，give lessons to 给……上课，make friends with 与……交朋友，take care of 照料
We must keep pace with the new development of modern scientific research.
我们必须跟上现代科学研究的新发展。
People who take part in sports must be in condition.
参加运动的人一定能保持良好的健康状态。
5．动词＋形容词＋介词
be fond of 爱好，be familiar with 熟悉，be suitable for 适合于，be late for 迟到，be good at 擅长于，be afraid of 害怕
Others may be fond of titles and honors，but I am not.
人皆好名，我则不然。
You coward! What are you afraid of
你这胆小鬼！你怕什么呢？
五、介词短语
介词短语是介词和其他代词或名词或词组搭配形成的短语。在句中作状语、表语、补语、定语等。
1．常见的介词短语
(1)介词＋名词：at the door，into the bag
(2)介词＋代词：for me，of others
(3)介词＋动名词：in doing so，to my saying that
(4)介词＋连接副词/连接代词/what从句：over what he had better do
(5)介词＋连接副词/连接代词＋不定式：on how to do this
(6)介词＋介词短语：from across the street，until after dinner
(7)介词＋副词：from below
(8)介词＋复合结构：with the light on
(9)介词＋不定式(but/except)：...did nothing but sleep
2．介词短语的用法
(1)用作表语
The house is in fairly good condition.
这所房子状况尚好。
She looks like her mother.
她像她母亲。
(2)用作宾语
Choose a book from among these.
从这些书中选一本吧。
The window is never opened except in summer.
除夏天外，这扇窗户从未打开。
(3)用作定语
I like the design on his tie.
我喜欢他领带上的图案。
I've decided to leave on the afternoon of the 18th.
我决定18号下午离开。
(4)用作状语
Mr Smith was injured in the war.
史密斯先生在战争期间受过伤。
He walked by me without noticing me.
他从我身旁走过而没有注意到我。
(5)用作补语
Kelly is employed as a mechanic.(宾语补足语)
凯利受雇当技工。
He is regarded as the best doctor in town.(主语补足语)
他被认为是本城最好的医生。
Part Three Sentences
重点句式
1.before引导时间状语从句
[教材原句P38] The other day I was showing the boys a chemistry experiment when，before I knew it，the mixture was bubbling out of the test tube spilling everywhere!
几天前，我正给孩子们做化学实验的演示，我还没有明白怎么回事，混合剂就从试管里冒了出来，溅得到处都是！
[句式分析]
句中before引导时间状语从句，意为“没来得及”。另外before除了其基本意思“在……之前”以外，还可以表示“(……之后)才；以免；免得”之意。
It will be some time before we know the full results.
还要过一些时间我们才能知道全部结果。
The magazine was snatched from my hand before I could read it.
我还没来得及看那期杂志，它就被从我手里抢走了。
[造句]我每天睡觉前锻炼。
Every day I exercise before I go to sleep.
[知识拓展]
(1)“It was＋时间段＋before...”表示“过了多久才……”。从句常用一般过去时。
(2)“It was not long before...”意为“不久就……”。从句常用一般过去时。
(3)“It will not be long before...”表示“不久就会……”。从句常用一般现在时。
(4)“It will be＋时间段＋before...”表示“要过多久才……”。从句常用一般现在时。
①If you miss this chance，it will be years before you get another one.
如果你错过了这次机会，可能需要很多年你才能再获得一次。
②It won't be long before we get used to the new school life.
不久我们就会习惯新的学校生活。
③It was three days before he came back.
过了三天他才回来。
④It was a long time before she recovered from the operation.
很长一段时间后她才从手术中康复。
2.doubt whether... 怀疑；不相信
[教材原句P38] To be honest，I doubt whether I'm making any difference to these boys' lives at all.
说实在的，我真的不知道我教的课是否会对这些孩子的生活有所影响。
[句式分析]
句中doubt用作动词，意为“怀疑，不相信”。在肯定句中doubt后面的从句由whether/if引导。
Everything is clear now，no one would doubt what will be done.
一切都很清楚，没有人对所要做的事怀疑。
We don't doubt that he can do a good job of it.
我们并不怀疑他能把这事做得很好。
[造句]我怀疑杰克会不会驾驶帆船。
I doubt whether Jack could manage a sailing boat.
[知识拓展]
(1)There is (some) doubt之后常接whether引导的从句，表“怀疑是否会……”；there is no doubt后常接that引导的从句，表示“对……毫不怀疑”。
(2)doubt用作动词时，意为“怀疑，不相信”。在肯定句中doubt后面的从句由whether/if引导；在疑问句或否定句中doubt后面的从句由that引导。
①There is no doubt that more and more people prefer shopping online nowadays.
②There is some doubt whether he will pass the final exam.
③I doubt whether/if he will be opposed to the idea.
＝ I have some doubt whether he will be opposed to the idea.
我怀疑他是否会反对这一想法。
④I don't doubt that my daughter will have a bright future.
＝I have no doubt that my daughter will have a bright future.
我毫不怀疑我的女儿会有光明的未来。

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