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阅读理解专题
细节理解
题型/年份 2021新高考I卷 2022新高考I卷 2023新高考I卷
细节理解 7 6 6
推理判断 4 7 7
词义猜测 1 1 1
主旨大意 2 1 1
观点态度 1 0 0
2021~2023真题题型
命题趋势分析：
从近几年高考英语阅读理解题型来看，事实细节题目增多，其难度也稍有加大。其表现有：题目设置顺序与全文行文不尽一致；题目信息与原文信息表达方式不完全相同；答案获取需跨段落搜集等。
从考查侧重点分析看，考题重点由原来的考查语言知识点，如介词搭配、冠词选择及固定句型运用等转向考查学生的语言实际运用能力和语篇运用能力。
细节理解题相对简单，占阅读题量的60%左右，考生只需要认真阅读题目，细心比对原文就能正确解答，对于这种题目，要认真解题，确保一分不丢。
高频考点：1.直接细节题；2.综合细节题；
低频考点：1.数字计算题；2.细节排序题；3.正误判断题。
解题方法：
1.直接细节题，采用 “原文定位”及“原词复现”方式解答；
2.题干或选项中未出现原文直接信息时，利用“同义转换、英英互译”的方式寻找正确答案；
3.在查找同义信息时，不能只找相似的对应词汇而忽略整体语篇环境。
命题方式
直接细节题常见设问方式：
1．What will you/the students do...
2．When/Where can you...
3．Who will...
综合细节题常见设问方式：
1．Which of the following best describes...
2．How does the writer recommend...to readers
3．(2022·新高考全国卷Ⅰ)How many...
解题步骤
抓住文中的事实和细节是做好该题型的关键。一般采用寻读法，解题分为三步：
1．先读题干，抓住关键词；
2．带着问题快速阅读原文，找出与问题有关的词语或句子；
3．仔细对比选项和原文信息，继而找出答案。
感悟真题
【例1】(2022·新高考全国卷Ⅱ阅读A)
Group Size
We require one chaperone (监护人) per ten children. Failure to provide enough chaperones will result in an extra charge of $50 per absent adult.
Group Play is for groups of 10 or more with a limit of 35 people. For groups of 35 or more, please call to discuss options.
22．How many chaperones are needed for a group of 30 children to visit the Museum
A．One.　　　　　　 B．Two.
C．Three. D．Four.
解析：数字计算题。根据题干可定位到原文 “We require one chaperone per ten children.”可知，每10个孩子需要1个监护人，那么30个孩子则需要3个监护人。所以选C
【例2】(2022·新高考全国卷Ⅰ阅读A)
Late Work
An essay not submitted in class on the due date will lose a letter grade for each class period it is late. If it is not turned in by the 4th day after the due date, it will earn a zero. Daily assignments not completed during class will get a zero. Short writings missed as a result of an excused absence will be accepted.
23．What will happen if you submit an essay one week after the due date
A．You will receive a zero. B．You will lose a letter grade.
C．You will be given a test. D．You will have to rewrite it.
解析：细节理解题。根据题干中的关键词submit和the due date可定位到原文关键句“If it is not turned in by the 4th day after the due date, it will earn a zero.”，比对选项和信息句可知，如果你在截止日期过后一周才上交，你的成绩将会是零分，所以答案是A。
【例3】(2022·新高考全国卷Ⅰ阅读B)Like most of us, I try to be mindful of food that goes to waste. The arugula (芝麻菜) was to make a nice green salad, rounding out a roast chicken dinner. But I ended up working late. Then friends called with a dinner invitation. I stuck the chicken in the freezer. But as days passed, the arugula went bad. Even worse, I had unthinkingly bought way too much; I could have made six salads with what I threw out.
24．What does the author want to show by telling the arugula story
A．We pay little attention to food waste.
B．We waste food unintentionally at times.
C．We waste more vegetables than meat.
D．We have good reasons for wasting food.
解析：细节理解题。根据题干中的关键词“the arugula story”可定位到信息句“But as days passed, the arugula went bad...I could have made six salads with what I threw out.”；由信息句可知，更糟糕的是，作者不假思索地买了太多东西，而又没有完全用掉，所以无意中浪费了食物。unintentionally与文中的unthinkingly为同义转述。所以选B
【例4】　(2020·全国卷Ⅰ阅读A)
All customers travelling on TransLink services must be in possession of a valid ticket before boarding.For ticket information，please ask at your local station or call 13 12 30.
While Queensland Rail makes every effort to ensure trains run as scheduled，there can be no guarantee of connections between trains or between train services and bus services.
21．What would you do to get ticket information
A．Call 13 16 17. B．Visit .au.
C．Ask at the local station. D．Check the train schedule.
解析：第一步　找关键词：ticket information
·第二步　定位到原文：在原文中定位原词ticket information，确定关键句为第一段的第二句“For ticket information，please ask at your local station or call 13 12 30.”。
·第三步　比对选项：想要获得票务信息可以咨询当地车站。
【例5】　（2023全国甲卷）
Terri Bolton is a dab hand when it comes to DIY (do-it-yourself). Skilled at putting up shelves and piecing together furniture, she never pays someone else to do a job she can do herself.
She credits these skills to her late grandfather and builder Derek Lloyd. From the age of six, Terri, now 26, accompanied Derek to work during her school holidays. A day’s work was rewarded with 5 in pocket money. She says: “I’m sure I wasn’t much of a help to start with painting the rooms and putting down the flooring throughout the house. It took weeks and is was backbreaking work, but I know he was proud of my skills.”
25. Why did Terri’s grandfather give her 5 a day
A. For a birthday gift.
B. As a treat for her work.
C. To support her DIY projects.
D. To encourage her to take up a hobby.
解析：根据关键词“grandfather”和“ 5”，回归到原文“A day’s work was rewarded with 5 in pocket money.”A. For a birthday gift.无中生有；C. To support her DIY projects.部分提及DIY projects，但是和题目所问风马牛不相及；D. To encourage her to take up a hobby.半真半假，鼓励为真，培养爱好未提及；B. As a treat for her work.中work在找到句子同词复现，treat是rewarded的同义复现。答案选B。
模拟训练
（2023秋·辽宁沈阳·高三校联考期末）The world has seen many inventions. While most people are proud of those associate with their names, there are things making inventors feel the other way.
The pop-up (弹出) advert, by Ethan Zuckerman
Pop-up ads are convenient for those who are interested, but most people get annoyed when they are on computers. They may contain computer viruses. Just as we would blame the inventor, the man humbly accepted his invention isn’t one of the best. In his essay, Zuckerman wrote about the most hateful thing, “I wrote the code to launch the window and run an ad in it.”
The emoticon, by Scott E. Fahlman
Emoticons began to occupy screens crazily in 2011 and gained great popularity, especially with young men. It had been four years since Fahlman first used a “smiley face” in a computer message. He created the emoticon as a joke marker. But things are different. “It has gone to places I don’t approve of,” he complained to The Wall Street Journal in 2013. “It shouldn’t have been created.”
The office cubicle (隔间), by Bob Propst
In 1968, Bob Propst came up with the idea office cubicles, something that “would build a futuristic and tidy office style with no real walls or doors and provide a more comfortable environment”. But the man has come to hate what he has invented, as Propst recalled to Fortune at age 80, “They’ve changed and just become cubicles”.
The K-Cup, by John Sylvan
It seems everyone has a Keurig coffee maker for K-Cups. John Sylvan invented the K-Cup, aimed at facilitating office life of white-collar workers. Now it’s common in houses and companies. However, the single-serve plastic coffee cups aren’t eco-friendly. “I feel bad sometimes that I ever did it”, Sylvan admits. But! Good news for Mr. Sylvan: Keuring now offers varieties of recyclable K-Cups.
1. When was the emoticon invented
A. In 2007. B. In 2009. C. In 2011. D. In 2013.
2. Which one was created for office workers’ convenience
A. The pop-up advert. B. The emoticon. C. The office cubicle. D. The K-Cup.
3. What do the above inventions have in common
A. They benefit human life greatly.
B. Their creators are blamed by the public.
C. Their inventors feel regretful.
D. They are very popular with young people.
参考答案：
1. A 2. D 3. C
【解析】这是一篇说明文。主要讲述了几种让人反感的发明。
1. 细节理解题。由文章第三段“Emoticons began to occupy screens crazily in 2011 and gained great popularity, especially with young men. It had been four years since Fahlman first used a “smiley face” in a computer message.（表情符号在2011年开始疯狂占据屏幕，并获得了极大的人气，尤其是在年轻男性中。法尔曼第一次在电脑信息中使用“笑脸”已经过去四年了）”可知，表情符号开始占据屏幕是2011年，而法尔曼第一次在电脑信息中使用“笑脸”已经过去四年了，由此可以推出第一次出现表情符应是2007年的时候。故选A项。
2. 细节理解题。由文章最后一段“It seems everyone has a Keurig coffee maker for K-Cups. John Sylvan invented the K-Cup, aimed at facilitating office life of white-collar workers.（似乎每个人都有一个K-Cup的Keurig咖啡机。 约翰·塞尔万发明了K-Cup，旨在方便白领的办公室生活）”可知，K-Cup是为了方便白领的办公生活而发明的。故选D项。
3. 推理判断题。由文章第二段“Just as we would blame the inventor, the man humbly accepted his invention isn’t one of the best.（就像我们会责备发明者一样，这个人谦卑地接受了他的发明不是最好的）”，第二段“It shouldn’t have been created.（它不应该被创造）”，第三段“But the man has come to hate what he has invented（但是这个人已经开始憎恨他所发明的东西 ）”，以及第四段“I feel bad sometimes that I ever did it（有时我为自己做过的事感到内疚）”可知，这四个发明的共同点是发明者都感到后悔。故选C项。

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