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人教版选择性必修四Unit 5 Launching Your Career
重点词汇详解+语法+重点句式知识清单
Part one Words and Phrases
一、词汇派生
1.law n.法律; 法学; 诉讼
→lawyer n.律师
→ lawful adj.法律许可的; 合法的
2.participate vi.参加; 参与
→ participant n.参与者; 参加者
→ participation n.参加; 参与
3.orient vt.使适应; 使面对
→ orient adj.东方的; 光彩夺目的
→ oriental adj.东方的; 东方人的
→ orientation n.方向; 定向; 适应; 情况介绍
4.account vt.&vi.解释; 导致; 报账
→ accountant n.会计师
5.just adj.公正的; 公平的
→ justice n.公平; 正义; 司法
→ justify vt.&vi.为…… 辩护; 证明合法
6.accuse vt.控告; 控诉; 谴责
→ accuser n.原告
→ accusation n.控告; 控诉
→accused n.被告
7.greed n.贪婪
→greedy adj.贪婪的, 贪心的
→greedily adv.贪婪地, 贪心地
→greediness n.贪心; 贪婪
8.receive vt.& vi.收到; 接收; 接待
→receipt n.收据; 接收
→receptionn.接待; 接收; 招待会;
→receptionist n.接待员; 传达员
9.society n.社会; 社团
→socialadj.社会的; 社交的
→socialist n.社会主义者;adj.社会主义的
→ socialism n.社会主义
10.dedicate vt.把……奉献给
→ dedicated adj.专注的; 献身的
→dedication n.奉献; 献身
11.finance n.财政, 财政学; 金融; vt.&vi.负担经费, 供给……经费; 筹集资金
→ financial adj.财政的; 金融的;
→ financially adv.财政上; 金融上
12.acquire vt.获得; 购得
→ acquired adj.后天的; 已获得的; 已成习惯的
→ acquisition n.习得; 获得; 收购
13.draw vt.& vi.拖；拉→drawer n.抽屉
14.bride n.新娘 →bridegroom n.新郎
15.detect vt.发现；发觉；查明
→detective n.侦探；警探
二、一词多义
1.bounce vi.& vt.(使)弹起；上下晃动 n.弹性；弹跳；活力
①She bounced the ball against the wall.（vt.使弹起）
②The ball bounced away and he chased it.（ vi.弹起）
③Every bounce of the truck brought them into fresh contact.（n.弹跳）
2.profile n.简介；概述；侧面轮廓 vt.扼要介绍；概述；写简介；显出轮廓）
①We could see the profile of a distant hill if it is very clear.（n.侧面轮廓）
②The newspaper publishes a profile of a leading sportsman every week.（n.简介）
③His career is profiled in this month's journal.（vt.概述）
三、重点词汇及拓展
1.bounce vi.& vt.(使)弹起；上下晃动 n.弹性；弹跳；活力
Short sound waves bounce off even small objects.
短声波在很小的物体上也能反射回来。
The ball bounced up and down.
球上下弹跳。
[造句]球弹得很高，她没有接住。
The ball bounced high and she missed it.
[知识拓展]
(1)on the bounce 在弹起时；接二连三地
(2)bounce around/about 蹦来蹦去；弹来弹去
bounce into...蹦蹦跳跳地进入；猛然冲进
①He bounced into the room and shouted at me.
②Ferreira again won the Portuguese championship，becoming the first coach to win three titles on the bounce.
③Because Gypsies bounced around/about from country to country，they found it difficult to build permanent settlements or find jobs.
2.head start起步前的优势
Being able to speak French gave her a head start over the other candidates.
会说法语使她比其他候选人占优势。
Joe has a head start.He began to study early than we did.
乔比我们占优势，他准备功课比我们早。
[造句]　良好的教育会让你的孩子在人生的起跑线上比别人领先一步。
A good education gives your child a head start in life.
[知识拓展]
at the start 刚开始；在起跑线
at the start of...在……开始的时候
a fresh start 新的起点，新的开始
take a fresh start 重新开始
from start to finish 自始至终，彻头彻尾
①The new system was confronted with great difficulties at the start.
②He takes over as chief executive at the start of next year.
③You'll have a fresh start every single day—not just on January 1st.
3.debt n.债务；欠款
He did not look forward to being in debt because his restaurant was no longer popular.
他不希望由于餐馆不受欢迎而负债。
This young couple are always in debt because they never consider their incomes before buying something.
这对年轻的夫妇总是负债，因为他们在买东西时从不考虑自己的收入。
[造句]　失业后她开始欠债。
After she lost her job，she began to run into debt.
[知识拓展]
in debt　 负债
out of debt 不欠债
pay off debts 还清债务
get/run into debt 负债
owe sb.a debt 欠某人一个人情
get out of debt 　 还债
①I'm heavily in debt at the moment，but hope to be out of debt when I get paid.
②He worked hard day and night to pay off his debts.
③I owe him a debt of gratitude for all he has done for me.
④It's much easier to get into debt than to get out of debt.借债容易还债难。
4.profile n.简介；概述；侧面轮廓 vt.扼要介绍；概述；写简介
He presented his best profile to the camera.
他在照相机前呈现自己最好看的侧面轮廓。
The story was given a low profile in today's papers.
今天的报纸很低调地报道这个故事。
[造句]　他侧面朝我坐着。
He sat in profile to me.
[知识拓展]
in profile 从侧面看；以侧面
draw in profile 画侧面像或轮廓
a profile of...……的简介或概述
high profile 鲜明的姿态
low profile 低姿态；不出头露面；不惹人注意
keep a low profile 保持低调
①The painting shows her in profile.
②The BBC are working on a profile of the British nuclear industry.
③When you are feeling happy，please enjoy it，but keep a low profile.
5.spy n.密探；间谍 vi.从事间谍活动 vt.突然看见；发现
We spied three figures in the distance.
我们看见远处有三个人影儿。
He denied acting as an enemy spy.
他否认自己是敌方间谍。
[造句]　我肯定邻居在暗中监视我。
I'm sure my neighbours spy on me.
[知识拓展]
spy on/upon sb.暗中监视某人；侦察某人
spy into sth.侦察某事
spy sth.out 暗中查明某事，秘密了解清楚某事
①He studied the map and spied out the quickest route.
②He knew he was being spied on/upon at that time.
③I was demanded to spy into the enemy's movements.
Part two Grammar
Review of long sentences (长句复习)
无论是多么复杂的长句，它都是由一些基本的成分组成。所以首先要弄清英语原文的句法结构，找出整个句子的中心内容及其各层意思，然后分析几层意思之间的相互逻辑关系。
一般来说，造成长句的原因有三方面：
修饰语多；
并列成分多；
(3)语言结构层次多。
在分析长句时可以采用下面的方法：
(1)找出全句的主语、谓语和宾语，从整体上把握句子的结构。
(2)找出句中所有的谓语结构、非谓语动词、介词短语和从句的引导词。
(3)分析从句和短语的功能。例如，是否为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句等；若是状语，它是表示时间、原因、结果、还是表示条件等。
(4)分析词、短语和从句之间的相互关系。例如，定语从句所修饰的先行词是哪一个。
(5)注意插入语等其他成分。
(6)注意分析句子中是否有固定词组或固定搭配。
下面我们结合一些实例来进行分析：
[例1]　Behaviorists suggest that the child who is raised in an environment where there are many stimuli which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses will experience greater intellectual development.
行为主义者认为，如果儿童的成长环境里有许多刺激因素，这些因素又有利于其适当反应能力的发展，那么，儿童的智力就会发展到较高的水平。
分析：(1)该句的主语为behaviorists，谓语为suggest，宾语为一个从句，因此整个句子为Behaviorist suggest thatclause结构。
(2)该句共有五个谓语结构，它们的谓语动词分别为suggest，is raised，are，develop，experience。这五个谓语结构之间的关系为：Behaviorist suggest thatclause结构为主句；who is raised in an environment为定语从句，所修饰的先行词为child；where there are many stimuli为定语从句，所修饰的先行词为environment；which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses为定语从句，所修饰的先行词为stimuli；在suggest的宾语从句中，主语为child，谓语为experience，宾语为greater intellectual development。在作了如上的分析之后，我们就会对该句有了一个较为透彻的理解。
[例2]　For a family of four，for example，it is more convenient as well as cheaper to sit comfortably at home，with almost unlimited entertainment available，than to go out in search of amusement elsewhere.
譬如，对于一个四口之家来说，舒舒服服地在家中看电视，就能看到几乎数不清的娱乐节目，这比到外面别的地方去消遣更便宜更方便。
分析：(1)该句的主干结构为it is more... to do sth.than to do sth.else.是一个比较结构，而且是在两个不定式之间进行比较。
(2)该句中共有三个谓语结构，它们之间的关系为：it is more convenient as well as cheaper to...为主体结构，但it是形式主语，真正的主语为第二个谓语结构to sit comfortably at home，并与第三个谓语结构to go out in search of amusement elsewhere作比较。
(3)句首的for a family of four作状语，表示条件。另外，还有两个介词短语作插入语：for example，with almost unlimited entertainment available，其中第二个介词短语作伴随状语，修饰to sit comfortably at home。
Part Three Sentences
重点句式
1.状语从句的省略
[教材原句P50] As an adult，one of the first questions you are asked when meeting someone new is，“What do you do？”
作为一个成年人，当你遇到一个不认识的人时，你会被问到的第一批问题之一是：“你是做什么的？”
[句式分析]
句中when meeting someone new是一个省略句，补全后为：When you meet someone new。
[例1]　 Work hard when (you are) young，or you'll regret.
少壮不努力，老大徒伤悲。
[例2]　While (she was) walking along the river bank，she was singing a pop song.
她沿着河堤边走边唱着流行歌曲。
[造句]　做作业的时候不要听音乐。
Don't listen to music when (you are) doing your homework.
[知识拓展]
当when，while，before，after，unless，as if，if等引导的状语从句中的主语与主句主语一致或从句主语是it，且从句谓语中含有be动词时，可以省略从句中的主语和be动词。
①If you are accepted for the job，you'll be informed soon.
＝If accepted for the job，you'll be informed soon.
②While he was playing with his children outdoors，the father felt very happy.
＝While playing with his children outdoors，the father felt very happy.
③He won't come unless he is invited.
＝He won't come unless invited.
2.现在分词短语作后置定语
[教材原句P50] This，however，is not always easy.Some people know what they want to do from a young age，but many others just have a few ideas bouncing around in their heads.
然而，这并不总是那么容易。有些人年轻时就清楚自己想做什么，但更多的人往往是只有一些想法在脑子里晃来晃去。
[句式分析]
句中bouncing around in their heads为现在分词短语作名词ideas的后置定语。
[例1]　 They put an advertisement in a newspaper looking for rock musicians.
他们在报上登了一则广告，寻求摇滚乐乐师。
[例2]　The building being built is our teaching building.
正在盖的楼房是我们的教学楼。
[造句]　站在窗边的那个人是我们的老师。
The man standing by the window is our teacher.
[知识拓展]
(1)现在分词(短语)作定语与所修饰的名词之间存在着逻辑上的主谓关系，表示该动作的主动和进行。
(2)单个现在分词作定语，放在所修饰词的前面，而现在分词短语作定语则放在所修饰词的后面。
①Do you know the man talking to your father
②Make less noise.There's a sleeping child.
③There is a note on the door saying “On Holiday”.
④The girl waiting to see the famous actor is my classmate.
等着见那位著名演员的女孩是我的同学。

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