第5章 肿瘤_3课件(共66张PPT)-《病理学·第4版》同步教学(科学出版社)

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第5章 肿瘤_3课件(共66张PPT)-《病理学·第4版》同步教学(科学出版社)

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(共66张PPT)
Section 4 肿瘤的命名与分类
肿瘤的命名原则
------依据组织来源和生物学行为
普通命名法
特殊命名法
-------无一定规律:传统习惯或约定俗成
子宫多发
性平滑肌瘤
部位(组织/器官名称) +形态特点+起源组织名称+瘤(oma)
普通命名法(良性肿瘤)
卵巢浆液性乳头状囊腺瘤
皮肤乳头状瘤
来源于上皮组织称癌(carcinoma)
来源于间叶组织称肉瘤(sarcoma)
*癌症Cancer:泛指所有恶性肿瘤
普通命名法(恶性肿瘤)
癌肉瘤Carcinosarcoma:同时存在癌和肉瘤成分
食管鳞状细胞癌
骨肉瘤
部位(组织/器官名称) +起源组织名称+癌或肉瘤
普通命名法(恶性肿瘤)
特殊命名法:
幼稚组织:神经母细胞瘤,肾母细胞瘤,视网膜母细胞瘤,
骨母细胞瘤,软骨母细胞瘤,脂肪母细胞瘤
习惯沿袭:恶性黑色素瘤,白血病,精原细胞瘤
人名命名:Krukenberg 瘤,Kaposi 肉瘤,Ewing 肉瘤,
Hodgkin’s淋巴瘤
肿瘤细胞形态命名:燕麦细胞癌,透明细胞癌,印戒细胞癌
---瘤病:神经纤维瘤病,脂肪瘤病,血管瘤病
三个胚层多种成分:畸胎瘤
肿瘤的分类 -组织来源→良性肿瘤和恶性肿瘤
*上皮组织——覆盖上皮(鳞状上皮/移行上皮)、基底细胞、
腺体及导管上皮
*间叶组织——纤维结缔/脂肪/肌肉/脉管/骨/软骨
*淋巴造血组织——淋巴组织、造血组织
*神经组织——神经鞘细胞/胶质细胞/脑膜组织
*其他——黑色素细胞/胎盘滋养叶细胞/生殖细胞
Section 5 肿瘤的生长与扩散(Growth & Spread)
生长方式
肿瘤扩散
外生性生长
膨胀性生长
浸润性生长
溃疡
①膨胀性生长
子宫平滑肌瘤
甲状腺瘤
良性肿瘤常见的生长方式
结节状或分叶状
常有包膜
与周围界清

②外生性生长
食管癌
皮肤乳头状瘤
良性及恶性肿瘤均见
但恶性肿瘤同时呈浸润性生长,
而且表面常有溃疡
阴茎癌

Exospheric growth pattern
③浸润性生长
胃癌
乳腺癌
★多数恶性肿瘤的生长方式
无包膜
与周围组织界限不清
浸润及破坏周围组织
易于转移
I 直接蔓延:
子宫颈癌
乳腺癌
乳腺癌通过胸膜腔蔓延至肺
肺癌沿着支气管蔓延到肺周围
神经末梢被恶性肿瘤细胞浸润,形成癌巢,是癌症病人晚期顽固性疼痛的原因
II 转移 (Metastasis)
恶性肿瘤细胞从原发部位侵入淋巴管、血管或体腔,在他处继续生长,形成与原发瘤同样类型的肿瘤(继发瘤或转移瘤)。
常见的转移途径包括:淋巴道、血道及种植性转移
有人统计,60%以上的恶性肿瘤患者于初次诊断时已发现有转移。如美国每年诊断约80万实体癌患者,而当时发现有转移者为50万。
Lymphatic metastasis
①淋巴道转移
Lymphatic metastasis
淋巴结转移瘤
原发恶性肿瘤
瀑布式:由近及远逐站发展
跳跃性:跨站发展
逆行性:如胸导管或乳糜池受阻时肿瘤细胞发生逆行栓塞并生长,导致锁骨上淋巴结和颈淋巴结转移
交叉性:指转移淋巴结位于原发瘤对侧。
淋巴道转移
②血道转移
血道转移
瘤栓
离散的瘤细胞
★常见的血道转移部位:肺、肝、骨、脑
交叉/逆行转移
恶性肿瘤细胞
体循环静脉
肺转移瘤
门静脉
肝转移瘤
肺原发癌
肺静脉
左心
全身

右心
癌脐
③种植性转移
胃癌
卵巢(Krukenberg瘤)
★医源性种植性转移
腹膜表面的大量灰白色结节即为种植性转移癌
横膈种植性转移
TRANSFORMATION
GROWTH
BM INVASION
ANGIOGENESIS
INTRAVASATION
EMBOLIZATION
ADHESION
EXTRAVASATION
METASTATIC GROWTH
etc.
Invasion Factors
Detachment ("loosening up") of the tumor cells from each other
Attachment to matrix components
Degradation of ECM, e.g., collagenase, etc.
Migration of tumor cells
Nm23
Non-metastasis
肿瘤的分期
肿瘤的分期和分级是对恶性肿瘤而言的,对恶性肿瘤治疗和预后有重要意义。
国际通用的是TNM分期法,T:肿瘤大小及局部浸润范围,N:淋巴结受累情况,M:远处转移。
Staging of Malignant Neoplasms
Stage Definition
Tis In situ, non-invasive (confined to epithelium) 原位,无浸润(局限于上皮内)
T1 Small, minimally invasive within primary organ site 原发部位较小
T2 Larger, more invasive within the primary organ site 原发部位较大
T3 Larger and/or invasive beyond margins of primary organ site 更大和或浸润超过了原发器官的边缘
T4 Very large and/or very invasive, spread to adjacent organs 非常大和(或)浸润到邻近器官
N0 No lymph node involvement 没有淋巴结转移
N1 Regional lymph node involvement 局限性淋巴结转移
N2 Extensive regional lymph node involvement 广泛的淋巴结转移
N3 More distant lymph node involvement 更多远处淋巴结转移
M0 No distant metastases 无远处转移(血道转移)
M1 Distant metastases present 远处转移(血道转移)
Grading of Malignant Neoplasms Grade Definition
I Well differentiated (高分化)
II Moderately differentiated 中度分化
III Poorly differentiated 低度分化
IV Nearly anaplastic 未分化
WELL
MODERATE
POOR
GRADING for Squamous Cell Carcinoma
ADENOCARCINOMA GRADING
细胞遗传学研究证实
肿瘤性增生是一种单克隆性增生
子宫多发性平滑肌瘤
正常子宫平滑肌细胞含有两种G-6-PD的同工酶
子宫平滑肌瘤的瘤细胞只有一种G-6-PD的同工酶
肿瘤生长的生物学
正常反应性增生的B细胞,单个B细胞只产生一种Ig的轻链,κ轻链或λ轻链
B细胞淋巴瘤中所有的瘤细胞只产生一 种Ig的轻链,κ轻链或λ轻链
肿瘤细胞的生长
Tc (细胞周期时间):
因细胞类型及种属而异
同一类型的正常细胞和肿瘤细胞相比大致接近
倍增时间
生长分数
正常组织细胞更新:增殖≈丢失 (动态平衡)
肿瘤组织中的瘤细胞:生成>>丢失
肿瘤细胞
增殖细胞
非增殖细胞
有效抗癌药敏感
G0 细胞(休止)
终细胞(无增殖能力)
化疗不敏感
×
复发
肿瘤血管形成
-血管形成因子、抗血管形成因子
肿瘤的演进 (progression)与异质化 (heterogeneity)
-异质化是演进的基础
新生血管是肿瘤持续生长的必要条件
J Folkman. Tumor angiogenesis therapeutic implications. N Eng J Med,Nov,1971,285(21):1182-6.
20世纪70年代初Folkman就提出,肿瘤组织的血液供应是实体肿瘤生长所必需的,当肿瘤生长超过1mm3---2mm3时,瘤体的增长就有赖于新生的血管供给营养。因此提出,减少瘤体血液供应可以成为治疗肿瘤的一种方法。
Figure. Metabolic stress during tumor development.
A solid tumor can outstrip its nutrient and oxygen supply as it grows, resulting in metabolic stress (tumors experiencing metabolic stress are depicted in gray). As a consequence, tumor cells must undergo a period of metabolic adaptation to survive this metabolic stress or undergo apoptosis. Angiogenesis and neovascularization of the tumor is one strategy of metabolic adaptation used by tumors to relieve this stress
肿瘤血管作为靶标不同于正常血管:
与正常血管相比,肿瘤血管处于增殖状态(更新周期120天:7天)
结构:肿瘤血管内皮稀少,基底膜不完整,缺乏周细胞和血管平滑肌,血管通透性高
功能:肿瘤血管不具备完整的微循环功能,血管生成后不再分化,不具备收缩功能,不受神经体液调节肿瘤细胞容易进入血循环,形成转移灶
抗肿瘤血管形成的靶标
肿瘤血管内皮细胞
细胞外基质的黏附分子与内皮细胞受体
基底膜及其蛋白酶水解系统
寻找靶标的途径:化学药物、抗体、基因分析
Endostatin therapy dramatically shrank mouse tumors in a 1997 experiment that raised high hopes for antiangiogenesis treatment. [Cell,1997,24 Jan]
James Watson : “cure cancer in 2 years.” This led to front-page stories and turned Folkman into a reluctant hero.
Persistence — luck — Avastin
on February 26, 2004, FDA approved Avastin for colorectal cancer treatment.
This culminated Ferrara’s more than 15-year involvement in its development.
When the JCI asked Ferrara how best to travel the entire road from isolated protein to approved drug, he answered with a laugh, “You need to be persistent - or lucky- or a combination of those.”
Science, 2000, 18 August, Vol 289: 1197-1202 .
Genes Expressed in Human Tumor Endothelium
Compared gene expression patterns of endothelial cells derived from blood vessels of normal and malignant colorectal tissues. Of over 170 transcripts predominantly expressed in the endothelium, 79 were differentially expressed, including 46 that were specifically elevated in tumor-associated endothelium.
Most of these tumor endothelial markers were expressed in a wide range of tumor types。These studies demonstrate that tumor and normal endothelium are distinct at the molecular level, a finding that may have significant implications for the development of anti-angiogenic therapies.
After learning that a newspaper had published his obituary, a very much alive Mark Twain responded that “the report of my death was an exaggeration.”
The same can be said for antiangiogenesis research. No one is predicting cancer cures within the next 2 years anymore. But as researchers figure out how to design antiangiogenesis drugs, time their administration, and combine them with other therapies, Folkman says, “it will be very exciting over the next 10 years to see how this plays out.”
SCIENCE, 2003, 25 JULY , VOL 301:452-454

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