第8章 消化系统疾病_9 课件(共42张PPT)-《病理学·第4版》同步教学(科学出版社)

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第8章 消化系统疾病_9 课件(共42张PPT)-《病理学·第4版》同步教学(科学出版社)

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(共42张PPT)
第八章 消化系统疾病
Alimentary system
① 低蛋白血症 Hypoalbuminaemia
② 出血
③ Ascites 腹水
④ 肝性脑病
⑤ 激素灭活障碍
肝功能衰竭 Hepatic failure
Palmar erythema
Spider angioma (nevus) in skin
“SPIDER” ANGIOMA, CIRRHOSIS
Gynecomastia
A 32 year old male patient with normal secondary sex characteristics, no testicular mass, no history of drug ingestion, no other endocrine abnormalities and a normal neurological examination. Nevertheless, he had a history of more than 15 years of large amounts of alcohol intake and a liver biopsy confirm alcoholic cirrhosis (Laennec's Cirrhosis).
Primary carcinoma of the liver
I . Definition
起源于肝细胞或肝内胆管上皮细胞的恶性肿瘤
II . Etiology
① Aflatoxin, which contaminates food stored in humid conditions
② Inflammatory of HBV (80%) or HCV
③ Excessive drinking 酗酒
Hepatic cirrhosis (70%)肝硬化
It is a premalignant condition and associated with an increased risk of liver cell carcinoma
III . Pahthological changes
Grossly :
早期肝癌 (小肝癌 )
单个癌结节 D < 3cm
结节数目 ≤ 2 ,∑D < 3cm
球状或分叶状,界清
切面无出血坏死
患者无临床症状
AFP (+)
中晚期肝癌
① 巨块型
D > 5 ~ 10 cm
单个 ,右叶
中央出血坏死
周围散布卫星病灶
Unifocal
Unifocal
Unifocal
② 结节型 ( 最多见 )
继发于严重肝硬化,多个,D < 5 cm
切面黄褐色,肝表面凹凸不平
③ 弥漫型 ( 少见 )
无明显结节
Multifocal
Histologically :
① Hepatocellular carcinoma 80 ~ 90 %
多角形 ,胞浆丰富红染
可合成胆汁
癌组织呈灰绿色
癌巢之间有丰富的血窦
② adenocarcinoma of bile ducts 胆管细胞癌
20 % , 腺癌 ( 单纯癌 ),源于肝内小胆管上皮细胞
Ⅳ. Spread of the carcinoma
淋巴道转移
肝门淋巴结
左锁骨上淋巴结
种植性转移
肝包膜波及
③ 混合细胞型肝癌
两种癌结构共存,少见
血道转移
肝静脉
肝外转移 ( 肺、骨、肾上腺 )
直接蔓延
肝内门静脉转移
卫星癌结节
癌栓
结肠腺癌肝转移
Metastases
Ⅴ. Clinical features and prognosis
早期 AFP (+),* 胆管细胞癌 AFP (—)
中晚期 肝区疼痛 ( 胀痛、钝痛 )、肝肿大 ( 进行性 )
门脉高压症状、转移灶症状
The patients will die in half a year without treatments. 自然生存期
Surgical resection is the most efficient way , only when it is early 早期手术
5 – year survival after the operation 术后5年生存率
is less than 20% in the patients who have symptoms
and 60% in the patients without symptoms
Multifocal
In the better differentiated variants, globules of bile may be found within the cytoplasma of cells and in pseudocanaliculi between cells
Cholangiocarcinoma
Clinical features
Patients with cirrhosis
Rapid increase in liver size
Sudden worsening of ascites
Bloody ascites
Fever, pain
Very high levels of a-fetoprotein
>1000ng/ml
Clinical features
Death caused by
Profound cachexia
Gastrointestinal or esophageal variceal bleeding
Liver failure with hepatic coma
Rupture of the tumor with fatal hemmorrhage
Media survival is 7months
Clinical features
HCC tend to remain confined to the liver until late in the course
Surgical resection with recurrence rate of 60% in 5 years
Liver transplantation
病历摘要:胡X,男性,32岁。主因腹胀、尿少、下肢肿胀11个月入院。患者于11个月前开始厌食,终日饱胀,四肢乏力,尿量减少病逐渐出现双下肢浮肿,以后腹部逐渐膨隆,下肢浮肿逐渐加重,在当地医院应用利尿剂治疗后尿量明显增加,浮肿有所减退。既往8年前有乙型肝炎病史。查体:神清,少语,精神弱,定时定向力正常,计算力差,巩膜轻度黄染,腹部高度膨隆,腹壁浅静脉怒张,腹水征阳性,肝脾触诊不满意。肝掌,前胸散在蜘蛛痣,下肢浮肿。化验:HBsAg+,凝血酶原时间26s,黄疸指数21U,麝香草酚浊度7 U,GPT<40 U,碱性磷酸酶42 U,胆固醇88 mg%,白蛋白3.1g%,球蛋白4.5g%,白/球比例为0.68:1。治疗经过:患者入院第3d大便后,突然出现上腹部剧痛,呕出鲜红色血液约800ml,脉搏134/min,BP 9/5kPa,经药物及三腔两囊管治疗,停止呕血,在随后的几日里陆续排出柏油样便。入院10d后逐渐躁动,并伴有高声喊叫,随后陷入昏迷,各种反射迟钝甚至消失,肝臭明显,抢救无效死亡。尸检摘要:皮肤及巩膜黄染,腹腔内黄色澄清液体约4500ml。肝脏:重890g,表面和切面均可见多个直径为1-2cm结节,镜检肝小叶正常结构破坏,代以假小叶,部分假小叶肝细胞明显变性坏死,假小叶间为多量纤维组织增生,并见新生胆管及成堆的淋巴细胞。脾脏:重860g,镜检脾窦高度扩张充血,内皮细胞增生,脾小结萎缩。食管内下段黏膜静脉丛明显曲张。
思考题:1.本病诊断及诊断依据。2.本例肝硬化原因。3.本例呕血及死亡原因分别是什么。

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