资源简介 (共42张PPT)第八章 消化系统疾病Alimentary system① 低蛋白血症 Hypoalbuminaemia② 出血③ Ascites 腹水④ 肝性脑病⑤ 激素灭活障碍肝功能衰竭 Hepatic failurePalmar erythemaSpider angioma (nevus) in skin“SPIDER” ANGIOMA, CIRRHOSISGynecomastiaA 32 year old male patient with normal secondary sex characteristics, no testicular mass, no history of drug ingestion, no other endocrine abnormalities and a normal neurological examination. Nevertheless, he had a history of more than 15 years of large amounts of alcohol intake and a liver biopsy confirm alcoholic cirrhosis (Laennec's Cirrhosis).Primary carcinoma of the liverI . Definition起源于肝细胞或肝内胆管上皮细胞的恶性肿瘤II . Etiology① Aflatoxin, which contaminates food stored in humid conditions② Inflammatory of HBV (80%) or HCV③ Excessive drinking 酗酒Hepatic cirrhosis (70%)肝硬化It is a premalignant condition and associated with an increased risk of liver cell carcinomaIII . Pahthological changesGrossly :早期肝癌 (小肝癌 )单个癌结节 D < 3cm结节数目 ≤ 2 ,∑D < 3cm球状或分叶状,界清切面无出血坏死患者无临床症状AFP (+)中晚期肝癌① 巨块型D > 5 ~ 10 cm单个 ,右叶中央出血坏死周围散布卫星病灶UnifocalUnifocalUnifocal② 结节型 ( 最多见 )继发于严重肝硬化,多个,D < 5 cm切面黄褐色,肝表面凹凸不平③ 弥漫型 ( 少见 )无明显结节MultifocalHistologically :① Hepatocellular carcinoma 80 ~ 90 %多角形 ,胞浆丰富红染可合成胆汁癌组织呈灰绿色癌巢之间有丰富的血窦② adenocarcinoma of bile ducts 胆管细胞癌20 % , 腺癌 ( 单纯癌 ),源于肝内小胆管上皮细胞Ⅳ. Spread of the carcinoma淋巴道转移肝门淋巴结左锁骨上淋巴结种植性转移肝包膜波及③ 混合细胞型肝癌两种癌结构共存,少见血道转移肝静脉肝外转移 ( 肺、骨、肾上腺 )直接蔓延肝内门静脉转移卫星癌结节癌栓结肠腺癌肝转移MetastasesⅤ. Clinical features and prognosis早期 AFP (+),* 胆管细胞癌 AFP (—)中晚期 肝区疼痛 ( 胀痛、钝痛 )、肝肿大 ( 进行性 )门脉高压症状、转移灶症状The patients will die in half a year without treatments. 自然生存期Surgical resection is the most efficient way , only when it is early 早期手术5 – year survival after the operation 术后5年生存率is less than 20% in the patients who have symptomsand 60% in the patients without symptomsMultifocalIn the better differentiated variants, globules of bile may be found within the cytoplasma of cells and in pseudocanaliculi between cellsCholangiocarcinomaClinical featuresPatients with cirrhosisRapid increase in liver sizeSudden worsening of ascitesBloody ascitesFever, painVery high levels of a-fetoprotein>1000ng/mlClinical featuresDeath caused byProfound cachexiaGastrointestinal or esophageal variceal bleedingLiver failure with hepatic comaRupture of the tumor with fatal hemmorrhageMedia survival is 7monthsClinical featuresHCC tend to remain confined to the liver until late in the courseSurgical resection with recurrence rate of 60% in 5 yearsLiver transplantation病历摘要:胡X,男性,32岁。主因腹胀、尿少、下肢肿胀11个月入院。患者于11个月前开始厌食,终日饱胀,四肢乏力,尿量减少病逐渐出现双下肢浮肿,以后腹部逐渐膨隆,下肢浮肿逐渐加重,在当地医院应用利尿剂治疗后尿量明显增加,浮肿有所减退。既往8年前有乙型肝炎病史。查体:神清,少语,精神弱,定时定向力正常,计算力差,巩膜轻度黄染,腹部高度膨隆,腹壁浅静脉怒张,腹水征阳性,肝脾触诊不满意。肝掌,前胸散在蜘蛛痣,下肢浮肿。化验:HBsAg+,凝血酶原时间26s,黄疸指数21U,麝香草酚浊度7 U,GPT<40 U,碱性磷酸酶42 U,胆固醇88 mg%,白蛋白3.1g%,球蛋白4.5g%,白/球比例为0.68:1。治疗经过:患者入院第3d大便后,突然出现上腹部剧痛,呕出鲜红色血液约800ml,脉搏134/min,BP 9/5kPa,经药物及三腔两囊管治疗,停止呕血,在随后的几日里陆续排出柏油样便。入院10d后逐渐躁动,并伴有高声喊叫,随后陷入昏迷,各种反射迟钝甚至消失,肝臭明显,抢救无效死亡。尸检摘要:皮肤及巩膜黄染,腹腔内黄色澄清液体约4500ml。肝脏:重890g,表面和切面均可见多个直径为1-2cm结节,镜检肝小叶正常结构破坏,代以假小叶,部分假小叶肝细胞明显变性坏死,假小叶间为多量纤维组织增生,并见新生胆管及成堆的淋巴细胞。脾脏:重860g,镜检脾窦高度扩张充血,内皮细胞增生,脾小结萎缩。食管内下段黏膜静脉丛明显曲张。思考题:1.本病诊断及诊断依据。2.本例肝硬化原因。3.本例呕血及死亡原因分别是什么。 展开更多...... 收起↑ 资源预览