2024年贵州人教版中考英语第二部分---语法专题突破 名词(无答案)

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2024年贵州人教版中考英语第二部分---语法专题突破 名词(无答案)

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2024人教版中考语法专题突破
专题一 名词
名词思维导图
考点1:名词词义辨析
1)名词的种类
名 词 类别 含义 示例
专有名词 表示具体的人名、事物、国家、地名、机构、团体等的专有名称 Jenny;China;the UK;the Great Wall
普 通 名 词 可 数 名 词 不 可 数 个体 名词 表示单个的人或事物 girl;student;desk
集合 名词 表示一群人或一些事物的总称 people;police;clothes
不可 数 名 词 物质 名词 表示无法分为个体的物质 water;ice;chess
抽象 名词 表示抽象概念的词 love;health;happiness
2)名词词义辨析
中考对名词词义辨析的考查重点是名词在语境中的辨析,其常见命题角度为:同类名词词义辨析和不同类名词词义辨析。
考向 常见类别 例词
同类名 词词义 辨析 地点 forest;market;mountain
时间 morning;afternoon;night
职业 swimmer;driver;farmer;doctor
食物 biscuit;cake;bread
人物关系 wife;husband
学习用品 pencil;book
身体部位 shoulder;leg;foot
不同类名词词义辨析 近义词 trouble;problem;question; difficulty
形近词 price;prize;pride chance;choice;challenge;change project;program;progress;promise
其他 friendship;relationship;relative birth;growth;death
考点2:名词的数
1)可数名词
1.可数名词复数的规则变化
类别 构成方法 示例
一般情况下 直接在词尾加 s desk→desks;day→days
以s,x,sh,ch等结尾的词 加 es bus→buses;box→boxes
以辅音字母加y结尾的词 变y为i,再加 es family→families;country→countries
以f或fe结尾的词 变fe或f为v,再加 es leaf→leaves;knife→ knives
以o结尾的词 表示有生命的名词在词尾加 es hero→heroes;tomato→ tomatoes
表示无生命的名词在词尾加 s radio→radios;piano→pianos
【巧学妙记】
以 f 或 fe 结尾的名词变复数巧记
半,片half树,叶leaf自己self黄,妻子wife拿刀knife去杀狼wolf,架shelf后小偷thief逃命life忙。
以o结尾的名词变复数巧记
英雄hero爱吃西红柿tomato和土豆potato。
2.可数名词复数的不规则变化
情况 示例
元音字母变化 man→men;policeman→policemen;tooth→teeth;foot→feet
各国人变复数 Chinese→Chinese;Englishman→Englishmen;German→Germans;Indian→ Indians ★中日不变,英法变,其余s加后面
单复数同形 deer→deer;sheep→ sheep
只有复数形式 clothes;trousers;pants;jeans;socks;glasses(眼镜);scissors
复合名词 ★前者不变后者变:apple tree→apple trees
★男人女人若出现,前者后者都要变:man doctor→men doctors
其他变形形式 mouse→mice;child→ children
有些名词形式上虽是单数,意义上却是复数 people,police,public
有些名词虽以s结尾,但意义上是单数 maths,physics,news
3.可数名词(词组)的限定词
①these/those,few/a few,many/too many,several,a couple of,a number of等;
②大于1的基数词。
2)不可数名词
1.常见的不可数名词
类别 示例
食物和饮品 water;milk;bread;meat;rice;cheese
自然物质 air;grass;ice;sand;water;wood(木材)
学科 math;English;geography;physics;chemistry
情感 peace;friendship;joy;love
概念 weather;knowledge;information;population
其他 advice;news;money
2.不可数名词的量化表达
不可数名词一般没有复数形式,前面不能用不定冠词a、an或数词表示量。
①表大概的量:用some,any,much,little/a little,a lot of,lots of,a large amount of等
some water一些水;a little milk一点儿牛奶;a large amount of money一大笔钱
②表具体的量:基数词/不定冠词+量词+of+不可数名词
★基数词大于1时,将表计量的名词变复数(谓语动词的数由表计量名词的单复数决定)
a piece of paper 一张纸;two cups of tea两杯茶;
【知识拓展】
既可修饰可数名词又可修饰不可数名词的修饰语:some,most,a lot of,lots of,plenty of,enough,all,any,the rest of等。
3)既可作可数名词又可作不可数名词,但含义不同的词
名词 可数名词含义 不可数名词义 名词 可数名词含义 不可数名词义
room 房间 地方;空间 paper 报纸;试卷 纸
glass 玻璃杯 玻璃 orange 橘子 橘子汁
chicken 小鸡 鸡肉 work 作品 工作
wood 树林 木材 exercise 练习 锻炼
time 次数;时代 时间 fish 鱼 鱼肉
experience 经历 经验 beauty 美人 美
考点3:名词所有格
1.“ ’s”形式的所有格
类别 构成方法 示例
有生命的名词 以s结尾,在词尾加 ’ parents’ meeting家长会
不以s结尾,在词尾加 ’s the girl’s bag女孩的包
表示时间、距离、国家 等的名词 单数加 ’s an hour’s drive/ride一个小时的车程
复数加 ’ two hours’ ride两个小时的车程
表示几个人共同拥有 在最后一个名字后加 ’s Tom and Jim’s room汤姆和吉姆共同的房间
表示每个人各自拥有 在每个名字后加 ’s Tom’s and Jim’s rooms汤姆和吉姆各自的房间
表示店铺、诊所、住宅 及公共区域 加 ’s,所有格后面的名词通常省略 at the teacher’s在老师办公室; at the barber’s在理发店
注意:以 s结尾的人名的所有格的构成是在其后加 ’或 ’s,如:James’或James’s
初中常见的含名词所有格的节日名称
Women’s Day妇女节 Children’s Day儿童节 Mother’s Day母亲节 Father’s Day父亲节
New Year’s Day元旦 New Year’s Eve除夕 Teachers’ Day教师节 Fools’ Day愚人节
2.of所有格
表示无生命事物的名词一般用of所有格。结构:名词+of+名词。如:a map of the world世界地图
3.双重所有格:当冠词、数词、不定代词、指示代词与名词所有格同时修饰一个名词时,要用双重所有格,其结构有两种形式:
1.冠词/数词/不定代词/指示代词+名词+of+sb.’s。如:a book of my father’s我父亲的一本书
2.冠词/数词/不定代词/指示代词+名词+of+名词性物主代词。如:a friend of mine我的一个朋友
考点4:名词相关的构词法
1.动词转换为名词
类别 示例
v.+ er/ or/ r work→worker;climb→climber;direct→director;act→actor
v.+ ion/ tion/ sion decide→decision;invite→invitation;protect→protection;invent→ invention
v.+ ment improve→improvement;develop→development;achieve→achievement
v.+ ing begin→beginning;mean→meaning;hike→hiking;end→ending
其他 weigh →weight;choose→choice;appear→appearance;succeed→success
2.其他词性转换为名词
类别 示例
n.+ ist/ ian(表职业身份) science→scientist;magic→magician
adj.(将y变为i)+ ness kind→kindness;shy→shyness;happy→happiness
adj.(去e加i)+ y/ ty difficult→difficulty;safe→safety;creative→creativity
adj.(去t加 ce) different→difference;patient→patience;confident→confidence
adj.+ th warm→warmth
特殊情况 riend→friendship;proud→pride;high→ height
一、根据语境,用所给词的适当形式填空。
1.He is a warm hearted boy.He is always treating others with (warm)and kindness.
2.The government has taken action to reduce water________(pollute).So Fuxi River becomes cleaner.
3.It is reported that the ________(high)of Qomolangma is more than 8,800 meters.
4.The ________(connect)between people and plants has long been the subject of scientific research.
5.When Dave goes back home from school,his dog always greets him with (excite)at the door.
二、短文填空。
To own a happier future,keeping a feeling of balance in our life is very important.Here are some 1. (suggest)for you.Life isn’t fair.Our life isn’t always full of2.________(please),is it?Life doesn’t always give us a hand and doing our best doesn’t always bring good results.
Loneliness.It’s impossible for us to be with our family and friends forever.Don’t be afraid when we feel lonely.Treasure the 3._______(friend)and love ourselves now.Personal responsibility.We each can be either a 4.________(win)or a loser.We should have responsibility for the 5._______(choose)we make.
Life is like a long journey.Travel with a positive attitude and look at the bright side of things.In this way,we will have a great sense of 6.________(happy).And there will always be sunshine and flowers in our eyes.
三、完形填空。
Derek Rabelo was born in Brazil in 1992.His father called him Derek after a famous  1  ,Derek Ho.Derek’s father wanted Derek to become a surfer,too,but there was a problem:Unluckily,Derek was born blind.His father’s dream to see his  2  surf seemed impossible!
When Derek was 17,his father told him about his 3  .From that moment,Derek tried his best to become a surfer.He went to the beach every day and started taking surfing  4  with a coach.Derek kept trying and finally,he learned to surf!
Derek explains that although he can’t see,he understands the  5  that the waves make and he can hear them when they are coming.He says every part of a wave makes a different noise,so he knows which  6  to surf in.
In 2012,he flew to Hawaii to surf one of the most challenging and dangerous  7  in the world.Local surfers were very surprised to see the confident young man surf the huge wave with no  8 at all.
A film producer decided to make a  9  about him.Beyond Sight tells Derek’s inspirational  10 and teaches us that nothing is impossible if you believe in yourself!
1.A.swimmer B.surfer C.teacher
2.A.son B.man C.daughter
3.A.story B.advice C.dream
4.A.matches B.lessons C.exams
5.A.shouts B.noises C.songs
6.A.pattern B.sense C.direction
7.A.waves B.beaches C.sports
8.A.interest B.problem C.surprise
9.A.film B.living C.plan
10.A.thought B.future C.story

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