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2024人教版中考语法专题突破
专题二　动词
动词思维导图
考点1：动词的分类
1.实义动词
实义动词是表示动作或状态的词，可在句中独立作谓语。根据能否直接接宾语，可分为及物动词（vt.）和不及物动词（vi.）。
1）及物动词及物动词本身意义不完整，需要接宾语才能完整表达意思。如：Lisa usually takes(动词) a shower(宾语) at 9 p.m.莉萨通常晚上九点洗淋浴。
有些动词后面接双宾语，直接宾语表示动作的承受者，一般是物，间接宾语表示动作所指向的人，即动作是对谁或为谁做的。间接宾语有时可放到直接宾语后，由介词to或for引出。
如：Betty buys(动词) her friend(间接宾语) a dictionary(直接宾语).＝Betty buys a dictionary for her friend.贝蒂给她的朋友买了一本词典。
2）不及物动词
①不及物动词可单独使用，构成“主语＋谓语”句型。如：At last，Sandy came.最终，桑迪来了。
②不及物动词可与介词、副词等搭配使用，构成及物的动词短语。如：At last，Sandy came to the party.最终，桑迪来参加聚会了。
2.系动词
系动词用于连接主语和表语。系动词本身有含义，但不能单独作谓语，后面必须和表语一起构成“系表结构”，说明主语的身份、性质或状态。
类别 例词 例句
表状态 be；keep；stay；remain；seem；appear The sky is blue. 天很蓝。 Keep quiet，class. 保持安静，同学们。 Lucy remained silent in the meeting.露西在会议上保持沉默。 The little boy appears unhappy.这个小男孩好像不高兴。
表感官 look；feel；smell；sound；taste The dish tastes delicious.这道菜尝起来很美味.
表变化 become；get；go；grow；turn；fall The milk went sour. 牛奶变质了。 The days grow longer in summer.夏天白天变得更长。
注意：（1）系动词没有被动语态形式；（2）表示状态的系动词不用于进行时态。
3.助动词
助动词本身无意义或意义不完全，不能单独作谓语。助动词在句中和实义动词或系动词一起构成谓语，表示时态、语态、人称和数。
助动词 用法 例句
be 构成现在进行时（am/is/are＋现在分词） Jenny is teaching English.珍妮正在教英语。
构成过去进行时（was/were＋现在分词） I was reading books when my mom came back.我妈妈回来的时候，我正在读书。
构成被动语态（be＋ 过去分词） A lot of birds are protected in natural parks.许多鸟在自然公园受到保护。
do 构成疑问句和否定句 Do they take music classes this Monday？他们这周一有音乐课吗？
在陈述句中用在谓语动词前加强语气 My father did tell me that.我爸爸确实告诉了我那件事.
代替上文出现的动词 I don’t like playing soccer，but my sister does.我不喜欢踢足球，但我妹妹喜欢。
构成否定祈使句 Don’t be noisy！不要喧哗！
have 构成现在完成时（have/has＋过去分词） I have been a doctor for three years.我成为一名医 生已经三年了。
构成过去完成时（had＋过去词） The bus had left when I arrived.我赶到的时候公 共汽车已经走了。
Will /shall 构成一般将来时（will/shall＋动词原形） There will be more trees in the future.将来会有更多的树。
would 构成过去将来时（would＋动词原形） Cindy told me that she would go to Beijing on holiday.辛迪告诉我她将要去北京度假。
4.情态动词
情态动词表示说话人对动作或状态的各种观点和态度，如需要、猜测、意愿或怀疑等。情态动词有词义，但不完全，是所谓的“辅助性”动词，在句中不能单独充当谓语。
情态动词后面一般跟动词原形，并且不随主语变化而变化。
考点2：常见动词短语
1.动词短语的分类
动词短语是指动词跟介词或副词等构成的固定短语。常见分类有：
1）动词＋介词
宾语只能位于介词后面。如：look after，care about，go through等。
2）动词＋副词
若宾语为代词则需位于动词和副词之间；若宾语为名词，则该名词既可放在动词和副词之间，也可放在副词后。如：turn it on，turn on the blender，turn the blender
on等。
3）动词＋副词＋介词
宾语只能位于介词后面。如：get along with，look forward to，come up with等。
4）动词＋名词＋介词
名词前可加形容词来修饰，宾语只能位于介词后面。如：make friends with，take pride in，take （good）
care of等。
考点3：情态动词
1.情态动词的基本用法
情态动词 基本用法 示例
can/ could 表示能力、许可、可能性★辨析：be able to更倾向于经过努力后能够做到某事，有人称和时态的变化 I can play the piano.我会弹钢琴。
表示请求或许可，could比can语气更委婉 Could you do me a favor？你能帮我个忙吗？
may/ might 表示请求或许可，might比may语气更委婉 May I borrow your bike？我可以借你的自行车吗？
may放在句首，表示希望、祈求、祝愿 May you be appy！祝你幸福！
must must表示义务、命令或要求，意为“必须”，mustn’t意为“禁止” ★辨析：have to“必须”，表客观需要，有人称和时态的变化 You must be quiet.你必须保持安静。 You mustn’t smoke there.你不准在那儿吸烟。 It’s late.I have to go now.很晚了，我现在 得走了。
should 强调义务、责任、劝告或建议，意为“应该” You should wash your hands before meals.吃 饭前你应该洗手。
need 表示需要，用于否定句和疑问句中 ★need作实义动词时，常用于need to do sth. 结构 Need I take the history book here now？我需 要现在把历史书拿来吗
shall 常用于第一人称的句子中，表示说话人征求对方的意见 Shall we go to Mr.Yu’s peech on Chinese culture？我们去听于先生关于中国文化的演讲好吗？
will/ would 表达意愿或征求意见 I will do anything for you.我将为你做任何事。 Would you please help with the housework？你能帮忙做家务吗？
had better had better意为“最好……”， had better not意为“最好不要……” You’d better not discuss this question with David. 你最好不要和戴维讨论这个问题。
【知识拓展】
★含有情态动词的被动语态：
含有情态动词的被动语态的结构为：情态动词＋be＋done（动词的过去分词）。如：
Many of the stars cannot be seen because they are far away from us.很多星星我们看不到，因为它们离
我们太远了。
2.情态动词表推测的用法
1）can表示推测时，一般用于否定句或疑问句中。can’t意为“一定不；不可能”。如：
Someone is knocking at the door.Who can it be？有人在敲门，可能会是谁呢？
—Look！Mark is reading a book in the library.看！马克正在图书馆读书。
—It can’t be him.He is in the classroom.那不可能是他，他在教室。
2）could表示推测时，语气比can要弱，说话者留有余地。如：
—Could the book be Lily’s？这本书可能是莉莉的吗？
—It can’t be，because Tony’s name is on it.它不可能是，因为托尼的名字在上面。
3）must表示肯定的推测，意为“一定；肯定；必定”，一般用于肯定句中。如：
Mr.Li must be working now，for the lights in his office are still on.李先生现在肯定在工作，因为他办公室的灯还亮着。
4）may和might表示推测时，都意为“可能”。might表示的可能性比may小。may和might表推测时常和not sure连用。如：
Tom might be working in his office，but I’m not sure.汤姆可能正在他的办公室里工作，但我不确定。
5）should意为“按理说；应该”。如：
It is already 10 o’clock now.They should be there.现在已经十点钟了，他们应该到那里了。
【知识拓展】不同情态动词的否定含义：
否定形式 含义 示例
can’t/ cannot 不会 I can’t play basketball. 我不会打篮球
不可能 He can’t be ill.He is playing chess with Tom. 他不可能病了，他正和汤姆下棋呢。
may not 可能不 He may not be at home.他也许不在家。
mustn’t 禁止；不允许 You mustn’t talk in class.（你们）禁止在课上说话。
needn’t 不必 You needn’t meet him unless you’d like to. 你不需要见他，除非你想（见他）
shouldn’t 不应该 You shouldn’t feel so unhappy over such little things.对于这种小事，你不应该感到这么不高兴.
一、根据中文意思，补全英语译文。（每空一词）
1.昨天，我们花了一整个下午为唱歌比赛做准备。
We spent the whole afternoon________ _________ the singing competition yesterday.
2.未来属于青年，希望寄予青年。
The future________ _________ the young people and our hopes also rest with them.
3.春天来啦！我们一起欣赏平坝园里的樱花吧！
Spring is coming！________ _________ the cherry blossoms in Pingba Garden together！
4.登山者的精神向我们表明：我们决不应该放弃努力实现自己的梦想。
The spirit of the climbers shows us that we________ _________ give up trying to achieve our dreams.
5.当我在田野里奔跑时，我的妈妈总是确保我是安全的，让我远离危险。
When I was running in the field，my mother always ________ _________I was safe and kept me from danger.
6.“林业英雄”郭万刚在过去的四十年里在腾格里沙漠上建起了一道绿色屏障。
Guo Wangang，the forestry hero，________ _________a green belt in the Tengger Desert over the past 40
years.
二、选词填空（填写序号）。
A.can　B.became　C.make　D.didn’t E.at　F.for　G.couldn’t
One really cold morning，Ben was hungry and cold.He looked 1.________ the cup and said，“I’m so cold，and I wish I could have a cup of hot chocolate.” Suddenly，the cup was full of hot chocolate to drink.Then he said again，“I would like a hundred books so that I 2.________ learn all about the world.” Suddenly，a hundred books fell on the ground.
Later，Ben told his brothers what had happened.They 3.________wait to pick up the cup and said，“Cup，can you give me a room full of money？” Suddenly，there was money everywhere.The brothers began to fight for the cup.“You should be careful.Don’t 4.________ the cup fall down！” said Ben.But it was late.The cup fell down and broke.All the money and books disappeared.
But the broken cup 5.________ make all the stories from the books disappear from Ben’s head.Ben learned a lot and 6.________ a writer in the end.So wealth would disappear but knowledge would never.It only shows that the knowledge you have learned will belong to you forever.
三、完形填空。
In February 2007，about two hundred paragliders were in Australia to prepare for the World Championship. They 　1　 Ewa Wisnierska，a German paragliding champion（冠军）.
One morning，as the competitors were getting ready to take off，they noticed that a terrible storm was coming. However，they decided to 　2　 on.After all，these were the best paragliders in the world.
Unluckily，as the competitors took off，the weather quickly became worse.Ewa tried to get away from the storm，but two huge clouds came together and 　3　 her.
The clouds pulled Ewa up inside the storm like a leaf in the wind.She flew higher and higher，with lightning（闪电）and hailstones（冰雹） all around her.“I was 　4　 ，” she told reporters afterwards.“The last thing I 　5　 ，it was dark.I could hear lightning all around me.”
She 　6　 to about 10，000 meters high and then lost all her senses.At that height，the temperature was about -40℃.
After forty minutes Ewa woke up.She was still inside the storm.It was dark and hailstones were 　7　 past.They were as big as tennis balls.Finally，Ewa came out of the storm cloud and 　8　 towards a small farm and landed safely.She fell to the ground，too weak to call for help.
When her team 　9　 her，she was 60 km away from the place where she took off.She was covered in ice but alive！
Ewa was sent to a hospital for treatment at once，but a few days later，she 　10　 in the World Championship. “Flying is too fantastic to stop because of an accident，” she said.
1.A.introduced B.reminded C.included
2.A.get B.turn C.carry
3.A.caught B.hung C.deleted
4.A.shaking B.pulling C.dreaming
5.A.decide B.remember C.consider
6.A.guided B.drove C.rose
7.A.flying B.pushing C.crying
8.A.climbed B.jumped C.headed
9.A.served B.reached C.visited
10.A.volunteered B.repeated C.competed

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