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阅读理解段落大意题破解之法
一、辨析段落结构，定位主题句。
段落是句子的集合，也是语篇的重要组成部分。有时，为了追求某些效果，段落可以是一个句子，比如小说等文学文本。但绝大多数，段落有很多个句子组成。试卷中，出题者往往对由多个句子构成的段落设置段落大意题。英语段落中，常出现的句子类型为主题句、支持句、总结句和过渡句。这四类句子虽然不一定同时都出现在一个段落里，但作为考生要学会分辨和判断，尤其是主题句。主题句一般出现在段首、段中和短尾，抓住了主题句，段落大意就一目了然了。 如2023年6月新课标I卷的第32题：
What is paragraph 2 of the text mainly about
A. The methods of estimation. B. The underlying logic of the effect.
C. The causes of people’s errors. D. The design of Galton’s experiment.
以下是第二段的内容：
①This effect capitalizes on the fact that when people make errors, those errors aren’t always the same. ②Some people will tend to overestimate, and some to underestimate. ③When enough of these errors are averaged together, they cancel each other out, resulting in a more accurate estimate.④ If people are similar and tend to make the same errors, then their errors won’t cancel each other out. ⑤In more technical terms, the wisdom of crowds requires that people’s estimates be independent. ⑥If for whatever reasons, people’s errors become correlated or dependent, the accuracy of the estimate will go down.
通读以上段落，不难发现①是主题句，②到④从正反两方面进行解释，⑤、⑥句从专业术语方面进行解释。所以本段主要讲了这种效应成立的一个事实基础，即这个效果的底层逻辑，所以该题选B。
（二）、寻找过渡句，确定承上或启下。
正如上面所提到的，过渡句也是作者在段落中常用的一种句子类型。过渡句，顾名思义即一个句子承接或总结上面的内容，同时提示或领起下面的内容，简单地说就是的作用是总结上文，引出下文。它可能出现在段落中，对一个段落是前后段进行承上启下，也可能出现在段首，总结上一段，引出下一段。所以，考生在阅读中，需留心这样的句子，如果能找到这样的句子，段落大意题就迎刃而解了。如以下这一题：
What is the second paragraph mainly about
A. The influence of social media.
B. The truth behind the statistics.
C. The different examples of Climate change effects.
D. Young people's easy exposure to climate problems.
①In 2019, more than 1.4 million young people around the globe took part in the School Strikes for Climate Action protests that were largely prompted by a 17-year-old Swedish activist Greta Thunberg. The inspirational teenage is far from the first or last young person to fight for a better environmental future.
②With the rise of social media in recent years, young people around the globe have easy access to surprising information about how we're currently failing to look after the Earth. Websites such as YouTube provide accessible coverage on ecological matters and links to new scientific information are easily shared between peers. But, it's not just online research that exposes the truth, and it's not a distant threat either. Climate change is around us. Our oceans are 30 percent more acidic (酸性的) due to carbon pollution, an increase of droughts and heatwaves means a loss of crop production and forest is cut down every second.
③Of course, just because young people are now readily armed with statistics doesn't mean all adults will eagerly listen to them. Many write off young activists simply due to their age, and others still aren't willing to see the environmental challenges we face, but that doesn't mean a diligence can't be made.
...
细读第二段，不难发现第二段中But, it's not just online research that exposes the truth, and it's not a distant threat either. 这一句是一句过渡句，前半句总结了前半段的内容：年轻人在网上可以接触到很多关于地球环境变差的信息，后半句引出气候变化就在我们身边。通过分析这一句过渡句，考生会发现，其实这整一段都是在讲年轻人容易接触到气候问题。
解答这一段落大意题，考生还可从第三段段首的第一句入手，这一句在语意上也是个过渡句，其中just because young people are now readily armed with statistics是对第二段的总结，而doesn't mean all adults will eagerly listen to them这一部分引出了下文。所以，要概括第二段的段落大意，考生可利用这一过渡句的前半部分，轻松得出答案D。
（三）、关注体现逻辑关系的词，把握段落行文走向。
作者在写一个段落时，为了更清晰地表达自己的观点，往往会使用一些体现逻辑关系的词。如and, also, or, likewise, similarly, equally, in the same way, that is to say等表示并列关系；…and so…; another important factor/reason…; as consequence; as a result; in consequence; because; consequently; for the reason that; for the same reason; for; hence; therefore; thus等表示因果关系；yet; but; unless; despite that; in spite of; though; although; even though; however; regardless of等表示转折关系；in one word; in brief; in short; in summary; on the whole; in conclusion; the conclusion can be safely drawn that…; to conclude; to sum up; summing up;all in all等表示转折关系，这里仅例举几种常见的逻辑关系。在进行段落归纳时，考生要有意识地去寻找这些体现逻辑关系的词，利用这些词理顺段落背后的逻辑，从而抓住段落的中心意思。如2022年新高考I卷第34题：
What is paragraph 5 mainly about
A. Supporting evidence for the research results.
B. Potential application of the research findings.
C. A further explanation of the research methods.
D. A reasonable doubt about the research process.
以下是第五段的内容：
Analyses of a language database also confirmed that there was a global change in the sound of world languages after the Neolithic age, with the use of “f” and “v” increasing remarkably during the last few thousand years. These sounds are still not found in the languages of many hunter-gatherer people today.
在这一段的第一句中，有一个体现并列关系的also，结合整个第一句，考生马上就能得出这一段作者为研究成果又提供了一个证据，故该题选A。
（四）、熟悉写作手法，化繁为简。
英语高考阅读理解所选的语篇大多是说明文，尤其是D篇。而说明文经常会使用举例子、下定义、列数字、引用等写作手法。这些写作手法，在段落中主要起到辅助作用。考生在阅读时，如遇到这些写作手法，可大胆地把使用这些写作手法的语句去掉，把段落化繁为简，从而便于概括段落大意。如以下段落大意题：
What is this paragraph mainly about
A. ChatGPT’s output can be compared with undergraduate work.
B. ChatGPT could threaten lower-end jobs potentially.
C. It explains what artificial general intelligence is.
D. It illustrates that ChatGPT is limited to a specific set of tasks.
①While ChatGPT is not infallible, Oxford's wooldridge compares its output to well-written undergraduate work. ②For example, when asked what is a “tificial general intelligence” the chatbot responds, “It refers to a type of artificial intelligence that is capable of understanding or learning any intellectual task that a human being can.In other words AGI is a type of AI that is able to perform any cognitive function that a human being can, rather than being limited to a specific set of tasks.” ③This level of output poses a threat to those at the lower end of the employment market. ④According to the Office for National Statistics (ONS), around 1.5 million jobs nationwide can be automated away, with those at greatest risk including restaurant waiters.
在以上段落中，②所在句子是一个例子，④是引用，所以考生在概括此段时，可把这两句去掉，整个长段就可简化为如下：
While ChatGPT is not infallible, Oxford's wooldridge compares its output to well-written undergraduate work. This level of output poses a threat to those at the lower end of the employment market.
这样，这段的大意就呼之欲出了。它主要讲了ChatGPT高水平的输出能力对雇用市场的底层劳动者构成了威胁，所以该题选B。
（五）、寻找高频词，圈定段落中心。
文章的每个段落都是围绕一个中心展开的，所以作者难免会在同一个段落中使用体现这个中心的同一个词或同一个意思的不同的词，我们把这样的词叫高频词。考生在做阅读大意题时，可圈出这类词，从而定位主旨大意。如2021新高考I卷中的第35题：
What does the last paragraph mainly talk about concerning emotional intelligence
A. Its appeal to the public. B. Expectations for future studies.
C. Its practical application. D. Scientists with new perspectives.
Although the continuing popular appeal of emotional intelligence is desirable, we hope that such attention will excite a greater interest in the scientific and scholarly study of emotion. It is our hope that in coming decades, advances in science will offer new perspectives (视角) from which to study how people manage their lives. Emotional intelligence, with its focus on both head and heart, may serve to point us in the right direction.
在这一段中，作者使用了两个hope，一个作动词用，还有一个是作名词用，但都表示希望的意思。可见，这一段表达了作者的期望，所以该题选B。
又如本文第二条中的例子（如下），我们也可以通过找高频词的方法来解答。在这一段中have easy access to, accessible, easily shared between peers, not a distant threat, aroud us等词都是围绕easy exposure展开的。
With the rise of social media in recent years, young people around the globe have easy access to surprising information about how we're currently failing to look after the Earth. Websites such as YouTube provide accessible coverage on ecological matters and links to new scientific information are easily shared between peers. But, it's not just online research that exposes the truth, and it's not a distant threat either. Climate change is around us. Our oceans are 30 percent more acidic (酸性的) due to carbon pollution, an increase of droughts and heatwaves means a loss of crop production and forest is cut down every second.
以上是破解英语阅读段落大意的五个常用方法。考生在解题时可根据具体的语段内容，选择相应的解题方法。需要指出的是，有时，一个语段可以用多种方法来解，从多个维度来考虑。

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