资源简介

押北京卷第28-34题
阅读理解C、D篇
【三年考情回顾】
C篇
时间 卷次 主题语境 文体 题型分类
2023年 北京卷 人与社会：西方社会在工业化进程中因短视而带来的种种问题，倡导有远见的思考和长远的观点 议论文 2个推理判断题 1个主旨要义题
2022年 北京卷 人与社会:阐述了系统思维是应对全球挑战的关键 说明文 3推理判断题
2021年 北京卷 人与社会：科学家、作家和科研人员联名签署公开信一事向人类发出了警告:政策制定者和我们其他人必须公开面对全球崩溃的风险 议论文 3推理判断题
D篇
时间 卷次 主题语境 文体 题型分类
2023年 北京卷 人与社会:介绍了人工生命研究的现状和发展前景 说明文 1个推测词义题 2个推理判断题 1个主旨要义题
2022年 北京卷 人与社会:针对量子计算及与其相关的炒作的不同观点与态度 议论文 1个细节理解题 1个推理判断题 1个推测词义题 1个主旨要义题
2021年 北京卷 人与社会:介绍了一种特殊的记录时间的方式 说明文 3个推理判断题
1个主旨要义题
C篇和D篇文本难度提高,注重考查学生的高阶思维,以逻辑推理为主,具有良好的区分度,需要考生依据文本主旨大意和相关段落内容进行合理推断。同时,C篇和D篇词汇量较大,含有较多的长难句,考生要能快速识别关键信息,培养化繁为简的能力,画出长难句的主干成分,简化复合句,快速准确地理解文本信息,准确解答试题
03-2023北京，C
In recent years, researchers from diverse fields have agreed that short-termism is now a significant problem in industrialised societies. The inability to engage with longer-term causes and consequences leads to some of the world's most serious problems:climate change, biodiversity collapse, and more. The historian Francis Cole argues that the West has entered a period where “only the present exists, a present characterised at once by the cruelty of the instant and by the boredom of an unending now”.
It has been proved that people have a bias(偏向) towards the present, focusing on loud attractions in the moment at the expense of the health, well-being and financial stability of their future selves or community. In business, this bias surfaces as short-sighted decisions. And on slow-burning problems like climate change, it translates into the unwillingness to make small sacrifices（牺牲） today that could make a major difference tomorrow. Instead, all that matters is next quarter's profit, or satisfying some other near-term desires.
These biased perspectives cannot be blamed on one single cause. It is fair to say, though, that our psychological biases play a major role. People's hesitancy to delay satisfaction is the most obvious example, but there are others. One of them is about how the most accessible information in the present affects decisions about the future. For instance, you might hear someone say:“It's cold this winter, so I needn't worry about global warming.” Another is that loud and urgent matters are given too much importance, making people ignore longer-term trends that arguably matter more. This is when a pop star draws far more attention than, say, gradual biodiversity decline.
As a psychologist once joked, if aliens(外星人) wanted to weaken humanity, they wouldn't send ships;they would invent climate change. Indeed, when it comes to environmental transformations, we can develop a form of collective “poor memory”, and each new generation can believe the state of affairs they encounter is nothing out of the ordinary. Older people today, for example, can remember a time with insect-covered car windscreens after long drives. Children, on the other hand, have no idea that insect population has dropped dramatically.
1. The author quotes Francis Cole mainly to .
A. draw a comparison B. introduce a topic
C. evaluate a statement D. highlight a problem
2. What can be inferred from the last paragraph
A. Climate change has been forgotten.
B. Lessons of history are highly valued.
C. The human mind is bad at noting slow change.
D. Humans are unwilling to admit their shortcomings.
3. What does the author intend to tell us
A. Far-sighted thinking matters to humans.
B. Humans tend to make long-term sacrifices.
C. Current policies facilitate future decision-making.
D. Bias towards the present helps reduce near-term desires.
[语篇解读] 本文为议论文。文章指出西方社会在工业化进程中因短视而带来的种种问题，倡导有远见的思考和长远的观点。
1. D推理判断题。根据题干关键词Francis Cole可定位到第一段。段首点出本文的话题——短期主义(short-termism)。然后引用Francis Cole的话来强调短期主义的问题——无法考虑长期的目标和后果。
2. C推理判断题。最后一段第二句表明，当涉及环境变化时，人类会形成一种集体的“记忆力差”，并且每一代人都认为他们所经历的环境状态是正常的。由此可推知，人类的大脑并不善于感知渐进变化。
3. A主旨要义题。通读全文可知，作者认为，短期主义导致了像气候变化这样的严重问题，而人们重眼前轻未来的心理偏向助长了这种短视的思维。由此可推知，作者想要通过文章传达的信息是，有远见的思考和长远的观点对人类非常重要。
长难句Indeed, when it comes to environmental transformations, we can develop a form of collective “poor memory”, and each new generation can believe the state of affairs they encounter is nothing out of the ordinary.
译文 的确，当涉及环境变化时，我们可以形成一种集体的“记忆力差”，每一代新人都会认为他们所遇到的情况并没有什么不寻常。
分析 when it comes to意为“当涉及……时”，用作状语。and连接两个并列分句，在第二个分句中，they encounter是定语从句。
04-2023北京，D
What is life Like most great questions, this one is easy to ask but difficult to answer. The reason is simple: we know of just one type of life and it's challenging to do science with a sample size of one. The field of artificial life—called ALife for short—is the systematic attempt to spell out life's fundamental principles. Many of these practitioners, so-called ALifers, think that somehow making life is the surest way to really understand what life is.
So far no one has convincingly made artificial life. This track record makes ALife a ripe target for criticism, such as declarations of the field's doubtful scientific value. Alan Smith, a complexity scientist, is tired of such complaints. Asking about “the point” of ALife might be, well, missing the point entirely, he says. “The existence of a living system is not about the use of anything,” Alan says. “Some people ask me, ‘So what's the worth of artificial life ’ Do you ever think, ‘What is the worth of your grandmother ’”
As much as many ALifers hate emphasising their research's applications, the attempts to create artificial life could have practical payoffs. Artificial intelligence may be considered ALife's cousin in that researchers in both fields are enamoured by a concept called open-ended evolution(演化). This is the capacity for a system to create essentially endless complexity, to be a sort of “novelty generator”. The only system known to exhibit this is Earth's biosphere. If the field of ALife manages to reproduce life's endless “creativity” in some virtual model, those same principles could give rise to truly inventive machines.
Compared with the developments of AI, advances in ALife are harder to recognise. One reason is that ALife is a field in which the central concept—life itself—is undefined. The lack of agreement among ALifers doesn't help either. The result is a diverse line of projects that each advance along their unique paths. For better or worse, ALife mirrors the very subject it studies. Its muddled(混乱的) progression is a striking parallel(平行线) to the evolutionary struggles that have shaped Earth's biosphere.
Undefined and uncontrolled, ALife drives its followers to repurpose old ideas and generate novelty. It may be, of course, that these characteristics aren't in any way surprising or singular. They may apply universally to all acts of evolution. Ultimately ALife may be nothing special. But even this dismissal suggests something: perhaps, just like life itself throughout the universe, the rise of ALife will prove unavoidable.
1. Regarding Alan Smith's defence of ALife, the author is .
A.supportive B. puzzled
C. unconcerned D. doubtful
2. What does the word “enamoured” underlined in Paragraph 3 most probably mean
A. Shocked. B. Protected.
C. Attracted. D. Challenged.
3. What can we learn from this passage
A. ALife holds the key to human future.
B. ALife and AI share a common feature.
C. AI mirrors the developments of ALife.
D. AI speeds up the process of human evolution.
4. Which would be the best title for the passage
A. Life Is Undefined. Can AI Be a Way Out
B. Life Evolves. Can AI Help ALife Evolve, Too
C. Life Is Undefined. Can ALife Be Defined One Day
D. Life Evolves. Can Attempts to Create ALife Evolve, Too
[语篇解读] 本文是说明文，主要介绍了人工生命研究的现状和发展前景。
1. A推理判断题。根据题干中的Regarding Alan Smith's defence of ALife可知是在问作者对艾伦·史密斯维护人工生命的态度，定位到第二段。由“This track record makes ALife a ripe target for criticism,such as declarations of the field's doubtful scientific value.”以及“Alan Smith...is tired of such complaints.”可知艾伦对于人工生命遭受的批评是厌烦的，第二段最后艾伦以“你的奶奶有什么价值”反问，认可人工生命存在的必要性。由文章最后一段的“the rise of ALife will prove unavoidable（人工生命的出现将被证实是不可避免的）”可知作者对人工生命的发展是持支持态度的，故作者是支持艾伦对于人工生命的维护的，故选A。
2. C推测词义题。分析画线词所在句“Artificial intelligence may be considered ALife's cousin in that researchers in both fields are enamoured by a concept called open-ended evolution.”可知人工智能和人工生命是表兄弟，in that后阐述原因：这两个领域的研究者都一种叫作“开放式演化”的概念，再由下文的“If the field of ALife manages to reproduce life's endless ‘creativity’in some virtual model, those same principles could give rise to truly inventive machines.”可知，如果人工生命领域能够在某些虚拟模型中重现生命的无尽“创造力”，那么那些相同的观念可能会产生真正的创造性机器。这是积极的。本句的those same principles指代画线词后的a concept。浏览选项可知，attracted（依恋，喜爱）符合语境。
3. B推理判断题。由第三段第二句“Artificial intelligence may be considered ALife's cousin in that researchers in both fields are enamoured by a concept called open-ended evolution.”可知人工智能和人工生命的研究者都喜欢一种叫作“开放式演化”的概念，故选B（人工生命和人工智能有相似的特点）。A、C、D在文中无信息支撑。
4.D主旨要义题。第一段提出人工生命领域的研究目的，第二段说明人工生命遭受的批评并用艾伦的观点支持人工生命的研究，第三段以人工智能和人工生命的联系来说明人工生命应用的可能性，第四段说明人工生命难以被认可的原因，最后为主题段，表明作者的观点:也许正如宇宙中的生命本身一样，人工生命的出现也将被证实是不可避免的。由此可知，本文是在说明人工生命研究的现状况与发展前景，D项（生命在进化。创造人工生命的尝试也可以进化吗？）可总述文章，最适合做文章标题。
议论文应对策略
高考英语议论文设题广泛，细节理解题、推理判断题、词句猜测题、主旨大意题都有可能出现，因此，在阅读议论文时，应该从结构和内容两方面同时入手，先通读原文，再区分事实和观点，明确论点、论证和论据，明了作者最后得出的结论。具体答题策略如下：
说明文应对策略
高考英语阅读理解科普类文章思想性和时代感强，题材涉及发明创造、科技创新、科技与生活、科学研究等。文章体裁一般为说明文，语篇主要来源于英美主流报刊、杂志和网站，文章的遣词造句地道，思维逻辑独具英语语言的特点。
科普类文章的理论性和逻辑性强、篇幅长、生词多、句式结构复杂。文本结构一般包括五个部分：标题（headline）、导语（introduction）、背景（background）、主干（main body）和结尾（ending）。标题高度精辟地概括文章中心思想。主干部分介绍研究所取得的突破，作者往往会详细介绍研究的理论构架、研究对象、研究方法、具体的实验、统计等过程。结尾通常会再次对中心进行概括、重述研究成果、后续研究
的方向等，与导语相呼应。
具体答题策略如下：
1. 运用语篇结构，概括全文主旨大意，明晰写作意图。
科普说明文主题鲜明、脉络清晰，行文结构模式较为固定。弄清文本结构有助于把握文章主旨和阅读重点。高考科普类说明文一般分为两种类型：实验研究型和介绍说明型。除了遵循上述文本结构的几个部分的模式外，作者在谋篇布局上常使用以下说明方法：描述法（description）（包括举例子、下定义、列数据等）、因果法（cause and effect）、问题与对策法（problem and solution）。
2. 利用文中语境线索，分析长难句，进行逻辑推理判断。
英语文章中有大量的词汇是作者用来联系句子与句子，从而使整篇文章前后贯通、语义明确的。标志词（signal words）就是表明句子间和段落间的逻辑关系、具有词义、语法结构标志作用的词或词组。句子间的逻辑关系和衔接手段不外乎列举、原因、结果、让步、对照、补充、目的、条件等。
3. 谙熟选项设置规律，对比原文，去伪存真。
注意干扰项“张冠李戴”、“偷梁换柱”、“无中生有”和“以偏概全”四种类型。
“张冠李戴”是命题者把文章作者的观点与他人的观点混淆起来，或者把文中不同地方的信息拼接在一起从而改变了原文的意思。
“偷梁换柱”类型是用了与原文相似的句型结构和大部分相似的词汇，却在不易引人注意的地方换了几个表示程度、限定的词汇，造成句意的改变。
“无中生有”类型往往是生活的基本常识和普遍接受的观点，貌似非常正确，但在原文中并无相关的信息支持，这种选项的设置往往与问题的设问毫不相干。
“以偏概全”则是以局部代替整体，进行不合理关联或者不准确的概括。在下文的例子中，同学们可以更加清楚直观地了解干扰项的特点，在解题时，绕开陷阱，去伪存真。
说明文解题策略
1.细读文章重点
关注文章结构；文章主题句；各段首末句；体现作者观点态度的词句。
2.明确说明对象
通读全文，明确作者是针对哪一个说明对象从不同的角度和侧面对其加以说明的。在阅读过程中要概括、总结每一段说明的侧重点，理清各段之间的逻辑联系，加深对说明对象的理解。
3.弄清说明顺序
在说明的过程中作者会选择合理的说明顺序对说明对象进行有条不紊的解说。把握了说明顺序，就能
准确把握文章的脉络，加深对整篇文章的理解。
4.把握作者态度
说明文的首段一般借用生活中的某个场景事件引入说明的事物。一般穿插人们对被说明事物的看法和观点，要仔细体会观点的倾向性和情感色彩，来对比作者态度和写作情感。
5.吃透长难句子
学会运用括号法分析长难句，把影响考生理解的各种从句、非谓语动词短语以及复杂介词短语括起来，从而达到“去枝叶，留主干”的目的，进而准确理解句子含义。
6.学会适当放弃
无关大局的生僻词汇阅读中经常会遇到一些生词，如果这些生词对理解全文没有影响或影响不大就可略过。较长的人名、地名有许多较长的表示人名、地名等的专有名词，阅读时可一扫而过或干脆用其首字母代替，不必试图把整个专有名词读出来。
议论文
一
（2024届北京门市头沟区一模）
D
A recent global study, which surveyed 10,000 young people from 10 countries, showed that nearly 60 percent of them were extremely worried about the future state of the planet. The report, which was published in The Lancet, also showed that nearly half of the respondents said that such distress affected them daily, and three quarters agreed with the statement that “the future is frightening.” This, along with many other studies, shows clearly that climate change is not just a threat to the environment that we inhabit. It also poses a very real threat to our emotional well-being. Psychologists have categorized these feelings of grief and worry about the current climate emergency, a common occurrence among youth today, under the label of “eco-anxiety”.
Eco-anxiety doesn’t just affect young people. It also affects researchers who work in climate and ecological science, burdened by the reality depicted by their findings, and it affects the most economically marginalized (边缘化的) across the globe, who bear the damaging impacts of climate breakdown.
In 2024, eco-anxiety will rise to become one of the leading causes of mental health problems. The reasons are obvious. Scientists estimate that the world is likely to breach safe limits of temperature rise above pre-industrial
levels for the first time by 2027.
In recent years, we’ve seen wildfires tear through Canada and Greece, and summer floods ruin regions in Pakistan that are home to nearly 33 million people. Studies have shown that those impacted by air pollution and rising temperatures are more likely to experience psychological distress.
To make matters worse, facing climate crisis, our political class is not offering strong leadership. The COP28 conference in Dubai will be headed by an oil and gas company executive. In the UK, the government is backtracking on its green commitments.
Fortunately, greater levels of eco-anxiety will also offer an avenue for resolving the climate crisis directly. According to Caroline Hickman, a researcher on eco-anxiety from the University of Bath, anyone experiencing eco-anxiety is displaying entirely natural and rational reactions to the climate crisis. This is why, in 2024, we will also see more people around the world join the fight for climate justice and seek jobs that prioritize environmental sustainability. Campaigners will put increased pressure on fossil fuel industries and the governments to rapidly abandon the usage of polluting coal, oil, and gas.
It’s now clear that not only are these industries the main causes for the climate crisis, they are also responsible for the mental health crisis, which is starting to affect most of us. Eco-anxiety is not something we will defeat with therapy, but something we will tackle by taking action.
31. What can we learn from the passage
A. The cause of eco-anxiety is emotions existing in our mind.
B. People in developed countries are more likely to suffer from eco-anxiety.
C. Eco-anxiety is a new kind of psychological disease due to climate change.
D. The author is disappointed about government behaviour towards climate crisis.
32. What does the underlined word “breach” in Paragraph 3 most probably mean
A. Break. B. Reach. C. Raise. D. Affect.
33. As for Caroline Hickman’s opinion on eco-anxiety, the author is .
A. puzzled B. favourable C. suspicious D. unconcerned
34. What would be the best title for the passage
A. Who Is to Blame for Eco-anxiety
B. How Should You See Eco-anxiety
C. How Will Eco-anxiety Be Resolved
D. Why Do People Suffer from Eco-anxiety
【答案】31. D 32. A 33. B 34. B
【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了，气候变化不仅威胁到我们所居住的环境。它还对我们的情绪健康构成了非常现实的威胁，因为对地球的未来状况极为担忧，许多人会有“生态焦虑”，作者解释了它的影响、好处和应对策略。
31.推理判断题。由第五段中“To make matters worse, facing climate crisis, our political class is not offering strong leadership. (更糟糕的是，面对气候危机，我们的政治阶层没有提供强有力的领导)”和“In the UK, the government is backtracking on its green commitments. (在英国，政府正在背弃其绿色承诺)”可知，作者认为面对气候危机，政府不是无作为就是背弃其绿色承诺，可得出作者对政府应对气候危机的行为感到失望。故选D项。
32.词句猜测题。由第一段中“Psychologists have categorized these feelings of grief and worry about the current climate emergency, a common occurrence among youth today, under the label of “eco-anxiety”. (心理学家将这些对当前气候紧急情况的悲伤和担忧归类为“生态焦虑”，这在当今年轻人中很常见)”和第四段中“In recent years, we’ve seen wildfires tear through Canada and Greece (近年来，我们看到野火肆虐加拿大和希腊)”及“Studies have shown that those impacted by air pollution and rising temperatures are more likely to experience psychological distress. (研究表明，那些受到空气污染和气温上升影响的人更有可能经历心理痛苦)”可知，人们因对当前气候紧急情况（如空气污染和气温上升）的悲伤和担忧而产生“生态焦虑”，而当前气候紧急情况在加剧，野火肆虐加拿大和希腊，说明全球气温在不断升高，再结合第三段中“In 2024, eco-anxiety will rise to become one of the leading causes of mental health problems. (2024年，生态焦虑将上升为心理健康问题的主要原因之一)”和“Scientists estimate that the world is likely to breach safe limits of temperature rise above pre-industrial levels for the first time by 2027. (科学家估计，到2027年，世界可能首次breach气温上升超过工业化前水平的安全极限)”可知，生态焦虑在继续，说明当前气候紧急情况并未得到缓解，而是在加剧，到2027年，世界可能首次“打破”气温上升超过工业化前水平的安全极限，划线词意为“Break”。故选A项。
33.推理判断题。由倒数第二段中“Fortunately, greater levels of eco-anxiety will also offer an avenue for resolving the climate crisis directly. According to Caroline Hickman, a researcher on eco-anxiety from the University of Bath, anyone experiencing eco-anxiety is displaying entirely natural and rational reactions to the climate crisis. (幸运的是，更大程度的生态焦虑也将为直接解决气候危机提供途径。巴斯大学生态焦虑研究人员卡罗琳·希克曼表示，任何经历生态焦虑的人都会对气候危机表现出完全自然和理性的反应)”可知，更大程度的生态焦虑也将让人们对气候危机表现出完全自然和理性的反应，为直接解决气候危机提供途径，Caroline Hickman对生态焦
虑持赞同态度。故选B项。
34.主旨大意题。通读全文可知，文章介绍了气候变化不仅威胁到我们所居住的环境。它还对我们的情绪健康构成了非常现实的威胁，因为对地球的未来状况极为担忧，许多人会有“生态焦虑”，作者解释了它的影响、好处和应对策略，B项“你应该如何看待生态焦虑？”适合做标题。故选B项。
二
If you want to tell the history of the whole world, a history that does not privilege one part of humanity, you cannot do it through texts alone, because only some of the world has ever had texts, while most of the world, for most of the time, has not. Writing is one of humanity’s later achievements, and until fairly recently even many literate (有文字的) societies recorded their concerns not only in writing but in things.
Ideally a history would bring together texts and objects, and some chapters of this book are able to do just that, but in many cases we simply can’t. The clearest example of this between literate and non-literate history is perhaps the first conflict, at Botany Bay, between Captain Cook’s voyage and the Australian Aboriginals. From the English side, we have scientific reports and the captain’s record of that terrible day. From the Australian side, we have only a wooden shield (盾) dropped by a man in flight after his first experience of gunshot. If we want to reconstruct what was actually going on that day, the shield must be questioned and interpreted as deeply and strictly as the written reports.
In addition to the problem of miscomprehension from both sides, there are victories accidentally or deliberately twisted, especially when only the victors know how to write. Those who are on the losing side often have only their things to tell their stories. The Caribbean Taino, the Australian Aboriginals, the African people of Benin and the Incas, all of whom appear in this book, can speak to us now of their past achievements most powerfully through the objects they made: a history told through things gives them back a voice. When we consider contact (联系) between literate and non-literate societies such as these, all our first-hand accounts are necessarily twisted, only one half of a dialogue. If we are to find the other half of that conversation, we have to read not just the texts, but the objects.
32. What is the first paragraph mainly about
A. How past events should be presented. B. What humanity is concerned about.
C. Whether facts speak louder than words. D. Why written language is reliable.
33. What does the author indicate by mentioning Captain Cook in paragraph 2
A. His report was scientific. B. He represented the local people.
C. He ruled over Botany Bay. D. His record was one-sided.
34. What does the underlined word “conversation” in paragraph 3 refer to
A. Problem. B. History. C. Voice.D. Society.
35. Which of the following books is the text most likely selected from
A. How Maps Tell Stories of the World B. A Short History of Australia
C. A History of the World in 100 Objects D. How Art Works Tell Stories
【答案】32. A 33. D 34. B 35. C
【导语】本文是一篇议论文。本文讨论了仅仅依靠书面文本来讲述世界历史的局限性，并强调了将物品纳入历史叙事以更好地理解无文字社会的重要性。
32.主旨大意题。根据文章第一段“If you want to tell the history of the whole world, a history that does not privilege one part of humanity, you cannot do it through texts alone, because only some of the world has ever had texts, while most of the world, for most of the time, has not. Writing is one of humanity’s later achievements, and until fairly recently even many literate (有文字的) societies recorded their concerns not only in writing but in things. (如果你想讲述整个世界的历史，一段不以人类某一部分为特权的历史，你不能仅仅通过文本来讲述，因为世界上只有一部分人曾经有过文本，而世界上大多数人，在大多数时间里，都没有。写作是人类较晚的成就之一，直到最近，甚至许多有文字的社会也不仅用文字，而且用物件来记录他们所关心的事情。)”可推知，第一段主要讲述的是历史应该如何呈现给我们。故选A。
33.推理判断题。根据文章第二段首句“Ideally a history would bring together texts and objects, and some chapters of this book are able to do just that, but in many cases we simply can’t. (理想情况下，历史应该将文本和物品结合在一起，本书的某些章节能够做到这一点，但在许多情况下，我们根本做不到。)”可推断，作者认为历史应该是文本和物品相结合的产物，但是很多情况下，我们做不到。再根据所举例子的下文“From the English side, we have scientific reports and the captain’s record of that terrible day. From the Australian side, we have only a wooden shield (盾) dropped by a man in flight after his first experience of gunshot. (在英国方面，我们有科学报告和船长对那可怕的一天的记录。从澳大利亚方面来看，我们只有一个木制盾牌，这是一名男子在第一次经历枪击后在飞行中扔下的。)”可知，作者举这个例子是为了说明船长的记录是片面的，只从自己的角度描述了问题。故选D。
34.词句猜测题。根据划线单词上文“The Caribbean Taino, the Australian Aboriginals, the African people of Benin and the Incas, all of whom appear in this book, can speak to us now of their past achievements most powerfully through the objects they made: a history told through things gives them back a voice. When we consider contact (联
系) between literate and non-literate societies such as these, all our first-hand accounts are necessarily twisted, only one half of a dialogue. (加勒比海的泰诺人、澳大利亚的土著人、贝宁的非洲人以及印加人，所有这些人都出现在这本书中，他们现在都可以通过他们制造的物品向我们讲述他们过去最强大的成就：通过物品讲述的历史给了他们一个声音。当我们考虑诸如此类的有文化社会和无文化社会之间的接触时，我们所有的第一手资料都必然是扭曲的，只有对话的一半。)”结合划线句“If we are to find the other half of that conversation, we have to read not just the texts, but the objects. (如果我们要找到对话的另一半，我们不仅要读文本，还要读物体。)”可知，我们对过去历史的了解，只是书写历史的人所想要让我们了解的历史，如果我们想要了解历史的另一半，我们不仅仅要读文本也要读对象。所以conversation指的是“历史”。故选B。
35.推理判断题。根据文章第一段“If you want to tell the history of the whole world, a history that does not privilege one part of humanity, you cannot do it through texts alone, because only some of the world has ever had texts, while most of the world, for most of the time, has not.(如果你想讲述整个世界的历史，一段不以人类某一部分为特权的历史，你不能仅仅通过文本来讲述，因为世界上只有一部分人的历史曾经被文字记录过，而世界上大多数人，在大多数时间里，都没有。)”结合最后一段的“ If we are to find the other half of that conversation, we have to read not just the texts, but the objects. (如果我们要找到对话的另一半，我们不仅要读文本，还要读物体。)”可知，本文讲述仅仅依靠书面文本来讲述世界历史有局限性，想要更好的了解历史就要将文本和物品结合在一起。从而推断文章最有可能选自《100件物品中的世界史》。故选C。
三
Sometime in the early 1960s, a significant thing happened in Sydney, Australia. The city discovered its harbor. Then, one after another, Sydney discovered lots of things that were just sort of there — broad parks, superb beaches, and a culturally diverse population. But it is the harbor that makes the city.
Andrew Reynolds, a cheerful fellow in his early 30s, pilots Sydney ferryboats for a living. I spent the whole morning shuttling back and forth across the harbor. After our third run Andrew shut down the engine, and we went our separate ways — he for a lunch break, I to explore the city.
“I’ll miss these old boats,” he said as we parted.
“How do you mean ” I asked.
“Oh, they’re replacing them with catamarans. Catamarans are faster, but they’re not so elegant, and they’re not fun to pilot. But that’s progress, I guess.”
Everywhere in Sydney these days, change and progress are the watchwords (口号), and traditions are increasingly rare. Shirley Fitzgerald, the city’s official historian, told me that in its rush to modernity in the 1970s,
Sydney swept aside much of its past, including many of its finest buildings. “Sydney is confused about itself,” she said. “We can’t seem to make up our minds whether we want a modern city or a traditional one. It’s a conflict that we aren’t getting any better at resolving (解决).”
On the other hand, being young and old at the same time has its attractions. I considered this when I met a thoughtful young businessman named Anthony. “Many people say that we lack culture in this country,” he told me. “What people forget is that the Italians, when they came to Australia, brought 2000 years of their culture, the Greeks some 3000 years, and the Chinese more still. We’ve got a foundation built on ancient cultures but with a drive and dynamism of a young country. It’s a pretty hard combination to beat.”
He is right, but I can’t help wishing they would keep those old ferries.
32. What is the first paragraph mainly about
A. Sydney’s striking architecture. B. The cultural diversity of Sydney.
C. The key to Sydney’s development. D. Sydney’s tourist attractions in the 1960s.
33. What can we learn about Andrew Reynolds
A. He goes to work by boat. B. He looks forward to a new life.
C. He pilots catamarans well. D. He is attached to the old ferries.
34. What does Shirley Fitzgerald think of Sydney
A. It is losing its traditions. B. It should speed up its progress.
C. It should expand its population. D. It is becoming more international.
35. Which statement will the author probably agree with
A. A city can be young and old at the same time.
B. A city built on ancient cultures is more dynamic.
C. modernity is usually achieved at the cost of elegance.
D. Compromise should be made between the local and the foreign.
32-35 DDAA
【解题导语】本文是一篇夹叙夹议文。文章通过作者和悉尼人士的交流介绍了悉尼发展中面临的问题。
32. C。主旨大意题。根据第一段“Sometime in the early 1960s, a significant thing happened in Sydney, Australia. The city discovered its harbor. (20世纪60年代初，澳大利亚悉尼发生了一件大事。这座城市发现了它的港口) ”以及“But it is the harbor that makes the city. (但是是港口造就了城市)”可知，本段主要介绍了悉尼发展的关键是港口。故选C。
33. D。细节理解题。根据第二段“Andrew Reynolds, a cheerful fellow in his early 30s, pilot Sydney ferryboats for a living. (30岁出头的Andrew Reynolds是个快乐的小伙子，他在悉尼担任渡轮领航员为生)”、第三段“I’ll miss these old boats. (我会想念这些旧船的)”以及第五段“Catamarans are faster, but they’re not so elegant, and they’re not fun to pilot. (双体船更快，但它们不那么优雅，驾驶起来也不有趣)”可知，渡轮领航员Andrew Reynolds喜欢老式渡船。故选D。
34. A。推理判断题。根据倒数第三段“Shirley Fitzgerald, the city’s official historian, told me that in its rush to modernity in the 1970s, Sydney swept aside much of its past, including many of its finest buildings. (悉尼的官方历史学家Shirley Fitzgerald告诉我，在20世纪70年代奔向现代化的过程中，悉尼把很多它的过去都抛在了一边，包括许多最漂亮的建筑)”可推知，Shirley Fitzgerald认为悉尼匆忙奔向现代化，正在失去它的传统。故选A。
35. A 推理判断题 根据倒数第二段的第一句 ... being young and old at the same time has its attractions. 可知，作者认为一个城市新旧并存是非常有魅力的。根据下文中 Anthony 的观点 ... a foundation built on ancient cultures with a drive and dynamism of a young country. 和最后一段 He is right ... 可知，Anthony 认为澳大利亚是一个建立在古老文化基础上并同时充满活力的年轻国家，作者认同其观点。
四
Who is a genius This question has greatly interested humankind for centuries.
Let's state clearly: Einstein was a genius. His face is almost the international symbol for genius. But we want to go beyond one man and explore the nature of genius itself. Why is it that some people are so much more intelligent or creative than the rest of us And who are they
In the sciences and arts, those praised as geniuses were most often white men, of European origin. Perhaps this is not a surprise. It's said that history is written by the victors, and those victors set the standards for admission to the genius club. When contributions were made by geniuses outside the club—women, or people of a different color or belief—they were unacknowledged and rejected by others.
A study recently published by Science found that as young as age six, girls are less likely than boys to say that members of their gender (性别) are “really, really smart.” Even worse, the study found that girls act on that belief: Around age six they start to avoid activities said to be for children who are “really, really smart.” Can our planet afford to have any great thinkers become discouraged and give up It doesn't take a genius to know the answer: absolutely not.
Here's the good news. In a wired world with constant global communication, we're all positioned to see flashes
of genius wherever they appear. And the more we look, the more we will see that social factors(因素)like gender, race, and class do not determine the appearance of genius. As a writer says, future geniuses come from those with “intelligence, creativity, perseverance (毅力), and simple good fortune, who are able to change the world.”
12. What does the author think of victors' standards for joining the genius club
A. They're unfair. B. They're conservative. C. They're objective. D. They're strict.
13. What can we infer about girls from the study in Science
A. They think themselves smart.
B. They look up to great thinkers.
C. They see gender differences earlier than boys.
D. They are likely to be influenced by social beliefs
14. Why are more geniuses known to the public
A. Improved global communication.
B. Less discrimination against women.
C. Acceptance of victors' concepts.
D. Changes in people's social positions.
15. What is the best title for the text
A. Geniuses Think Alike B. Genius Takes Many Forms
C. Genius and Intelligence D. Genius and Luck
【答案】12-15 ADAB
【导读】这是一篇议论文。文章由问题“谁是天才？”引入，论述了世人对天才的狭隘定义，提出事实上“天才”有很多种形式，不要让思维限制了我们的“天才”能力。
12. A。推理判断题。根据第三段的“It is said that history is written by victors, and those victors set the standards for admission to the genius club. When contributions were made by geniuses outside the club-women, or people of a different color or belief-they were unacknowledged and rejected by others.( 据说历史是由胜利者书写的，而那些胜利者为进入天才俱乐部设定了标准。当俱乐部以外的天才——女性或不同肤色或信仰的人——做出贡献时，他们不会被承认并且被其他人拒绝)”可推知，作者认为那些“胜利者”对进入“天才俱乐部”设置的标准是不公平的，因为女性或者不同肤色或信仰的人做出的成就是得不到承认的。
13. D。推理判断题。根据第四段的“Even worse, the study found that girls act on that belief. Around age six they start to avoid activities said to be for children who are “really, really smart.”(更糟糕的是，研究发现女孩们是按照
这个信念行事的。六岁左右，她们开始避免那些据说是“非常非常聪明”的孩子参加的活动)”可推知，女孩容易受到社会信仰的影响，认为自己在六岁左右就不适合做“聪明孩子”做的事情。
14. A。细节理解题。根据最后一段的“In a wired world with constant global communication, we’re all positioned to see flashes of genius wherever they appear.( 在一个全球通讯不断的有线世界里，我们随时随地都能看到天才的闪现)”可知，进步的全球通讯让更多的天才被公众所知道。
15. B。主旨大意题。根据文章的主要内容，结合文章第一段提出问题“Who is a genius （谁是天才）”和最后一段的“As a writer says, future geniuses come from those with “intelligence, creativity, perseverance, and simple geniuses, who are able to change the world.”(正如一位作家所说，未来的天才来自那些具有“智慧、创造力、毅力和那些能够改变世界的简单天才。”)”可知，天才不一定是那些有巨大贡献的人，他们也可以是某一方面比较突出的普通人。由此可知B项“天才有多种形式”可以作为本文最佳标题。
五
Think “art”. What comes to your mind Is it Greek or Roman sculptures in the Louvre, or Chinese paintings in the Palace Museum Or maybe, just maybe, it’s a dancing pattern of lights
The artworks by American artist Janet Echelman look like colourful floating clouds when they are lit up at night. Visitors to one of her artworks in Vancouver could not only enjoy looking at it, they could also interact with it-literally. They did this by using their phones to change its colours and patterns. Exhibits such as these are certainly new and exciting, but are they really art
Whatever your opinion, people have been expressing their thoughts and ideas through art for thousands of years. To do this, they have used a variety of tools and technologies. Yet Michelangelo and others have been labelled (定义) as “artists”, but not “technicians”. This means that art and technology, have always been seen as two very separate (不同的) things.
Today, however, technological advances have led to a combination of art and technology. As a result, the art world is changing greatly. Now art is more accessible to us than ever before. Take for example one of China’s most famous paintings from the Song Dynasty, Along the River During the Qingming Festival. As this artwork is rarely on display, people have sometimes queued up to six hours for a chance to see it. Once in front of the painting, they only have limited time to spend taking in its five metres of scenes along the Bian River in Bianjing. Thanks to technology however, millions more people have been able to experience a digital version of this painting. Three-dimensional (3D) animation means that viewers can see the characters move around and interact with their surroundings. They can also watch as the different scenes change from daylight into nighttime.
The art-tech combination (结合) is also changing our concepts of “art” and the “artist”. Not only can we interact with art, but also take part in its creation. With new technological tools at our fingertips, more and more people are exploring their creative sides. The result has been exciting new art forms, such as digital paintings and videos.
However, where technology will take art next is anyone’s guess. But one thing is for sure—with so many artists exploring new possibilities, we can definitely expect the unexpected.
1. What’s the function of the first paragraph
A. To explain the art. B. To introduce the topic.
C. To give the background. D. To give a definition.
2. Why is “Michelangelo” referred to in the third paragraph
A. To show he is a famous artist. B. To show he is also a technician.
C. To show art is different from technology. D. To show art is the same as technology.
3. What’s mainly talked about in the passage
A. The history of technology and art. B. The relation of technology and art.
C. The future of technology and art. D. The examples of technology and art.
4. What can we know about the author’s attitude to the combination of art and technology
A. Positive. B. Negative. C. Doubtful. D. Uncertain
【答案】
1. B 2. C 3. B 4. A
【导语】这是一篇议论文。文章主要讨论了将技术与艺术结合的优缺点。
1. 推理判断题。根据第一段“Think “art”. What comes to your mind Is it Greek or Roman sculptures in the Louvre, or Chinese paintings in the Palace Museum Or maybe, just maybe, it’s a dancing pattern of lights (说到“艺术”，你想到了什么？是卢浮宫里希腊或罗马的雕塑？抑或是故宫博物院里中国的名画？又也许，仅仅是也许，是一片舞动的光影？)”以及后文内容，可知，本文主题是技术与艺术结合，所以本段的作用是引出话题。故选B项。
2. 推理判断题。根据第三段“Whatever your opinion, people have been expressing their thoughts and ideas through art for thousands of years. To do this, they have used a variety of tools and technologies. Yet Michelangelo and others have been labelled (定义) as “artists”, but not “technicians”. This means that art and technology, have always been seen as two very separate (不同的) things.(无论你的看法如何，数千年来人们一直通过艺术表达自己的思
想和理念。为此，人们使用了各种各样的工具和技术。然而，米开朗基罗等人一直被称为“艺术家”而非“技巧大师”。这就意味着艺术和科技一直被看作两个截然不同的领域)”可知，本段提到米开朗基罗，是为了展示艺术不同于技术。故选C项。
3. 主旨大意题。根据第四段“Today, however, technological advances have led to a combination of art and technology. As a result, the art world is changing greatly. Now art is more accessible to us than ever before.(然而，今天，技术的进步导致了艺术与技术的结合。因此，艺术界正在发生巨大的变化。现在我们比以往任何时候都更容易接触艺术)”以及第五段“The art-tech combination (结合) is also changing our concepts of “art” and the “artist”. Not only can we interact with art, but also take part in its creation. With new technological tools at our fingertips, more and more people are exploring their creative sides. The result has been exciting new art forms, such as digital paintings and videos.(艺术与科技的结合也在改变着我们对“艺术”和“艺术家”的概念。我们不仅可以与艺术互动，还可以参与艺术的创作。随着新的技术工具触手可及，越来越多的人正在探索他们的创造力。其结果是令人兴奋的新艺术形式，如数字绘画和视频)”以及纵观全文可知，本文主要讲述了将技术与艺术结合，也就是技术与艺术的关系。故选B项。
4. 推理判断题。根据最后一段“However, where technology will take art next is anyone’s guess. But one thing is for sure—with so many artists exploring new possibilities, we can definitely expect the unexpected.(然而，技术下一步将把艺术带向何方，谁也说不准。但有一件事是肯定的，随着这么多艺术家探索新的可能性，我们肯定可以期待意想不到的事情)”可知，作者认为艺术与技术结合将可以期待，所以是积极的的态度。故选A项。
说明文
一
（2024届北京市东城区等5区高三下学期一模）
C
Time is one of humanity’s greatest blind spots. We experience it as days, months or years. But nature functions on much grander scales, measured in centuries, and even longer phases often grouped as “deep time.” Humanity’s shortsightedness around time creates major limits on modern conservation. As the climate and biodiversity crises accelerate, we are urgently working to protect and regenerate ecosystems without understanding how they functioned when they were truly doing well. A deep time perspective can help change that.
Take forest management. For decades, our practices called for all-out prevention of even the mildest forest fires,
believing that fire was bad for both people and nonhuman nature. Until recently we ignored the forest management strategies indigenous (土著的) communities had successfully used for centuries, in particular the application of small-scale controlled burns. Fire, it turns out, has always been an integral ingredient in healthy forest ecosystems, promoting new growth by thinning the understory. Today, we’re beginning to see widespread application of indigenous knowledge to forest management, tapping into this ancient wisdom.
But how can we know what an ecosystem looked like centuries ago One pathway is through modern mathematical modeling. We have married it with streams of long-term data and discovered a possible way to preserve the ecosystem of California’s kelp forest. By examining how North Pacific kelp forests existed long before the 19th century, we found that we’ve ignored the presence of a keystone species—the Steller’s sea cow, and its role in maintaining the harmony of this ecosystem.
Our model described the interactions between giant kelp and understory algae competing for light and space on the seafloor. Then we ran the model again, but this time with the Steller’s sea cow added in. These mammals fed on the leaves from the upper kelp layers. This allowed light to reach the sea bottom, which in turn stimulated the growth of not only the kelp but other kinds of organisms. In re-creating that vanished historical system that included the Steller’s sea cow, we could see a more diverse forestwhere the understory competed better with kelp
In short, what we assume we know about an ecosystem based on the recent past may impede our ability to fully understand and protect it. To ensure that our boldest conservation efforts are successful, we must begin looking at time as an essential tool.
28. According to the passage, what gets in the way of human’s conservation efforts
A. Lack of insights into deep time B. The worsening of biodiversity crises
C. The blindness to management strategies. D. Resistance to taking a deep time perspective.
29. What can we learn from the passage
A. Ignoring the Steller’s sea cow led to ecological imbalance.
B. People now prioritize fire prevention over controlled burns.
C. Mathematical modeling matters more than indigenous knowledge
D. Harvesting upper kelp leaves encourages fresh growth in the understory.
30. What does the underlined word “impede” in the last paragraph probably mean
A. Bring forth. B. Boost up. C. Shut down. D. Hold back.
【答案】28. A 29. D 30. D
【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章指出人类应该以世纪为单位，从遥远的过去寻求保护生态系统的方法。
28.细节理解题。根据第一段中“Humanity’s shortsightedness around time creates major limits on modern conservation. (人类对时间的短视造成了现代保护的重大限制。)”可知，缺乏对深层时间的洞察阻碍了人类的保护努力。故选A。
29.推理判断题。根据倒数第二段中“These mammals fed on the leaves from the upper kelp layers. This allowed light to reach the sea bottom, which in turn stimulated the growth of not only the kelp but other kinds of organisms. (这些哺乳动物以上层海藻层的叶子为食。这使得光线能够到达海底，这反过来不仅刺激了海带的生长，还刺激了其他生物的生长。)”可知，食用上层的叶子，可以使光线到达海底，这能刺激海带和其他物种的生长。由此推知，收获上部海带的叶子可以促进林下植被的生长。故选D。
30.词句猜测题。根据第一段中“A deep time perspective can help change that. (深入的时间视角可以帮助改变这一点。)”和最后一段中“To ensure that our boldest conservation efforts are successful, we must begin looking at time as an essential tool. (为了确保我们最大胆的保护努力取得成功，我们必须开始把时间视为一个必不可少的工具。)”可知，人类基于最近生态系统的假设可能阻碍我们理解和保护它的能力，因此我们应该以世纪为单位，从遥远的过去寻求保护生态系统的方法。由此猜测impede意为“阻碍”，与hold back同义。故选D。
二
（2024届北京市东城区等5区高三下学期一模）
D
Several dozen graduate students in London were recently tasked with outwitting a large language model (LLM), a type of AI designed to hold useful conversations. LLMs are often programmed with guardrails designed to stop them giving harmful replies: instructions on making bombs in a bathtub, say, or the confident statement of “facts” that are not actually true.
The aim of the task was to break those guardrails. Some results were merely stupid. For example, one participant got the chatbot to claim ducks could be used as indicators of air quality. But the most successful efforts were those that made the machine produce the titles, publication dates and host journals of non-existent academic articles.
AI has the potential to be a big benefit to science. Optimists talk of machines producing readable summaries of complicated areas of research; tirelessly analysing oceans of data to suggest new drugs and even one day, coming up with hypotheses of their own. But AI comes with downsides, too.
Start with the simplest problem: academic misconduct.Some journals allow researchers to use LLMs to help
write papers. But not everybody is willing to admit to it. Sometimes, the fact that LLMs have been used is obvious. Guillaume Cabanac, a computer scientist, has uncovered dozens of papers that contain phrases such as “regenerate response” — the text of a button in some versions of ChatGPT that commands the program to rewrite its most recent answer, probably copied into the manuscript (原稿) by mistake.
Another problem arises when AI models are trained on AI-generated data. LLMs are trained on text from the Internet. As they churn out (大量炮制) more such text, the risk of LLMs taking in their own outputs grows. That can cause “model collaps”. In 2023 llia Shumailov, a computer scientist, co-authored a paper in which a model was fed handwritten digits and asked to generate digits of its own, which were fed back to it in turn. After a few cycles, the computer’s numbers became more or less illegible.After 20iterations (迭代), it could produce only rough circles or blurry lines.
Some worry that computer-generated insights might come from models whose inner workings are not understood. Inexplainable models are not useless, says David Leslie at an AI-research outfit in London, but their outputs will need rigorous testing in the real world. That is perhaps less unnerving than it sounds. Checking models against reality is what science is supposed to be about, after all.
For now, at least, questions outnumber answers. The threats that machines pose to the scientific method are, at the end of the day, the same ones posed by humans. AI could accelerate the production of nonsense just as much as it accelerates good science. As the Royal Society has it,nullius in verba: take nobody’s word for it. No thing’s, either.
31. The result of the task conducted in London shows that ________.
A. LLMs give away useful information B. the guardrails turn out to be ineffective
C. AI’s influence will potentially be decreased D. the effort put into the study of AI hardly pays off
32. What does “model collapse” indicate
A. The readability of the models’output is underestimated.
B. The diverse sources of information confuse the models.
C. Training on regenerated data stops models working well.
D. The data will become reliable after continuous iterations.
33. According to the passage, people’s worry over the inexplainable models is __________.
A. impractical B. unjustified C. groundless D. unsettling
34. What would be the best title for the passage
A. Faster Nonsense: AI Could Also Go Wrong
B. Imperfect Models: How Will AI Make Advances
C. The Rise of LLMs: AI Could Still Be Promising
D. Bigger Threats: AI Will Be Uncontrollable
【答案】31. B 32. C 33. B 34. A
【解析】这是一篇说明文。短文介绍了人工智能也可能出错。
31.推理判断题。根据第一段中“LLMs are often programmed with guardrails designed to stop them giving harmful replies: instructions on making bombs in a bathtub, say, or the confident statement of “facts” that are not actually true.”（LLM通常被编程为带有护栏，旨在阻止他们做出有害的回复：比如说，关于在浴缸里制造炸弹的说明，或者对事实并非真实的“事实”的自信陈述。）以及第二段“The aim of the task was to break those guardrails. Some results were merely stupid. For example, one participant got the chatbot to claim ducks could be used as indicators of air quality. But the most successful efforts were those that made the machine produce the titles, publication dates and host journals of non-existent academic articles.”（这项任务的目的是打破那些护栏。有些结果很愚蠢。例如，一名参与者让聊天机器人声称鸭子可以作为空气质量的指标。但最成功的努力是让机器生成不存在的学术文章的标题、出版日期和主办期刊。）可知，在伦敦进行的这项任务的结果表明，LLM这些护栏是无效的，并没有能够阻止非真实的信息的生成。故选B项。
32.细节理解题。根据第五段中“‘model collapse’”下文“In 2023 llia Shumailov, a computer scientist, co-authored a paper in which a model was fed handwritten digits and asked to generate digits of its own, which were fed back to it in turn. After a few cycles, the computer’s numbers became more or less illegible. After 20 iterations (迭代), it could produce only rough circles or blurry lines.”（2023年，计算机科学家llia Shumailov与人合著了一篇论文，在论文中，一个模型被输入手写数字，并被要求生成自己的数字，这些数字依次被反馈给它。几个周期后，计算机的数字变得或多或少难以辨认。经过20次迭代，它只能生成粗糙的圆圈或模糊的线条。）可知，一个模型被输入手写数字并被要求生成自己的数字，这些数字依次被反馈给它，经过20次迭代后，只能生成粗糙的圆圈或模糊的线条，而不是数字，由此可知，再生数据的训练使这个模型崩溃，无法正常工作，由此可知，“model collapse(模型崩溃)”表明对再生数据的训练使模型无法正常工作。故选C项。
33.推理判断题。根据第六段“Inexplainable models are not useless, says David Leslie at an AI-research outfit in London, but their outputs will need rigorous testing in the real world. That is perhaps less unnerving than it sounds. Checking models against reality is what science is supposed to be about, after all.”（伦敦一家人工智能研究机构的David Leslie表示，无法解释的模型并非毫无用处，但它们的结果需要在现实世界中进行严格的测试。这也许没有听起来那么令人不安。毕竟，根据现实检验模型才是科学应该做的事情。）可知，根据文章，人们对
无法解释的模型的担忧是不合理的，因为它们的结果需要在现实世界中进行严格的测试。故选B项。
34.主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其根据第三段“But AI comes with downsides, too.”（但人工智能也有缺点.）以及根据最后一段“AI could accelerate the production of nonsense just as much as it accelerates good science. ”（人工智能可以加速废话的产生，就像它可以加速好的科学一样。）可知，文章主要阐述人工智能也会出错，生成虚假信息，所设置的“护栏”并不能起到作用；因此，短文的最佳标题为“更快的废话：人工智能也可能出错”。故选A项。
三
（2024届北京门市头沟区一模）
C
Artificial intelligence is almost twice as accurate as a biopsy (活组织检查) at judging the aggressiveness of some cancers, experts say. Cancer kills 10 million people globally every year, according to the WHO. But for patients the disease can be prevented if detected instantly and dealt with quickly.
A recent study suggested an AI algorithm (算法) was far better than a biopsy at correctly grading the aggressiveness of sarcomas (肉瘤), a rare form of cancer. Researchers hope AI will improve outcomes for patients by giving doctors a more accurate way of grading tumours (肿瘤). Because high-grade tumours can indicate aggressive disease, the tool could help ensure those high-risk patients are identified more quickly and treated instantly. Low-risk patients could also be spared unnecessary treatments, follow-up scans and hospital visits.
Researchers say the algorithm could be applied to other types of cancer in future. The team specifically looked at retroperitoneal sarcomas, which develop at the back of the abdomen and are difficult to diagnose (诊断) and treat due to their location. They used CT scans from 170 patients with the two most common forms of retroperitoneal sarcoma — leiomyosarcoma and liposarcoma. Using data from these scans they created an AI algorithm, which was then tested on 89 patients in other countries. In grading how aggressive the tumour was, the technology was accurate in 82% of the cases, while biopsies were 44%.
AI could also recognize leiomyosarcoma and liposarcoma in 84% of sarcomas tested, while radiologists were able to identify them in 65% of the cases. Christina Messiou, the study leader, said: “We’re incredibly excited by the potential of this state-of-the-art technology, which could lead to patients having better outcomes through faster diagnosis. As patients with retroperitoneal sarcoma are routinely scanned with CT, we hope this tool will eventually be used globally, ensuring that not just specialist centres can reliably identify and grade the disease.”
Richard Davison, chief executive of Sarcoma UK, said the results looked “very promising”. He added: “People
are more likely to survive sarcoma if diagnosed early. One in six people with sarcoma cancer wait more than a year to receive an accurate diagnosis, so any research that helps patients receive better treatment and support is welcome.”
28. According to the passage, AI is capable of .
A. grading the risk of sarcomas
B. measuring the scale of sarcomas
C. providing cancer treatment for clinicians
D. classifying cancers with its advanced algorithm
29. What can be inferred from this passage
A. More sarcomas can be detected with the help of AI.
B. Biopsies will be replaced by AI algorithm in identifying cancers.
C. More patients suffering from cancers will benefit from AI algorithm.
D. AI algorithm has been applied in hospitals for detecting most cancers.
30. What is the passage mainly about
A. AI has a profound market in curing cancers.
B. New treatments for sarcomas are well underway.
C. AI helps identify high-risk and low-risk patients.
D. AI does better in assessing some types of sarcomas.
【答案】28. A 29. C 30. D
【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了研究表明在判断某些癌症的侵袭性方面人工智能的准确度几乎是活检的两倍，可以对肉瘤的风险进行分级。文章详细介绍了其研究过程，研究人员认为该算法未来可以应用于其他类型的癌症。
28.细节理解题。由第二段中“A recent study suggested an AI algorithm (算法) was far better than a biopsy at correctly grading the aggressiveness of sarcomas (肉瘤), a rare form of cancer. Researchers hope AI will improve outcomes for patients by giving doctors a more accurate way of grading tumours (肿瘤). (最近的一项研究表明，在正确分级肉瘤（一种罕见的癌症）的侵袭性方面，人工智能算法远优于活组织检查。研究人员希望人工智能能为医生提供更准确的肿瘤分级方法，从而改善患者的预后)”可知，人工智能有能力对肉瘤的风险进行分级。故选A项。
29.推理判断题。由第三段中“Researchers say the algorithm could be applied to other types of cancer in future. (研究人员表示，该算法未来可以应用于其他类型的癌症)”可得出，更多的癌症患者将受益于AI算法。故选C
项。
30.主旨大意题。通读全文，根据第一段中“Artificial intelligence is almost twice as accurate as a biopsy (活组织检查) at judging the aggressiveness of some cancers, experts say. (专家表示，在判断某些癌症的侵袭性方面，人工智能的准确度几乎是活检的两倍)”和第二段中“A recent study suggested an AI algorithm (算法) was far better than a biopsy at correctly grading the aggressiveness of sarcomas (肉瘤), a rare form of cancer. (最近的一项研究表明，在正确分级肉瘤（一种罕见的癌症）的侵袭性方面，人工智能算法远优于活组织检查)”可知，文章介绍了研究表明在判断某些癌症的侵袭性方面，人工智能的准确度几乎是活检的两倍，可以对肉瘤的风险进行分级。D项“人工智能在评估某些类型的肉瘤方面做得更好”符合文意。故选D项。
四
（2024届北京市西城区高三下学期一模）
C
Evan Selinger, professor in RIT’s Department of Philosophy, has taken an interest in the ethics (伦理标准) of Al and the policy gaps that need to be filled in. Through a humanities viewpoint, Selinger asks the questions, “How can AI cause harm, and what can governments and companies creating Al programs do to address and manage it ” Answering them, he explained, requires an interdisciplinary approach.
“AI ethics go beyond technical fixes. Philosophers and other humanities experts are uniquely skilled to address the nuanced (微妙的) principles, value conflicts, and power dynamics. These skills aren’t just crucial for addressing current issues. We desperately need them to promote anticipatory (先行的) governance, ” said Selinger.
One example that illustrates how philosophy and humanities experts can help guide these new, rapidly growing technologies is Selinger’s work collaborating with a special AI project. “One of the skills I bring to the table is identifying core ethical issues in emerging technologies that haven’t been built or used by the public. We can take preventative steps to limit risk, including changing how the technology is designed, ”said Selinger.
Taking these preventative steps and regularly reassessing what risks need addressing is part of the ongoing journey in pursuit of creating responsible AI. Selinger explains that there isn’t a step-by-step approach for good governance. “AI ethics have core values and principles, but there’s endless disagreement about interpreting and applying them and creating meaningful accountability mechanisms, ” said Selinger. “Some people are rightly worried that AI can become integrated into ‘ethics washing’-weak checklists, flowery mission statements, and empty rhetoric that covers over abuses of power. Fortunately, I’ve had great conversations about this issue, including with some experts, on why it is important to consider a range of positions. ”
Some of Selinger’s recent research has focused on the back-end issues with developing AI, such as the human impact that comes with testing AI chatbots before they’re released to the public. Other issues focus on policy, such as what to do about the dangers posed by facial recognition and other automated surveillance(监视) approaches.
Selinger is making sure his students are informed about the ongoing industry conversations on AI ethics and responsible AI. “Students are going to be future tech leaders. Now is the time to help them think about what goals their companies should have and the costs of minimizing ethical concerns. Beyond social costs, downplaying ethics can negatively impact corporate culture and hiring, ” said Selinger. “To attract top talent, you need to consider whether your company matches their interests and hopes for the future. ”
28. Selinger advocates an interdisciplinary approach because ________.
A. humanities experts possess skills essential for AI ethics
B. it demonstrates the power of anticipatory governance
C. AI ethics heavily depends on technological solutions
D. it can avoid social conflicts and pressing issues
29. To promote responsible AI, Selinger believes we should ________.
A. adopt a systematic approach B. apply innovative technologies
C. anticipate ethical risks beforehand D. establish accountability mechanisms
30. What can be inferred from the last two paragraphs
A. More companies will use AI to attract top talent.
B. Understanding AI ethics will help students in the future.
C. Selinger favors companies that match his students’ values.
D. Selinger is likely to focus on back-end issues such as policy.
【答案】28. A 29. C 30. B
【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了RIT哲学系教授Evan Selinger对于对人工智能的伦理的一些看法和建议。
28.细节理解题。根据第二段““AI ethics go beyond technical fixes. Philosophers and other humanities experts are uniquely skilled to address the nuanced (微妙的) principles, value conflicts, and power dynamics. These skills aren’t just crucial for addressing current issues. We desperately need them to promote anticipatory (先行的) governance, ” said Selinger.( Selinger说：“人工智能伦理超越了技术修复。哲学家和其他人文专家在处理微妙的原则、价值冲突和权力动态方面具有独特的技能。这些技能不仅对解决当前问题至关重要。我们迫切
需要他们来促进预见性治理。”)”可知，塞林格主张跨学科的方法，因为人文学科专家拥有人工智能伦理所必需的技能。故选A。
29.细节理解题。根据第四段“Taking these preventative steps and regularly reassessing what risks need addressing is part of the ongoing journey in pursuit of creating responsible AI.(采取这些预防措施并定期重新评估需要解决的风险，是追求创造负责任的人工智能的持续旅程的一部分)”可知，为了促进负责任的人工智能，塞林格认为我们应该事先预测道德风险。故选C。
30.推理判断题。根据最后一段““Students are going to be future tech leaders. Now is the time to help them think about what goals their companies should have and the costs of minimizing ethical concerns. Beyond social costs, downplaying ethics can negatively impact corporate culture and hiring, ” said Selinger. “To attract top talent, you need to consider whether your company matches their interests and hopes for the future.”(“学生们将成为未来的科技领袖。现在是时候帮助他们思考他们的公司应该有什么样的目标，以及最小化道德问题的成本。除了社会成本之外，轻视道德还会对企业文化和招聘产生负面影响。”“为了吸引顶尖人才，你需要考虑你的公司是否符合他们的兴趣和对未来的希望。”)”可推知，理解人工智能伦理对学生未来有帮助。故选B。
五
（2024届北京市西城区高三下学期一模）
D
While some allergies (过敏症) disappear over time or with treatment, others last a lifetime. For decades, scientists have been searching for the source of these lifetime allergies.
Recently, researchers found that memory B cells may be involved. These cells produce a different class of antibodies known as IgG, which ward off viral infections. But no one had identified exactly which of those cells were recalling allergens or how they switched to making the IgE antibodies responsible for allergies. To uncover the mysterious cells, two research teams took a deep dive into the immune (免疫的) cells of people with allergies and some without.
Immunologist Joshua Koenig and colleagues examined more than 90, 000 memory B cells from six people with birch allergies, four people allergic to dust mites and five people with no allergies. Using a technique called RNA sequencing, the team identified specific memory B cells, which they named MBC2s that make antibodies and proteins associated with the immune response that causes allergies.
In another experiment, Koenig and colleagues used a peanut protein to go fishing for memory B cells from people with peanut allergies. The team pulled out the same type of cells found in people with birch and dust mite
allergies. In people with peanut allergies, those cells increased in number and produced IgE antibodies as the people started treatment to desensitize them to peanut allergens.
Another group led by Maria Curotto de Lafaille, an immunologist at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai in New York City, also found that similar cells were more plentiful in 58 children allergic to peanuts than in 13 kids without allergies. The team found that the cells are ready to switch from making protective IgG antibodies to allergy-causing IgE antibodies. Even before the switch, the cells were making RNA for IgE but didn’t produce the protein. Making that RNA enables the cells to switch the type of antibodies they make when they encounter allergens. The signal to switch partially depends on a protein called JAK, the group discovered. “Stopping JAK from sending the signal could help prevent the memory cells from switching to IgE production,” Lafaille says. She also predicts that allergists may be able to examine aspects of these memory cells to forecast whether a patient's allergy is likely to last or disappear with押北京卷第28-34题
阅读理解C、D篇
【三年考情回顾】
C篇
时间 卷次 主题语境 文体 题型分类
2023年 北京卷 人与社会：西方社会在工业化进程中因短视而带来的种种问题，倡导有远见的思考和长远的观点 议论文 2个推理判断题 1个主旨要义题
2022年 北京卷 人与社会:阐述了系统思维是应对全球挑战的关键 说明文 3推理判断题
2021年 北京卷 人与社会：科学家、作家和科研人员联名签署公开信一事向人类发出了警告:政策制定者和我们其他人必须公开面对全球崩溃的风险 议论文 3推理判断题
D篇
时间 卷次 主题语境 文体 题型分类
2023年 北京卷 人与社会:介绍了人工生命研究的现状和发展前景 说明文 1个推测词义题 2个推理判断题 1个主旨要义题
2022年 北京卷 人与社会:针对量子计算及与其相关的炒作的不同观点与态度 议论文 1个细节理解题 1个推理判断题 1个推测词义题 1个主旨要义题
2021年 北京卷 人与社会:介绍了一种特殊的记录时间的方式 说明文 3个推理判断题
1个主旨要义题
C篇和D篇文本难度提高,注重考查学生的高阶思维,以逻辑推理为主,具有良好的区分度,需要考生依据文本主旨大意和相关段落内容进行合理推断。同时,C篇和D篇词汇量较大,含有较多的长难句,考生要能快速识别关键信息,培养化繁为简的能力,画出长难句的主干成分,简化复合句,快速准确地理解文本信息,准确解答试题
03-2023北京，C
In recent years, researchers from diverse fields have agreed that short-termism is now a significant problem in industrialised societies. The inability to engage with longer-term causes and consequences leads to some of the world's most serious problems:climate change, biodiversity collapse, and more. The historian Francis Cole argues that the West has entered a period where “only the present exists, a present characterised at once by the cruelty of the instant and by the boredom of an unending now”.
It has been proved that people have a bias(偏向) towards the present, focusing on loud attractions in the moment at the expense of the health, well-being and financial stability of their future selves or community. In business, this bias surfaces as short-sighted decisions. And on slow-burning problems like climate change, it translates into the unwillingness to make small sacrifices（牺牲） today that could make a major difference tomorrow. Instead, all that matters is next quarter's profit, or satisfying some other near-term desires.
These biased perspectives cannot be blamed on one single cause. It is fair to say, though, that our psychological biases play a major role. People's hesitancy to delay satisfaction is the most obvious example, but there are others. One of them is about how the most accessible information in the present affects decisions about the future. For instance, you might hear someone say:“It's cold this winter, so I needn't worry about global warming.” Another is that loud and urgent matters are given too much importance, making people ignore longer-term trends that arguably matter more. This is when a pop star draws far more attention than, say, gradual biodiversity decline.
As a psychologist once joked, if aliens(外星人) wanted to weaken humanity, they wouldn't send ships;they would invent climate change. Indeed, when it comes to environmental transformations, we can develop a form of collective “poor memory”, and each new generation can believe the state of affairs they encounter is nothing out of the ordinary. Older people today, for example, can remember a time with insect-covered car windscreens after long drives. Children, on the other hand, have no idea that insect population has dropped dramatically.
1. The author quotes Francis Cole mainly to .
A. draw a comparison B. introduce a topic
C. evaluate a statement D. highlight a problem
2. What can be inferred from the last paragraph
A. Climate change has been forgotten.
B. Lessons of history are highly valued.
C. The human mind is bad at noting slow change.
D. Humans are unwilling to admit their shortcomings.
3. What does the author intend to tell us
A. Far-sighted thinking matters to humans.
B. Humans tend to make long-term sacrifices.
C. Current policies facilitate future decision-making.
D. Bias towards the present helps reduce near-term desires.
04-2023北京，D
What is life Like most great questions, this one is easy to ask but difficult to answer. The reason is simple: we know of just one type of life and it's challenging to do science with a sample size of one. The field of artificial life—called ALife for short—is the systematic attempt to spell out life's fundamental principles. Many of these practitioners, so-called ALifers, think that somehow making life is the surest way to really understand what life is.
So far no one has convincingly made artificial life. This track record makes ALife a ripe target for criticism, such as declarations of the field's doubtful scientific value. Alan Smith, a complexity scientist, is tired of such complaints. Asking about “the point” of ALife might be, well, missing the point entirely, he says. “The existence of a living system is not about the use of anything,” Alan says. “Some people ask me, ‘So what's the worth of artificial life ’ Do you ever think, ‘What is the worth of your grandmother ’”
As much as many ALifers hate emphasising their research's applications, the attempts to create artificial life could have practical payoffs. Artificial intelligence may be considered ALife's cousin in that researchers in both fields are enamoured by a concept called open-ended evolution(演化). This is the capacity for a system to create essentially endless complexity, to be a sort of “novelty generator”. The only system known to exhibit this is Earth's biosphere. If the field of ALife manages to reproduce life's endless “creativity” in some virtual model, those same principles could give rise to truly inventive machines.
Compared with the developments of AI, advances in ALife are harder to recognise. One reason is that ALife is a field in which the central concept—life itself—is undefined. The lack of agreement among ALifers doesn't help either. The result is a diverse line of projects that each advance along their unique paths. For better or worse, ALife mirrors the very subject it studies. Its muddled(混乱的) progression is a striking parallel(平行线) to the evolutionary struggles that have shaped Earth's biosphere.
Undefined and uncontrolled, ALife drives its followers to repurpose old ideas and generate novelty. It may be, of course, that these characteristics aren't in any way surprising or singular. They may apply universally to all acts of evolution. Ultimately ALife may be nothing special. But even this dismissal suggests something: perhaps, just like life itself throughout the universe, the rise of ALife will prove unavoidable.
1. Regarding Alan Smith's defence of ALife, the author is .
A.supportive B. puzzled
C. unconcerned D. doubtful
2. What does the word “enamoured” underlined in Paragraph 3 most probably mean
A. Shocked. B. Protected.
C. Attracted. D. Challenged.
3. What can we learn from this passage
A. ALife holds the key to human future.
B. ALife and AI share a common feature.
C. AI mirrors the developments of ALife.
D. AI speeds up the process of human evolution.
4. Which would be the best title for the passage
A. Life Is Undefined. Can AI Be a Way Out
B. Life Evolves. Can AI Help ALife Evolve, Too
C. Life Is Undefined. Can ALife Be Defined One Day
D. Life Evolves. Can Attempts to Create ALife Evolve, Too
议论文应对策略
高考英语议论文设题广泛，细节理解题、推理判断题、词句猜测题、主旨大意题都有可能出现，因此，在阅读议论文时，应该从结构和内容两方面同时入手，先通读原文，再区分事实和观点，明确论点、论证和论据，明了作者最后得出的结论。具体答题策略如下：
说明文应对策略
高考英语阅读理解科普类文章思想性和时代感强，题材涉及发明创造、科技创新、科技与生活、科学研究等。文章体裁一般为说明文，语篇主要来源于英美主流报刊、杂志和网站，文章的遣词造句地道，思维逻辑独具英语语言的特点。
科普类文章的理论性和逻辑性强、篇幅长、生词多、句式结构复杂。文本结构一般包括五个部分：标题（headline）、导语（introduction）、背景（background）、主干（main body）和结尾（ending）。标题高度精辟地概括文章中心思想。主干部分介绍研究所取得的突破，作者往往会详细介绍研究的理论构架、研究对象、研究方法、具体的实验、统计等过程。结尾通常会再次对中心进行概括、重述研究成果、后续研究的方向等，与导语相呼应。
具体答题策略如下：
1. 运用语篇结构，概括全文主旨大意，明晰写作意图。
科普说明文主题鲜明、脉络清晰，行文结构模式较为固定。弄清文本结构有助于把握文章主旨和阅读重点。高考科普类说明文一般分为两种类型：实验研究型和介绍说明型。除了遵循上述文本结构的几个部分的模式外，作者在谋篇布局上常使用以下说明方法：描述法（description）（包括举例子、下定义、列数据等）、因果法（cause and effect）、问题与对策法（problem and solution）。
2. 利用文中语境线索，分析长难句，进行逻辑推理判断。
英语文章中有大量的词汇是作者用来联系句子与句子，从而使整篇文章前后贯通、语义明确的。标志词（signal words）就是表明句子间和段落间的逻辑关系、具有词义、语法结构标志作用的词或词组。句子间的逻辑关系和衔接手段不外乎列举、原因、结果、让步、对照、补充、目的、条件等。
3. 谙熟选项设置规律，对比原文，去伪存真。
注意干扰项“张冠李戴”、“偷梁换柱”、“无中生有”和“以偏概全”四种类型。
“张冠李戴”是命题者把文章作者的观点与他人的观点混淆起来，或者把文中不同地方的信息拼接在一起从而改变了原文的意思。
“偷梁换柱”类型是用了与原文相似的句型结构和大部分相似的词汇，却在不易引人注意的地方换了几个表示程度、限定的词汇，造成句意的改变。
“无中生有”类型往往是生活的基本常识和普遍接受的观点，貌似非常正确，但在原文中并无相关的信息支持，这种选项的设置往往与问题的设问毫不相干。
“以偏概全”则是以局部代替整体，进行不合理关联或者不准确的概括。在下文的例子中，同学们可以更加清楚直观地了解干扰项的特点，在解题时，绕开陷阱，去伪存真。
说明文解题策略
1.细读文章重点
关注文章结构；文章主题句；各段首末句；体现作者观点态度的词句。
2.明确说明对象
通读全文，明确作者是针对哪一个说明对象从不同的角度和侧面对其加以说明的。在阅读过程中要概括、总结每一段说明的侧重点，理清各段之间的逻辑联系，加深对说明对象的理解。
3.弄清说明顺序
在说明的过程中作者会选择合理的说明顺序对说明对象进行有条不紊的解说。把握了说明顺序，就能准确把握文章的脉络，加深对整篇文章的理解。
4.把握作者态度
说明文的首段一般借用生活中的某个场景事件引入说明的事物。一般穿插人们对被说明事物的看法和观点，要仔细体会观点的倾向性和情感色彩，来对比作者态度和写作情感。
5.吃透长难句子
学会运用括号法分析长难句，把影响考生理解的各种从句、非谓语动词短语以及复杂介词短语括起来，从而达到“去枝叶，留主干”的目的，进而准确理解句子含义。
6.学会适当放弃
无关大局的生僻词汇阅读中经常会遇到一些生词，如果这些生词对理解全文没有影响或影响不大就可
略过。较长的人名、地名有许多较长的表示人名、地名等的专有名词，阅读时可一扫而过或干脆用其首字母代替，不必试图把整个专有名词读出来。
议论文
一
（2024届北京门市头沟区一模）
D
A recent global study, which surveyed 10,000 young people from 10 countries, showed that nearly 60 percent of them were extremely worried about the future state of the planet. The report, which was published in The Lancet, also showed that nearly half of the respondents said that such distress affected them daily, and three quarters agreed with the statement that “the future is frightening.” This, along with many other studies, shows clearly that climate change is not just a threat to the environment that we inhabit. It also poses a very real threat to our emotional well-being. Psychologists have categorized these feelings of grief and worry about the current climate emergency, a common occurrence among youth today, under the label of “eco-anxiety”.
Eco-anxiety doesn’t just affect young people. It also affects researchers who work in climate and ecological science, burdened by the reality depicted by their findings, and it affects the most economically marginalized (边缘化的) across the globe, who bear the damaging impacts of climate breakdown.
In 2024, eco-anxiety will rise to become one of the leading causes of mental health problems. The reasons are obvious. Scientists estimate that the world is likely to breach safe limits of temperature rise above pre-industrial levels for the first time by 2027.
In recent years, we’ve seen wildfires tear through Canada and Greece, and summer floods ruin regions in Pakistan that are home to nearly 33 million people. Studies have shown that those impacted by air pollution and rising temperatures are more likely to experience psychological distress.
To make matters worse, facing climate crisis, our political class is not offering strong leadership. The COP28 conference in Dubai will be headed by an oil and gas company executive. In the UK, the government is backtracking on its green commitments.
Fortunately, greater levels of eco-anxiety will also offer an avenue for resolving the climate crisis directly.
According to Caroline Hickman, a researcher on eco-anxiety from the University of Bath, anyone experiencing eco-anxiety is displaying entirely natural and rational reactions to the climate crisis. This is why, in 2024, we will also see more people around the world join the fight for climate justice and seek jobs that prioritize environmental sustainability. Campaigners will put increased pressure on fossil fuel industries and the governments to rapidly abandon the usage of polluting coal, oil, and gas.
It’s now clear that not only are these industries the main causes for the climate crisis, they are also responsible for the mental health crisis, which is starting to affect most of us. Eco-anxiety is not something we will defeat with therapy, but something we will tackle by taking action.
31. What can we learn from the passage
A. The cause of eco-anxiety is emotions existing in our mind.
B. People in developed countries are more likely to suffer from eco-anxiety.
C. Eco-anxiety is a new kind of psychological disease due to climate change.
D. The author is disappointed about government behaviour towards climate crisis.
32. What does the underlined word “breach” in Paragraph 3 most probably mean
A. Break. B. Reach. C. Raise. D. Affect.
33. As for Caroline Hickman’s opinion on eco-anxiety, the author is .
A. puzzled B. favourable C. suspicious D. unconcerned
34. What would be the best title for the passage
A. Who Is to Blame for Eco-anxiety
B. How Should You See Eco-anxiety
C. How Will Eco-anxiety Be Resolved
D. Why Do People Suffer from Eco-anxiety
二
If you want to tell the history of the whole world, a history that does not privilege one part of humanity, you cannot do it through texts alone, because only some of the world has ever had texts, while most of the world, for most of the time, has not. Writing is one of humanity’s later achievements, and until fairly recently even many literate (有文字的) societies recorded their concerns not only in writing but in things.
Ideally a history would bring together texts and objects, and some chapters of this book are able to do just that, but in many cases we simply can’t. The clearest example of this between literate and non-literate history is perhaps
the first conflict, at Botany Bay, between Captain Cook’s voyage and the Australian Aboriginals. From the English side, we have scientific reports and the captain’s record of that terrible day. From the Australian side, we have only a wooden shield (盾) dropped by a man in flight after his first experience of gunshot. If we want to reconstruct what was actually going on that day, the shield must be questioned and interpreted as deeply and strictly as the written reports.
In addition to the problem of miscomprehension from both sides, there are victories accidentally or deliberately twisted, especially when only the victors know how to write. Those who are on the losing side often have only their things to tell their stories. The Caribbean Taino, the Australian Aboriginals, the African people of Benin and the Incas, all of whom appear in this book, can speak to us now of their past achievements most powerfully through the objects they made: a history told through things gives them back a voice. When we consider contact (联系) between literate and non-literate societies such as these, all our first-hand accounts are necessarily twisted, only one half of a dialogue. If we are to find the other half of that conversation, we have to read not just the texts, but the objects.
32. What is the first paragraph mainly about
A. How past events should be presented. B. What humanity is concerned about.
C. Whether facts speak louder than words. D. Why written language is reliable.
33. What does the author indicate by mentioning Captain Cook in paragraph 2
A. His report was scientific. B. He represented the local people.
C. He ruled over Botany Bay. D. His record was one-sided.
34. What does the underlined word “conversation” in paragraph 3 refer to
A. Problem. B. History. C. Voice.D. Society.
35. Which of the following books is the text most likely selected from
A. How Maps Tell Stories of the World B. A Short History of Australia
C. A History of the World in 100 Objects D. How Art Works Tell Stories
三
Sometime in the early 1960s, a significant thing happened in Sydney, Australia. The city discovered its harbor. Then, one after another, Sydney discovered lots of things that were just sort of there — broad parks, superb beaches, and a culturally diverse population. But it is the harbor that makes the city.
Andrew Reynolds, a cheerful fellow in his early 30s, pilots Sydney ferryboats for a living. I spent the whole
morning shuttling back and forth across the harbor. After our third run Andrew shut down the engine, and we went our separate ways — he for a lunch break, I to explore the city.
“I’ll miss these old boats,” he said as we parted.
“How do you mean ” I asked.
“Oh, they’re replacing them with catamarans. Catamarans are faster, but they’re not so elegant, and they’re not fun to pilot. But that’s progress, I guess.”
Everywhere in Sydney these days, change and progress are the watchwords (口号), and traditions are increasingly rare. Shirley Fitzgerald, the city’s official historian, told me that in its rush to modernity in the 1970s, Sydney swept aside much of its past, including many of its finest buildings. “Sydney is confused about itself,” she said. “We can’t seem to make up our minds whether we want a modern city or a traditional one. It’s a conflict that we aren’t getting any better at resolving (解决).”
On the other hand, being young and old at the same time has its attractions. I considered this when I met a thoughtful young businessman named Anthony. “Many people say that we lack culture in this country,” he told me. “What people forget is that the Italians, when they came to Australia, brought 2000 years of their culture, the Greeks some 3000 years, and the Chinese more still. We’ve got a foundation built on ancient cultures but with a drive and dynamism of a young country. It’s a pretty hard combination to beat.”
He is right, but I can’t help wishing they would keep those old ferries.
32. What is the first paragraph mainly about
A. Sydney’s striking architecture. B. The cultural diversity of Sydney.
C. The key to Sydney’s development. D. Sydney’s tourist attractions in the 1960s.
33. What can we learn about Andrew Reynolds
A. He goes to work by boat. B. He looks forward to a new life.
C. He pilots catamarans well. D. He is attached to the old ferries.
34. What does Shirley Fitzgerald think of Sydney
A. It is losing its traditions. B. It should speed up its progress.
C. It should expand its population. D. It is becoming more international.
35. Which statement will the author probably agree with
A. A city can be young and old at the same time.
B. A city built on ancient cultures is more dynamic.
C. modernity is usually achieved at the cost of elegance.
D. Compromise should be made between the local and the foreign.
四
Who is a genius This question has greatly interested humankind for centuries.
Let's state clearly: Einstein was a genius. His face is almost the international symbol for genius. But we want to go beyond one man and explore the nature of genius itself. Why is it that some people are so much more intelligent or creative than the rest of us And who are they
In the sciences and arts, those praised as geniuses were most often white men, of European origin. Perhaps this is not a surprise. It's said that history is written by the victors, and those victors set the standards for admission to the genius club. When contributions were made by geniuses outside the club—women, or people of a different color or belief—they were unacknowledged and rejected by others.
A study recently published by Science found that as young as age six, girls are less likely than boys to say that members of their gender (性别) are “really, really smart.” Even worse, the study found that girls act on that belief: Around age six they start to avoid activities said to be for children who are “really, really smart.” Can our planet afford to have any great thinkers become discouraged and give up It doesn't take a genius to know the answer: absolutely not.
Here's the good news. In a wired world with constant global communication, we're all positioned to see flashes of genius wherever they appear. And the more we look, the more we will see that social factors(因素)like gender, race, and class do not determine the appearance of genius. As a writer says, future geniuses come from those with “intelligence, creativity, perseverance (毅力), and simple good fortune, who are able to change the world.”
12. What does the author think of victors' standards for joining the genius club
A. They're unfair. B. They're conservative. C. They're objective. D. They're strict.
13. What can we infer about girls from the study in Science
A. They think themselves smart.
B. They look up to great thinkers.
C. They see gender differences earlier than boys.
D. They are likely to be influenced by social beliefs
14. Why are more geniuses known to the public
A. Improved global communication.
B. Less discrimination against women.
C. Acceptance of victors' concepts.
D. Changes in people's social positions.
15. What is the best title for the text
A. Geniuses Think Alike B. Genius Takes Many Forms
C. Genius and Intelligence D. Genius and Luck
五
Think “art”. What comes to your mind Is it Greek or Roman sculptures in the Louvre, or Chinese paintings in the Palace Museum Or maybe, just maybe, it’s a dancing pattern of lights
The artworks by American artist Janet Echelman look like colourful floating clouds when they are lit up at night. Visitors to one of her artworks in Vancouver could not only enjoy looking at it, they could also interact with it-literally. They did this by using their phones to change its colours and patterns. Exhibits such as these are certainly new and exciting, but are they really art
Whatever your opinion, people have been expressing their thoughts and ideas through art for thousands of years. To do this, they have used a variety of tools and technologies. Yet Michelangelo and others have been labelled (定义) as “artists”, but not “technicians”. This means that art and technology, have always been seen as two very separate (不同的) things.
Today, however, technological advances have led to a combination of art and technology. As a result, the art world is changing greatly. Now art is more accessible to us than ever before. Take for example one of China’s most famous paintings from the Song Dynasty, Along the River During the Qingming Festival. As this artwork is rarely on display, people have sometimes queued up to six hours for a chance to see it. Once in front of the painting, they only have limited time to spend taking in its five metres of scenes along the Bian River in Bianjing. Thanks to technology however, millions more people have been able to experience a digital version of this painting. Three-dimensional (3D) animation means that viewers can see the characters move around and interact with their surroundings. They can also watch as the different scenes change from daylight into nighttime.
The art-tech combination (结合) is also changing our concepts of “art” and the “artist”. Not only can we interact with art, but also take part in its creation. With new technological tools at our fingertips, more and more people are exploring their creative sides. The result has been exciting new art forms, such as digital paintings and videos.
However, where technology will take art next is anyone’s guess. But one thing is for sure—with so many artists exploring new possibilities, we can definitely expect the unexpected.
1. What’s the function of the first paragraph
A. To explain the art. B. To introduce the topic.
C. To give the background. D. To give a definition.
2. Why is “Michelangelo” referred to in the third paragraph
A. To show he is a famous artist. B. To show he is also a technician.
C. To show art is different from technology. D. To show art is the same as technology.
3. What’s mainly talked about in the passage
A. The history of technology and art. B. The relation of technology and art.
C. The future of technology and art. D. The examples of technology and art.
4. What can we know about the author’s attitude to the combination of art and technology
A. Positive. B. Negative. C. Doubtful. D. Uncertain
说明文
一
（2024届北京市东城区等5区高三下学期一模）
C
Time is one of humanity’s greatest blind spots. We experience it as days, months or years. But nature functions on much grander scales, measured in centuries, and even longer phases often grouped as “deep time.” Humanity’s shortsightedness around time creates major limits on modern conservation. As the climate and biodiversity crises accelerate, we are urgently working to protect and regenerate ecosystems without understanding how they functioned when they were truly doing well. A deep time perspective can help change that.
Take forest management. For decades, our practices called for all-out prevention of even the mildest forest fires, believing that fire was bad for both people and nonhuman nature. Until recently we ignored the forest management strategies indigenous (土著的) communities had successfully used for centuries, in particular the application of small-scale controlled burns. Fire, it turns out, has always been an integral ingredient in healthy forest ecosystems, promoting new growth by thinning the understory. Today, we’re beginning to see widespread application of indigenous knowledge to forest management, tapping into this ancient wisdom.
But how can we know what an ecosystem looked like centuries ago One pathway is through modern
mathematical modeling. We have married it with streams of long-term data and discovered a possible way to preserve the ecosystem of California’s kelp forest. By examining how North Pacific kelp forests existed long before the 19th century, we found that we’ve ignored the presence of a keystone species—the Steller’s sea cow, and its role in maintaining the harmony of this ecosystem.
Our model described the interactions between giant kelp and understory algae competing for light and space on the seafloor. Then we ran the model again, but this time with the Steller’s sea cow added in. These mammals fed on the leaves from the upper kelp layers. This allowed light to reach the sea bottom, which in turn stimulated the growth of not only the kelp but other kinds of organisms. In re-creating that vanished historical system that included the Steller’s sea cow, we could see a more diverse forestwhere the understory competed better with kelp
In short, what we assume we know about an ecosystem based on the recent past may impede our ability to fully understand and protect it. To ensure that our boldest conservation efforts are successful, we must begin looking at time as an essential tool.
28. According to the passage, what gets in the way of human’s conservation efforts
A. Lack of insights into deep time B. The worsening of biodiversity crises
C. The blindness to management strategies. D. Resistance to taking a deep time perspective.
29. What can we learn from the passage
A. Ignoring the Steller’s sea cow led to ecological imbalance.
B. People now prioritize fire prevention over controlled burns.
C. Mathematical modeling matters more than indigenous knowledge
D. Harvesting upper kelp leaves encourages fresh growth in the understory.
30. What does the underlined word “impede” in the last paragraph probably mean
A. Bring forth. B. Boost up. C. Shut down. D. Hold back.
二
（2024届北京市东城区等5区高三下学期一模）
D
Several dozen graduate students in London were recently tasked with outwitting a large language model (LLM), a type of AI designed to hold useful conversations. LLMs are often programmed with guardrails designed to stop them giving harmful replies: instructions on making bombs in a bathtub, say, or the confident statement of “facts” that are not actually true.
The aim of the task was to break those guardrails. Some results were merely stupid. For example, one participant got the chatbot to claim ducks could be used as indicators of air quality. But the most successful efforts were those that made the machine produce the titles, publication dates and host journals of non-existent academic articles.
AI has the potential to be a big benefit to science. Optimists talk of machines producing readable summaries of complicated areas of research; tirelessly analysing oceans of data to suggest new drugs and even one day, coming up with hypotheses of their own. But AI comes with downsides, too.
Start with the simplest problem: academic misconduct.Some journals allow researchers to use LLMs to help write papers. But not everybody is willing to admit to it. Sometimes, the fact that LLMs have been used is obvious. Guillaume Cabanac, a computer scientist, has uncovered dozens of papers that contain phrases such as “regenerate response” — the text of a button in some versions of ChatGPT that commands the program to rewrite its most recent answer, probably copied into the manuscript (原稿) by mistake.
Another problem arises when AI models are trained on AI-generated data. LLMs are trained on text from the Internet. As they churn out (大量炮制) more such text, the risk of LLMs taking in their own outputs grows. That can cause “model collaps”. In 2023 llia Shumailov, a computer scientist, co-authored a paper in which a model was fed handwritten digits and asked to generate digits of its own, which were fed back to it in turn. After a few cycles, the computer’s numbers became more or less illegible.After 20iterations (迭代), it could produce only rough circles or blurry lines.
Some worry that computer-generated insights might come from models whose inner workings are not understood. Inexplainable models are not useless, says David Leslie at an AI-research outfit in London, but their outputs will need rigorous testing in the real world. That is perhaps less unnerving than it sounds. Checking models against reality is what science is supposed to be about, after all.
For now, at least, questions outnumber answers. The threats that machines pose to the scientific method are, at the end of the day, the same ones posed by humans. AI could accelerate the production of nonsense just as much as it accelerates good science. As the Royal Society has it,nullius in verba: take nobody’s word for it. No thing’s, either.
31. The result of the task conducted in London shows that ________.
A. LLMs give away useful information B. the guardrails turn out to be ineffective
C. AI’s influence will potentially be decreased D. the effort put into the study of AI hardly pays off
32. What does “model collapse” indicate
A. The readability of the models’output is underestimated.
B. The diverse sources of information confuse the models.
C. Training on regenerated data stops models working well.
D. The data will become reliable after continuous iterations.
33. According to the passage, people’s worry over the inexplainable models is __________.
A. impractical B. unjustified C. groundless D. unsettling
34. What would be the best title for the passage
A. Faster Nonsense: AI Could Also Go Wrong
B. Imperfect Models: How Will AI Make Advances
C. The Rise of LLMs: AI Could Still Be Promising
D. Bigger Threats: AI Will Be Uncontrollable
三
（2024届北京门市头沟区一模）
C
Artificial intelligence is almost twice as accurate as a biopsy (活组织检查) at judging the aggressiveness of some cancers, experts say. Cancer kills 10 million people globally every year, according to the WHO. But for patients the disease can be prevented if detected instantly and dealt with quickly.
A recent study suggested an AI algorithm (算法) was far better than a biopsy at correctly grading the aggressiveness of sarcomas (肉瘤), a rare form of cancer. Researchers hope AI will improve outcomes for patients by giving doctors a more accurate way of grading tumours (肿瘤). Because high-grade tumours can indicate aggressive disease, the tool could help ensure those high-risk patients are identified more quickly and treated instantly. Low-risk patients could also be spared unnecessary treatments, follow-up scans and hospital visits.
Researchers say the algorithm could be applied to other types of cancer in future. The team specifically looked at retroperitoneal sarcomas, which develop at the back of the abdomen and are difficult to diagnose (诊断) and treat due to their location. They used CT scans from 170 patients with the two most common forms of retroperitoneal sarcoma — leiomyosarcoma and liposarcoma. Using data from these scans they created an AI algorithm, which was then tested on 89 patients in other countries. In grading how aggressive the tumour was, the technology was accurate in 82% of the cases, while biopsies were 44%.
AI could also recognize leiomyosarcoma and liposarcoma in 84% of sarcomas tested, while radiologists were able to identify them in 65% of the cases. Christina Messiou, the study leader, said: “We’re incredibly excited by the
potential of this state-of-the-art technology, which could lead to patients having better outcomes through faster diagnosis. As patients with retroperitoneal sarcoma are routinely scanned with CT, we hope this tool will eventually be used globally, ensuring that not just specialist centres can reliably identify and grade the disease.”
Richard Davison, chief executive of Sarcoma UK, said the results looked “very promising”. He added: “People are more likely to survive sarcoma if diagnosed early. One in six people with sarcoma cancer wait more than a year to receive an accurate diagnosis, so any research that helps patients receive better treatment and support is welcome.”
28. According to the passage, AI is capable of .
A. grading the risk of sarcomas
B. measuring the scale of sarcomas
C. providing cancer treatment for clinicians
D. classifying cancers with its advanced algorithm
29. What can be inferred from this passage
A. More sarcomas can be detected with the help of AI.
B. Biopsies will be replaced by AI algorithm in identifying cancers.
C. More patients suffering from cancers will benefit from AI algorithm.
D. AI algorithm has been applied in hospitals for detecting most cancers.
30. What is the passage mainly about
A. AI has a profound market in curing cancers.
B. New treatments for sarcomas are well underway.
C. AI helps identify high-risk and low-risk patients.
D. AI does better in assessing some types of sarcomas.
四
（2024届北京市西城区高三下学期一模）
C
Evan Selinger, professor in RIT’s Department of Philosophy, has taken an interest in the ethics (伦理标准) of Al and the policy gaps that need to be filled in. Through a humanities viewpoint, Selinger asks the questions, “How can AI cause harm, and what can governments and companies creating Al programs do to address and manage it ” Answering them, he explained, requires an interdisciplinary approach.
“AI ethics go beyond technical fixes. Philosophers and other humanities experts are uniquely skilled to address
the nuanced (微妙的) principles, value conflicts, and power dynamics. These skills aren’t just crucial for addressing current issues. We desperately need them to promote anticipatory (先行的) governance, ” said Selinger.
One example that illustrates how philosophy and humanities experts can help guide these new, rapidly growing technologies is Selinger’s work collaborating with a special AI project. “One of the skills I bring to the table is identifying core ethical issues in emerging technologies that haven’t been built or used by the public. We can take preventative steps to limit risk, including changing how the technology is designed, ”said Selinger.
Taking these preventative steps and regularly reassessing what risks need addressing is part of the ongoing journey in pursuit of creating responsible AI. Selinger explains that there isn’t a step-by-step approach for good governance. “AI ethics have core values and principles, but there’s endless disagreement about interpreting and applying them and creating meaningful accountability mechanisms, ” said Selinger. “Some people are rightly worried that AI can become integrated into ‘ethics washing’-weak checklists, flowery mission statements, and empty rhetoric that covers over abuses of power. Fortunately, I’ve had great conversations about this issue, including with some experts, on why it is important to consider a range of positions. ”
Some of Selinger’s recent research has focused on the back-end issues with developing AI, such as the human impact that comes with testing AI chatbots before they’re released to the public. Other issues focus on policy, such as what to do about the dangers posed by facial recognition and other automated surveillance(监视) approaches.
Selinger is making sure his students are informed about the ongoing industry conversations on AI ethics and responsible AI. “Students are going to be future tech leaders. Now is the time to help them think about what goals their companies should have and the costs of minimizing ethical concerns. Beyond social costs, downplaying ethics can negatively impact corporate culture and hiring, ” said Selinger. “To attract top talent, you need to consider whether your company matches their interests and hopes for the future. ”
28. Selinger advocates an interdisciplinary approach because ________.
A. humanities experts possess skills essential for AI ethics
B. it demonstrates the power of anticipatory governance
C. AI ethics heavily depends on technological solutions
D. it can avoid social conflicts and pressing issues
29. To promote responsible AI, Selinger believes we should ________.
A. adopt a systematic approach B. apply innovative technologies
C. anticipate ethical risks beforehand D. establish accountability mechanisms
30. What can be inferred from the last two paragraphs
A. More companies will use AI to attract top talent.
B. Understanding AI ethics will help students in the future.
C. Selinger favors companies that match his students’ values.
D. Selinger is likely to focus on back-end issues such as policy.
五
（2024届北京市西城区高三下学期一模）
D
While some allergies (过敏症) disappear over time or with treatment, others last a lifetime. For decades, scientists have been searching for the source of these lifetime allergies.
Recently, researchers found that memory B cells may be involved. These cells produce a different class of antibodies known as IgG, which ward off viral infections. But no one had identified exactly which of those cells were recalling allergens or how they switched to making the IgE antibodies responsible for allergies. To uncover the mysterious cells, two research teams took a deep dive into the immune (免疫的) cells of people with allergies and some without.
Immunologist Joshua Koenig and colleagues examined more than 90, 000 memory B cells from six people with birch allergies, four people allergic to dust mites and five people with no allergies. Using a technique called RNA sequencing, the team identified specific memory B cells, which they named MBC2s that make antibodies and proteins associated with the immune response that causes allergies.
In another experiment, Koenig and colleagues used a peanut protein to go fishing for memory B cells from people with peanut allergies. The team pulled out the same type of cells found in people with birch and dust mite allergies. In people with peanut allergies, those cells increased in number and produced IgE antibodies as the people started treatment to desensitize them to peanut allergens.
Another group led by Maria Curotto de Lafaille, an immunologist at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai in New York City, also found that similar cells were more plentiful in 58 children allergic to peanuts than in 13 kids without allergies. The team found that the cells are ready to switch from making protective IgG antibodies to allergy-causing IgE antibodies. Even before the switch, the cells were making RNA for IgE but didn’t produce the protein. Making that RNA enables the cells to switch the type of antibodies they make when they encounter allergens. The signal to switch partially depends on a protein called JAK, the group discovered. “Stopping JAK from sending
the signal could help prevent the memory cells from switching to IgE production,” Lafaille says. She also predicts that allergists may be able to examine aspects of these memory cells to forecast whether a patient's allergy is likely to last or disappear with time or treatment.
“Knowing which population of cells store allergies in long-term memory may eventually help scientists identify other ways to kill the allergy cells,” says Cecilia Berin, an immunologist at Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine. “You could potentially get rid of not only your peanut allergy but also all of your allergies.”
31. Why did scientists investigate the immune cells of individuals with and without allergies
A. To explore the distinctions between IgG and IgE.
B. To uncover new antibodies known as IgG and IgE.
C. To identify cells responsible for defending against allergies.
D. To reveal cells associated with the development of allergies.
32. What does the word “desensitize” underlined in Paragraph 4 most probably mean
A. Make. . . less destructive. B. Make. . . less responsive.
C. Make. . . less protective. D. Make. . . less effective.
33. What can we learn from the two research teams’ work
A. MBC2s make antibodies and proteins that prevent allergies.
B. Memory B cells generate both RNA for IgE and the corresponding protein.
C. JAK plays a role in controlling antibody production when exposed to allergens.
D. Allergists are capable of predicting whether an allergy will last or disappear.
34. Which could be the best title for the passage
A. RNA Sequencing Is Applied in Immunology Research
B. Specific Cells Related to Peanut Allergies Are Identified
C. Unmasking Cells’ Identities Helps Diagnose and Treat Allergies
D. Newfound Immune Cells Are Responsible for Long-lasting Allergies
六
On March 7, 1907, the English statistician Francis Galton published a paper which illustrated what has come to be known as the “wisdom of crowds” effect. The experiment of estimation he conducted showed that in some cases, the average of a large number of independent estimates could be quite accurate.
This effect capitalizes on the fact that when people make errors, those errors aren’t always the same. Some
people will tend to overestimate, and some to underestimate. When enough of these errors are averaged together, they cancel each other out, resulting in a more accurate estimate. If people are similar and tend to make the same errors, then their errors won’t cancel each other out. In more technical terms, the wisdom of crowds requires that people’s estimates be independent. If for whatever reasons, people’s errors become correlated or dependent, the accuracy of the estimate will go down.
But a new study led by Joaquin Navajas offered an interesting twist (转折) on this classic phenomenon. The key finding of the study was that when crowds were further divided into smaller groups that were allowed to have a discussion, the averages from these groups were more accurate than those from an equal number of independent individuals. For instance, the average obtained from the estimates of four discussion groups of five was significantly more accurate than the average obtained from 20 independent individuals.
In a follow-up study with 100 university students, the researchers tried to get a better sense of what the group members actually did in their discussion. Did they tend to go with those most confident about their estimates Did they follow those least willing to change their minds This happened some of the time, but it wasn’t the dominant response. Most frequently, the groups reported that they “shared arguments and reasoned together.” Somehow, these arguments and reasoning resulted in a global reduction in error. Although the studies led by Navajas have limitations many questions remain the potential implications for group discussion and decision-making are enormous.
12. What is paragraph 2 of the text mainly about
A. The methods of estimation. B. The underlying logic of the effect.
C. The causes of people’s errors. D. The design of Galton’s experiment.
13. Navajas’ study found that the average accuracy could increase even if ________.
A. the crowds were relatively small B. there were occasional underestimates
C. individuals did not communicate D. estimates were not fully independent
14. What did the follow-up study focus on
A. The size of the groups. B. The dominant members.
C. The discussion process. D. The individual estimates.
15. What is the author’s attitude toward Navajas’ studies
A. Unclear. B. Dismissive. C. Doubtful. D. Approving.
七
As cities balloon with growth, access to nature for people living in urban areas is becoming harder to find. If you’re lucky, there might be a pocket park near where you live, but it’s unusual to find places in a city that are relatively wild.
Past research has found health and wellness benefits of nature for humans, but a new study shows that wildness in urban areas is extremely important for human well-being.
The research team focused on a large urban park. They surveyed several hundred park-goers, asking them to submit a written summary online of a meaningful interaction they had with nature in the park. The researchers then examined these submissions, coding (编码) experiences into different categories. For example, one participant’s experience of “We sat and listened to the waves at the beach for a while” was assigned the categories “sitting at beach” and “listening to waves.”
Across the 320 submissions, a pattern of categories the researchers call a “nature language” began to emerge. After the coding of all submissions, half a dozen categories were noted most often as important to visitors. These include encountering wildlife, walking along the edge of water, and following an established trail.
Naming each nature experience creates a usable language, which helps people recognize and take part in the activities that are most satisfying and meaningful to them. For example, the experience of walking along the edge of water might be satisfying for a young professional on a weekend hike in the park. Back downtown during a workday, they can enjoy a more domestic form of this interaction by walking along a fountain on their lunch break.
“We’re trying to generate a language that helps bring the human-nature interactions back into our daily lives. And for that to happen, we also need to protect nature so that we can interact with it,” said Peter Kahn, a senior author of the study.
12. What phenomenon does the author describe at the beginning of the text
A. Pocket parks are now popular. B. Wild nature is hard to find in cities.
C. Many cities are overpopulated. D. People enjoy living close to nature.
13. Why did the researchers code participant submissions into categories
A. To compare different types of park-goers.
B. To explain why the park attracts tourists.
C. To analyze the main features of the park.
D. To find patterns in the visitors’ summaries.
14. What can we learn from the example given in paragraph 5
A. Walking is the best way to gain access to nature.
B. Young people are too busy to interact with nature.
C. The same nature experience takes different forms.
D. The nature language enhances work performance.
15. What should be done before we can interact with nature according to Kahn
A. Language study. B. Environmental conservation.
C. Public education. D. Intercultural communication.

展开更多......

收起↑