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2024年北京海淀高三一模英语阅理CD篇长难句解析
C篇
Researchers hope brain implants will one day help people with aphasia(失语症) to get their voice back—and maybe even to sing. Now, for the first time, scientists have demonstrated that the brain’s electrical activity can be decoded and used to reconstruct music.
A new study analyzed data from 29 people monitored for epileptic seizures(癫痫发作), using electrodes(电极) on the surface of their brain. As participants listened to a selected song, electrodes captured brain activity related to musical elements, such as tone, rhythm, and lyrics. Employing machine learning, Robert Knight from UC Berkeley and his colleagues reconstructed what the participants were hearing and published their study results. The paper is the first to suggest that scientists can “listen secretly to” the brain to synthesize(合成) music.
To turn brain activity data into musical sound, researchers trained an artificial intelligence (AI)model to decode data captured from thousands of electrodes that were attached to the participants as they listened to the song while undergoing surgery. Once the brain data were fed through the model, the music returned. The model also revealed some brain parts responding to different musical features of the song.
Although the findings focused on music, the researchers expect their results to be most useful for translating brain waves into human speech. Ludovic Bellier, the study’s lead author, explains that speech, regardless of language, has small melodic differences—tempo, stress, accents, and intonation—known as prosody(韵律). These elements carry meaning that we can’t communicate with words alone. He hopes the model will improve brain-computer interfaces (BCI), assistive devices that record speech-associated brain waves and use algorithms to reconstruct intended messages. This technology, still in its infancy, could help people who have lost the ability to speak because of aphasia.
Future research should investigate whether these models can be expanded from music that participants have heard to imagined internal speech. If a brain-computer interface could recreate someone’s speech with the prosody and emotional weight found in music, it could offer a richer communication experience beyond mere words.
Several barriers remain before we can put this technology in the hands—or brains— of patients. The current model relies on surgical implants. As recording techniques improve, the hope is to gather data non-invasively, possibly using ultrasensitive electrodes. However, under current technologies, this approach might result in a lower speed of decoding into natural speech. The researchers also hope to improve the playback clarity by packing the electrodes closer together on the brain’s surface, enabling an even more detailed look at the electrical symphony the brain produces.
解析1：Employing machine learning, Robert Knight from UC Berkeley and his colleagues reconstructed what the participants were hearing and published their study results.
【生词】
1.reconstruct 重建、改造
2. participant 参加者
【解析】
① Employing machine learning是介词短语做状语，修饰整个句子，意为：运用机器学习；
② Robert Knight from UC Berkeley中from UC Berkeley是介词短语做后置定语，修饰Robert Knight，意为：加州大学伯克利分校的Robert Knight；
③ what the participants were hearing是what引导的宾语从句，做reconstruct的宾语，what在从句中做hearing的宾语，意为：参与者所听到的内容；
【句意】加州大学伯克利分校的Robert Knight及其同事运用机器学习技术，重建了参与者所听到的内容，并公布了他们的研究结果。
解析2：
To turn brain activity data into musical sound, researchers trained an artificial intelligence（AI）model to decode data captured from thousands of electrodes that were attached to the participants as they listened to the song while undergoing surgery.
【生词】
1.turn…into…转变成、变成
2. artificial 人造的、人工的
3. intelligence 智力、才智
4. decode 破译、破解
5. capture 捕获、俘获
6. electrode 电极
7. participant 参加者
8. undergo 经历、经受
【解析】
① To turn brain activity data into musical sound是非谓语动词to do不定式结构做目的状语，说明主句动作的目的，即研究人员为什么要进行这个动作，意为：为了将大脑活动数据转化为音乐声音；
② researchers trained an artificial intelligence（AI）model to decode data是句子的主句，to decode data是非谓语动词to do不定式结构做状语，表示：解码数据，意为：研究人员训练了一个人工智能模型来解码数据；
③ data captured from thousands of electrodes中captured from thousands of electrodes是过去分词做后置定语，修饰data，意为：从数千个电极捕获的数据；
④ electrodes that were attached to the participants中that引导的定语从句，修饰electrode，意为：附着在参与者身上的电极；
⑤ as they listened to the song while undergoing surgery是as引导的时间状语从句，意为：当他们在接受手术时聆听歌曲；
【句意】为了将大脑活动数据转化为音乐声音，研究人员训练了一个人工智能（AI）模型，以解码从数千个电极捕获的数据。这些电极附着在参与者身上，他们在接受手术时聆听歌曲。
解析3：
He hopes the model will improve brain-computer interfaces（BCI）, assistive devices that record speech-associated brain waves and use algorithms to reconstruct intended messages.
【生词】
1.brain-computer 脑机
2. interface 连接、接口
3. assistive 辅助的
4. associated 有关联的、相关的
5. algorithm 算法
6. reconstruct 重建、改造
7. intended 预期的、故意的
【解析】
① the model will improve brain-computer interfaces（BCI）, assistive devices that record speech-associated brain waves and use algorithms to reconstruct intended messages.是省略引导词that的宾语从句，做hope的宾语，assistive devices是与宾语从句的并列宾语，与BCI并列，表示：辅助设备，that record speech-associated brain waves and use algorithms to reconstruct intended messages是that引导的定语从句，修饰限定assistive devices，to reconstruct intended messages是非谓语动词to do不定式短语作目的状语，补充说明了use algorithms的目的和结果，意为：这个模型能够改进脑机接口，这种辅助设备可以记录与语言相关的脑电波，并使用算法来重建预期的信息；
【句意】他希望这个模型能够改进脑机接口，这种辅助设备可以记录与语言相关的脑电波，并使用算法来重建预期的信息。
解析4：
If a brain-computer interface could recreate someone's speech with the prosody and emotional weight found in music, it could offer a richer communication experience beyond mere words.
【生词】
1.brain-computer 脑机
2. interface 连接、接口
3. prosody 韵律
4. mere 仅仅
【解析】
① If a brain-computer interface could recreate someone's speech with the prosody and emotional weight found in music是if引导的条件状语从句，a brain-computer interface是条件状语从句的主语，表示：脑机接口，could recreate是从句的谓语动词，someone's speech是宾语，with the prosody and emotional weight found in music是介词短语做状语，修饰谓语动词recreate，表示：带有音乐中的韵律和情感份量，意为：如果脑机接口能够重现某人的语音，并赋予其音乐中的韵律和情感分量；
② beyond mere words是介词短语做后置定语，修饰a richer communication experience，意为：一种超越语言的更丰富的交流体验；
【句意】如果一个脑机接口可以用音乐中的韵律和情感分量来重现某人的演讲，那么它就可以提供一种超越语言的更丰富的交流体验。
解析5：
The researchers also hope to improve the playback clarity by packing the electrodes closer together on the brain’s surface, enabling an even more detailed look at the electrical symphony the brain produces.
【生词】
1.playback 重放
2. clarity 清晰、清楚
3. electrode 电极
4. surface 表面
5. detailed 详细的、详尽的、精细的
6. symphony 交响乐
【解析】
① The researchers also hope to improve the playback clarity中The researchers是主语，hope是谓语动词，to improve the playback clarity是非谓语动词to do结构做宾语，意为：研究者希望提高回放清晰度；
② by packing the electrodes closer together on the brain’s surface是介词短语做方式状语，意为：通过在大脑表面更紧密地排列电极；
③ enabling an even more detailed look at the electrical symphony the brain produces.是现在分词短语做结果状语，the brain produces是省略了引导词that/which的定语从句，修饰symphony，表示：大脑产生的交响乐，意为：以便更详细地观察大脑产生的电信号交响乐；
【句意】研究者还希望通过在大脑表面将电极更紧密地排列来提高回放清晰度，以便更详细地观察大脑产生的电信号交响乐。
解析6：
Other issues focus on policy, such as what to do about the dangers posed by facial recognition and other automated surveillance approaches.
【生词】
1. issue 问题、议题
2. policy 政策
3. pose 形成
4. facial 面部的
5. recognition 承认、识别
6. automated 自动化的
7. surveillance 监视
【解析】
① such as what to do about the dangers posed by facial recognition and other automated surveillance approaches是同位语短语，通过举例的方式进一步说明和解释policy的具体内容或范围，what to do是疑问词加不定式的结构，用于询问或表示关于某件事的行动或决策，是不定式短语做as的宾语，posed by facial recognition and other automated surveillance approaches是过去分词短语作定语，修饰限定the dangers，意为：面部识别和其他自动监控方法带来的危险；
【句意】其他问题则集中在政策层面，比如如何应对面部识别和其他自动化监控手段所带来的风险。
28. What can we learn from the study
A. Electrodes can analyze musical elements.
B. The decoding of brain data helps recreate music.
C. Machine learning greatly enhances brain activity.
D. The AI model monitors music-responsive brain regions.
29. What hopefully makes it possible to expand the model to speech
A. The prosody of speech.
B. The collection of brain waves.
C. The emotional weight of music.
D. The reconstruction of information.
30. Which of the following would be the best title for the passage
A. Unlocking the Secrets of Melodic Mind
B. Brain Symphony: Synthesized Human Speech
C. BCI Brings Hope to People with Aphasia
D. Remarkable Journey: Decoding Brain with AI
D篇
“Assume you are wrong.” The advice came from Brian Nosek, a psychology professor, who was offering a strategy for pursuing better science.
To understand the context for Nosek’s advice, we need to take a step back to the nature of science itself. You see despite what many of us learned in elementary school, there is no single scientific method. Just as scientific theories become elaborated and change, so do scientific methods.
But methodological reform hasn’t come without some fretting and friction. Nasty things have been said by and about methodological reformers. Few people like having the value of their life’s work called into question. On the other side, few people are good at voicing criticisms in kind and constructive ways. So, part of the challenge is figuring out how to bake critical self-reflection into the culture of science itself, so it unfolds as a welcome and integrated part of the process, and not an embarrassing sideshow.
What Nosek recommended was a strategy for changing the way we offer and respond to critique. Assuming you are right might be a motivating force, sustaining the enormous effort that conducting scientific work requires. But it also makes it easy to interpret criticisms as personal attacks. Beginning, instead, from the assumption you are wrong, a criticism is easier to interpret as a constructive suggestion for how to be less wrong—a goal that your critic presumably shares.
One worry about this approach is that it could be demoralizing for scientists. Striving to be less wrong might be a less effective motivation than the promise of being right. Another concern is that a strategy that works well within science could backfire when it comes to communicating science with the public. Without an appreciation for how science works, it’s easy to take uncertainty or disagreements as marks against science, when in fact they reflect some of the very features of science that make it our best approach to reaching reliable conclusions about the world. Science is reliable because it responds to evidence: as the quantity and quality of our evidence improves, our theories can and should change, too.
Despite these worries, I like Nosek’s suggestion because it builds in cognitive humility along with a sense that we can do better. It also builds in a sense of community—we’re all in the same boat when it comes to falling short of getting things right.
Unfortunately, this still leaves us with an untested hypothesis(假说): that assuming one is wrong can change community norms for the better, and ultimately support better science and even, perhaps, better decisions in life. I don’t know if that’s true. In fact, I should probably assume that it’s wrong. But with the benefit of the scientific community and our best methodological tools, I hope we can get it less wrong, together.
解析1：So, part of the challenge is figuring out how to bake critical self-reflection into the culture of science itself, so it unfolds as a welcome and integrated part of the process, and not an embarrassing sideshow.
【生词】
1. figure out 弄明白、解决
2. critical 批判的、关键的、严重的
3. self-reflection 反省
4. unfold 打开、展开、呈现
5. integrate 合并、整合的
6. sideshow 杂耍、小事件
【解析】
① part of the challenge is figuring out how to bake critical self-reflection into the culture of science itself中part of the challenge是句子主语，表示：挑战的一部分，is系动词，figuring out是动名词做表语，how to bake critical self-reflection into the culture of science itself做figure out的宾语，to bake是动词不定式，表示一种动作或方法，critical self-reflection是被融入的对象，into the culture of science itself则表示这种融入动作的目标或地点。意为：挑战的一部分是弄清楚如何将批判性的自我反思融入科学文化本身；
② so it unfolds as a welcome and integrated part of the process, and not an embarrassing sideshow是结果状语从句，as a welcome and integrated part of the process是介词短语做方式状语，修饰谓语unfolds，说明it是如何展开的，表示：作为过程的一个受欢迎且不可分割的部分。意为：因此，它是这个过程中受欢迎和不可或缺的一部分，而不是令人尴尬的插曲；
【句意】因此，其中的一项挑战在于如何将关键性的自我反思融入科学文化本身，使其成为科学过程中的一个受欢迎且不可或缺的组成部分，而不是一个令人尴尬的配角。
解析2：
What Nosek recommended was a strategy for changing the way we offer and respond to critique.
【生词】
1.recommend 推荐
2. strategy 策略
3. critique 评论、批判
【解析】
① What Nosek recommended是what引导的主语从句，what在从句中做宾语，意为：Nosek推荐的东西；
② for changing the way we offer and respond to critique是介词短语做后置定语，修饰a strategy，we offer and respond to critique是定语从句，修饰the way（the way做先行词，关系代词有三种情况：①that; ②in which; ③省略不填），意为：改变我们提出和回应批评的方式；
【句意】Nosek所推荐的是一种改变我们提出和回应批评的方式的策略。
解析3：
Beginning, instead, from the assumption you are wrong, a criticism is easier to interpret as a constructive suggestion for how to be less wrong—a goal that your critic presumably shares.
【生词】
1.assumption 假定、假设
2. criticism 批评、批判
3. interpret 解释、说明
4. constructive 建设性的、推定的
5. critic 批评家、评论员
6. presumably 大概、可能
【解析】
① Beginning, instead, from the assumption you are wrong是现在分词做状语，you are wrong是同位语从句，用于解释和说明the assumption的具体内容，进一步描述或定义the assumption是什么，意为：相反，从假设你是错的开始；
② to interpret as a constructive suggestion for how to be less wrong是to do不定式短语作为形容词短语修饰easier，as a constructive suggestion for how to be less wrong做补足语，说明了interpret的具体方式或内容，意为：将其解释为如何减少错误的建设性建议；
③ a goal that your critic presumably shares是同位语，对前面a constructive suggestion进行解释或说明，提供额外的信息，that your critic presumably shares是that引导的定语从句，修饰a goal，意为：你的批评者很可能也认同这个目标；
【句意】相反，如果一开始就从假设自己犯错的角度出发，那么批评就更容易被解读为一种建设性建议，即如何减少错误—一个你的批评者可能也认同的目标。
解析4：
Another concern is that a strategy that works well within science could backfire when it comes to communicating science with the public.
【生词】
1.strategy 策略
2. backfire 后果
3. when it comes to 就…而言
【解析】
① that a strategy that works well within science could backfire是that引导的表语从句，that works well within science是that引导的定语从句，修饰先行词strategy，within science是介词短语做状语，修饰限定谓语动词works well这一状态或属性的范围或条件，意为：在科学领域内行之有效的策略；
② when it comes to communicating science with the public是when引导的时间状语从句，意为：当涉及到向公众传播科学时；
【句意】另一个担忧是，在科学领域内行之有效的策略，在面向公众进行科学传播时可能会适得其反。
解析5：
Without an appreciation for how science works, it's easy to take uncertainty or disagreements as marks against science, when in fact they reflect some of the very features of science that make it our best approach to reaching reliable conclusions about the world.
【生词】
1.appreciation 欣赏、感激
2. uncertainty 犹豫
3. disagreement 分歧、争论
4. mark 标志、标识
5. reflect 反射、反映、深思
6. feature 特征、特点
7. approach 方法、态度
8. reliable 可靠的、可信赖的
9. conclusion 结论、推论
【解析】
① Without an appreciation for how science works是介词短语做整个句子的状语，for how science works是介词短语做后置定语，修饰appreciation，表示：对科学如何运作的欣赏或理解，how science works是how引导的宾语从句，做介词for的宾语，意为：如果没有对科学如何运作的欣赏或理解；
② it's easy to take uncertainty or disagreements as marks against science中it是形式主语，真正的主语是to do不定式结构to take uncertainty or disagreements as marks against science，as marks against science是介词短语做状语，修饰动词take，意为：将不确定性或分歧视为科学的缺点；
③ when in fact they reflect some of the very features of science是when引导的时间状语从句，in fact是介词短语在从句中做状语，意为：而事实上，它们恰恰反映了科学的一些特征；
④ features of science that make it our best approach to reaching reliable conclusions about the world是that引导的定语从句，修饰features of science，that在从句中做主语， to reaching reliable conclusions about the world是介词短语做后置定语，修饰approach，意为：这些特性使科学成为我们得出关于世界的可靠结论的最佳途径；
【句意】如果没有对科学如何运作的欣赏或理解，人们很容易将不确定性或分歧视为科学的缺点，而事实上，它们恰恰反映了科学的一些特征，正是这些特性使科学成为我们得出关于世界的可靠结论的最佳途径。
解析6：
Unfortunately, this still leaves us with an untested hypothesis：that assuming one is wrong can change community norms for the better, and ultimately support better science and even, perhaps, better decisions in life.
【生词】
1.untested 未试验的、未经检验的
2. hypothesis 假说、假设
3. assume 假定、假设
4. community 社区、社会
5. norm 标准、社会准则
6. ultimately 最终、最后
【解析】
① this still leaves us with an untested hypothesis中with an untested hypothesis是介词短语做宾语补足语，意为：这仍然给我们留下了一个未经检验的假说；
② that assuming one is wrong can change community norms for the better, and ultimately support better science and even, perhaps, better decisions in life是同位语从句，详细描述了这个未经测试的假设的内容，that assuming one is wrong是that引导的主语从句（that引导主语从句时，在句中不做成分，无意义，不可以省略），表示：假设一个人是错的，can change和ultimately support是并列的谓语动词，community norms for the better、better science和better decisions in life是三个宾语，意为：即假设某人是错误的可以改变社区规范，使之变得更好，并最终支持更好的科学，甚至可能在生活中做出更好的决策
【句意】不幸的是，这仍然给我们留下了一个未经测试的假说：即假设某人是错误的可以改变社区规范，使之变得更好，并最终支持更好的科学，甚至可能在生活中做出更好的决策。
31. What can we learn from Paragraph 3
A. Reformers tend to devalue researchers’ work.
B. Scientists are unwilling to express kind criticisms.
C. People hold wrong assumptions about the culture of science.
D. The scientific community should practice critical self-reflection.
32. The strategy of “assuming you are wrong” may contribute to ______.
A. the enormous efforts of scientists at work
B. the reliability of potential research results
C. the public’s passion for scientific findings
D. the improvement in the quality of evidence
33. The underlined word “demoralizing” in Paragraph 5 means ______.
A. discouraging
B. ineffective
C. unfair
D. misleading
34. The tone the author uses in talking about the untested hypothesis is ______.
A. doubtful but sincere
B. disapproving but soft
C. authoritative and direct
D. reflective and humorous

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