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限制性定语从句的特殊情况
一、关系代词的省略
1.作及物动词的宾语时可以省略。在口语中,这种省略非常普遍。
*Jack is a man who is strict with himself in everything (that) he does.
杰克在做任何事情的时候都对自己严格。
*The man ( who/whom) you saw just now is my headteacher.
你刚才看到的那个人是我的班主任。
2.作表语的关系代词 that 可省略。
*He is no longer the little boy ( that )he was.
他再也不是以前那个小男孩了。
[知识宽一度]
在"介词+关系代词"引导的定语从句中,关系代词在介词后虽作宾语，却不能省略。
*Do you know the person to whom I turned to for help
你认识我求助的那个人吗
*I checked the source from which I had that information.
我核实了我获知那条信息的来源。
二、关系代词宜用 that 不用which的情况
1.当先行词是all,much,anything,something,everything,nothing,little,few等不定代词时
*Please tell me anything ( that )you know about the director of the movie.
凡是你知道的关于这部电影导演的情况, 请都告诉我。
*All that can be done is done, but the patient hasn’t shown a good sign.
能做的都已经做了，但是病人还没有好转的迹象。
2.当先行词为序数词/形容词最高级,或被序数词/形容词最高级修饰时
*The first English novel that I read was The Old Man and the Sea.
我读的第一本英文小说是《老人与海》。
*This is the most beautiful voice that I have heard so far.
这是我目前听过的最美好的声音。
3.当先行词被 all, no, few, any ,little,the same, the last, the only, the very等修饰时
*I've read all the books that my mother bought for me.我已经读完了妈妈买给我的所有书。
*This is the very book ( that) I want to read.这正是我想读的书。
4.当先行词既有人又有物时
*The scientist and his achievements that you told me about are admired by us all.
我们所有人都钦佩你告诉我的那位科学家和他所取得的成就。
①I encourage you to take his offer. It's worth your time, even if time is something that we don't have a lot of.
②This is the most interesting way that I can come up with to interact with the students.
③Last year the well-known actress did all that she could to help the poor children in that mountain village.
④They were talking about the people and things that they could remember in their former school.
⑤On 12 April 1961, Yuri Gagarin became the first person in the world that got into space.
⑥Mr Alexander is the professor for whom I have the greatest respect.
三、关系代词宜用 which 不用 that的情况
1.在定语从句中作介词的宾语, 且介词位于关系代词前时。
*She's got a part-time job for which she earns 2,000 yen a month.
她得到了一份每月挣2000日元的兼职工作。
2.当有两个并列的定语从句时, 其中前一个从句的关系代词用that, 后一个宜用 which。
*Let me show you the novel that I borrowed from the library which was newly open to us.
我给你看一本我从新开放的图书馆里借的小说。
3.在非限制性定语从句中，先行词为物或整个句子的内容时，用which, 不用that。
*They offered him some money, which he refused politely.
他们要给他一些钱，他婉言拒绝了。
四、关系代词宜用who不用that的情况
先行词是指人的不定代词时，如 one,ones,anyone,everyone,everybody, someone 等,或先行词为 those 且指人时。
*(2022 全国Ⅲ卷 阅读填句) The person who bought the house or moved is the one who throws the party.买了房子或搬家的人是举办派对的人。
*(2023 全国乙卷 阅读理解D)Those who are on the losing side often have only their things to tell their stories.那些失败的人往往只有他们的东西来讲述他们的故事。
①The students who take part in after-school activities are happier than those who are not.
②Self-driving is an area in which China and the rest of the world are on the same starting line.
③The students who are most successful are usually the ones who come to all the classes.
④She was lying there in full view of anyone who walked by.
⑤Mothers are often the ones who provide emotional support for the family.
⑥She and her family bicycle to work, which helps them keep fit.
五、关系代词作动词的间接宾语的情况
关系代词作动词的间接宾语时，介词要用to 或for且，不能遗漏。无关系代词时，也要用 to 或 for。
他送红玫瑰的那个女孩是谁
[误] Who is the girl that he gave red roses
[正]Who is the girl that he gave red roses to
The lady I wrote the poem for was my sister.
我为她写诗的那位女士是我妹妹。
六、介词 +关系代词”引导的定语从句的注意事项
定语从句中的介词可以提到关系代词前面，形成"介词+关系代词"结构。
1.先行词指人时，关系代词用 whom，不可以用 who 或that；先行词指物时，关系代词用 which，不能用 that。但如果介词后置，则不受这种限制，限制性定语从句中的关系代词还可以省去，尤其在口语中。
*She wondered whether he had someone to whom he could talk freely.
=She wondered whether he had someone (that/who/whom) whom he could talk to freely.
她不知道他是否有个可以畅谈的知音。
*It helps to understand the historical context in which the writer wrote.
=It helps to understand the historical context that/which the writer wrote in.
这有助于理解这位作家创作时的历史背景。
定语从句的谓语动词如果是以介词结尾的短语动词在，则不可把介词移植 至从句之首。,常见的此类短语动词有 look for，listen to, look after, take care of., look forward to等
我终于收到了我期待已久的礼物。
[误]Finally I received the gift to which I was looking forward to.
[正]Finally I received the gift (which/that) I was looking forward to.
用适当的“介词+关系代词”填空
①He had made great progress with which the boss was very satisfied.
②We came to a place to which we had never paid a visit to.
③I think I can understand the reason for which he didn't tell the truth to me.
④There should be someone to whom you can turn for any advice.
⑤The team includes 50 scientists, most of whom are also returnees from overseas.

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