资源简介

高考英语阅读理解高频词汇超详细梳理（灾难类）
单词详解：
1. emerge (vi.) / m d / 浮现, (由某种状态)脱出, (事实)显现出来
例句: Rescue workers emerged from the rubble with a survivor. (救援人员带着一名幸存者从废墟中出来。)
同义词: appear, surface, come out, rise
反义词: disappear, submerge
搭配: emerge from something (从…中浮现)
拓展词组: emergency (n. 紧急情况), emergent (adj. 紧急的)
易错点拨: 注意拼写，不要与 "immerge" (v. 沉浸) 混淆。
例句辨析:
Emerge: 指从隐藏或被遮蔽的状态中出现或变得可见。
Appear: 指变得可见或显现出来，强调突然出现。
Surface: 指从水下或其他隐藏的地方浮出水面或出现。
2. collapse (n. & vi.) /k l ps/ 崩溃,倒塌,暴跌, 倒塌,崩溃,瓦解,折叠
例句: The building collapsed after the earthquake, trapping many people inside. (地震后，这座建筑倒塌了，许多人被困在里面。)
同义词: (n.) breakdown, downfall, (vi.) crumble, fall apart
反义词: (n.) rise, success, (vi.) build, strengthen
搭配: collapse of a building (建筑物倒塌), economic collapse (经济崩溃)
拓展词组: collapsible (adj. 可折叠的), collapse into (陷入)
易错点拨: 注意拼写，不要与 "collapse" (v. 折叠) 混淆。
例句辨析:
Collapse (n.): 指突然的倒塌、崩溃或衰败。
Collapse (v.): 指倒塌、崩溃或衰弱。
Breakdown: 指机器、系统或人的功能失效。
Downfall: 指从高位或成功状态的堕落。
3. infect (vt.) / n fekt/ 传染,感染
例句: The virus infected thousands of people, causing a global pandemic. (这种病毒感染了成千上万的人，引发了全球大流行。)
同义词: contaminate, pollute, poison
反义词: disinfect, sterilize
搭配: infect someone with something (使某人感染…)
拓展词组: infection (n. 感染), infectious (adj. 传染性的)
易错点拨: 注意拼写，不要与 "affect" (v. 影响) 混淆。
例句辨析:
Infect: 指将疾病或有害物质传播给他人或物体。
Contaminate: 指使事物变得不纯净或不安全。
Pollute: 指污染环境或使环境变得不洁净。
4. wreck (n. & vt.) /rek/ 失事,残骸,破坏,健康受损的人, 破坏,造成...失事
例句: The storm caused a shipwreck, leaving the survivors stranded on a deserted island. (风暴导致了一艘船失事，幸存者被困在一个荒岛上。)
同义词: (n.) wreckage, ruins, (v.) destroy, damage
反义词: (v.) build, repair
搭配: shipwreck (n. 海难), car wreck (n. 车祸)
拓展词组: wreckage (n. 残骸), wrecked (adj. 失事的)
易错点拨: 注意拼写，不要与 "wrack" (n. 海藻) 混淆。
例句辨析:
Wreck (n.): 指失事船只或其他交通工具的残骸，或指被严重损坏的物体。
Wreck (v.): 指摧毁或严重损坏某物。
Destroy: 指彻底摧毁某物，使其无法修复。
Damage: 指对某物造成损害，但可能可以修复。
5. spread (n. & v.) /spred/ 传布, 伸展, 扩延的, 传布, 推广, 伸出
例句: The wildfire spread rapidly through the dry forest, destroying everything in its path. (野火迅速蔓延到干燥的森林中，摧毁了沿途的一切。)
同义词: (n.) extent, range, (v.) distribute, disseminate
反义词: (v.) collect, gather
搭配: spread news (传播新闻), spread disease (传播疾病)
拓展词组: widespread (adj. 普遍的), spread out (展开)
易错点拨: 注意 "spread" 作为名词和动词的用法和含义。
例句辨析:
Spread (n.): 指事物的范围或延伸。
Spread (v.): 指展开、延伸或传播。
Distribute: 指分发或散布。
Disseminate: 指传播信息或思想。
6. claim (n. & vt.) /kle m/ 要求,要求权;主张,断言,声称;要求物, 要求,请求；主张,声称,断言
例句: The earthquake claimed the lives of thousands of people. (地震夺走了成千上万人的生命。)
同义词: (n.) demand, assertion, (vt.) assert, declare
反义词: (vt.) deny, refute
搭配: claim responsibility (声称负责), claim compensation (要求赔偿)
拓展词组: claimant (n. 索赔人), claim to fame (成名原因)
易错点拨: 注意 "claim" 作为名词和动词的用法和含义。
例句辨析:
Claim (n.): 指要求、主张或断言。
Claim (vt.): 指要求、主张或声称。
Demand: 指强烈的要求或坚持。
Assert: 指自信地陈述或维护某事。
7. survive (vt. & vi.) /s r va v/ 比…活得长,幸免于难,艰难度过, 活着, 继续存在
例句: Only a few people survived the plane crash. (只有少数人从飞机失事中幸存下来。)
同义词: live, endure, outlast
反义词: die, perish
搭配: survive a disaster (在灾难中幸存), survival skills (生存技能)
拓展词组: survivor (n. 幸存者), survival (n. 生存)
易错点拨: 注意拼写，不要与 "survive" (v. 存活) 混淆。
例句辨析:
Survive: 指在危险或困难的情况下存活下来。
Live: 指活着，强调生命的存在。
Endure: 指忍受或经受住困难或痛苦。
8. injure (v.) / nd r/ 伤害, 使...受冤屈
例句: Many people were injured in the explosion. (许多人在爆炸中受伤。)
同义词: hurt, wound, damage
反义词: heal, cure
搭配: injure oneself (受伤), be injured in an accident (在事故中受伤)
拓展词组: injury (n. 伤害), injurious (adj. 有害的)
易错点拨: 注意拼写，不要与 "ensure" (v. 确保) 混淆。
例句辨析:
Injure: 指对身体造成伤害或损害。
Hurt: 指造成身体或情感上的痛苦。
Wound: 指造成伤口或伤害。
9. transmit (vt. & vi.) /tr nz m t/ 传输, 传送, 代代相传, 传达, (以无线电或有线电的方式)发送信号
例句: The disease is transmitted through contaminated water. (这种疾病通过污染的水传播。)
同义词: send, convey, communicate, broadcast
反义词: receive
搭配: transmit information (传递信息), transmit a disease (传播疾病)
拓展词组: transmission (n. 传播), transmitter (n. 发射器)
易错点拨: 注意拼写，不要与 "transform" (v. 改变) 混淆。
例句辨析:
Transmit: 指发送或传递信息、能量或疾病。
Send: 指将某物或某人从一个地方送到另一个地方。
Convey: 指传递信息或思想。
Communicate: 指交流或传递信息。
10. rescue (n. & vt.) / reskju / 援救,解救,营救队, 援救,救出,营救
例句: The rescue team worked tirelessly to save people trapped in the collapsed building. (救援队不知疲倦地工作，以拯救被困在倒塌建筑物中的人们。)
同义词: save, deliver, liberate
反义词: abandon, endanger
搭配: rescue someone from something (从…中救出某人)
拓展词组: rescuer (n. 救援人员), rescue mission (救援任务)
易错点拨: 注意拼写，不要与 "research" (n. 研究) 混淆。
例句辨析:
Rescue: 指从危险或困境中拯救某人或某物。
Save: 指保护某人或某物免受伤害或危险。
Deliver: 指从危险或困境中解救某人或某物。
Liberate: 指使某人或某物获得自由。
11. donate (vt. & vi.) / do ne t/ 捐赠,转移(电子), 捐款
例句: Many people donated money and supplies to help the victims of the hurricane. (许多人捐款捐物，帮助飓风的受害者。)
同义词: give, contribute, offer
反义词: receive, take
搭配: donate to charity (向慈善机构捐款), donate blood (献血)
拓展词组: donation (n. 捐赠), donor (n. 捐赠者)
易错点拨: 注意拼写，不要与 "denote" (v. 表示) 混淆。
例句辨析:
Donate: 指无偿给予或贡献某物，通常用于慈善或公益事业。
Give: 指给予或提供某物，可以是有偿或无偿的。
Contribute: 指捐献或贡献，通常指为共同目标或事业做出贡献。
12. accidental (adj. & n.) / ks dentl/ 意外的,偶然的,附属的, 偶然,不重要的东西,变调的临时符号
例句: The fire was caused by an accidental electrical fault. (火灾是由意外的电路故障引起的。)
同义词: unintentional, unplanned, unexpected
反义词: intentional, deliberate, planned
搭配: accidental death (意外死亡), by accident (偶然地)
拓展词组: accident (n. 事故), accidentally (adv. 意外地)
易错点拨: 注意拼写，不要与 "incidental" (adj. 附带的) 混淆。
例句辨析:
Accidental: 指意外的、非故意的、偶然发生的。
Unintentional: 指非故意的、无意的。
Unplanned: 指没有计划的、意外的。
Unexpected: 指出乎意料的、未预料到的。
13. miserable (adj.) / m z r bl/ 悲惨的,痛苦的,贫乏的
例句: The refugees were living in miserable conditions, with little food or shelter. (难民们生活在悲惨的环境中，几乎没有食物或住所。)
同义词: unhappy, wretched, pitiful
反义词: happy, joyful, content
搭配: miserable life (悲惨的生活), feel miserable (感到痛苦)
拓展词组: misery (n. 痛苦), miserably (adv. 悲惨地)
易错点拨: 注意拼写，不要与 "miserable" (adj. 吝啬的) 混淆。
例句辨析:
Miserable: 指非常不快乐、痛苦或悲惨的。
Unhappy: 指不快乐或不满意的。
Wretched: 指极度痛苦或不幸的。
Pitiful: 指可怜的、值得同情的。
14. fatal (adj.) / fe tl/ 致命的, 毁灭性的, 决定性的
例句: The car accident proved fatal for the driver. (这起车祸对司机来说是致命的。)
同义词: deadly, lethal, mortal
反义词: nonfatal, harmless
搭配: fatal injury (致命伤), fatal error (致命错误)
拓展词组: fatality (n. 死亡), fatally (adv. 致命地)
易错点拨: 注意拼写，不要与 "fateful" (adj. 决定命运的) 混淆。
例句辨析:
Fatal: 指导致死亡或毁灭的。
Deadly: 指致命的、危险的、足以致命的。
Lethal: 指致命的、足以致死的。
Mortal: 指会死的、终有一死的。
15. vulnerable (adj.) / v ln r bl/ 易受伤害的, 有弱点的
例句: The coastal areas are vulnerable to flooding during hurricanes. (沿海地区在飓风期间容易遭受洪水。)
同义词: susceptible, exposed, defenseless
反义词: invulnerable, protected, safe
搭配: vulnerable to something (易受…伤害)
拓展词组: vulnerability (n. 弱点), vulnerably (adv. 易受伤害地)
易错点拨: 注意拼写，不要与 "valuable" (adj. 贵重的) 混淆。
例句辨析:
Vulnerable: 指易受伤害、攻击或批评的。
Susceptible: 指容易受到某种影响或感染的。
Exposed: 指暴露于危险或伤害之中的。
Defenseless: 指没有防御能力的、易受攻击的。
16. voluntary (adj. & n.) / v l nt ri/ 自愿的, 志愿的, (教堂礼拜仪式前后或进行期间的)乐器独奏
例句: Many volunteers helped to clean up the damage after the flood. (许多志愿者帮助清理洪水过后的损坏。)
同义词: willing, intentional, deliberate, optional
反义词: involuntary, forced, compulsory
搭配: voluntary work (志愿工作), voluntary organization (志愿组织)
拓展词组: volunteer (n. 志愿者), voluntarily (adv. 自愿地)
易错点拨: 注意拼写，不要与 "involuntary" (adj. 非自愿的) 混淆。
例句辨析:
Voluntary: 指自愿的、主动的、非强迫的。
Willing: 指乐意的、愿意的、自愿的。
Intentional: 指故意的、有意的、有目的的。
Deliberate: 指深思熟虑的、故意的、有计划的。
17. disaster (n.) /d zɑ st r/ 灾难
例句: The earthquake was a major disaster, causing widespread destruction and loss of life. (地震是一场重大灾难，造成了广泛的破坏和人员伤亡。)
同义词: catastrophe, calamity, tragedy
反义词: fortune, blessing
搭配: natural disaster (自然灾害), man-made disaster (人为灾难)
拓展词组: disastrous (adj. 灾难性的), disaster relief (救灾)
易错点拨: 注意拼写，不要与 "dessert" (n. 甜点) 混淆。
例句辨析:
Disaster: 指造成重大破坏或痛苦的事件。
Catastrophe: 指巨大的灾难或不幸事件。
Calamity: 指严重的灾难或不幸事件。
Tragedy: 指悲惨的事件或戏剧。
18. famine (n.) / f m n/ 饥荒, 极度缺乏
例句: The drought caused a severe famine, leaving many people starving. (干旱导致了严重的饥荒，许多人挨饿。)
同义词: starvation, hunger, scarcity
反义词: abundance, plenty
搭配: famine relief (饥荒救济), suffer from famine (遭受饥荒)
拓展词组: N/A
易错点拨: 注意拼写，不要与 "feminine" (adj. 女性的) 混淆。
例句辨析:
Famine: 指极度缺乏食物，导致 widespread hunger and death。
Starvation: 指因缺乏食物而导致的死亡或极度虚弱状态。
Hunger: 指对食物的渴望或需求。
Scarcity: 指缺乏或不足。
19. destruction (n.) /d str k n/ 破坏,毁灭,破坏者
例句: The hurricane left a trail of destruction in its wake. (飓风过后留下一片狼藉。)
同义词: devastation, ruin, demolition
反义词: construction, creation
搭配: cause destruction (造成破坏), mass destruction (大规模毁灭)
拓展词组: destructive (adj. 破坏性的), destroy (v. 摧毁)
易错点拨: 注意拼写，不要与 "instruction" (n. 指令) 混淆。
例句辨析:
Destruction: 指对某物造成严重损害或使其无法修复的行为或过程。
Devastation: 指大范围的破坏或毁灭。
Ruin: 指使某物或某人毁灭或衰败的状态。
Demolition: 指拆除建筑物或其他结构的行为。
20. refugee (n.) / refju d i / 难民, 流亡者
例句: Millions of refugees fled their homes due to the war. (由于战争，数百万难民逃离家园。)
同义词: exile, displaced person, asylum seeker
反义词: citizen, resident
搭配: refugee camp (难民营), seek refuge (寻求庇护)
拓展词组: N/A
易错点拨: 注意拼写，不要与 "refuge" (n. 避难所) 混淆。
例句辨析:
Refugee: 指因战争、迫害或自然灾害而被迫逃离家园的人。
Exile: 指被流放或被迫离开祖国的人。
Displaced person: 指因冲突或灾难而流离失所的人。
Asylum seeker: 指寻求庇护的人，即寻求在另一个国家获得保护的人。
21. strap (n. & vt.) /str p/ 绳, 皮带, 镣铐, 皮鞭, 用绳索捆扎, 系住, 鞭笞, 磨快
例句: Rescue workers used straps to secure the injured person to a stretcher. (救援人员用带子将伤者固定在担架上。)
同义词: (n.) belt, band, (vt.) fasten, bind
反义词: (vt.) unfasten, loosen
搭配: leather strap (皮带), shoulder strap (肩带)
拓展词组: N/A
易错点拨: 注意拼写，不要与 "scrap" (n. 碎片) 混淆。
例句辨析:
Strap (n.): 指用于捆绑或固定物体的带子或条带。
Strap (vt.): 指用带子或条带捆绑或固定某物。
Belt: 指系在腰部的带子，通常用于支撑裤子或裙子。
Band: 指环绕或捆绑某物的带子或条带。
22. foundation (n.) /fa n de n/ 基础；地基；基金会；根据；创立
例句: The earthquake damaged the foundations of many buildings. (地震损坏了许多建筑物的地基。)
同义词: base, basis, groundwork
反义词: N/A
搭配: lay the foundation (奠定基础), charitable foundation (慈善基金会)
拓展词组: found (v. 建立), founder (n. 创始人)
易错点拨: 注意拼写，不要与 "fountain" (n. 喷泉) 混淆。
例句辨析:
Foundation: 指建筑物或其他结构的基础或地基，也可以指组织或机构的基础。
Base: 指事物的底部或支撑部分。
Basis: 指事物的基础或根本。
Groundwork: 指为某事做准备或奠定基础的工作。
23. welfare (n. & adj.) / welfe r/ 福利,社会保障,幸福, 福利的
例句: The government provides welfare assistance to those in need. (政府向有需要的人提供福利援助。)
同义词: well-being, prosperity, happiness, social security
反义词: misfortune, hardship
搭配: child welfare (儿童福利), social welfare (社会福利)
拓展词组: N/A
易错点拨: 注意拼写，不要与 "farewell" (n. 告别) 混淆。
例句辨析:
Welfare: 指健康、幸福和繁荣的状态，也指政府提供的社会福利。
Well-being: 指身体、精神和社会方面的健康和幸福状态。
Prosperity: 指繁荣、昌盛或成功的状态。
Happiness: 指快乐、幸福或满足的状态。
24. flame (n., vi. & vt.) /fle m/ 火焰,火舌,鲜红色,光辉,恋人,怀念,辱骂信息, 焚烧,爆发,面红, 发辱骂信息, 用烟火发信号,用火对待,发辱骂信息
例句: The firefighters battled the flames for hours before bringing the blaze under control. (消防队员与火焰搏斗了几个小时，才控制住火势。)
同义词: (n.) fire, blaze, (vi.) burn, blaze
反义词: (vi.) extinguish, quench
搭配: burst into flames (着火), flames of passion (激情的火焰)
拓展词组: flamethrower (n. 喷火器), flammable (adj. 易燃的)
易错点拨: 注意 "flame" 作为名词和动词的用法和含义。
例句辨析:
Flame (n.): 指燃烧产生的可见气体，通常呈现红色、橙色或黄色。
Flame (v.): 指燃烧或着火。
Fire: 指燃烧的物质或过程。
Blaze: 指大的、明亮的火焰。
25. drought (n.) /dra t/ 干旱
例句: The drought caused crops to wither and die. (干旱导致庄稼枯萎死亡。)
同义词: aridity, dryness, water shortage
反义词: flood, downpour
搭配: severe drought (严重干旱), drought-stricken area (受旱灾地区)
拓展词组: N/A
易错点拨: 注意拼写，不要与 "draught" (n. 气流) 混淆。
例句辨析:
Drought: 指长时间的干旱或缺水。
Aridity: 指气候干燥或土地贫瘠。
Dryness: 指缺乏水分或湿气的状态。
25. collision (k l n) - 名词 - 碰撞，冲突
例句:
The car accident was caused by a head-on collision between two vehicles. (这起车祸是由两车迎面相撞造成的。)
There was a collision of opinions between the two groups, leading to a heated debate. (两组之间意见不合，导致了激烈的辩论。)
同义词: crash, impact, clash
反义词: agreement, harmony
搭配:
collision with: 与...碰撞
avoid a collision: 避免碰撞
cause a collision: 造成碰撞
拓展词组:
mid-air collision: 空中相撞
collision course: 碰撞的路线，不可避免的冲突
易错点拨:
collision 通常指两个或多个物体之间的物理碰撞，也可用于比喻意见或想法的冲突。
近似单词辨析:
crash: 指突然而猛烈的碰撞，常伴随着巨大的声响和破坏。
impact: 指碰撞的瞬间或碰撞产生的影响。
clash: 指意见、利益或文化等方面的冲突。
帮助串记的例句:
The collision of the two cars resulted in a loud crash and a significant impact on traffic. (两辆车的碰撞导致了巨大的声响和对交通的严重影响。)
The clash of cultures led to a collision of values and beliefs. (文化冲突导致了价值观和信仰的冲突。)
26.charity ( t r ti) - 名词 - 慈善，慈善机构
例句:
She donated a large sum of money to a charity that helps homeless people. (她向一个帮助无家可归者的慈善机构捐赠了一大笔钱。)
The organization relies on the charity of others to continue its work. (该组织依靠他人的慈善事业来继续其工作。)
同义词: philanthropy, benevolence, generosity
反义词: selfishness, greed
搭配:
charity organization: 慈善机构
give to charity: 捐赠给慈善机构
do charity work: 做慈善工作
拓展词组:
charity event: 慈善活动
charity shop: 慈善商店
易错点拨:
charity 既可以指抽象的慈善行为，也可以指具体的慈善机构。
近似单词辨析:
philanthropy: 指对人类福祉的热爱和慷慨捐赠，通常规模较大。
benevolence: 指善意和乐于助人的品质。
generosity: 指慷慨大方，乐于给予。
帮助串记的例句:
His act of charity demonstrated his benevolence and generosity. (他的慈善行为体现了他的善意和慷慨。)
She is a well-known philanthropist who has supported many charity organizations. (她是一位著名的慈善家，曾支持过许多慈善机构。)
27.shelter ( elt r) - 名词/动词 - 庇护所，避难所；庇护，保护
例句:
The homeless people found shelter from the storm in an abandoned building. (无家可归的人们在一栋废弃的建筑物中找到了躲避风暴的庇护所。)
The trees sheltered the house from the strong winds. (树木为房屋遮挡了强风。)
同义词: (名词) refuge, haven, sanctuary; (动词) protect, shield
反义词: (动词) expose
搭配:
seek shelter: 寻求庇护
provide shelter: 提供庇护
take shelter: 躲避
拓展词组:
animal shelter: 动物收容所
bomb shelter: 防空洞
易错点拨:
shelter 既可以指提供庇护的地方，也可以指庇护的行为。
近似单词辨析:
refuge: 指为逃避危险或不愉快的事情而寻求庇护的地方。
haven: 指安全而平和的地方。
sanctuary: 指神圣不可侵犯的地方，如教堂或寺庙。
帮助串记的例句:
The church provided sanctuary for those seeking refuge from the war. (教堂为那些逃离战争的人们提供了庇护。)
The island was a peaceful haven where they could find shelter from the storms of life. (这个岛屿是一个宁静的港湾，在那里他们可以找到躲避生活风暴的庇护所。)
28.hazard ( h z rd) - 名词/动词 - 危险，危害; 冒险
例句:
Smoking is a serious hazard to your health. (吸烟是对健康的一个严重危害。)
He hazarded a guess at the answer. (他冒险猜了一下答案。)
同义词: (名词) danger, risk, threat; (动词) risk, gamble
反义词: (名词) safety
搭配:
hazard to health: 对健康的危害
environmental hazards: 环境危害
hazard a guess: 冒险猜测
拓展词组:
health hazard: 健康危害
fire hazard: 火灾隐患
易错点拨:
hazard 既可以指潜在的危险，也可以指冒险的行为。
近似单词辨析:
danger: 指可能造成伤害或损失的直接威胁。
risk: 指潜在的损失或伤害的可能性。
threat: 指明示或暗示的伤害或损失的可能性。
帮助串记的例句:
The danger of the situation was obvious, but he decided to take the risk anyway. (情况的危险显而易见，但他还是决定冒险。)
The storm posed a serious threat to the coastal towns, causing significant hazards for residents. (风暴对沿海城镇构成了严重威胁，给居民带来了重大危害。)
练习：
一、语法填空 (10题):
Many people were left _____ (home) after the devastating earthquake.
The rescue workers are trying their best to _____ (rescue) the trapped miners.
The virus quickly _____ (spread) throughout the community.
The storm _____ (wreck) several boats in the harbor.
The accident _____ (injure) several passengers on the train.
The government is providing food and _____ (shelter) for the flood victims.
The organization is collecting _____ (donate) to help those affected by the disaster.
He was lucky to _____ (survive) the car accident.
The war caused widespread _____ (destroy) and displacement.
The risk of wildfires increases during periods of _____ (drought).
二、完成句子 (5题):
The two planes collided in mid-air, resulting in a tragic _____. (碰撞)
The refugees fled their homes to escape the _____ of war. (灾难)
After the flood, many people were forced to seek _____ in temporary shelters. (庇护)
The government issued a warning about the potential _____ of the chemical spill. (危害)
The charity organization is dedicated to alleviating the suffering caused by _____. (饥荒)
三、近义词辨析 (5题):
Choose the word that best completes the sentence: The _____ of the hurricane caused widespread damage.
(A) impact (B) collision (C) crash
Choose the word that is closest in meaning to "hazard":
(A) safety (B) risk (C) charity
Choose the word that is closest in meaning to "famine":
(A) drought (B) flood (C) starvation
Choose the word that is opposite in meaning to "vulnerable":
(A) resistant (B) accidental (C) fatal
Choose the word that is opposite in meaning to "donate":
(A) receive (B) claim (C) transmit
四、翻译句子 (5题):
由于干旱，农作物歉收。
救援人员正在搜寻幸存者。
这场风暴给沿海城镇带来了严重破坏。
这个慈善机构为无家可归者提供食物和住所。
我们必须采取措施减少自然灾害的风险。
五、阅读理解
（一）
The 2010 Haiti earthquake was a catastrophic magnitude 7.0 Mw earthquake, with an epicenter near the town of Léog ne, approximately 25 kilometers (16 miles) west of Port-au-Prince, Haiti's capital. The earthquake occurred at 16:53 local time (21:53 UTC) on Tuesday, 12 January 2010.
By 24 January, at least 52 aftershocks measuring 4.5 or greater had been recorded. An estimated three million people were affected by the quake. Death toll estimates range from 100,000 to about 316,000, although these figures are disputed. The government of Haiti estimated that 250,000 residences and 30,000 commercial buildings had collapsed or were severely damaged. The nation's history of national debt, prejudicial trade policies by other countries, and foreign intervention into national affairs contributed to the existing poverty and poor housing conditions that increased the death toll from the disaster.
The earthquake caused major damage in Port-au-Prince, Jacmel and other cities in the region. Notable landmark buildings were significantly damaged or destroyed, including the Presidential Palace, the National Assembly building, the Port-au-Prince Cathedral, and the main jail. Among those killed were Archbishop of Port-au-Prince Joseph Serge Miot, and opposition leader Micha Gaillard. The headquarters of the United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti (MINUSTAH), located in the capital, collapsed, killing many, including the Mission's Chief, Hédi Annabi.
1.What was the magnitude of the 2010 Haiti earthquake
(A) 4.5 (B) 5.2 (C) 7.0 (D) 25.0
2.Where was the epicenter of the earthquake located
(A) Port-au-Prince (B) Jacmel (C) Léog ne (D) United States
3.What factor exacerbated the impact of the earthquake
(A) Haiti's wealth and strong infrastructure (B) Haiti's history of debt and poverty (C) Haiti's location in a seismically inactive zone (D) Haiti's effective disaster preparedness plan
4.What was one of the consequences of the earthquake
(A) The collapse of the Presidential Palace (B) The strengthening of Haiti's economy (C) The decrease in aftershocks (D) The improvement of housing conditions
5.What organization suffered significant losses in the earthquake
(A) The World Bank (B) The Red Cross (C) The United Nations (D) The European Union
（二）
The 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami occurred at 00:58:53 UTC on 26 December, with an epicenter off the west coast of Sumatra, Indonesia. The earthquake was caused by subduction and triggered a series of devastating tsunamis along the coasts of most landmasses bordering the Indian Ocean, killing over 230,000 people in fourteen countries, and inundating coastal communities with waves up to 30 meters (100 ft) high. It was one of the deadliest natural disasters in recorded history. Indonesia was the hardest-hit country, followed by Sri Lanka, India, and Thailand.
The direct results caused major disruptions to living conditions and commerce in coastal provinces of surrounding countries, including Aceh (Indonesia), Sri Lanka, Tamil Nadu (India), and Khao Lak (Thailand). The earthquake was the third-largest ever recorded on a seismograph and had the longest duration of faulting ever observed, between eight and ten minutes. It caused the planet to vibrate as much as 1 centimeter (0.4 inches) and triggered other earthquakes as far away as Alaska.
The plight of the affected people and countries prompted a worldwide humanitarian response. In all, the worldwide community donated more than $14 billion (2004 US$) in humanitarian aid. The event is known by the scientific community as the Sumatra–Andaman earthquake.
1.What caused the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami
(A) A volcanic eruption (B) A hurricane (C) A landslide (D) An earthquake
2.What countries were most affected by the tsunami
(A) Indonesia, Sri Lanka, India, and Thailand (B) Japan, China, and Korea (C) Australia and New Zealand (D) United States and Canada
3.What was the impact of the tsunami on the affected regions
(A) Improved infrastructure (B) Economic growth (C) Disruptions to living conditions and commerce (D) Increased tourism
4.How did the international community respond to the disaster
(A) With indifference (B) With military intervention (C) With humanitarian aid (D) With trade sanctions
5.What was unique about the 2004 earthquake
(A) It was the smallest earthquake ever recorded. (B) It had the shortest duration of faulting ever observed. (C) It caused the planet to shrink. (D) It had the longest duration of faulting ever observed.
（三）
The Chernobyl disaster was a nuclear accident that occurred on 26 April 1986 at the No. 4 reactor in the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant, near the city of Pripyat in the north of the Ukrainian SSR in the Soviet Union. It is considered the worst nuclear disaster in history both in cost and casualties.
The disaster began during a systems test at low power, which simulated a station blackout power-failure, in the course of which both emergency safety and power-regulating systems were intentionally turned off. A combination of inherent reactor design flaws and the reactor operators arranging the core in a manner contrary to the checklist for the test, eventually resulted in uncontrolled reaction conditions. Water flashed into steam generating a destructive steam explosion and a subsequent open-air graphite fire. The fire sent a plume of highly radioactive fallout into the atmosphere and over an extensive geographical area, including Pripyat. The plume drifted over large parts of the western Soviet Union and Europe.
According to official post-Soviet data, about 60% of the radioactive fallout landed in Belarus. The disaster caused the deaths of 31 people in the immediate aftermath and forced the evacuation of 116,000 people from the surrounding areas, creating a 30 km (19 mi) exclusion zone around the plant. Long-term effects such as cancers are still being investigated and debated.
1.What caused the Chernobyl disaster
(A) A natural disaster like an earthquake (B) A nuclear accident (C) A terrorist attack (D) A plane crash
2.Where did the Chernobyl disaster occur
(A) Russia (B) Ukraine (C) Belarus (D) Poland
3.What were the immediate consequences of the disaster
(A) Economic growth in the region (B) Deaths, evacuations, and radioactive fallout (C) An increase in tourism (D) Improved environmental conditions
4.What is still being investigated
(A) The cause of the accident (B) The location of the power plant (C) The short-term effects of the disaster (D) The long-term health effects of the disaster
5.What was the Chernobyl disaster considered
(A) A minor incident with no lasting consequences (B) The worst nuclear disaster in history (C) A positive event that led to advancements in nuclear technology (D) A fictional event portrayed in movies and books
参考答案：
一、语法填空
homeless - 形容词，意为“无家可归的”。
rescue - 动词，意为“营救，救援”。
spread - 动词，意为“传播，蔓延”。
wrecked - 动词过去式，意为“破坏，使失事”。
injured - 动词过去式，意为“伤害”。
shelter - 名词，意为“庇护所，住所”。
donations - 名词复数，意为“捐赠，捐款”。
survive - 动词，意为“幸存，存活下来”。
destruction - 名词，意为“破坏，毁灭”。
drought - 名词，意为“干旱”。
二、完成句子
collision - 名词，意为“碰撞”。
disaster - 名词，意为“灾难”。
shelter - 名词，意为“庇护，保护”。
hazards - 名词复数，意为“危险，危害”。
famine - 名词，意为“饥荒”。
三、近义词辨析
(A) impact - impact 指碰撞产生的影响，强调后果。
(B) risk - hazard 和 risk 都有“危险”的意思，但 hazard 更强调潜在的危险性，risk 则强调可能遭受损失的可能性。
(C) starvation - famine 和 starvation 都有“饥荒”的意思，但 famine 更强调食物的极度缺乏，starvation 则强调因饥饿而死亡的状态。
(A) resistant - vulnerable 指“易受伤害的”，resistant 指“抵抗力强的，不易受伤害的”。
(A) receive - donate 指“捐赠”，receive 指“接收”。
四、翻译句子
The drought caused a crop failure.
The rescuers are searching for survivors.
The storm caused severe damage to the coastal towns.
The charity provides food and shelter for the homeless.
We must take measures to reduce the risk of natural disasters.
五、阅读理解
Passage 1:
(C) 7.0 - 原文第一句："The 2010 Haiti earthquake was a catastrophic magnitude 7.0 Mw earthquake..."
(C) Léog ne - 原文第一句："...with an epicenter near the town of Léog ne..."
(B) Haiti's history of debt and poverty - 原文第二段："...The nation's history of national debt, prejudicial trade policies by other countries, and foreign intervention into national affairs contributed to the existing poverty and poor housing conditions that increased the death toll from the disaster."
(A) The collapse of the Presidential Palace - 原文第三段："Notable landmark buildings were significantly damaged or destroyed, including the Presidential Palace..."
(C) The United Nations - 原文第三段："The headquarters of the United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti (MINUSTAH), located in the capital, collapsed, killing many..."
Passage 2:
(D) An earthquake - 原文第一句："The 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami occurred..."
(A) Indonesia, Sri Lanka, India, and Thailand - 原文第一段："Indonesia was the hardest-hit country, followed by Sri Lanka, India, and Thailand."
(C) Disruptions to living conditions and commerce - 原文第二段："The direct results caused major disruptions to living conditions and commerce in coastal provinces of surrounding countries..."
(C) With humanitarian aid - 原文第三段："The plight of the affected people and countries prompted a worldwide humanitarian response. In all, the worldwide community donated more than $14 billion (2004 US$) in humanitarian aid."
(D) It had the longest duration of faulting ever observed. - 原文第二段："The earthquake was the third-largest ever recorded on a seismograph and had the longest duration of faulting ever observed, between eight and ten minutes."
Passage 3:
(B) A nuclear accident - 原文第一句："The Chernobyl disaster was a nuclear accident..."
(B) Ukraine - 原文第一句："...at the No. 4 reactor in the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant, near the city of Pripyat in the north of the Ukrainian SSR in the Soviet Union."
(B) Deaths, evacuations, and radioactive fallout - 原文第三段："The disaster caused the deaths of 31 people in the immediate aftermath and forced the evacuation of 116,000 people from the surrounding areas..."
(D) The long-term health effects of the disaster - 原文第三段："Long-term effects such as cancers are still being investigated and debated."
(B) The worst nuclear disaster in history - 原文第一句："It is considered the worst nuclear disaster in history both in cost and casualties."

展开更多......

收起↑