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2024高考英语三轮冲刺-阅读理解之说明文(江苏专用)
2023年新高考I卷(C篇)
The goal of this book is to make the case for digital minimalism, including a detailed exploration of what it asks and why it works, and then to teach you how to adopt this philosophy if you decide it’s right for you.
To do so, I divided the book into two parts. In part one, I describe the philosophical foundations of digital minimalism, starting with an examination of the forces that are making so many people’s digital lives increasingly intolerable, before moving on to a detailed discussion of the digital minimalism philosophy.
Part one concludes by introducing my suggested method for adopting this philosophy: the digital declutter. This process requires you to step away from optional online activities for thirty days. At the end of the thirty days, you will then add back a small number of carefully chosen online activities that you believe will provide massive benefits to the things you value.
In the final chapter of part one, I’ll guide you through carrying out your own digital declutter. In doing so, I’ll draw on an experiment I ran in 2018 in which over 1,600 people agreed to perform a digital declutter. You’ll hear these participants’ stories and learn what strategies worked well for them, and what traps they encountered that you should avoid.
The second part of this book takes a closer look at some ideas that will help you cultivate(培养)a sustainable digital minimalism lifestyle. In these chapters, I examine issues such as the importance of solitude(独处)and the necessity of cultivating high-quality leisure to replace the time most now spent on mindless device use. Each chapter concludes with a collection of practices, which are designed to help you act on the big ideas of the chapter. You can view these practices as a toolbox meant to aid your efforts to build a minimalist lifestyle that works for your particular circumstances.
28.What is the book aimed at
A. Teaching critical thinking skills. B. Advocating a simple digital lifestyle.
C. Solving philosophical problems. D. Promoting the use of a digital device.
29.What does the underlined word “declutter” in paragraph 3 mean
A. Clear-up. B. Add-on. C. Check-in. D. Take-over.
30.What is presented in the final chapter of part one
A. Theoretical models. B. Statistical methods.
C. Practical examples. D. Historical analyses.
31.What does the author suggest readers do with the practices offered in part two
A. Use them as needed. B. Recommend them to friends.
C. Evaluate their effects. D. Identify the ideas behind them.
【答案】28. B 29. A 30. C 31. A
【语篇导读】本篇说明文主要介绍了数字极简主义生活方式的优点，倡导简单的数字生活方式。
28.细节理解题。根据题干关键词“aimed at”定位到文章第一段，根据“The goal of this book is to make the case for digital minimalism, including a detailed exploration of what it asks and why it works, and then to teach you how to adopt this philosophy if you decide it’s right for you.(这本书的目标是为数字极简主义辩护，包括详细探索它的要求和为什么有效，然后如果你认为它适合你，教你如何采用这种哲学)”可知，这本书的目的是倡导简单的数字生活方式，故选B。
29.词义猜测题。根据画线词下文“This process requires you to step away from optional online activities for thirty days. At the end of the thirty days, you will then add back a small number of carefully chosen online activities that you believe will provide massive benefits to the things you value.(这个过程要求你在30天内远离可选的在线活动。在30天结束的时候，你再加上一些你认为会给你所看重的东西带来巨大好处的精心挑选的在线活动)”可推知，画线词“declutter”的意思是“清理”，对在线活动进行清理和挑选，故选A。
30.推理判断题。根据题干关键词“in the final chapter of part one”定位到文章第四段，通过“In the final chapter of part one, I’ll guide you through carrying out your own digital declutter. In doing so, I’ll draw on an experiment I ran in 2018 in which over 1,600 people agreed to perform a digital declutter.(在第一部分的最后一章中，我将指导您进行自己的数字清理。在这样做的过程中，我将借鉴我在2018年进行的一项实验，在该实验中，1600多人同意进行数字清理)”可推知，第一部分的最后一章介绍了实验与数字清理的实际例子，故选C。
31.推理判断题。根据题干关键词“do with the practices offered in part two”定位到文章最后一段，通过“You can view these practices as a toolbox meant to aid your efforts to build a minimalist lifestyle that words for your particular circumstances.(你可以将这些实践视为一个工具箱，旨在帮助你建立一种适合自己特定情况的极简主义生活方式)”可推知，作者建议读者根据需要与实际情况使用第二部分中提及的实践，故选A。
2023年新高考I卷(D篇)
On March 7, 1907, the English statistician Francis Galton published a paper which illustrated what has come to be known as the “wisdom of crowds” effect. The experiment of estimation he conducted showed that in some cases, the average of a large number of independent estimates could be quite accurate.
This effect capitalizes on the fact that when people make errors, those errors aren’t always the same. Some
people will tend to overestimate, and some to underestimate. When enough of these errors are averaged together, they cancel each other out, resulting in a more accurate estimate. If people are similar and tend to make the same errors, then their errors won’t cancel each other out. In more technical terms, the wisdom of crowds requires that people’s estimates be independent. If for whatever reasons, people’s errors become correlated or dependent, the accuracy of the estimate will go down.
But a new study led by Joaquin Navajas offered an interesting twist(转折)on this classic phenomenon. The key finding of the study was that when crowds were further divided into smaller groups that were allowed to have a discussion, the averages from these groups were more accurate than those from an equal number of independent individuals. For instance, the average obtained from the estimates of four discussion groups of five was significantly more accurate than the average obtained from 20 independent individuals.
In a follow-up study with 100 university students, the researchers tried to get a better sense of what the group members actually did in their discussion. Did they tend to go with those most confident about their estimates Did they follow those least willing to change their minds This happened some of the time, but it wasn’t the dominant response. Most frequently, the groups reported that they “shared arguments and reasoned together”. Somehow, these arguments and reasoning resulted in a global reduction in error. Although the studies led by Navajas have limitations and many questions remain, the potential implications for group discussion and decision-making are enormous.
32.What is paragraph 2 of the text mainly about
A. The methods of estimation. B. The underlying logic of the effect.
C. The causes of people’s errors. D. The design of Galton’s experiment.
33.Navajas’ study found that the average accuracy could increase even if _______.
A. the crowds were relatively small B. there were occasional underestimates
C. individuals did not communicate D. estimates were not fully independent
34.What did the follow-up study focus on
A. The size of the groups. B. The dominant members.
C. The discussion process. D. The individual estimates.
35.What is the author’s attitude toward Navajas’ studies
A. Unclear. B. Dismissive. C. Doubtful. D. Approving.
【答案】32. B 33.D 34. C 35.C
【语篇导读】本篇说明文介绍了一项新研究，该研究阐述了“群体智慧“效应的基本原理。
32.主旨大意题。根据题干关键词“paragraph 2”定位到文章第二段，根据“This effect capitalizes on the fact that when people make errors, those errors aren’t always the same. Some people will tend to overestimate, and come to underestimate. When enough of these errors are averaged together, they cancel each other out, resulting in a
more accurate estimate. If people are similar and tend to make the same errors, then their errors won’t cancel each other out. In more technical terms, the wisdom of crowds requires that people’s estimates be independent. If for whatever reasons, people s errors become correlated or dependent, the accuracy of the estimate will go down.(这种效应利用了这样一个事实，即当人们犯错误时，这些错误并不总是相同的。有些人常常会高估，或者低估。当这些误差中有足够多的误差被平均在一起时，它们会相互抵消，从而产生更准确的估计。如果相似的人倾向于犯同样的错误，那么他们的错误不会相互抵消。从更专业的角度来说，群众的智慧要求人们的估计是独立的。如果由于任何原因，人们的错误变得相关或依赖，估计的准确性就会下降)”可知，本段阐述了人们所犯的错误不总是相同的，各不相同的误差平均在一起，相互抵消就会产生更准确的估计，讨论了独立估计的平均如何由于误差的消除而产生更准确的预测。因此本段主要解释了“群体智慧”效应这一现象的基本逻辑，故选B。
33.推理判断题。根据题干关键词“the average accuracy”定位到文章第三段及备选项中的“the crowds, underestimates, independent”等关键词定位到文章第二段。本题是道易错题，很容易误选 A。even if 表示尽管，引导让步状语从句。我们看到第三段 but 后面内容，“The key finding of the study was that when crowds were further divided into smaller groups that were allowed to have a discussion, the averages from these groups were more accurate than those from an equal number of independent individuals. For instance, the average obtained from the estimates of four discussion groups of five was significantly more accurate than the average obtained from 20 independent individuals.(这项研究的关键发现是，当人群被进一步分成更小的群体并允许进行讨论时，这些群体的平均值比同样数量的独立个体的平均值更准确)”，看到这个于是有的考生就会选 A了，但是看第二段的“In more technical terms, the wisdom of crowds requires that people’s estimates be independent.(用更专业的术讲来说，群体智慧要求人们的估计是独立的)”。就是说他提出这么一个观点要得出更准确的估计，是要求人们独立，但是第三段讲人们在没有独立的情况下，只是分成更小群体，然后更准确了，说明即使在估计数字并非完全独立的情况下，准确率提高也是可以做到的。
34.推理判断题。根据题干关键词“the follow-up study”定位到文章第四段，根据“In a follow-up study with 100 university students, the researchers tried to get a better sense of what the group members actually did in their discussion. Did they tend to go with those most confident about their estimates Did they follow those least willing to change their minds (在一项针对100名大考生的后续研究中，研究人员试图更好地了解小组成员在讨论中的实际行为。他们是否倾向于选择那些对自己的估计最有信心的人？他们追随那些最不愿意改变主意的人吗)”可知，在后续研究中，研究人员试图更好地了解小组成员在讨论中实际做了什么。结合两个问题，因此可知后续研究的重点是小组内的讨论过程，故选C。
35.推理判断题。根据题干关键词“the author’s attitude toward Navajas’ studies”定位到文章最后一段，根据“Although the studies led by Navajas have limitations and many questions remain, the potential implications for group discussion and decision-making are enormous.(尽管Navajas领导的研究有局限性，仍存在许多问题，
但对小组讨论和决策的潜在影响是巨大的)”可知，作者认为虽然Navajas领导的研究有局限性也存在许多问题，但对小组讨论和决策的潜在影响巨大。因此推断作者对于Navajas的研究表示一定的赞许和支持，故选D。
2023年新高考II卷(C篇)
Reading Art: Art for Book Lovers is a celebration of an everyday object—the book, represented here in almost three hundred artworks from museums around the world. The image of the reader appears throughout history, in art made long before books as we now know them came into being. In artists’ representations of books and reading, we see moments of shared humanity that go beyond culture and time.
In this “book of books,” artworks are selected and arranged in a way that emphasizes these connections between different eras and cultures. We see scenes of children learning to read at home or at school, with the book as a focus for relations between the generations. Adults are portrayed(描绘)alone in many settings and poses —absorbed in a volume, deep in thought or lost in a moment of leisure. These scenes may have been painted hundreds of years ago, but they record moments we can all relate to.
Books themselves may be used symbolically in paintings to demonstrate the intellect(才智), wealth or faith of the subject. Before the wide use of the printing press, books were treasured objects and could be works of art in their own right. More recently, as books have become inexpensive or even throwaway, artists have used them as the raw material for artworks—transforming covers, pages or even complete volumes into paintings and sculptures.
Continued developments in communication technologies were once believed to make the printed page outdated. From a 21st-century point of view, the printed book is certainly ancient, but it remains as interactive as any battery-powered e-reader. To serve its function, a book must be activated by a user: the cover opened, the pages parted, the contents reviewed, perhaps notes written down or words underlined. And in contrast to our increasingly networked lives where the information we consume is monitored and tracked, a printed book still offers the chance of a wholly private, “off-line” activity.
28.Where is the text most probably taken from
A. An introduction to a book. B. An essay on the art of writing.
C. A guidebook to a museum. D. A review of modern paintings.
29.What are the selected artworks about
A. Wealth and intellect. B. Home and school.
C. Books and reading. D. Work and leisure.
30.What do the underlined words “relate to” in paragraph 2 mean
A. Understand. B. Paint. C. Seize. D. Transform.
31.What does the author want to say by mentioning the e-reader
A. The printed book is not totally out of date. B. Technology has changed the way we read.
C. Our lives in the 21st century are networked. D. People now rarely have the patience to read.
【答案】28. A 29. C 30. A 31. A
【语篇导读】本篇说明文是对一本书的介绍，主要介绍了印刷书籍和阅读对人类的重要意义。
28.推理判断题。In this “book of books,” artworks are selected and arranged in a way that emphasizes these connections between different eras and cultures.(在这本“书之书”中，艺术品的选择和排列方式强调了不同时代和文化之间的联系)”以及第三段“Books themselves may be used symbolically in paintings to demonstrate the intellect, wealth or faith of the subject.(书籍本身可以在绘画中象征性地用来展示智慧，主体的财富或信仰)”和最后一段“From a 21st-century point of view, the printed book is certainly ancient, but it remains as interactive as any battery-powered e-reader.(从21世纪的角度来看，这本印刷书无疑是古老的，但它仍然像任何电池供电的电子阅读器一样具有互动性)”可推知，本文最有可能出自一本印刷书的扉页，即对该书的介绍，故选A。
29.细节理解题。通过文章第二段“artworks are selected and arranged in a way that emphasizes these connections between different eras and cultures. We see scenes of children learning to read at home or at school, with the book as a focus for relations between the generations.(艺术品的选择和排列方式强调了不同时代和文化之间的联系。我们看到孩子们在家里或学校学习阅读的场景，这本书是几代人之间关系的焦点)”可知，选定的艺术品是关于书籍和阅读的，故选C。
30.词义猜测题。根据画线词上文“artworks are selected and arranged in a way that emphasizes these connections between different eras and cultures. We see scenes of children learning to read at home or at school, with the book as a focus for relations between the generations.(艺术品的选择和排列方式强调了不同时代和文化之间的联系。我们看到孩子们在家里或学校学习阅读的场景，这本书是几代人之间关系的焦点)”以及“These scenes may have been painted hundreds of years ago, but they record moments(这些场景可能是数百年前绘制的，但它们记录了一些时刻)”可推知，此处指书籍是人类之间相互联系和理解的纽带，故与画线短语“relate to”意思最相近的为A项“理解、认识到”，故选A。
31.推理判断题。通过文章最后一段“it remains as interactive as any battery-powered e-reader(它仍然像任何电池供电的电子阅读器一样具有互动性)”以及“printed book still offers the chance of a wholly private, “off-line” activity(印刷书籍仍然提供了完全私人的“离线”活动的机会)”可推知，本文作者提到电子阅读器想表达的是印刷书籍并没有完全过时，故选A。
2023年新高考II卷(D篇)
As cities balloon with growth, access to nature for people living in urban areas is becoming harder to find. If you’re lucky, there might be a pocket park near where you live, but it’s unusual to find places in a city that are relatively wild.
Past research has found health and wellness benefits of nature for humans, but a new study shows that wildness in urban areas is extremely important for human well-being.
The research team focused on a large urban park. They surveyed several hundred park-goers, asking them to submit a written summary online of a meaningful interaction they had with nature in the park. The researchers then examined these submissions, coding(编码)experiences into different categories. For example, one participant’s experience of “We sat and listened to the waves at the beach for a while” was assigned the categories “sitting at beach” and “listening to waves.”
Across the 320 submissions, a pattern of categories the researchers call a “nature language” began to emerge. After the coding of all submissions, half a dozen categories were noted most often as important to visitors. These include encountering wildlife, walking along the edge of water, and following an established trail.
Naming each nature experience creates a usable language, which helps people recognize and take part in the activities that are most satisfying and meaningful to them. For example, the experience of walking along the edge of water might be satisfying for a young professional on a weekend hike in the park. Back downtown during a workday, they can enjoy a more domestic form of this interaction by walking along a fountain on their lunch break.
“We’re trying to generate a language that helps bring the human-nature interactions back into our daily lives. And for that to happen, we also need to protect nature so that we can interact with it,” said Peter Kahn, a senior author of the study.
32.What phenomenon does the author describe at the beginning of the text
A. Pocket parks are now popular. B. Wild nature is hard to find in cities.
C. Many cities are overpopulated. D. People enjoy living close to nature.
33. Why did the researchers code participant submissions into categories
A. To compare different types of park-goers. B. To explain why the park attracts tourists.
C. To analyze the main features of the park. D. To find patterns in the visitors’ summaries.
34.What can we learn from the example given in paragraph 5
A. Walking is the best way to gain access to nature.
B. Young people are too busy to interact with nature.
C. The same nature experience takes different forms.
D. The nature language enhances work performance.
35.What should be done before we can interact with nature according to Kahn
A. Language study. B. Environmental conservation.
C. Public education. D. Intercultural communication.
【答案】32. B 33. D 34. C 35. B
【语篇导读】城市化让人们越来越难以接触到自然，但一项新研究发现城市中的野生自然对人类健康和幸福感具有重要影响。研究团队对一座大型城市公园的游客进行调查，发现与野生自然的互动可以创造出一种可用的语言，帮助人们认识和参与最令人满意和有意义的活动。该研究呼吁保护城市中的野生自然。本篇说明文对此进行了介绍。
32.细节理解题。根据第一段内容“As cities balloon with growth, access to nature for people living in urban areas is becoming harder to find. If you’re lucky, there might be a pocket park near where you live, but it’s unusual to find places in a city that are relatively wild.(随着城市的飞速发展，生活在城市地区的人们越来越难以接近大自然。如果你幸运的话，你住的地方附近可能会有一个袖珍公园，但在城市里找到相对天然的地方是罕见的)”可知，文章开头作者讲述了一种现象，在城市里，人们很难找到野生的自然，故选B。
33.推理判断题。根据第三段的“They surveyed several hundred park-goers, asking them to submit a written summary online of a meaningful interaction they had with nature in the park. The researchers then examined these submissions, coding(编码)experiences into different categories.(他们调查了数百名公园游客，要求他们在线提交一份书面总结，描述一下他们在公园里与大自然进行的一次有意义的互动。然后，研究人员检查了这些提交的信息，将体验分为不同的类别)”可知，研究人员按照公园游客提交的在公园里与大自然互动的活动把游客分类，再根据第四段“Across the 320 submissions, a pattern of categories the researchers call a “nature language” began to emerge. After the coding of all submissions, half a dozen categories were noted most often as important to visitors.(在这320份提交的作品中，一种被研究人员称为“自然语言”的分类模式开始出现。在对所有提交的内容进行编码后，有六个类别被认为对游客最重要)”可知，研究人员对参与者提交的内容进行了分类，以便在游客的总结中找到模式，并确定对游客最重要的自然体验。通过这样做，他们能够创造一种“自然语言”，帮助人们认识并参与对他们来说最满意和最有意义的活动。选项D准确地反映了这一目的，故选D。
34.推理判断题。根据第五段内容“Naming each nature experience creates a usable language, which helps people recognize and take part in the activities that are most satisfying and meaningful to them. For example, the experience of walking along the edge of water might be satisfying for a young professional on a weekend hike in the park. Back downtown during a workday, they can enjoy a more domestic form of this interaction by walking along a fountain on their lunch break.(为每种自然体验命名可以创造出一个可用的语言，它有助于帮助人们认识和参与最令人满意和有意义的活动。例如，沿着水边散步的经历可能会让一个年轻的专业人士在周末去公园徒步旅行时感到满意。在工作日回到市中心，他们可以在午休时沿着喷泉散步，享受一种更居家的互动方式)”可知，本段讲述了自然体验创造一种可用的语言，有助于人们识别并参与对自己来说最满意最有意义的活动，接下来以一个年轻的专业人士参与自然的方式举例说明，去公园时沿着水边散步让他感到满意，回到市中心工作时他可以通过沿着喷泉散步获得满足。因此推知，从第五段的例子中我们可以知道一样的自然体验可以呈现不同的形式，故选C。
35.推理判断题。根据最后一段““We’re trying to generate a language that helps bring the human-nature interactions back into our daily lives. And for that to happen, we also need to protect nature so that we can interact with it,” said Peter Kahn, a senior author of the study.(“我们正试图创造一种语言，帮助将人类与自然的互动带回我们的日常生活中。要做到这一点，我们还需要保护自然，这样我们才能与它互动，”该研究的资深作者彼得·卡恩说)”可推断，彼得·卡恩认为在我们与大自然互动之前我们应该先要保护自然，故选B。
2024年浙江1月卷(C篇)
On September 7, 1991, the costliest hailstorm(花暴)in Canadian history hit Calgary’s southern suburbs. As a result, since 1996 a group of insurance companies have spent about $2million per year on the Alberta Hail Suppression Project. Airplanes seed threatening storm cells with a chemical to make small ice crystals fall as rain before they can grow into dangerous hailstones. But farmers in east-central Alberta—downwind of the hail project flights—worry that precious moisture(水分)is being stolen from their thirsty land by the cloud seeding.
Norman Stienwand, who farms in that area, has been addressing public meetings on this issue for years “Basically, the provincial government is letting the insurance companies protect the Calgary-Edmonton urban area from hail,” Mr. Stienwan d says, “but they’re increasing drought risk as far east as Saskatchewan.”
The Alberta hail project is managed by Terry Krauss, a cloud physicist who works for Weather Modification Inc. of Fargo, North Dakota. “We affect only a very small percentage of the total moisture in the air, so we cannot be cousing drought.” Dr. Krauss says. “In fact, we may be helping increase the moisture downwind by creating wetter ground.”
One doubter about the safety of cloud seeding is Chuck Doswell, a research scientist who just retired from the University of Oklahoma. “In 1999, I personally saw significant tornadoes(龙卷风)form from a seeded storm cell in Kansas,” Dr. Doswell says. “Does cloud seeding create killer storms or reduce moisture downwind No one really knows, of course, but the seeding goes on.”
Given the degree of doubt, Mr. Stienwand suggests, “it would be wise to stop cloud seeding.” In practice, doubt has had the opposite effect. Due to the lack of scientific proof concerning their impacts, no one has succeeded in winning a lawsuit against cloud-seeding companies. Hence, private climate engineering can proceed in relative legal safety.
28.What does the project aim to do
A. Conserve moisture in the soil. B. Prevent the formation of hailstones.
C. Forecast disastrous hailstorms. D. Investigate chemical use in farming.
29.Who are opposed to the project
A. Farmers in east-central Alberta. B. Managers of insurance companies.
C. Provincial government officials. D. Residents of Calgary and Edmonton
30.Why does Dr. Doswell mention the tornadoes he saw in 1999
A. To compare different kinds of seeding methods.
B. To illustrate the development of big hailstorms.
C. To indicate a possible danger of cloud seeding.
D. To show the link between storms and moisture.
31.What can we infer from the last paragraph
A. Scientific studies have proved Stienwand right.
B. Private climate engineering is illegal in Canada.
C. The doubt about cloud seeding has disappeared.
D. Cloud-seeding companies will continue to exist.
【答案】28. B 29. A 30. C 31. D
【语篇导读】本篇说明文主要介绍了1991年9月7日，加拿大历史上损失最大的冰雹袭击了卡尔加里的南郊。因此，自1996年以来，一组保险公司每年在艾伯塔省冰雹抑制项目上花费约200万美元。飞机在有威胁的风暴中心中播撒一种化学物质，使小冰晶在变成危险的冰雹之前像雨一样落下。但是，在艾伯塔省中东部的农民们担心，“冰雹计划”飞行的下风处，宝贵的水分正被人工降雨从他们干渴的土地上偷走。
28.细节理解题。根据第一段中“As a result, since 1996 a group of insurance companies have spent about $2million per year on the Alberta Hail Suppression Project. Airplanes seed threatening storm cells with a chemical to make small ice crystals fall as rain before they can grow into dangerous hailstones.(因此，自1996年以来，一组保险公司每年在艾伯塔省冰雹抑制项目上花费约200万美元。飞机在有威胁的风暴中心中播撒一种化学物质，使小冰晶在变成危险的冰雹之前像雨一样落下)”可知，这个项目的目标是防止冰雹的形成，故选B项。
29.细节理解题。根据第一段中“But farmers in east-central Alberta—downwind of the hail project flights—worry that precious moisture(水分)is being stolen from their thirsty land by the cloud seeding.(但是，在艾伯塔省中东部的农民们担心，“冰雹计划”飞行的下风处，宝贵的水分正被人工降雨从他们干渴的土地上偷走)”可知，艾伯塔省中东部的农民反对这个项目，故选A项。
30.推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“One doubter about the safety of cloud seeding is Chuck Doswell, a research scientist who just retired from the University of Oklahoma. “In 1999, I personally saw significant tornadoes(龙卷风)form from a seeded storm cell in Kansas,” Dr. Doswell says. “Does cloud seeding create killer storms or reduce moisture downwind No one really knows, of course, but the seeding goes on.”(查克·多斯韦尔是一位刚刚从俄克拉何马大学退休的研究科学家，他对人工降雨的安全性持怀疑态度。“1999年，我在堪萨斯州亲眼目睹了由种子风暴细胞形成的重大龙卷风，”多斯韦尔博士说。“人工降雨会制造致命风暴还是减少顺风处的水分？当然，没有人真正知道，但是播种还在继续。”)”可推知，多斯韦尔博士提到他在1999
年看到的龙卷风是为了提示人工降雨可能带来的危险，故选C项。
31.推理判断题。根据最后一段“Given the degree of doubt, Mr. Stienwand suggests, “it would be wise to stop cloud seeding.” In practice, doubt has had the opposite effect. Due to the lack of scientific proof concerning their impacts, no one has succeeded in winning a lawsuit against cloud-seeding companies. Hence, private climate engineering can proceed in relative legal safety.(考虑到质疑的程度，斯廷旺德建议，“停止人工降雨是明智的。”在实践中，怀疑产生了相反的效果。由于缺乏有关其影响的科学证据，没有人成功地赢得了对人工降雨公司的诉讼。因此，私人气候工程可以在相对合法的安全条件下进行)”可推知，从最后一段我们能推断出人工降雨公司将继续存在，故选D项。
2024年浙江1月卷(D篇)
The Stanford marshmallow(棉花糖)test was originally conducted by psychologist Walter Mischel in the late 1960s. Children aged four to six at a nursery school were placed in a room. A single sugary treat, selected by the child, was placed on a table. Each child was told if they waited for 15 minutes before eating the treat, they would be given a second treat. Then they were left alone in the room. Follow-up studies with the children later in life showed a connect ion between an ability to wait long enough to obtain a second treat and various forms of success.
As adults we face a version of the marshmallow test every day. We’ re not tempted(诱惑)by sugary treats, but by our computers, phones, and tablets—all the devices that connect us to the global delivery system for various types of information that do to us what mars
hmallows do to preschoolers.
We are tempted by sugary treats because our ancestors lived in a calorie-poor world, and our brains developed a response mechanism to these treats that reflected their value—a feeling of reward and satisfaction. But as we’ve reshaped the world around us, dramatically reducing the cost and effort involved in obtaining calories, we still have the same brains we had thousands of years ago, and this mismatch is at the heart of why so many of us struggle to resist tempting foods that we know we shouldn’t eat.
A similar process is at work in our response to information. Our formative environment as a species was information-poor, so our brains developed a mechanism that prized new information. But global connectivity has greatly changed our information environment. We are now ceaselessly bombarded(轰炸)with new information. Therefore, just as we need to be more thoughtful about our caloric consumption, we also need to be more thoughtful about our information consumption, resisting the temptation of the mental “junk food” in order to manage our time most effectively.
32.What did the children need to do to get a second treat in Mischel’s test
A. Take an examination alone. B. Show respect for the researchers.
C. Share their treats with others. D. Delay eating for fifteen minutes.
33.According to paragraph 3, there is a mismatch between _______.
A. the calorie-poor world and our good appetites
B. the shortage of sugar and our nutritional needs
C. the rich food supply and our unchanged brains
D. the tempting foods and our efforts to keep fit
34.What does the author suggest readers do
A. Absorb new information readily. B. Be selective information consumers.
C. Use diverse information sources. D. Protect the information environment.
35.Which of the following is the best title for the text
A. Eat Less, Read More B. The Bitter Truth about Early Humans
C. The Later, the Better D. The Marshmallow Test for Grownups
【答案】32. D 33. C 34. B 35. D
【语篇导读】在信息化时代我们作为成年人每天都在面对棉花糖测试，信息轰炸让我们摄入了太多精神“垃圾食品”，本篇说明文对此进行了说明。
32.细节理解题。根据第一段第四句“Each child was told if they waited for 15 minutes before eating the treat, they would be given a second treat.(每个孩子都被告知，如果他们在吃之前等待15分钟，他们将得到第二次奖励)”可知，在米歇尔的测试中，孩子们需要在吃之前等待15分钟才能得到第二次奖励，故选D。
33.细节理解题。根据第三段最后一句“But as we’ve reshaped the world around us, dramatically reducing the cost and effort involved in obtaining calories, we still have the same brains we had thousands of years ago, and this mismatch is at the heart of why so many of us struggle to resist tempting foods that we know we shouldn’t eat.(但是，当我们重塑了我们周围的世界，大大减少了获取卡路里的成本和努力时，我们的大脑仍然和几千年前一样，这种不匹配是我们这么多人努力抵抗我们知道不应该吃的诱人食物的核心原因)”可知，根据第三段可知，丰富的食物供应和我们不曾改变的大脑之间存在不匹配，故选C。
34.推理判断题。根据最后一段最后一句“Therefore, just as we need to be more thoughtful about our caloric consumption, we also need to be more thoughtful about our information consumption, resisting the temptation of the mental “junk food” in order to manage our time most effectively.(因此，就像我们需要更仔细地考虑我们的热量消耗一样，我们也需要更仔细地考虑我们的信息消耗，抵制精神“垃圾食品”的诱惑，以便最有效地管理我们的时间)”可知，作者建议读者做有选择性的信息消费者，故选B。
35.主旨大意题。根据第二段“As adults we face a version of the marshmallow test every day. We’ re not tempted(诱惑)by sugary treats, but by our computers, phones, and tablets—all the devices that connect us to the global delivery system for various types of information that do to us what marshmallows do to preschoolers.(作为成年人，我们每天都要面对棉花糖测试。诱惑我们的不是甜食，而是我们的电脑、手机和平板电脑——所有
这些将我们与全球各种信息传递系统连接起来的设备，它们对我们的作用就像棉花糖对学龄前儿童的作用一样)”可知，文章主要是讲在信息化时代我们作为成年人每天都在面对棉花糖测试，信息轰炸让我们摄入了太多精神“垃圾食品”，故选D。
纵观译林牛津2020版教材，考生可以发现教材用了2/5的篇幅(初步统计有16个单元)涉及说明文体裁的阅读，说明这一块是重点，又是难点，对照高考，考情也的确如此。
必修第三册 Welcome to the unit Reading Extended reading
Unit 1 Nature in the balance
(话题：环境与 环境保护) A song
(话题： 保护我们的唯一家园—地球) The Amazon rainforest：a natural treasure
(说明文：对亚马孙雨林的相关介绍)
A documentary script
(纪录片脚本) News that Matters：
pollution in Norgate
(电视访谈节目脚本： 虚拟城市诺盖特的 污染问题)
A TV show transcript
(电视访谈节目脚本)
选择性必修 第一册 Welcome to the unit Reading Extended reading
Unit 1 Food matters
(话题：饮食文化) A video
(话题：不同国家的特色美食) Comfort food
(说明文：治愈系食物)
A magazine article (杂志文章) Eating in China
(博客日志：介绍中国三
种地方传统美食及其 历史和文化渊源)
Three blog entries
(三篇博客日志)
选择性必修 第二册 Welcome to the unit Reading Extended reading
Unit 1 The mass media
(话题：大众传媒) A video
(话题： 大众传媒发展历史和类型) Be a critical newsreader!
(新闻报道：做一名有判断力的新闻读者)
Two news reports and an article (两篇新闻报道和 Advertising: the power of persuasion
(杂志说明文：介绍广告的发展 以及广告如何说服受众)
A magazine article (杂志文章)
一篇论说文)
Unit 2 Sports culture (话题：体育文化、体育精神) A video
(话题：体育赛事) The Olympic Games (网站文章： 奥林匹克运动会)
A website article (网站文章) Sports idioms
(杂志说明文：体育文化)
A magazine article (杂志文章)
Unit 3 Fit for life
(话题：医学进展、疾病与健康) Four pictures
(话题：不同职业的 医务工作者) The future is in our genes
(演讲稿：基因组编辑) A lecture transcript (演讲稿) Acupuncture： magic
needles
(说明文：介绍一项中国传统 医术——针灸) A magazine article (杂志文章)
Unit 4 Living with
technology
(话题：科技发展) A video
(话题：科幻成为现实) Artificial intelligence: friendly or frightening (说明文：人工智能) A popular science article (科普文) Virtual reality
(访谈脚本： 介绍虚拟现实的概念、原理、应用、发展瓶颈 以及未来前景)
An interview transcript
(访谈脚本)
选择性必修 第三册 Welcome to the unit Reading Extended reading
Unit 1 Wish you were here
(话题：旅游) Four postcards
(话题：旅游胜地) Canada—a land of
diversity
(说明文：加拿大的 多样性)
A website article (网站文章) An adventure in Africa 旅游日记：介绍作者和父母在 非洲的摩洛哥和肯尼亚的旅行)
A travel journal (旅游日记)
Unit 3 Back to the past (话题：历史事件和历史人物) An excerpt from a novel
(话题：时间旅行) Sailing the oceans (说明文：海上航行)
Two historical articles
(两篇历史文章) Hell comes to Pearl Harbor
议论文：从两位幸存者的视角 再现了珍珠港事件)
An article (议论文)
Unit 4 Protecting our
heritage sites
(话题：遗产保护) A video
(话题：世界遗产) Heritage in danger
(讲座文稿：世界遗产)
A lecture transcript (讲座文稿) Following the Silk Road (说明文：介绍丝绸之路)
A magazine article (杂志文章)
拓展创新学程 第一册 Welcome to the unit Reading Extended reading
Unit 1 Our living planet
(话题：我们栖居的星球) A video
(话题：地质奇观) The ocean deep
(纪录片文字稿： 神奇的海洋世界)
A documentary
transcript (纪录片文字稿) Inside the Earth
(说明文：介绍探索地球内部的 挑战和好处)
A science magazine article (科普杂志文章)
Journey to the centre of the Earth (非连续性文本：描述在地球内部不同深度的情况)
A comic strip (非连续性文本)
Unit 2 Working the land
(话题：农业) Four pictures
(话题：耕作方式) Precision farming hits its target
(说明文：介绍精准农业的目标和不同 层面的应用)
An article (说明文) Tea: China’s gift to
the world
(说明文：介绍中国茶的历史、 文化、传播以及功效)
A magazine article (杂志文章： 介绍茶的种植、采摘、加工以及世界各地不同的饮茶方)
From hillside to tea cup
A leaflet (宣传册)
Unit 3 On the move
(话题：交通) Five pictures
(话题： 交通方式的变化和发展) Self-driving cars destination known (说明文：无人驾驶 汽车)
An automobile magazine article (汽车杂志文章) Racing towards the future：a look at China’s high-speed rail network (专题文章： 介绍中国高速铁路网)
A feature article (专题文章)
Unit 4 Fun with science
(话题： 身边的科学) A leaflet
(话题：生活中的科学) The human microbiome: an invisible
microuniverse
(说明文：介绍人类微生物群系及其功能)
A blog post(博客帖子) Bionics: where nature and
technology intersect
(说明文： 介绍仿生学这一借鉴自然的学科的应用成果)
A science magazine article (科普杂志文章)
拓展创新学程 第二册 Welcome to the unit Reading Extended reading
Unit 2 Building the future
(话题：可持续发展) A video
(话题：可持续发展) New energies: a gift for the future
(纪录片文字稿： 可再生能源)
A documentary
transcript (纪录片文字稿) Global warming: islands in hot water
(说明文：介绍全球变暖给太平洋岛屿带来的危害及人们的应对措施)A science magazine
article(科普杂志文章)
拓展创新学程 第三册 Welcome to the unit Reading Extended reading
Unit 2 Thinking out of the box
(话题： 创新创造) Two tests
(话题：创造力) Thought experiments: the laboratory of the mind
(说明文：思想实验)
A website article (网站文章) How the world got eyeglasses
(杂志文章：介绍眼镜的
发明过程、演变以及眼
镜对人类的重要性)
A magazine article (杂志文章)
Unit 3 Our culture, our treasure
(话题：中国文化) A video
(话题：文化符号) Chinese characters:
foundation of a remarkable writing system
(说明文：汉字的 起源和发展)
A feature article (专题文章) Confucius’s
philosophy: a moral
inspiration
(说明文：孔子及其哲学思想)
A magazine article (杂志文章)
结合高考，回归教材，我们可以发现以下说明文体裁的五大“难点”给考生带来了阅读和解题上不小的困难，影响考生阅读的速度、理解的维度和深度，进而导致考生解题时无从下手，错选瞎选答案。
难点一：熟词僻义、课标衍生词、某些专业术语让考生处处碰壁；
难点二：篇幅长以及较多结构复杂的长难句让考生阅读时步履维艰；
难点三：纷繁复杂的题材(甚至有些题材考生闻所未闻)让考生不知所云；
难点四：复杂的篇章结构、说明/描述方式、方法的多样性、层次性让考生应接不暇。
难点五：四类题型(细节理解题、推理判断题<包括篇章结构的推断>、主旨大意题以及词义猜测题)的全面考查让考生疲于奔命。
做一做下列题目，体会一下上述所说其中的“难点”，思考突破这些“难点”的对策。
1
(2024届山西省临汾市高三下学期考前适应性考试二)I observed one child hugging her beloved toy dog while reading a book to her friend—both she and her dog were actively turning the pages—and with every page turned, she looked down at her dog, lovingly. As a longtime educator of toddlers and a current PhD student studying transitional phenomena and object relations, I have had the pleasure to witness the presence of transitional objects in the kindergarten.
The term transitional object, coined in 195l by D. W. Winnicott, refers to any material to which a child attaches a special value and by means of which the child is able to make the necessary shift from the earliest oral relationship with mother to genuine object-relationships. It is typically something soft, such as a blanket or a soft toy, that is similar to the mother’s warm arms.
It may also be the subject of the child’s fantasies, for example where a teddy bear is spoken to, hugged, punished, etc. It thus becomes a tool for practicing interaction with the external world. Moreover, the transitional object supports the development of the self, as it is used to represent ‘not me’. By looking at the object, the child knows that it is not the object and hence something individual and separate. in this way, it helps the child develop its sense of ‘other’ things.
If the object is denied in any way, attachment difficulties may arise later in life. The object allows for and invites
emotional well-being, and without such an object, true feelings may be hidden or dismissed as the child has no other means to cope with and comprehend the world. Worse still, the object is intimately bound up with the identity of the child. Taking away the object is also taking away something of the child itself.
Winnicott noted that transitional objects continue through the course of our lives, as “sacred monuments” which pull us back to “a place and time of great comfort and memory”. The attachment to certain objects like self photographs defines both memorials, and more importantly a stale of connection and presence in the world.
1.How does the writer introduce the topic
A. By sharing feelings. B. By illustrating a term.
C. By relating an experience. D. By providing background information.
2.What does the term “transitional objects” refer to according to the passage
A. Tools used by educators to aid teaching.
B. Items to which a child becomes deeply attached.
C. Toys designed to amuse kids in the kindergarten.
D. Expensive personal possessions gifted by parents.
3.What might happen if a child’s transitional object is denied
A. Ho might lose his imagination. B. He may become more independent.
C. He is less likely to share personal feelings. D. He probably distances himself from his mother.
4.What is the main purpose of the text
A. To introduce how to develop a sense of ‘other’ things.
B. To do research on the psychological development of kids.
C. To show how to enhance the bond between mother and child.
D. To stress the importance of transitional objects to children.
【答案】1. C 2. B 3. C 4. D
【难点揭示】“过渡性客体”是一个心理学名词，对于考生来说“闻所未闻”，很难理解；四道题几乎都属于推理判断题(2、3两题貌似细节理解题，实际推理判断的成分更多)，且推理判断的依据都是比较长难的句子。另外，长难句里还有熟词僻义(如“coin”)。
【语篇导读】这是一篇说明文，文章介绍了“过渡性客体”及其对孩子的重要性。
1.推理判断题。根据第一段中“I observed one child hugging her beloved toy dog while reading a book to her friend—both she and her dog were actively turning the pages—and with every page turned, she looked down at her dog, lovingly. As a longtime educator of toddlers and a current PhD student studying transitional phenomena and object relations, I have had the pleasure to witness the presence of transitional objects in the kindergarten.(我注意到一个孩子抱着她心爱的玩具狗给她的朋友读书——她和她的狗都在积极地翻页——每翻一页，她都低
头看着她的狗，充满爱意。作为一名长期的幼儿教育工作者和一名研究过渡现象和客体关系的博士生，我很高兴地目睹了幼儿园中过渡客体的存在)”可知，作者由自己看到的景象引出本文主题——“过渡性客体”，因此是通过将自己的经历相联系而介绍主题，故选C。
2.推理判断题。根据第二段中“The term transitional object, coined in 195l by D.W. Winnicott, refers to any material to which a child attaches a special value and by means of which the child is able to make the necessary shift from the earliest oral relationship with mother to genuine object-relationships. (‘过渡性客体’一词是由D.W. Winnicott在1951年创造的，指的是儿童赋予特殊价值的任何材料，通过这种材料，儿童能够从最早的与母亲的口头关系转变为真正的客体关系)”和第四段中“If the object is denied in any way, attachment difficulties may arise later in life. (如果对象以任何方式被拒绝，在以后的生活中可能会出现依恋困难)”可知，“过渡性客体”是指孩子赋予其特殊价值并深深依恋的东西，故选B。
3.推理判断题。根据第四段中“If the object is denied in any way, attachment difficulties may arise later in life. The object allows for and invites emotional well-being, and without such an object, true feelings may be hidden or dismissed as the child has no other means to cope with and comprehend the world.(如果对象以任何方式被拒绝，在以后的生活中可能会出现依恋困难。对象允许并邀请情感健康，没有这样的对象，真实的感受可能会被隐藏或忽视，因为孩子没有其他方法来应对和理解世界)”可知，如果孩子的“过渡性客体”被拒绝，他就不太可能分享个人感受，故选C。
4.推理判断题。根据全文内容，结合最后一段中“Winnicott noted that transitional objects continue through the course of our lives, as “sacred monuments” which pull us back to “a place and time of great comfort and memory”. The attachment to certain objects like self photographs defines both memorials, and more importantly a stale of connection and presence in the world. ( Winnicott指出，过渡客体在我们的生活中一直存在，就像‘神圣的纪念碑’，把我们拉回到‘一个非常舒适和记忆的地方和时间’。对某些物品的依恋，如自拍照，既定义了纪念，更重要的是，定义了与世界的联系和存在的陈腐)”可知，文章介绍了“过渡性客体”及其对孩子的重要性，故本文目的是强调过渡客体对儿童的重要性，故选D。
2
(广东省佛山市南海西樵高级中学2023-2024学年高三下学期3月月考)
We Need to Think about Conservation on a Different Timescale
Time, perceived by humans in days, months, and years, contrasts with nature’s grander scales of centuries and millennia, referred to as “deep time.” While paleontologists(古生物学者)are trained to think in deep time, conservationists are realizing the challenges it poses. Shortsightedness about time limits modern conservation, with efforts often overlooking past healthy conditions of ecosystems in the context of climate and biodiversity crises.
The shifting baseline syndrome(综合症), where standards in a place change gradually, makes conservation more complex. It involves evaluating ecosystems primarily on their recent past, often with negative consequences.
Recent shifts in California’s forest management practices, from stopping fires to embracing Indigenous
knowledge of controlled burns, exemplify the importance of understanding historical ecosystem dynamics. To enhance conservation, adopting a deep-time approach is crucial.
Modern mathematical modeling, combined with long-term data, offers a pathway for preserving ecosystems. In California’s kelp(海带、海藻)forest, researchers identified an overlooked keystone species—the extinct Seller’s Sea Cow(大海牛). By examining past kelp forests, a deeper story impacting regeneration was revealed. The sea cow, a massive plant-cater, contributed to a diverse, vital undergrowth by trimming kelp and letting light reach the area.
The researchers put forward a novel approach to kelp forest restoration: selectively harvesting kelp, imitating the sea cow’s impact. This strategy, considering historical dynamics, challenges assumptions about recent ecosystems and offers new conservation methods.
Rather than only focusing on removing urchins(海胆)or reintroducing sea otters, the researchers suggest employing teams of humans to selectively harvest kelp, as the Steller’s sea cow once did, to encourage fresh growth. This sustainable harvest could benefit both the ecosystem and human consumption.
In short, assumptions based on the recent past may impede the understanding and protection of ecosystems. On the other hand, the application of controlled burns, similar modeling studies, and a deep-time perspective(视角)could significantly transform conservation efforts. Recognizing our role in an ongoing narrative spanning millions of years is essential, urging a comprehensive understanding of ecosystems through time. Embracing this role is crucial for shaping the future and establishing vital connections from the past to the future.
5.What is the “shifting baseline syndrome,” mentioned in the passage
A. A syndrome that affects human beings’ perception of time.
B. A phenomenon where ecological standards shift in a place.
C. A psychological disorder common among conservationists.
D. A condition where ecosystems change gradually over time.
6.What is the significance of deep-time perspectives in conservation
A. It promotes the prevention of wildfires.
B. It aids in mathematical modeling efforts.
C. It helps reveal historical ecosystem dynamics.
D. It enhances human consumption of ecosystems.
7.What does the underlined word “impede” most probably mean
A. Reform. B. Disrupt. C. Quicken. D. Deepen.
8.In terms of conservation, what can we learn from this passage
A. Shifting baseline syndrome has positive ecological changes.
B. Mathematical modeling with the latest data can be effective.
C. Deep-time perspective and historical dynamics are crucial.
D. Recent history is more preferred in ecosystem restoration.
【答案】5. B 6. C 7. B 8. C
【难点揭示】本篇所涉及的“生态状况/系统”尽管是考生比较熟悉的话题，但是所涉及的知识面相对比较广，且有些专业术语难以理解；其中“词义猜测题”一题就够考生忙乎的；推理判断的依据不仅句子长难，而且依据可能还不止一处(说明/描述方式、方法的多样性、层次性)。另外，长难句中还有课标词的派生词(如：exemplify)
【语篇导读】本文是一篇说明文。文章指出，短视的保护观念常忽略了历史生态状况，提倡采用更深远的时间视角。举例说明了加州森林管理实践的转变和海藻森林的保护案例，强调了利用数学建模和长期数据进行生态保护的可行性，最后呼吁认识到人类在生态进程中的作用，以深刻理解生态系统的演变过程。
5.细节理解题。根据第二段中“The shifting baseline syndrome(综合症), where standards in a place change gradually, makes conservation more complex.(基线转移综合症，即一个地方的标准逐渐改变，使保护变得更加复杂)”可知，基线转移综合症指的是一个地方的生态标准发生变化的现象，故选B项。
6.推理判断题。根据第一段中“Shortsightedness about time limits modern conservation, with efforts often overlooking past healthy conditions of ecosystems in the context of climate and biodiversity crises.(对时间的短视限制了现代保护，在气候和生物多样性危机的背景下，人们的努力往往忽视了历史生态系统的健康状况)”和第三段中“Recent shifts in California’s forest management practices, from stopping fires to embracing Indigenous knowledge of controlled burns, exemplify the importance of understanding historical ecosystem dynamics. To enhance conservation, adopting a deep-time approach is crucial.(最近加州森林管理实践的转变，从防火到采用土著控制燃烧的方法，例证了了解历史生态系统动态的重要性。为了加强保护，采用深度时间方法至关重要)”可推知，与短视的保护观念相比较，生态保护中的深度时间视角有助于揭示历史生态系统动态情况，至关重要，故选C项。
7.词义猜测题。根据划线词所在句“In short, assumptions based on the recent past may impede the understanding and protection of ecosystems.(简而言之，基于最近过去的假设可能会impede对生态系统的理解和保护)”中“In short”可知，该句是对上文内容的总结。结合第四段中“This strategy, considering historical dynamics, challenges assumptions about recent ecosystems and offers new conservation methods.(考虑到历史动态的策略挑战了对近期生态系统的假设，并提供了新的保护方法)”和第五段“Rather than only focusing on removing urchins(海胆)or reintroducing sea otters, the researchers suggest employing teams of humans to selectively harvest kelp, as the Steller’s sea cow once did, to encourage fresh growth. This sustainable harvest could benefit both the ecosystem and human consumption.(研究人员建议，与其只专注于清除海胆或重新引入海獭，不如雇佣人类团队有选择地收获海藻，就像斯特勒海牛曾经做过的那样，以促进新鲜生长。这种可持续的收获对生态
系统和人类消费都有好处)”可知，考虑到历史动态的策略优于对近期生态系统的假设，即，对近期生态系统的假设可能会“防碍”对生态系统的理解和保护。划线词impede与disrupt同义，意为“妨碍，阻碍”，故选B项。
8.推理判断题。根据最后一段中“On the other hand, the application of controlled burns, similar modeling studies, and a deep-time perspective(视角)could significantly transform conservation efforts. Recognizing our role in an ongoing narrative spanning millions of years is essential, urging a comprehensive understanding of ecosystems through time.(另一方面，控制燃烧、类似的建模研究和深度时间视角的应用可以显著改变保护工作。认识到我们在跨越数百万年的持续叙事中所扮演的角色是至关重要的，这促使人们全面了解生态系统)”可知，就保护而言，我们可以从这篇文章中了解到深度时间视角和历史动态至关重要，故选C项。
从上述高考真题和两道大题的解析可以看出，解说明文阅读理解题最为主要的就是对(涉及推断答案依据)的长难句的理解。
如何理解长难句：抽丝剥茧找主干、庖丁解牛理枝叶、聚零为整解整句！！！
1.(2023年新高考I卷)The key finding of the study was that when crowds were further divided into smaller groups that were allowed to have a discussion, the averages from these groups were more accurate than those from an equal number of independent individuals.
抽丝剥茧找主干：the key finding of the study was that ...(这项研究的重要发现是……)
庖丁解牛理枝叶：第一个that引导的表语从句由一个主从复合句构成，其中可以拆分成下列几个部分：when crowds were further divided into smaller groups(when引导的时间状语从句)
(当人群被进一步分成更小的群体)
that were allowed to have a discussion(that引导的定语从句，修饰先行词smaller groups)
(允许进行讨论)
the averages from these groups were more accurate than those from an equal number of independent individuals(这是when从句中的主句，还含有比较状语从句，其中those指代the averages)(这些群体的平均值比同样数量的独立个体的平均值更准确 )
聚零为整解整句：这项研究的关键发现是，当人群被进一步分成更小的群体并允许进行讨论时，这些群体的平均值比同样数量的独立个体的平均值更准确。
2.(2024年浙江1月卷)We’ re not tempted(诱惑)by sugary treats, but by our computers, phones, and tablets—all the devices that connect us to the global delivery system for various types of information that do to us what marshmallows do to preschoolers.
抽丝剥茧找主干：We’ re not tempted(诱惑)by sugary treats, but by our computers, phones, and tablets(诱惑我们的不是甜食，而是我们的电脑、手机和平板电脑)
庖丁解牛理枝叶：破折号后面可以拆分成以下几个部分：
—all the devices that connect us to the global delivery system for various types of information(that引导的定语从句修饰all the devices)(将我们连接到全球各种信息传递系
统的所有设备)
... that do to us (that引导的定语从句修饰前面的information)(……对我们做的)
what marshmallows do to preschoolers(what引导的名词性从句表示“就像”)(就像棉花糖对学龄前儿童做的那样)
聚零为整解整句：诱惑我们的不是甜食，而是我们的电脑、手机和平板电脑——所有这些将我们与全球各种信息传递系统连接起来的设备，它们对我们的作用就像棉花糖对学龄前儿童的作用一样。
3.(2024届山西省临汾市高三下学期考前适应性考试二)The term transitional object, coined in 195l by D.W. Winnicott, refers to any material to which a child attaches a special value and by means of which the child is able to make the necessary shift from the earliest oral relationship with mother to genuine object-relationships.
抽丝剥茧找主干：The term transitional object, ... refers to any material ...(“过渡性客体”一词……，指任何材料)
庖丁解牛理枝叶：其余部分可以拆分成下列几个部分：
coined in 195l by D.W. Winnicott(过去分词短语作后置定语)(由D.W. Winnicott在1951年创造的)
to which a child attaches a special value(介词+which引导的定语从句，which指代material)(转换成a child attaches a special value to any material儿童赋予特殊价值的任何材料)
and by means of which the child is able to make the necessary shift from the earliest oral relationship with mother to genuine object-relationships.(介词短语+which引导定语从句，which指代material)(通过这种材料，儿童能够从最早的与母亲的口头关系转变为真正的客体关系)
聚零为整解整句：“过渡性客体”一词是由D.W. Winnicott在1951年创造的，指的是儿童赋予特殊价值的任何材料，通过这种材料，儿童能够从最早的与母亲的口头关系转变为真正的客体关系。
4.(广东省佛山市南海西樵高级中学2023-2024学年高三下学期3月月考)Recent shifts in California’s forest management practices, from stopping fires to embracing Indigenous knowledge of controlled burns, exemplify the importance of understanding historical ecosystem dynamics.
抽丝剥茧找主干：Recent shifts in California’s forest management practices, ... exemplify the importance of understanding historical ecosystem dynamics.(最近加州森林管理实践的转变……，例证了了解历史生态系统动态的重要性)
庖丁解牛理枝叶：剩余部分是介词短语“from stopping fires to embracing Indigenous knowledge of controlled burns”作后置定语。(从防火到采用土著控制燃烧的方法)
聚零为整解整句：最近加州森林管理实践的转变，从防火到采用土著控制燃烧的方法，例证了了解历史
生态系统动态的重要性。
1
(2024届浙江省杭州市高三上学期一模)Philosophers have a bad reputation for expressing themselves in a dry and boring way. The ideals for most philosophical writing are precision, clarity, and the sort of conceptual analysis that leaves no hair un-split.
There is nothing wrong with clarity, precision, and the like—but this isn’t the only way to do philosophy. Outside academic journals, abstract philosophical ideas are often expressed through literature, cinema, and song. There’s nothing that grabs attention like a good story, and there are some great philosophical stories that delight and engage, rather than putting the reader to sleep.
One of the great things about this is that, unlike formal philosophy, which tries to be very clear, stories don’t wear their meanings on their sleeve—they require interpretation, and often express conflicting ideas for the reader to wrestle with.
Consider what philosophers call the metaphysics(形而上学)of race—an area of philosophy that explorers the question of whether or not race is real. There are three main positions that you can take on these questions. You might think that a person’s race is written in their genes(a position known as “biological realism”). Or you might think of race as socially real, like days of the week or currencies(“social constructionism”). Finally, you might think that races are unreal—that they’re more like leprechauns(一种魔法精灵)than they are like Thursdays or dollars(“anti-realism”).
A great example of a story with social constructionist taking on race is George Schuyler’s novel Black No More. In the book, a Black scientist named Crookman invents a procedure that makes Black people visually indistinguishable from Whites. Thousands of African Americans flock to Crookman’s Black No More clinics and pay him their hard-earned cash to undergo the procedure. White racists can no longer distinguish those people who are “really” White from those who merely appear to be White. In a final episode, Crookman discovers that new Whites are actually a whiter shade of pale than those who were born that way, which kicks off a trend of sunbathing to darken one’s skin-darkening it so as to look more While.
Philosophically rich stories like this bring more technical works to life. They are stories to think with.
1.What does the author think of philosophical stories
A. The meaning behind is very obvious. B. They am extremely precise and formal.
C. They often cause conflicts among readers. D. They are engaging and inspire critical thinking.
2.Which category might “Christmas” fall into according to paragraph 4
A. Social constructionism. B. Anti-realism.
C. Biological realism. D. Literary realism.
3.What is Black No More in paragraph 5 mainly about
A. Racial issues caused by skin colors. B. A society view on race and self-image.
C. Black people accepted by the white society. D. The origin of sun bathing among white people.
4.What is the best title of the text
A. Stories Made Easy B. Stories to Think with
C. Positions in Philosophy D. Nature of Philosophical Writing
【答案】1. D 2. A 3. B 4. B
【语篇导读】本文是一篇说明文，文章主要介绍了哲学的抽象而复杂的理念往往是通过一个个有趣的小故事的形式体现的，它会启发读者思考。
1.推理判断题。根据第二段“There’s nothing that grabs attention like a good story, and there are some great philosophical stories that delight and engage, rather than putting the reader to sleep.(没有什么能像一个好故事那样吸引人的注意力，有一些伟大的哲学故事会让读者感到愉悦和吸引人，而不是让读者昏昏欲睡)”以及第三段“One of the great things about this is that, unlike formal philosophy, which tries to be very clear, stories don’t wear their meanings on their sleeve—they require interpretation, and often express conflicting ideas for the reader to wrestle with.(这其中最重要的一点是，与形式哲学不同的是，故事并不会把自己的意思挂在明面上——它们需要解释，而且常常表达出相互矛盾的观点，让读者纠结)”可知，哲学故事可以使读者有参与感和激发批判性思维，故选D项。
2.推理判断题。根据第四段“Consider what philosophers call the metaphysics(形而上学)of race—an area of philosophy that explorers the question of whether or not race is real. There are three main positions that you can take on these questions. You might think that a person’s race is written in their genes(a position known as “biological realism”). Or you might think of race as socially real, like days of the week or currencies(“social constructionism”). Finally, you might think that races are unreal—that they’re more like leprechauns(一种魔法精灵)than they are like Thursdays or dollars(“anti-realism”).(让我们来考虑一下哲学家所称之为种族的形而上学——这是探究种族是否真实的哲学问题。关于这个问题，你可能持有三个主要观点。你可能认为一个人的种族写在他们的基因中(被称为“生物现实主义”)。或者，你可能认为种族是社会上真实存在的，就像星期几或货币一样(“社会建构主义”)。最后，你可能认为种族是虚幻的——它们更像一种魔法精灵而不是星期四或美元(“反现实主义”)”可知，Christmas为一个节日，是社会的共有认知，应属于“社会建构主义”，故选A项。
3.推理判断题。根据第五段“A great example of a story with social constructionist taking on race is George Schuyler’s novel Black No More. In the book, a Black scientist named Crookman invents a procedure that makes Black people visually indistinguishable from Whites. Thousands of African Americans flock to Crookman’s Black No More clinics and pay him their hard-earned cash to undergo the procedure. White racists can no longer distinguish those people who are “really” White from those who merely appear to be White. In a final episode, Crookman discovers that new Whites are actually a whiter shade of pale than those who were born that way, which kicks off a trend of sunbathing to darken one’s skin-darkening it so as to look more While.(一个以社会建构主义观点来探讨种族问题的精彩例子是乔治·斯库勒的小说《不再是黑人》。在这本书中，一位名叫克鲁克曼的黑人科学家发明了一种让黑人在外貌上无法与白人区分的程序。成千上万的非洲裔美国人蜂拥而至克鲁克曼的“黑不再”诊所，并付出辛苦赚来的钱去接受手术。白人种族主义者再也无法区分那些“真正”的白人和那些只是表面上看起来像白人的人。在最后的一集中，克鲁克曼发现新的白人实际上比天生如此的白人更白，从而引发了一个晒太阳变黑肤色的潮流，以使自己看起来更白皙)”可知，白人种族主义者再也无法区分那些“真正”是白人的人和那些只是看起来像白人的人。在最后一集中，克鲁克曼发现新的白人实际上比那些生来是白人的人更白，这开启了日光浴使皮肤变黑的趋势——使其变黑，以便看起来不那么白。这段是关于种族和自我形象的社会观，故选B项。
4.主旨大意题。根据第一段“Philosophers have a bad reputation for expressing themselves in a dry and boring way. The ideals for most philosophical writing are precision, clarity, and the sort of conceptual analysis that leaves no hair un-split.(哲学家以枯燥乏味的方式表达自己而臭名昭著。大多数哲学作品的理想是精确、清晰，以及那种不留痕迹的概念分析)”以及最后一段“Philosophically rich stories like this bring more technical works to life. They are stories to think with.(像这样富有哲理的故事给生活带来了更多的技术作品。它们是用来思考的故事)”以及纵观全文可知，文章主要介绍了哲学的抽象而复杂的理念往往是通过一个个有趣的小故事的形式体现的，它会启发读者思考，所以B项“Stories to Think with(可供思考的故事)”是本文最好的标题，故选B项。
2
(2024届山西省省级名校高三下学期第二次联考)In a groundbreaking achievement, a rhino has successfully undergone embryo(胚胎)transfer, marking the first successful use of a method that holds promise for saving the nearly extinct northern white rhino subspecies.
The experiment, conducted with the less endangered southern white rhino subspecies, involved creating an embryo in a lab using eggs and sperm(精子)collected from other rhinos. This embryo was then transferred into a southern white rhino alternative mother in Kenya. Despite the unfortunate death of the alternative mother due to an infection in November 2023, researchers praised the successful embryo transfer and pregnancy(怀孕)as a proof of concept. They are now ready to proceed to the next stage of the project: transferring northern white rhinoembryos.
Professor Thomas Hildebrandt expressed optimism about the findings, highlighting the significance of the successful embryo transfer in demonstrating that frozen and defrosted embryos produced in a lab can survive. This development offers hope for the revival of the northern white rhino population.
However, challenges facing rhino conservation remain significant. While the southern white rhino subspecies and the black rhino species have shown signs of recovery from population declines due to illegal hunting for their horns(牛角), the northern white rhino subspecies is on the edge of extinction. With only two known members left in the world, Najin and her daughter Fatu, both unable to reproduce naturally, and the recent death of the last male white rhino, Sudan, in 2018, urgent action is needed to prevent the extinction of this subspecies. Dr. Jo Shaw, CEO of Save the Rhino International, emphasized the importance of addressing the primary threats facing rhinos worldwide: illegal hunting for their horns and habitat loss due to development. She stre2024高考英语三轮冲刺-阅读理解之说明文(江苏专用)
2023年新高考I卷(C篇)
The goal of this book is to make the case for digital minimalism, including a detailed exploration of what it asks and why it works, and then to teach you how to adopt this philosophy if you decide it’s right for you.
To do so, I divided the book into two parts. In part one, I describe the philosophical foundations of digital minimalism, starting with an examination of the forces that are making so many people’s digital lives increasingly intolerable, before moving on to a detailed discussion of the digital minimalism philosophy.
Part one concludes by introducing my suggested method for adopting this philosophy: the digital declutter. This process requires you to step away from optional online activities for thirty days. At the end of the thirty days, you will then add back a small number of carefully chosen online activities that you believe will provide massive benefits to the things you value.
In the final chapter of part one, I’ll guide you through carrying out your own digital declutter. In doing so, I’ll draw on an experiment I ran in 2018 in which over 1,600 people agreed to perform a digital declutter. You’ll hear these participants’ stories and learn what strategies worked well for them, and what traps they encountered that you should avoid.
The second part of this book takes a closer look at some ideas that will help you cultivate(培养)a sustainable digital minimalism lifestyle. In these chapters, I examine issues such as the importance of solitude(独处)and the necessity of cultivating high-quality leisure to replace the time most now spent on mindless device use. Each chapter concludes with a collection of practices, which are designed to help you act on the big ideas of the chapter. You can view these practices as a toolbox meant to aid your efforts to build a minimalist lifestyle that works for your particular circumstances.
28.What is the book aimed at
A. Teaching critical thinking skills. B. Advocating a simple digital lifestyle.
C. Solving philosophical problems. D. Promoting the use of a digital device.
29.What does the underlined word “declutter” in paragraph 3 mean
A. Clear-up. B. Add-on. C. Check-in. D. Take-over.
30.What is presented in the final chapter of part one
A. Theoretical models. B. Statistical methods.
C. Practical examples. D. Historical analyses.
31.What does the author suggest readers do with the practices offered in part two
A. Use them as needed. B. Recommend them to friends.
C. Evaluate their effects. D. Identify the ideas behind them.
2023年新高考I卷(D篇)
On March 7, 1907, the English statistician Francis Galton published a paper which illustrated what has come to be known as the “wisdom of crowds” effect. The experiment of estimation he conducted showed that in some cases, the average of a large number of independent estimates could be quite accurate.
This effect capitalizes on the fact that when people make errors, those errors aren’t always the same. Some people will tend to overestimate, and some to underestimate. When enough of these errors are averaged together, they cancel each other out, resulting in a more accurate estimate. If people are similar and tend to make the same errors, then their errors won’t cancel each other out. In more technical terms, the wisdom of crowds requires that people’s estimates be independent. If for whatever reasons, people’s errors become correlated or dependent, the accuracy of the estimate will go down.
But a new study led by Joaquin Navajas offered an interesting twist(转折)on this classic phenomenon. The key finding of the study was that when crowds were further divided into smaller groups that were allowed to have a discussion, the averages from these groups were more accurate than those from an equal number of independent individuals. For instance, the average obtained from the estimates of four discussion groups of five was significantly more accurate than the average obtained from 20 independent individuals.
In a follow-up study with 100 university students, the researchers tried to get a better sense of what the group members actually did in their discussion. Did they tend to go with those most confident about their estimates Did they follow those least willing to change their minds This happened some of the time, but it wasn’t the dominant response. Most frequently, the groups reported that they “shared arguments and reasoned together”. Somehow, these arguments and reasoning resulted in a global reduction in error. Although the studies led by Navajas have limitations and many questions remain, the potential implications for group discussion and decision-making are enormous.
32.What is paragraph 2 of the text mainly about
A. The methods of estimation. B. The underlying logic of the effect.
C. The causes of people’s errors. D. The design of Galton’s experiment.
33.Navajas’ study found that the average accuracy could increase even if _______.
A. the crowds were relatively small B. there were occasional underestimates
C. individuals did not communicate D. estimates were not fully independent
34.What did the follow-up study focus on
A. The size of the groups. B. The dominant members.
C. The discussion process. D. The individual estimates.
35.What is the author’s attitude toward Navajas’ studies
A. Unclear. B. Dismissive. C. Doubtful. D. Approving.
2023年新高考II卷(C篇)
Reading Art: Art for Book Lovers is a celebration of an everyday object—the book, represented here in almost three hundred artworks from museums around the world. The image of the reader appears throughout history, in art made long before books as we now know them came into being. In artists’ representations of books and reading, we see moments of shared humanity that go beyond culture and time.
In this “book of books,” artworks are selected and arranged in a way that emphasizes these connections between different eras and cultures. We see scenes of children learning to read at home or at school, with the book as a focus for relations between the generations. Adults are portrayed(描绘)alone in many settings and poses —absorbed in a volume, deep in thought or lost in a moment of leisure. These scenes may have been painted hundreds of years ago, but they record moments we can all relate to.
Books themselves may be used symbolically in paintings to demonstrate the intellect(才智), wealth or faith of the subject. Before the wide use of the printing press, books were treasured objects and could be works of art in their own right. More recently, as books have become inexpensive or even throwaway, artists have used them as the raw material for artworks—transforming covers, pages or even complete volumes into paintings and sculptures.
Continued developments in communication technologies were once believed to make the printed page outdated. From a 21st-century point of view, the printed book is certainly ancient, but it remains as interactive as any battery-powered e-reader. To serve its function, a book must be activated by a user: the cover opened, the pages parted, the contents reviewed, perhaps notes written down or words underlined. And in contrast to our increasingly networked lives where the information we consume is monitored and tracked, a printed book still offers the chance of a wholly private, “off-line” activity.
28.Where is the text most probably taken from
A. An introduction to a book. B. An essay on the art of writing.
C. A guidebook to a museum. D. A review of modern paintings.
29.What are the selected artworks about
A. Wealth and intellect. B. Home and school.
C. Books and reading. D. Work and leisure.
30.What do the underlined words “relate to” in paragraph 2 mean
A. Understand. B. Paint. C. Seize. D. Transform.
31.What does the author want to say by mentioning the e-reader
A. The printed book is not totally out of date. B. Technology has changed the way we read.
C. Our lives in the 21st century are networked. D. People now rarely have the patience to read.
2023年新高考II卷(D篇)
As cities balloon with growth, access to nature for people living in urban areas is becoming harder to find. If you’re lucky, there might be a pocket park near where you live, but it’s unusual to find places in a city that are relatively wild.
Past research has found health and wellness benefits of nature for humans, but a new study shows that wildness in urban areas is extremely important for human well-being.
The research team focused on a large urban park. They surveyed several hundred park-goers, asking them to submit a written summary online of a meaningful interaction they had with nature in the park. The researchers then examined these submissions, coding(编码)experiences into different categories. For example, one participant’s experience of “We sat and listened to the waves at the beach for a while” was assigned the categories “sitting at beach” and “listening to waves.”
Across the 320 submissions, a pattern of categories the researchers call a “nature language” began to emerge. After the coding of all submissions, half a dozen categories were noted most often as important to visitors. These include encountering wildlife, walking along the edge of water, and following an established trail.
Naming each nature experience creates a usable language, which helps people recognize and take part in the activities that are most satisfying and meaningful to them. For example, the experience of walking along the edge of water might be satisfying for a young professional on a weekend hike in the park. Back downtown during a workday, they can enjoy a more domestic form of this interaction by walking along a fountain on their lunch break.
“We’re trying to generate a language that helps bring the human-nature interactions back into our daily lives. And for that to happen, we also need to protect nature so that we can interact with it,” said Peter Kahn, a senior author of the study.
32.What phenomenon does the author describe at the beginning of the text
A. Pocket parks are now popular. B. Wild nature is hard to find in cities.
C. Many cities are overpopulated. D. People enjoy living close to nature.
33. Why did the researchers code participant submissions into categories
A. To compare different types of park-goers. B. To explain why the park attracts tourists.
C. To analyze the main features of the park. D. To find patterns in the visitors’ summaries.
34.What can we learn from the example given in paragraph 5
A. Walking is the best way to gain access to nature.
B. Young people are too busy to interact with nature.
C. The same nature experience takes different forms.
D. The nature language enhances work performance.
35.What should be done before we can interact with nature according to Kahn
A. Language study. B. Environmental conservation.
C. Public education. D. Intercultural communication.
2024年浙江1月卷(C篇)
On September 7, 1991, the costliest hailstorm(花暴)in Canadian history hit Calgary’s southern suburbs. As a result, since 1996 a group of insurance companies have spent about $2million per year on the Alberta Hail Suppression Project. Airplanes seed threatening storm cells with a chemical to make small ice crystals fall as rain before they can grow into dangerous hailstones. But farmers in east-central Alberta—downwind of the hail project flights—worry that precious moisture(水分)is being stolen from their thirsty land by the cloud seeding.
Norman Stienwand, who farms in that area, has been addressing public meetings on this issue for years “Basically, the provincial government is letting the insurance companies protect the Calgary-Edmonton urban area from hail,” Mr. Stienwan d says, “but they’re increasing drought risk as far east as Saskatchewan.”
The Alberta hail project is managed by Terry Krauss, a cloud physicist who works for Weather Modification Inc. of Fargo, North Dakota. “We affect only a very small percentage of the total moisture in the air, so we cannot be cousing drought.” Dr. Krauss says. “In fact, we may be helping increase the moisture downwind by creating wetter ground.”
One doubter about the safety of cloud seeding is Chuck Doswell, a research scientist who just retired from the University of Oklahoma. “In 1999, I personally saw significant tornadoes(龙卷风)form from a seeded storm cell in Kansas,” Dr. Doswell says. “Does cloud seeding create killer storms or reduce moisture downwind No one really knows, of course, but the seeding goes on.”
Given the degree of doubt, Mr. Stienwand suggests, “it would be wise to stop cloud seeding.” In practice, doubt has had the opposite effect. Due to the lack of scientific proof concerning their impacts, no one has succeeded in winning a lawsuit against cloud-seeding companies. Hence, private climate engineering can proceed in relative legal safety.
28.What does the project aim to do
A. Conserve moisture in the soil. B. Prevent the formation of hailstones.
C. Forecast disastrous hailstorms. D. Investigate chemical use in farming.
29.Who are opposed to the project
A. Farmers in east-central Alberta. B. Managers of insurance companies.
C. Provincial government officials. D. Residents of Calgary and Edmonton
30.Why does Dr. Doswell mention the tornadoes he saw in 1999
A. To compare different kinds of seeding methods.
B. To illustrate the development of big hailstorms.
C. To indicate a possible danger of cloud seeding.
D. To show the link between storms and moisture.
31.What can we infer from the last paragraph
A. Scientific studies have proved Stienwand right.
B. Private climate engineering is illegal in Canada.
C. The doubt about cloud seeding has disappeared.
D. Cloud-seeding companies will continue to exist.
2024年浙江1月卷(D篇)
The Stanford marshmallow(棉花糖)test was originally conducted by psychologist Walter Mischel in the late 1960s. Children aged four to six at a nursery school were placed in a room. A single sugary treat, selected by the child, was placed on a table. Each child was told if they waited for 15 minutes before eating the treat, they would be given a second treat. Then they were left alone in the room. Follow-up studies with the children later in life showed a connect ion between an ability to wait long enough to obtain a second treat and various forms of success.
As adults we face a version of the marshmallow test every day. We’ re not tempted(诱惑)by sugary treats, but by our computers, phones, and tablets—all the devices that connect us to the global delivery system for various types of information that do to us what mars
hmallows do to preschoolers.
We are tempted by sugary treats because our ancestors lived in a calorie-poor world, and our brains developed a response mechanism to these treats that reflected their value—a feeling of reward and satisfaction. But as we’ve reshaped the world around us, dramatically reducing the cost and effort involved in obtaining calories, we still have the same brains we had thousands of years ago, and this mismatch is at the heart of why so many of us struggle to resist tempting foods that we know we shouldn’t eat.
A similar process is at work in our response to information. Our formative environment as a species was information-poor, so our brains developed a mechanism that prized new information. But global connectivity has greatly changed our information environment. We are now ceaselessly bombarded(轰炸)with new information. Therefore, just as we need to be more thoughtful about our caloric consumption, we also need to be more thoughtful
about our information consumption, resisting the temptation of the mental “junk food” in order to manage our time most effectively.
32.What did the children need to do to get a second treat in Mischel’s test
A. Take an examination alone. B. Show respect for the researchers.
C. Share their treats with others. D. Delay eating for fifteen minutes.
33.According to paragraph 3, there is a mismatch between _______.
A. the calorie-poor world and our good appetites
B. the shortage of sugar and our nutritional needs
C. the rich food supply and our unchanged brains
D. the tempting foods and our efforts to keep fit
34.What does the author suggest readers do
A. Absorb new information readily. B. Be selective information consumers.
C. Use diverse information sources. D. Protect the information environment.
35.Which of the following is the best title for the text
A. Eat Less, Read More B. The Bitter Truth about Early Humans
C. The Later, the Better D. The Marshmallow Test for Grownups
纵观译林牛津2020版教材，考生可以发现教材用了2/5的篇幅(初步统计有16个单元)涉及说明文体裁的阅读，说明这一块是重点，又是难点，对照高考，考情也的确如此。
必修第三册 Welcome to the unit Reading Extended reading
Unit 1 Nature in the balance
(话题：环境与 环境保护) A song
(话题： 保护我们的唯一家园—地球) The Amazon rainforest：a natural treasure
(说明文：对亚马孙雨林的相关介绍)
A documentary script
(纪录片脚本) News that Matters：
pollution in Norgate
(电视访谈节目脚本： 虚拟城市诺盖特的 污染问题)
A TV show transcript
(电视访谈节目脚本)
选择性必修 第一册 Welcome to the unit Reading Extended reading
Unit 1 Food matters
(话题：饮食文化) A video
(话题：不同国家的特色美食) Comfort food
(说明文：治愈系食物)
A magazine article (杂志文章) Eating in China
(博客日志：介绍中国三
种地方传统美食及其 历史和文化渊源)
Three blog entries
(三篇博客日志)
选择性必修 第二册 Welcome to the unit Reading Extended reading
Unit 1 The mass media
(话题：大众传媒) A video
(话题： 大众传媒发展历史和类型) Be a critical newsreader!
(新闻报道：做一名有判断力的新闻读者)
Two news reports and an article (两篇新闻报道和 一篇论说文) Advertising: the power of persuasion
(杂志说明文：介绍广告的发展 以及广告如何说服受众)
A magazine article (杂志文章)
Unit 2 Sports culture (话题：体育文化、体育精神) A video
(话题：体育赛事) The Olympic Games (网站文章： 奥林匹克运动会)
A website article (网站文章) Sports idioms
(杂志说明文：体育文化)
A magazine article (杂志文章)
Unit 3 Fit for life
(话题：医学进展、疾病与健康) Four pictures
(话题：不同职业的 医务工作者) The future is in our genes
(演讲稿：基因组编辑) A lecture transcript (演讲稿) Acupuncture： magic
needles
(说明文：介绍一项中国传统 医术——针灸) A magazine article (杂志文章)
Unit 4 Living with
technology
(话题：科技发展) A video
(话题：科幻成为现实) Artificial intelligence: friendly or frightening (说明文：人工智能) A popular science article (科普文) Virtual reality
(访谈脚本： 介绍虚拟现实的概念、原理、应用、发展瓶颈 以及未来前景)
An interview transcript
(访谈脚本)
选择性必修 第三册 Welcome to the unit Reading Extended reading
Unit 1 Wish you were here
(话题：旅游) Four postcards
(话题：旅游胜地) Canada—a land of
diversity
(说明文：加拿大的 多样性)
A website article (网站文章) An adventure in Africa 旅游日记：介绍作者和父母在 非洲的摩洛哥和肯尼亚的旅行)
A travel journal (旅游日记)
Unit 3 Back to the past (话题：历史事件和历史人物) An excerpt from a novel
(话题：时间旅行) Sailing the oceans (说明文：海上航行)
Two historical articles
(两篇历史文章) Hell comes to Pearl Harbor
议论文：从两位幸存者的视角 再现了珍珠港事件)
An article (议论文)
Unit 4 Protecting our
heritage sites
(话题：遗产保护) A video
(话题：世界遗产) Heritage in danger
(讲座文稿：世界遗产)
A lecture transcript (讲座文稿) Following the Silk Road (说明文：介绍丝绸之路)
A magazine article (杂志文章)
拓展创新学程 第一册 Welcome to the unit Reading Extended reading
Unit 1 Our living planet
(话题：我们栖居的星球) A video
(话题：地质奇观) The ocean deep
(纪录片文字稿： 神奇的海洋世界)
A documentary
transcript (纪录片文字稿) Inside the Earth
(说明文：介绍探索地球内部的 挑战和好处)
A science magazine article (科普杂志文章)
Journey to the centre of the Earth (非连续性文本：描述在地球内部不同深度的情况)
A comic strip (非连续性文本)
Unit 2 Working the land
(话题：农业) Four pictures
(话题：耕作方式) Precision farming hits its target
(说明文：介绍精准农业的目标和不同 层面的应用)
An article (说明文) Tea: China’s gift to
the world
(说明文：介绍中国茶的历史、 文化、传播以及功效)
A magazine article (杂志文章： 介绍茶的种植、采摘、加工以及世界各地不同的饮茶方)
From hillside to tea cup
A leaflet (宣传册)
Unit 3 On the move
(话题：交通) Five pictures
(话题： 交通方式的变化和发展) Self-driving cars destination known (说明文：无人驾驶 汽车)
An automobile magazine article (汽车杂志文章) Racing towards the future：a look at China’s high-speed rail network (专题文章： 介绍中国高速铁路网)
A feature article (专题文章)
Unit 4 Fun with science
(话题： 身边的科学) A leaflet
(话题：生活中的科学) The human microbiome: an invisible
microuniverse
(说明文：介绍人类微生物群系及其功能)
A blog post(博客帖子) Bionics: where nature and
technology intersect
(说明文： 介绍仿生学这一借鉴自然的学科的应用成果)
A science magazine article (科普杂志文章)
拓展创新学程 第二册 Welcome to the unit Reading Extended reading
Unit 2 Building the future
(话题：可持续发展) A video
(话题：可持续发展) New energies: a gift for the future
(纪录片文字稿： 可再生能源)
A documentary
transcript (纪录片文字稿) Global warming: islands in hot water
(说明文：介绍全球变暖给太平洋岛屿带来的危害及人们的应对措施)A science magazine
article(科普杂志文章)
拓展创新学程 第三册 Welcome to the unit Reading Extended reading
Unit 2 Thinking out of the box
(话题： 创新创造) Two tests
(话题：创造力) Thought experiments: the laboratory of the mind
(说明文：思想实验)
A website article (网站文章) How the world got eyeglasses
(杂志文章：介绍眼镜的
发明过程、演变以及眼
镜对人类的重要性)
A magazine article (杂志文章)
Unit 3 Our culture, our treasure
(话题：中国文化) A video
(话题：文化符号) Chinese characters:
foundation of a remarkable writing system
(说明文：汉字的 起源和发展)
A feature article (专题文章) Confucius’s
philosophy: a moral
inspiration
(说明文：孔子及其哲学思想)
A magazine article (杂志文章)
结合高考，回归教材，我们可以发现以下说明文体裁的五大“难点”给考生带来了阅读和解题上不小的困难，影响考生阅读的速度、理解的维度和深度，进而导致考生解题时无从下手，错选瞎选答案。
难点一：熟词僻义、课标衍生词、某些专业术语让考生处处碰壁；
难点二：篇幅长以及较多结构复杂的长难句让考生阅读时步履维艰；
难点三：纷繁复杂的题材(甚至有些题材考生闻所未闻)让考生不知所云；
难点四：复杂的篇章结构、说明/描述方式、方法的多样性、层次性让考生应接不暇。
难点五：四类题型(细节理解题、推理判断题<包括篇章结构的推断>、主旨大意题以及词义猜测题)的全面考查让考生疲于奔命。
做一做下列题目，体会一下上述所说其中的“难点”，思考突破这些“难点”的对策。
1
(2024届山西省临汾市高三下学期考前适应性考试二)I observed one child hugging her beloved toy dog while reading a book to her friend—both she and her dog were actively turning the pages—and with every page turned, she looked down at her dog, lovingly. As a longtime educator of toddlers and a current PhD student studying transitional phenomena and object relations, I have had the pleasure to witness the presence of transitional objects in the kindergarten.
The term transitional object, coined in 195l by D. W. Winnicott, refers to any material to which a child attaches a special value and by means of which the child is able to make the necessary shift from the earliest oral relationship with mother to genuine object-relationships. It is typically something soft, such as a blanket or a soft toy, that is similar to the mother’s warm arms.
It may also be the subject of the child’s fantasies, for example where a teddy bear is spoken to, hugged, punished, etc. It thus becomes a tool for practicing interaction with the external world. Moreover, the transitional object supports the development of the self, as it is used to represent ‘not me’. By looking at the object, the child knows that it is not the object and hence something individual and separate. in this way, it helps the child develop its sense of ‘other’ things.
If the object is denied in any way, attachment difficulties may arise later in life. The object allows for and invites emotional well-being, and without such an object, true feelings may be hidden or dismissed as the child has no other means to cope with and comprehend the world. Worse still, the object is intimately bound up with the identity of the child. Taking away the object is also taking away something of the child itself.
Winnicott noted that transitional objects continue through the course of our lives, as “sacred monuments” which pull us back to “a place and time of great comfort and memory”. The attachment to certain objects like self photographs defines both memorials, and more importantly a stale of connection and presence in the world.
1.How does the writer introduce the topic
A. By sharing feelings. B. By illustrating a term.
C. By relating an experience. D. By providing background information.
2.What does the term “transitional objects” refer to according to the passage
A. Tools used by educators to aid teaching.
B. Items to which a child becomes deeply attached.
C. Toys designed to amuse kids in the kindergarten.
D. Expensive personal possessions gifted by parents.
3.What might happen if a child’s transitional object is denied
A. Ho might lose his imagination. B. He may become more independent.
C. He is less likely to share personal feelings. D. He probably distances himself from his mother.
4.What is the main purpose of the text
A. To introduce how to develop a sense of ‘other’ things.
B. To do research on the psychological development of kids.
C. To show how to enhance the bond between mother and child.
D. To stress the importance of transitional objects to children.
2
(广东省佛山市南海西樵高级中学2023-2024学年高三下学期3月月考)
We Need to Think about Conservation on a Different Timescale
Time, perceived by humans in days, months, and years, contrasts with nature’s grander scales of centuries and millennia, referred to as “deep time.” While paleontologists(古生物学者)are trained to think in deep time,
conservationists are realizing the challenges it poses. Shortsightedness about time limits modern conservation, with efforts often overlooking past healthy conditions of ecosystems in the context of climate and biodiversity crises.
The shifting baseline syndrome(综合症), where standards in a place change gradually, makes conservation more complex. It involves evaluating ecosystems primarily on their recent past, often with negative consequences.
Recent shifts in California’s forest management practices, from stopping fires to embracing Indigenous knowledge of controlled burns, exemplify the importance of understanding historical ecosystem dynamics. To enhance conservation, adopting a deep-time approach is crucial.
Modern mathematical modeling, combined with long-term data, offers a pathway for preserving ecosystems. In California’s kelp(海带、海藻)forest, researchers identified an overlooked keystone species—the extinct Seller’s Sea Cow(大海牛). By examining past kelp forests, a deeper story impacting regeneration was revealed. The sea cow, a massive plant-cater, contributed to a diverse, vital undergrowth by trimming kelp and letting light reach the area.
The researchers put forward a novel approach to kelp forest restoration: selectively harvesting kelp, imitating the sea cow’s impact. This strategy, considering historical dynamics, challenges assumptions about recent ecosystems and offers new conservation methods.
Rather than only focusing on removing urchins(海胆)or reintroducing sea otters, the researchers suggest employing teams of humans to selectively harvest kelp, as the Steller’s sea cow once did, to encourage fresh growth. This sustainable harvest could benefit both the ecosystem and human consumption.
In short, assumptions based on the recent past may impede the understanding and protection of ecosystems. On the other hand, the application of controlled burns, similar modeling studies, and a deep-time perspective(视角)could significantly transform conservation efforts. Recognizing our role in an ongoing narrative spanning millions of years is essential, urging a comprehensive understanding of ecosystems through time. Embracing this role is crucial for shaping the future and establishing vital connections from the past to the future.
5.What is the “shifting baseline syndrome,” mentioned in the passage
A. A syndrome that affects human beings’ perception of time.
B. A phenomenon where ecological standards shift in a place.
C. A psychological disorder common among conservationists.
D. A condition where ecosystems change gradually over time.
6.What is the significance of deep-time perspectives in conservation
A. It promotes the prevention of wildfires.
B. It aids in mathematical modeling efforts.
C. It helps reveal historical ecosystem dynamics.
D. It enhances human consumption of ecosystems.
7.What does the underlined word “impede” most probably mean
A. Reform. B. Disrupt. C. Quicken. D. Deepen.
8.In terms of conservation, what can we learn from this passage
A. Shifting baseline syndrome has positive ecological changes.
B. Mathematical modeling with the latest data can be effective.
C. Deep-time perspective and historical dynamics are crucial.
D. Recent history is more preferred in ecosystem restoration.
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1.(2023年新高考I卷)The key finding of the study was that when crowds were further divided into smaller groups that were allowed to have a discussion, the averages from these groups were more accurate than those from an equal number of independent individuals.
2.(2024年浙江1月卷)We’ re not tempted(诱惑)by sugary treats, but by our computers, phones, and tablets—all the devices that connect us to the global delivery system for various types of information that do to us what marshmallows do to preschoolers.
3.(2024届山西省临汾市高三下学期考前适应性考试二)The term transitional object, coined in 195l by D.W. Winnicott, refers to any material to which a child attaches a special value and by means of which the child is able to make the necessary shift from the earliest oral relationship with mother to genuine object-relationships.
4.(广东省佛山市南海西樵高级中学2023-2024学年高三下学期3月月考)Recent shifts in California’s forest management practices, from stopping fires to embracing Indigenous knowledge of controlled burns, exemplify the importance of understanding historical ecosystem dynamics.
1
(2024届浙江省杭州市高三上学期一模)Philosophers have a bad reputation for expressing themselves in a dry and boring way. The ideals for most philosophical writing are precision, clarity, and the sort of conceptual analysis that leaves no hair un-split.
There is nothing wrong with clarity, precision, and the like—but this isn’t the only way to do philosophy. Outside academic journals, abstract philosophical ideas are often expressed through literature, cinema, and song. There’s nothing that grabs attention like a good story, and there are some great philosophical stories that delight and engage, rather than putting the reader to sleep.
One of the great things about this is that, unlike formal philosophy, which tries to be very clear, stories don’t
wear their meanings on their sleeve—they require interpretation, and often express conflicting ideas for the reader to wrestle with.
Consider what philosophers call the metaphysics(形而上学)of race—an area of philosophy that explorers the question of whether or not race is real. There are three main positions that you can take on these questions. You might think that a person’s race is written in their genes(a position known as “biological realism”). Or you might think of race as socially real, like days of the week or currencies(“social constructionism”). Finally, you might think that races are unreal—that they’re more like leprechauns(一种魔法精灵)than they are like Thursdays or dollars(“anti-realism”).
A great example of a story with social constructionist taking on race is George Schuyler’s novel Black No More. In the book, a Black scientist named Crookman invents a procedure that makes Black people visually indistinguishable from Whites. Thousands of African Americans flock to Crookman’s Black No More clinics and pay him their hard-earned cash to undergo the procedure. White racists can no longer distinguish those people who are “really” White from those who merely appear to be White. In a final episode, Crookman discovers that new Whites are actually a whiter shade of pale than those who were born that way, which kicks off a trend of sunbathing to darken one’s skin-darkening it so as to look more While.
Philosophically rich stories like this bring more technical works to life. They are stories to think with.
1.What does the author think of philosophical stories
A. The meaning behind is very obvious. B. They am extremely precise and formal.
C. They often cause conflicts among readers. D. They are engaging and inspire critical thinking.
2.Which category might “Christmas” fall into according to paragraph 4
A. Social constructionism. B. Anti-realism.
C. Biological realism. D. Literary realism.
3.What is Black No More in paragraph 5 mainly about
A. Racial issues caused by skin colors. B. A society view on race and self-image.
C. Black people accepted by the white society. D. The origin of sun bathing among white people.
4.What is the best title of the text
A. Stories Made Easy B. Stories to Think with
C. Positions in Philosophy D. Nature of Philosophical Writing
2
(2024届山西省省级名校高三下学期第二次联考)In a groundbreaking achievement, a rhino has successfully undergone embryo(胚胎)transfer, marking the first successful use of a method that holds promise for saving the nearly extinct northern white rhino subspecies.
The experiment, conducted with the less endangered southern white rhino subspecies, involved creating an embryo in a lab using eggs and sperm(精子)collected from other rhinos. This embryo was then transferred into a southern white rhino alternative mother in Kenya. Despite the unfortunate death of the alternative mother due to an infection in November 2023, researchers praised the successful embryo transfer and pregnancy(怀孕)as a proof of concept. They are now ready to proceed to the next stage of the project: transferring northern white rhinoembryos.
Professor Thomas Hildebrandt expressed optimism about the findings, highlighting the significance of the successful embryo transfer in demonstrating that frozen and defrosted embryos produced in a lab can survive. This development offers hope for the revival of the northern white rhino population.
However, challenges facing rhino conservation remain significant. While the southern white rhino subspecies and the black rhino species have shown signs of recovery from population declines due to illegal hunting for their horns(牛角), the northern white rhino subspecies is on the edge of extinction. With only two known members left in the world, Najin and her daughter Fatu, both unable to reproduce naturally, and the recent death of the last male white rhino, Sudan, in 2018, urgent action is needed to prevent the extinction of this subspecies. Dr. Jo Shaw, CEO of Save the Rhino International, emphasized the importance of addressing the primary threats facing rhinos worldwide: illegal hunting for their horns and habitat loss due to development. She stressed the need to provide rhinos with the space and security they need to succeed in their natural environment.
While the successful embryo transfer represents a significant advancement in rhino conservation efforts, organized action is required to address the main challenges facing rhino populations worldwide.
5.What is the purpose of the experiment mentioned in the text
A. To evaluate the efficiency of a new rhino birth program.
B. To observe the behavior of rhinos in a controlled environment.
C. To assess the effects of climate change on the southern rhino habitats.
D. To develop a way of rescuing the endangered northern white rhinos subspecies.
6.Which word can replace the underlined word “revival” in paragraph 3
A. Rebirth. B. Decline. C. Stability. D. Decrease.
7.What is the current condition of the northern white rhino subspecies
A. Facing extinction. B. Showing signs of recovery.
C. Developing in their natural habitat. D. Recovering from population declines
8.What might be the best title of this text
A. Dr. Jo Shaw’s Call to Action: Addressing Threats to Rhino Survival
B. Challenges Facing Rhino Conservation Efforts: Urgent Action Needed
C. The Successful Embryo Transfer: A Breakthrough in Rhino Conservation
D. Professor Thomas Hildebrandt’s Optimism: Hope for Rhino Population Revival
3
(2024届辽宁省辽阳市高三下学期二模)When patients are discharged(出院)from the hospital, effective summaries from doctors’ notes are essential to capture their health status in the medical record. Whereas, most are filled with technical languages that are hard to understand and increase patients’ anxiety.
To address the problem, researchers from New York University(NYU)Langone Health have been testing the capabilities of generative artificial intelligence(AI). It tries to develop likely options for the next word in any sentence based on how most people use words in context on the Internet.
NYU Langone Health received access to the latest tool from a famous tech company to explore generative AI. One of the studies by the researchers published in JAMA Network Open, looked at how well the tool could convert(转换)the text in 50 patient discharge notes into patient-friendly language. Specifically, generative AI made the discharge notes drop from 11th-grade reading level on average to a 6th-grade level.
Two physicians were asked to review the AI discharge summary based on a 6th-grade level. The reviewing physicians awarded 54 percent of the AI-generated discharge notes the best-possible accuracy rating. They also found that 56 percent of notes created by AI were entirely complete. The result signified that even at the current performance level, providers of discharge notes would not have to make a single change in more than half of the AI summaries reviewed.
“That more than half of the AI reports generated are accurate and complete is an amazing start,” said Jonah Zaretsky, associate chief of medicine at NYU Langone Hospital — Brooklyn. “Even at the current level of performance, which we expect to improve shortly, the achievement of the AI tool suggests that it can be taught to recognize subtleties(微妙之处).”
Within the following years, the team expects to launch a pilot program to provide lay language discharge summaries that have been generated by AI and reviewed by physicians to patients on a larger scale.
9.What is generative AI used for by the researchers
A. Submitting discharge summaries. B. Accessing patients’ health status.
C. Making discharge notes clear to patients. D. Offering technical languages to doctors.
10.What is generative AI’s function based on
A. Probable predicting. B. Actual thinking.
C. Free imagining. D. Strict instructing.
11.Why were the two physicians asked to review the AI discharge summaries
A. To correct their mistakes. B. To measure their accuracy.
C. To compete with the AI tool. D. To make up the missing parts.
12.How did Jonah Zaretsky find the performance of AI in dealing with discharge summaries
A. Misleading. B. Dismissive. C. Challenging. D. Promising.
4
(2024届吉林省长春市高三下学期质量监测三)German physicist Albert Einstein is one of the most famous scientists of all time, the personification of genius and the subject of a whole industry of scholarship. In The Einsteinian Revolution, two experts on Einstein’s life and his theory of relativity — Israeli physicist Hanoch Gutfreund and German historian of science Jürgen Renn — offer an original and penetrating(犀利的)analysis of Einstein’s revolutionary contributions to physics and our view of the physical world.
By setting Einstein’s work in the long course of the evolution of scientific knowledge, Gutfreund and Renn discover the popular myth(谬论)of Einstein as an unconventional scientific genius who single-handedly created modern physics-and by pure thought alone.
As a large part of the book explains, Einstein typically argued that science progresses through steady evolution, not through revolutionary breaks with the past. He saw his theory of relativity not as something from scratch, but a natural extension of the classical physics developed by pioneers such as Italian astronomer Galileo Galilei and English physicist Isaac Newton in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, as well as nineteenth-century physicists.
The authors highlight how classical physics cannot be separated cleanly from modern Einsteinian physics. The book also includes substantial sections on Polish astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus and Galileo whose methods inspired Einstein. When Einstein considered himself as standing on their shoulders, he meant that, without their contributions, he would not have formulated(阐述)the theory of relativity.
The Einsteinian Revolution is an important and thought-provoking(引人深思的)contribution to the scholarly literature on Einstein and his surprising scientific creativity between 1905 and 1925. Gutfreund and Renn might not have given the final answer as to why Einstein, of all people, revolutionized physics in the way that he did. But they argue in fascinating detail that, to understand his genius, one must take into account not just the earlier history of physics but also the history of knowledge more broadly. Although not always an easy read, the book will interest physicists and historians alike.
13.According to the popular view, how did Einstein create his theory
A. By generating ideas on his own. B. By standing on giants’ shoulders.
C. By carrying out experiments. D. By cooperating with other physicists.
14.What do the underlined words “from scratch” in paragraph 3 mean
A. With previous knowledge. B. From the very beginning.
C. From learning from others. D. Up to a certain standard.
15.What does the author want to say by mentioning the famous physicists
A. Their ideas were rejected by Einstein.
B. Their devotion to physics impressed Einstein.
C. Their research contributed to Einstein’s success.
D. Their hard work deserved the worldwide respect.
16.What will the author of the text say about the book
A. It opens a door to physics for beginners.
B. It gives a brief glimpse of Einstein’s legendary life.
C. It bridges the gap between readers and the greatest minds.
D. It offers a wider perspective to understand Einstein’s genius.
5
(2024届广东省佛山市高三下学期二模)Initial conversations can have a huge impact on how relationships develop over time. People are often stuck in the impressions they think they might have made the minute they finish speaking with someone for the first time: “Did they like me or were they just being polite ” “Were they deep in thought or deeply bored ”
To find out whether these worries are necessary, we have conducted nearly 10 years of research. In our studies, participants in the UK talked with someone they had never met before. Afterward, they were asked how much they liked their conversation partner and how much they believed that their conversation partner liked them. This allowed us to compare how much people believed they were liked to how much they were actually liked.
Time and time again, we found that people left their conversations with negative feelings about the impression they made. That is, people systematically underestimate how much their conversation partners like them and enjoy their company—a false belief we call the “liking gap”.
This bias(偏见)may seem like something that would occur only in initial interactions, but its effects extend far beyond a first impression. Surprisingly, the liking gap can constantly affect a variety of relationships, including interactions with coworkers, long after the initial conversations have taken place. Having a larger liking gap is associated with being less willing to ask workmates for help, less willing to provide workmates with open and honest feedback, and less willing to work on another project together.
There are numerous strategies to minimize your biased feelings. One place to start is shifting your focus of attention. Try to direct your attention to your conversation partner, be genuinely curious about them, ask them more questions, and really listen to their answers. The more you’re zeroed in on the other person, and the less you’re focused on yourself, the better your conversation will be and the less your mind will turn to all the things you think you didn’t do well.
17.Why did the author carry out 10 years of research
A. To dismiss national concerns. B. To check out a potential bias.
C. To enhance human communication. D. To develop harmonious relationships.
18.What is one effect of people’s liking gap
A. Fewer chances of new projects. B. Underestimation of their ability.
C. Bad relationships with people around. D. Low willingness to interact with others.
19.What does the author intend to do in the last paragraph
A. Restate opinions. B. Deliver warnings. C. Give suggestions. D. Make a summary.
20.Which might be the best title for the text
A. Liking Gap May Influence Work Performances
B. First Impressions Rely On Initial Conversations
C. People Probably Like You More Than You Think
D. How People Like You Matters Less Than You Assume

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