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U1语法内容：非谓语动词 (to do 动词不定式&doing动名词)
非谓语动词概念：1.动词不定式to do/ 2.动名词(doing)/ 3.分词（现在分词doing+过去分词done）
考点一：动词不定式的形式
肯定形式：to + V-原形 否定形式：not to + V-原形
例题：It is great_______(eat) ice cream in the hot weather. The teacher asks us__________(not smoke).
考点二：动词不定式在句子中充当的成分
1. 不定式作主语，谓语动词用单数 To travel around the world is my dream. 环游世界是我的梦想。 通常情况下用it作形式主语,常见句式有： ⑴ it takes sb. some time to do sth.做某事花费某人多长时间 ⑵ it’s adj/n + to do sth.做某事是...的 ⑶ it’s adj + for + sb. + to do sth. (adj修饰不定式) 对某人来说，做某事是...的 ⑷ it’s adj + of + sb. + to do sth. (adj修饰sb.某人) 某人做某事，某人是...的
2. 不定式作宾语（v + to do） wish/hope希望, want / would like想要, decide决定, agree同意, plan计划, choose选择, need需要, seem似乎, learn学会, promise承诺, refuse拒绝, offer主动提出, arrange安排, pretend 假装, fail 失败, manage设法, demand要求等 迫不及待can’t wait to do 通常情况下用it作形式宾语,常跟it作形式宾语的动词有：find, think, make. eg. I found it difficult to get on with him. 我发现与他相处是很难的。（本句中it是形式宾语，真正的宾语是后面的动词不定式to get on with him） “特殊疑问词+ to do”结构看作一个整体，在某些动词后做宾语，这些动词有： learn学着, forget忘记, wonder想知道, know知道, advise建议, show展示, discuss讨论, teach教, find out查明, decide决定, tell告诉 I don’t know how to solve the problem. She haven’t decided when to start.
3. 不定式作定语（公式：n. + to do） I have a lot of things to do. I have no pen to write with. 注：有些时候需要介词 Lucy has no paper ____________________________ ( write ) on . I have no chair ____________________________ ( sit ) on.
4. 不定式做状语 ①动词不定式做目的状语： You can take a bus to save money. The bus stopped (so as \in order) to pick up passengers. ②做状语，表程度。 The boy is too young to go to school. (这个男孩太小不能上学。 = The boy is not old enough to go to school.(这个男孩去上学的话还不够大。） ③做结果状语 He woke up to find everyone gone.（他睡醒后，却发现所有人都不见了。） ④做原因状语 I’m sorry to hear your grandma is ill. I am glad to see you again.
5. 不定式作宾语补足语（v + sb. + to do） tell告诉, teach教, ask要求, allow允许, advise建议, invite邀请, order订购, want想要, wish希望, warn警告 教某人做某事teach sb to do sth 需要某人做某事need sb to do sth 叫\请某人（不）做某事ask sb (not) to do sth 告诉某人（不）做某事tell sb (not) to do sth 想要某人做某事want sb to do sth = would like sb to do sth 希望某人做某事wish sb to do sth 注意：不能hope sb to do sth 只能 hope to do sth 很多情况下，不定式作宾语补足语时常省略to,口诀如下： ①四个使役动词let, make, have, get之后做宾语补足语时省略to: make sb. do sth , let sb. do sth ,have sb do sth , get sb do sth Eg: Let me help you. 让我来帮助你。 She made us wait for her for an hour.她让我们等她一个小时。 ②动词不定式在感官动词see, watch, look at, hear, listen to, find, notice sb do sth (强调经常或整个过程) Eg: We often hear her sing this song in English.我们经常听她用英语唱这首歌。 区分see, watch, look at, hear, listen to, find, notice sb doing sth (强调正在做) ③ 在help后作宾语补足语的动词不定式，可省to，也可不省。help sb （to）do sth =help sb with sth Eg: We are going to help you (to) find the lost child.我们准备帮助你找到这个丢失的孩子。 I often help my mother （to）do some housework. = I often help my mother with housework.
6. 不定式作表语，一般表示愿望、责任、义务等 His wish is to be a teacher. 他的愿望就是当一名老师。
考点三：动名词在句子中充当的成分（doing）
1. 动名词作主语 （谓语动词要用单数形式） Eg: Smiling shows that you are happy. 笑容表现出你很开心。
2. 动名词作宾语 ① 只能接doing的动词或短语 口诀：“避免喜欢错过提及，保持考虑完成练习，想象介意建议，词组忙于禁不住值得”avoid\enjoy\miss\mention\keep\consider\finish\practise\imagine\mind\suggest\be busy\can’t(couldn’t)help\be worth ② 介词或短语 ※have problems\difficulty\trouble\fun (in)doing, spend….(in) doing ※be interested in doing，succeed in doing ※What about / How about doing, give up doing放弃, feel like doing想要, think of doing考虑, be good at doing擅长, stop\prevent\keep…from doing阻止 ※look forward to doing盼望 be\get used to doing习惯 pay attention to doing注意 prefer doing to doing喜欢做某事胜过做某事 according to doing 根据in addition to doing除....以外还有 ※after / before /when /while doing ，with/without doing, Eg: Sam went to sell newspapers after leaving school. = Sam went to sell newspapers after he left school. ※ 固定短语go shopping / swimming / skating / skiing … do some shopping / cleaning….
3. 动名词作定语，一般放在被修饰词前，表明它所修饰词的用途、所属关系等 Eg. He slept in the sleeping bag. 他在睡袋里睡觉。
4. 动名词作表语 Eg: The nurse’s job is looking after the patients.护士的工作就是照顾病人。
考点四：有些词后面既可以接动词to do，又可以接动词-ing形式，但意义有区别：
记得做过某事remember doing sth 记得去做某事remember to do
忘记做过某事 forget doing sth 忘记去做某事 forget to do sth
停止做某事stop doings th 停下来,去做另一件事stop to do sth
继续做某事 go on doing sth 继续去做另一件事 go on to do sth
尝试做某事try doing sth 尽力去做某事 try to do sth
后悔做过某事regret doing sth 遗憾要做某事regret to do sth
意味着mean doing sth 打算去做 mean to do sth
U2语法内容：非谓语动词 (doing动名词)
考点一：动名词基本概念
1. 动名词是一种非谓语动词形式，其基本形式：v-ing，否定式：not +v-ing。
2. 形式上与现在分词一样，但与现在分词有很大区别。动名词既具有动词特点，又具有名词特点。现在分词是动词的一种形式，是进行时的重要组成部分。
考点二：变化规则
a.一般在词尾直接加ing, wait-waiting等待 rain-raining下雨 fight-fighting与...作斗争
b以不发音的字母e结尾的动词，去掉e再加ing use-using 使用 ride-riding骑马，乘车
make-making制作 dance-dancing跳舞
c以重读闭音节结尾，末尾只有一个辅音字母的动词，要双写最后一个字母加ing
begin-beginning开始 prefer-preferring更喜欢 cut-cutting砍，切
d少数以ie结尾的动词，变ie为y,再加ing
die-dying去世 lie-lying说谎，躺 tie-tying 系绑困
e以ee结尾的动词，直接在词尾加ing see-seeing看见
动名词构成口诀：动名词变化有奥妙，ing词尾跟的牢，重读闭音节要双写，哑音e结尾应去掉，ie变y很特殊，特殊记忆有诀窍
考点三：动名词在句子中充当的成分（doing）
1. 动名词作主语 （谓语动词要用单数形式） Eg: Smiling shows that you are happy. 笑容表现出你很开心。 Seeing is believing. = To see is to believe. （注意主语和表语形式一致） it 做形式主语 It’s no use/ good doing …做某事是无用的 It’s (well) worth doing... 做某事是值得的 It’s a waste of time doing... 做某事是浪费时间的 注：动名词作主语与不定式作主语的区别：动名词作主语通常表示抽象的或泛指的动作，一般不与特定的动作执行者联系在一起；不定式作主语通常表示具体的动作或行为，往往与特定的动作执行者联系在一起 如： It’s no use crying over spilt milk. (抽象) He realized that to go on like this was no use. (具体)
2. 动名词作宾语 ① 只能接doing的动词或短语 ② 介词或短语 ※have problems\difficulty\trouble\fun (in)doing, spend….(in) doing ※be interested in doing，succeed in doing ※What about / How about doing, give up doing放弃, feel like doing想要, think of doing考虑, be good at doing擅长, stop\prevent\keep…from doing阻止 ※look forward to doing盼望 be\get used to doing习惯 pay attention to doing注意 prefer doing to doing喜欢做某事胜过做某事 according to doing 根据in addition to doing除....以外还有 ※after / before /when /while doing ，with/without doing, Eg: Sam went to sell newspapers after leaving school. = Sam went to sell newspapers after he left school. ※ 固定短语go shopping / swimming / skating / skiing … do some shopping / cleaning….
3. 动名词作定语，一般放在被修饰词前，表明它所修饰词的用途、所属关系等 Eg. He slept in the sleeping bag. 他在睡袋里睡觉。 常见搭配： swimming pool 游泳池 reading material 阅读材料 walking stick 手杖 opening speech 开幕词 listening aid 助听器 waiting room 候车室 running water 自来水 developing countries 发展中国家 working people 劳动人民 sleeping child 熟睡的孩子
4. 动名词作表语 Eg: The nurse’s job is looking after the patients.护士的工作就是照顾病人。 区别：动名词作表语时表示比较抽象的一般行为、习惯； 不定式作表语时表示具体的某一次动作，特别是将来的动作，试比较： My favorite sport is swimming. The first thing for us to do is to improve our pronunciation.
考点四：有些词后面既可以接动词to do，又可以接动词-ing形式，但意义有区别：
记得做过某事remember doing sth 记得去做某事remember to do
忘记做过某事 forget doing sth 忘记去做某事 forget to do sth
停止做某事stop doings th 停下来,去做另一件事stop to do sth
继续做某事 go on doing sth 继续去做另一件事 go on to do sth
尝试做某事try doing sth 尽力去做某事 try to do sth
后悔做过某事regret doing sth 遗憾要做某事regret to do sth
意味着mean doing sth 打算去做 mean to do sth
Unit 3 Traditional skills 被动语态
概念：被动语态是动词的一种形式，用以说明主语和谓语动词之间的关系，表示主语是动作的承受者。
二. 主动语态与被动语态之间如何转换(be done)
We visited that factory last summer. 主动语态
主语 谓语 宾语 状语
That factory was visited by us last summer. 被动语态
三．被动语态的基本结构：
1.肯定结构:主语（动作的承受着）+ be + 过去分词 （+ by（被，由的意思） + 动作的执行者）
若是代词，用其宾格形式
例：Apple trees are planted in the north.
2.否定结构：主语+be + not +过去分词（vt）+（by+宾语）
→Apple trees aren't planted in the south.
3.一般疑问句：Be+主语+过去分词（vt）+（by+宾语）？
→Are they made in China Yes, they are.
→Was the museum built in 1993
4.特殊疑问句：疑问词+be+主语+过去分词（vt）？
→What is the machine used for
被动语态人称，数和时态的变化是通过be的变化表现出来的。
一般现在时：is/am/are +done The classroom is cleaned every day.
一般过去时：was/were +done The letter was written yesterday .
一般将来时：will/shall be + done (am/is/are going to be done ) A new building will be built next year .
四、不能用被动语态的情况
1. 不及物动词不能用于被动语态，如：appear，rise，die，happen，break out，take place等
2. 表状态动词不能用于被动语态，如：hold，have，cost，contain，become，look like等
3. 某些动词的进行时可表示被动，如：The meat is cooking. 肉正在煮着。
五、主动形式表示被动意义。
1. 某些感官动词和系动词接形容词可以表示被动意义，如：look，smell，taste，feel，prove，wear，sound等。 eg：Her bedroom looks very clean and tidy.
2. 动名词的主动形式表被动语态，如：want，deserve，need，require，take，worth等。
The book is worth reading. 这本书值得读。
The children need looking after. 孩子们需要照顾。
3. 某些做表语的形容词后，用不定式主动形式表被动意义。
The conversation is hard to understand. 这个对话很难理解。
The fish is not easy to fish. 鱼不容易上钩。
The passage is difficult to read. 这段文章很难读懂。
U4语法：含情态动词的被动语态和现在完成时的被动语态
一、被动语态的结构：be + done
主动语态 被动语态 被动语态的否定形式 被动语态的疑问句
一般现在时 do\does am\is\are done am\is\are not done 提前am,is,are
一般过去时 did was\were done was\were not done 提前was,were
一般将来时 will do will be done will not be done 提前will
☆含有情态动词 情态动词+do 情态动词+be done 情态动词+not+be done 提前情态动词
现在进行时 am/is/are doing am/is/are being done am/is/are/ not being done 提前am/is/are
☆现在完成时 Have\has+ done Have\has+ been done have\has+not+been done 提前have，has
二.关于被动语态的几点提示
1.所有不及物动词和词组不能用于被动语态,如happen, take place ,die , appear last, belong to等；
eg: A car accident happened on the road yesterday.
2.有些及物动词如sell, write, cut , wash, lock等，在句子中表示某种属性，且主语为物的时候，其主动形式可以表被动意义。 eg: Mo Yan’s books sell well. The cloth washes easily. My pen writes smoothly.
3.有些感官动词如taste, smell , feel, sound, look等后面接形容词可以表示被动含义。
eg: The food tastes delicious. The music sounds wonderful.
4.某些动词如need, worth, require等后面接v-ing表示被动含义。=to be V-ed形式
eg: My watch requires repairing.=My watch requires to be repaired. 我的手表需要修理
5.某些动词如make, build , cook等的进行时,可用主动语态表被动含义。
eg: The cake is making=the cake is being made.
6.在be+adj+to do句型中，不定式的逻辑宾语是句子的主语时，不用被动用主动。
eg: This kind of water is fit to drink.

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