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普陀区2023学年第二学期高三英语质量调研
英语试卷
II. Grammar and vocabulary
Section A
Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.
What If You’re Not Good at English
Researchers whose first language is not English can spend around twice as long reading an English scientific journal article as native speakers. For a PhD student, that can mean ___21___ (spend) up to 19 additional working days per year just reading papers.
These statistics, ___22___ (publish) today in PLOS Biology, might not be shocking, researchers say, but it’s important to measure the effects of language barriers on the careers of academics ___23___ are not fluent in English. “It is the first step for the scientific community ___24___ (make) more efforts to solve this problem”, says Tatsuya Amano, a biodiversity researcher at the University of Queensland in Brisbane, Australia, and a co-author of the study.
The team found that among scientists who had published only one paper in English, scientists from countries ___25___ English is generally poor spent 29.8 percent more time writing papers than native English speakers; ___26___ from countries with moderate English proficiency (能力) spent 50.6% more time. Similarly, the researchers found that people from countries with low English proficiency spent an average of 90.8 percent more time reading scientific articles ___27___ native English speakers.
At conferences, even those who overcome obstacles face difficulties in presenting their work in English. Germana Barata, a researcher who ___28___ (specialize) in science communication at the State University of Campinas in Brazil, says that despite being fluent in English, she still feels uncomfortable at times. “We ___29___ (give) the same amount of time to present, but all that we can say in 10 minutes is different from ____30____ a native speaker can say,” she points out.
Section B
Directions: Fill in each blank with a proper word chosen from the box. Each word can be used only once. Note that there is one word more than you need.
A. empowers B. termed C. interaction D. implications E. advances F. question G. obtained H. additionally I. pressure J. currently K. defining
A New Era of Creative Partnerships
In a new paper in a Nature Human Behavior special issue on AI, researcher Janet Rafner from Aarhus Institute of Advanced Studies and Center for Hybrid Intelligence at Aarhus University and Prof. Jacob Sherson, director of the Center for Hybrid Intelligence, together with international partners, discuss research and societal ___31___ of creativity and AI.
The team of researchers argue that we should direct our attention to understanding and developing co-creativity, the interaction between humans and machines towards what is ___32___ a human-centered AI and hybrid intelligence. In this way we will be able to develop interfaces(界面) that at the same time ensure both high degrees of automatization through AI and human control and hereby supporting a relationship that best___33___ each other.
Rafner comments: To date, most studies on human-AI co-creativity come from the field of human-computer ___34___ and focus on the abilities of the AI, and the interaction design and dynamics.
While these ___35___ are key for understanding the dynamics between humans and algorithms(算法) and human attitudes towards the co-creative process and product, there is an urgent need to enrich these applications with the insights about creativity ___36___ over the past decades in the psychological sciences.
“Right now, we need to move the conversation away from questions like Can AI be creative One reason for this is that___37___ creativity is not set in stone. When investigating human only, machine only, and human-AI co-creativity, we need to consider the type and level of creativity under ___38___, from everyday creative activities that are perhaps more suitable to machine automatization to contributions that may require higher-level human intervention; ___39___, it is much more meaningful to consider some questions like, what are the similarities and differences in human cognition, behavior, motivation and self-efficacy(自我效能) between human-AI co-creativity and human creativity ”explains Rafner.
We, ____40____, don’t know enough about co-creativity between humans and machines, because the line between humans and artificial intelligence isn’t always clear. Looking ahead, researchers should balance predictive accuracy with theoretical understanding, towards the goal of developing intelligent systems to both measure and enhance human creativity.
III. Reading Comprehension
Section A
Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.
Many of the world’s islands were previously unexplored places, but over time, people have come to these places with far-reaching effects, including deforestation, over-hunting and the introduction of invasive species. ___41___, most of the bird species disappeared.
While the death of many birds since the 1500s has been ___42___, our knowledge of the fate of species before this relies on fossils (化石), and these records are limited because birds’ lightweight bones are ___43___ over time. This conceals the true ___44___ of global extinctions.
Researchers now believe 1,430 bird species — almost 12 per cent — have died out over modern human history since around 130,000 years ago, with the vast majority of them becoming extinct directly or indirectly ___45___ human activity.
The study, led by the UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology (UKCEH) and published in Nature Communications, used statistical modelling to ___46___ the undiscovered bird extinctions.
Lead author Dr Rob Cooke, an ecological modeler at UKCEH, says:“Our study demonstrates there has been a far higher ___47___ impact on diversity than previously recognized. Humans quickly destroyed bird populations through habitat loss, over-exploitation, and the introduction of rats, pigs, and dogs, which attacked the birds’ nests, and ___48___ with birds for food. We show that many species became extinct before written records and left no ___49___, lost from history.”
Dr S ren Faurby of the University of Gothenburg, a co-author of the study, adds: “These historic extinctions have had a major impact on the current biodiversity crisis. The world may not only have lost many fascinating birds but also their varied ____50____ roles, which are likely to have included key functions such as pollination (授粉). This will have had knock-on effects on ecosystems, so, ____51____ bird extinctions, we will have lost a lot of plants and animals that ____52____ these species for survival.”
Observations and fossils show 640 bird species have been driven extinct — 90 per cent of these on islands ____53____ by people. These ____54____ from the iconic (标志性的) Dodo of Mauritius to the Great Auk of the North Atlantic to the lesser-known Saint Helena Giant Hoopoe. But the researchers estimate there have been further 790 unknown extinctions, meaning a total of 1,430 lost species — leaving just under 11,000 today. Therefore, from the perspective of protecting species ____55____, the protection of birds is an urgent issue for mankind.
41. A. To some extent B. On average C. As a result D. In short
42. A. confirmed B. recorded C. concealed D. discussed
43. A. distracted B. disposed C. dismissed D. disintegrated
44. A. extent B. context C. outcome D. influence
45. A. due to B. other than C. instead of D. in spite of
46. A. declare B. illustrate C. estimate D. emphasize
47. A. climate B. human C. environmental D. natural
48 A. connected B. coped C. lived D. competed
49. A. trace B. route C. change D. proposal
50. A. interactive B. ecological C. productive D. social
51. A. in terms of B. because of C. except for D. in addition to
52. A. depend on B. interact with C. fight against D. stay away
53. A. inhabited B. removed C. developed D. killed
54. A. result B. range C. suffer D. date
55. A. origin B. project C. growth D. diversity
Section B
Directions: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.
A
In bringing up children, every parent watches eagerly the child’s acquisition of each new skill— the first spoken words, the first independent steps, or the beginning of reading and writing. It is often tempting to hurry the child beyond his natural learning rate, but this can set up dangerous feelings of failure and states of worry in the child. This might happen at any stage. A baby might be forced to use a toilet too early, a young child might be encouraged to learn to read before he knows the meaning of the words he reads. On the other hand, though, if a child is left alone too much, or without any learning opportunities, he loses his natural enthusiasm for life and his desire to find out new things for himself.
Parents vary greatly in their degree of strictness towards their children. Some may be especially strict in money matters. Others are severe over times of coming home at night or punctuality for meals. In general, parents’ demands and social values are as important as children’s own well-being. Therefore, parents also need to constantly observe the world and explore the unknown so as to give the children good personalized education in their growth.
As regards the development of moral standards in the growing child, consistency is very important in parental teaching. To ban a thing one day and excuse it the next is no foundation for morality. Also, parents should realize that “example is better than precept (训诫)”. If they are not sincere and do not practice what they say, their children may grow confused, and emotionally insecure when they grow old enough to think for themselves, and realize they have been to some extent fooled.
A sudden awareness of a marked difference between their parents’ principles and their morals can be a dangerous disappointment. Parents must pay more attention to their own behavior and language, passing on the right values and cognition to their children. In this way, children can grow up healthily on the right track.
56. What do parents usually do when their children are growing up
A. Speed up their children’s learning.
B. Watch their children learn new skills.
C. Put their children into a state of isolation.
D. Make their children live on their own.
57. What’s right about parents’ being strict with their children
A. Parents should not expect too much of them.
B. Parents should encourage them to read faster than others.
C. Parents should create as many learning opportunities as possible.
D. Parents should find a balance between being strict and leaving them alone.
58. The second paragraph mainly tells us that ______.
A. parents should be strict with their children
B. parents need to be strict with themselves
C. different parents treat their children differently
D. parents set strict limits on their children’s spending
59. In moral matters, parents should ______.
A keep in line in words and deeds
B. demand that their children listen to them
C. know the difference between adults and children
D. consistently ensure the security of their children
B
Preschooler or grade-schooler Start saving early
It’s never too early to start saving for college. One way to get a jump is to use college savings plans like the 529 or Coverdell to start a pool of money to draw from later. You can open an account while your student is a child. And with an account like a 529, the money can be invested to grow tax-free, as long as it’s used for qualified education expenses.
Early high school Time to check those expectations
Setting realistic expectations with your high schooler is an important part of the college readiness timeline. In fact, you can start talking about college and the future when your student is in junior high. Even if you have college savings to help pay for college—or most of your savings—speaking with your student about expectations is important.
High school junior Apply for scholarships and financial aid
The time to start applying for scholarships is during your student’s junior year of high school. Sports, music, performance, and clubs can enhance an application along with grades. It can help create a general essay that can be adjusted for each scholarship. Put together a résumé that includes activities, jobs, and accomplishments. Don’t forget to fill out a CSS profile with the college board. Some schools and other organizations use the CSS profile for outstanding scholarship applications.
Federal financial aid
In order to qualify for federal financial aid, including grants (助学金) and student loans, it’s important to fill out the Free Application for Federal Student Aid (FAFSA). Your student should fill out their first FAFSA in October of their senior year of high school. The FAFSA should be updated and submitted every subsequent year in October to keep the information up to date and to receive ongoing federal financial aid.
Other opportunities to hold back the costs … or add to them
When planning ahead for college, it’s also important to consider other opportunities and expect the unexpected. Some additional opportunities to consider while your high schooler is a junior or senior include:
Study abroad. If there’s a chance for your student to take a semester or year abroad, that can be a good experience, but it might also require extra paperwork and additional costs.
Additional education. Some schools might offer additional certifications on top of regular degree coursework. A special certification might require a summer semester that might not be included in the traditional financial aid award.
Longer time in school. Not every student will finish in the traditional four-year time frame. Changing majors, double majors, and extracurricular (课外的) activities can extend your student’s time in school.
…
60. What does the underlined part in Para.1 refer to
A College savings plan. B. Scholarship application method.
C. Education savings account. D. Educational certification agency.
61. What do you need to do first if you want to get federal financial aid
A. To update your materials. B. To apply for scholarships.
C. To contact the government. D. To fill out the free application.
62. What does the author want to tell the readers to do
A. To plan a brand-new college life.
B To think ahead about the cost of college.
C. To work to make money as early as possible.
D. To think about the significance of major choices.
C
The emergence of black holes undoubtedly marks the beginning of a revolution. Black holes have many peculiar properties, such as the alteration of space and time, the radiation of gravitational waves and so on. Scientists are still trying to study the properties and evolution of black holes in order to better understand the origin and evolution of the universe.
Recently, a team of astronomers may have found a solo-wandering black hole using a strange trick of gravity called microlensing (微透镜效应), but the results still have to be confirmed.
Sometimes it’s tough being an astronomer. Nature likes to hide the most interesting things from easy observation. Take, for example, black holes. Except for the strange quantum (量子) phenomenon of Hawking radiation, black holes are completely black. They don’t emit a single bit of radiation – they only absorb, hence their name.
To date, the only way astronomers have been able to spot black holes is through their influence on their environments. For example, if an orbiting star gets a little too close, the black hole can absorb the gas from that star, causing it to heat up as it falls. We can watch as stars dance around the giant black hole at the center of the Milky Way.
Even the famed pictures of the black holes in the center of the Milky Way and the M87 galaxy(星系) aren’t photographs of the black holes themselves. Instead, they are radio images of everything around them.
But surely not all black holes have other light-emitting objects around them to help us find them. To find these wanderers, astronomers have tried their luck with microlensing. We know that heavy objects can bend the path of light around them. This is a prediction of Einstein’s general theory of relativity, and the slight bending of starlight around our own sun was one of the first successful tests of the theory.
Microlensing is pretty much what the name suggests. When astronomers get extremely lucky, a wandering black hole and pass between us and a random distant star. The light from that star bends around the black hole because of its gravity, and from our point of view, the star will appear to temporarily flare in brightness.
And when I say “extremely lucky” I mean it. Despite trying this technique for over a decade, it is only now that astronomers have found a candidate black hole through microlensing. Two teams used the same data, a microlensing event recorded from both the OGLE (Optical Gravitational Lensing Experiment) telescope in Chile and the MOA (Microlensing Observations in Astrophysics) telescope in New Zealand. One team found that the mass was somewhere around seven times the mass of the sun – definitely black hole territory. But the other team estimated a much smaller mass, around 2-4 times the mass of the Sun. If the true mass of the object is at the lower end of that spectrum (光谱), then the wanderer is probably not a black hole.
63. Why does the author say it is hard to be an astronomer
A. Einstein’s theory is hard to understand.
B. Many things in nature are not easy to observe.
C. Understanding the evolution of the universe is not easy.
D. Whether the black hole has been found remains to be seen.
64. What is the example in Para. 4 trying to prove
A. Stars’ wandering in black holes.
B. Black holes’ absorbing the star’s gas.
C. The relationship between stars’ heating and black holes.
D. Finding black holes by observing environmental changes.
65. What does the author tell us about the discovery of black holes
A. People can often find black holes with glowing objects.
B. Research groups can work together to find black holes.
C. Glowing objects around black holes help us find them sometimes.
D. Understanding the properties of black holes helps find them.
66. What conclusion can we draw from the last paragraph
A. To persevere in the end is to win.
B. Facts speak louder than words.
C. Failure is the mother of success.
D. Things are not always what they seem.
Section C
Directions: Read the passage carefully. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need.
Hanwengong Shrine
Now we come to Hanwengong Shrine, which is beside Hangjiang river and west of Bijia mountain. _____67_____ In the square in front of the hall, an ancient book-shaped stone is carved with two famous sayings of Han Yu on it, meaning hard work is the precondition for success, and deep thought is the guarantee of success.
In the year of A.D. 819, for some political reason, Han Yu was exiled(流放) to Chaozhou, a backland at that time. But he was not depressed by this, and he helped local people to develop education, agriculture, irrigation and release slaves. ______68______
The shrine was built against the mountain and divided into two parts, the front part and the back part. Now we play a small game: count the stone steps, and later I’ll tell you a secret. How many steps are there Yes, 51 steps! Why _____69_____ The first time Han Yu came to Chaozhou, he was impressed by the beautiful scenery and hospitality of local people. You see that old tree People say the more flowers in the tree, the more well-educated students are. But in Qing Dynasty, this magic tree, planted by Han Yu himself, died, so people planted this tree instead.
_____70_____ Here is one: when Han Yu was living in Chaozhou, there was a very fierce and cruel crocodile in the Hanjiang river, which was a big social harm. One day, Han Yu drafted a statement against the crocodile and made it public by the river. Incredibly, from the next day on, the crocodile was gone. Later, the statue, made of a portrait of Han Yu, was built and his words were left on the monument to mark his achievements.
A. When Han Yu came to Chaozhou, he was 51 years old.
B. Han Yu was a Confucian figure, and there are many stories about him in Chaozhou.
C. Although Han Yu’s ideas had no obvious practical effect at the time, they had a great impact on society decades later.
D. Built in the Song dynasty, the shrine is the oldest and best preserved monument to Han Yu, one of the greatest literary men in the Tang dynasty.
E. To memorize what he had contributed to the development of Chaozhou, people constructed this shrine and named him Hanwengong respectfully.
F. There are so many tourists that, to relieve the pressure on the monuments, the scenic spot requires that a maximum of 500 people visit at a time.
IV. Summary Writing
71. Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
How to Stay on Task
“In many activities, it is difficult to maintain a high level of focus over time. Our research asks why this is the case,” said Matthew K. Robison, assistant professor of psychology at the University of Texas at Arlington. Although humans generally perform fine in situations that require sustained attention, they are often distracted, which can lead to inattention. Common distractions can be anything from thinking about a new romantic interest to reacting to a car honking. Most inattention has minor consequences like forgetting to forward an email or pick up an item at the grocery store. However, other inattention can lead to serious consequences, such as a train operator not reacting to an incident, a surgeon forgetting a step in an operation or an individual forgetting to turn off an oven.
“Sustaining attention can be easier said than done, as attention fluctuates(波动) across short and long intervals,” Robison said. One of the most common approaches to studying inattention has been to examine response time to a variety of tasks. For this study, Robison and colleagues employed more than 100 participants to complete reaction time tasks for about 25 minutes. In a standard control condition, participants were simply told to respond as quickly as possible on each trial. “In this condition, reaction times systematically increased across time, consistent with the idea that task focus was decreasing,” Robison said. “However, when we gave them specific goals to pursue and made those goals harder over time, they did not show that effect.”
The drop in concentration goes some way to explaining why we remember or forget the moment and why some people remember better than others. Robison and colleagues at the University of Oregon have also published a new study on maintaining attention. The results provide evidence that a simple and easily implementable change in behavior — setting specific goals for oneself — can significantly improve our ability to maintain task focus over time. “Setting a specific goal will increase sustained attention and reduce inattention,” said Robison based on his studies.
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
V. Translation
Directions: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets.
72. 这个摄影师坚持每天用一张照片记录生活。(document) （汉译英）
___________________________________________________________________
73. 上海是一座迷人的城市，因此市民和游客昵称上海为“魔都”。(nickname) （汉译英）
___________________________________________________________________
74. 人们常常抱怨飞机餐难吃，主要是因为在飞机上人们的味觉和嗅觉都会暂时失灵。(complain) （汉译英）
___________________________________________________________________
75. 这部电影充满正能量，它用一个女孩的成长经历激励人们在人生道路上不断挑战自我，努力成为更好的自己。（which）（汉译英）
___________________________________________________________________
VI. Guided Writing
76. Directions: Write an English composition in 120-150 words according to the instructions given below in Chinese.
76. 假设你是明启中学高三学生张磊，你的英国朋友Michael来信说他打算今年暑期来中国度假，你想邀请他去你的家乡游览。请你给他回信，内容需包括：
1）你最想带他去的几个地方，以及参与的活动；
2）你所提建议的理由。
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________普陀区2023学年第二学期高三英语质量调研
英语试卷
考生注意：
II. Grammar and vocabulary
Section A
Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.
What If You’re Not Good at English
Researchers whose first language is not English can spend around twice as long reading an English scientific journal article as native speakers. For a PhD student, that can mean ___21___ (spend) up to 19 additional working days per year just reading papers.
These statistics, ___22___ (publish) today in PLOS Biology, might not be shocking, researchers say, but it’s important to measure the effects of language barriers on the careers of academics ___23___ are not fluent in English. “It is the first step for the scientific community ___24___ (make) more efforts to solve this problem”, says Tatsuya Amano, a biodiversity researcher at the University of Queensland in Brisbane, Australia, and a co-author of the study.
The team found that among scientists who had published only one paper in English, scientists from countries ___25___ English is generally poor spent 29.8 percent more time writing papers than native English speakers; ___26___ from countries with moderate English proficiency (能力) spent 50.6% more time. Similarly, the researchers found that people from countries with low English proficiency spent an average of 90.8 percent more time reading scientific articles ___27___ native English speakers.
At conferences, even those who overcome obstacles face difficulties in presenting their work in English. Germana Barata, a researcher who ___28___ (specialize) in science communication at the State University of Campinas in Brazil, says that despite being fluent in English, she still feels uncomfortable at times. “We ___29___ (give) the same amount of time to present, but all that we can say in 10 minutes is different from ____30____ a native speaker can say,” she points out.
【答案】21. spending
22. published
23. who##that
24. to make
25. where 26. those
27. than 28. specializes##is specialized
29. are given
30. what
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了母语不是英语的研究人员阅读一篇英语科学期刊文章的时间大约是母语人士的两倍。对于一名博士生来说，这可能意味着每年要多花19个工作日来阅读论文。
【21题详解】
考查非谓语动词。句意：对于一名博士生来说，这可能意味着每年要多花19个工作日来阅读论文。固定短语mean doing sth.表示“意味着做某事”，动名词作宾语。故填spending。
【22题详解】
考查非谓语动词。句意：研究人员说，今天发表在《公共科学图书馆·生物学》上的这些统计数据可能并不令人震惊，但衡量语言障碍对英语不流利的学者的职业生涯的影响是很重要的。分析句子结构可知，publish与statistics构成被动关系，应用过去分词，作定语。故填published。
【23题详解】
考查定语从句。句意：研究人员说，今天发表在《公共科学图书馆·生物学》上的这些统计数据可能并不令人震惊，但衡量语言障碍对英语不流利的学者的职业生涯的影响是很重要的。此处是限定性定语从句，修饰先行词academics，关系词在从句作主语，指人，应用关系代词who或that引导。故填who或that。
【24题详解】
考查非谓语动词。句意：澳大利亚布里斯班昆士兰大学的生物多样性研究员、该研究的合著者Tatsuya Amano说：“这是科学界为解决这个问题付出更多努力的第一步。”此处名词step由序数词修饰，常跟动词不定式，作后置定语。故填to make。
【25题详解】
考查定语从句。句意：研究小组发现，在只用英语发表过一篇论文的科学家中，来自英语普遍较差的国家的科学家比母语为英语的科学家多花29.8%的时间写论文；来自英语水平中等国家的学生花费的时间多50.6%。此处是限定性定语从句，修饰先行词countries，关系词在从句作地点状语，应用关系副词where引导。故填where。
【26题详解】
考查代词。句意：研究小组发现，在只用英语发表过一篇论文的科学家中，来自英语普遍较差的国家的科学家比母语为英语的科学家多花29.8%的时间写论文；来自英语水平中等国家的学生花费的时间多50.6%。此处指代上文scientists，应用代词those。故填those。
【27题详解】
考查介词。句意：同样，研究人员发现，来自英语水平较低国家的人阅读科学文章的时间平均比以英语为母语的人多90.8%。根据上文“more time”可知，此处为比较关系，应用介词than，故填than。
【28题详解】
考查时态。句意：Germana Barata是巴西坎皮纳斯州立大学专门研究科学传播的研究员，她说尽管英语流利，但她有时仍然感到不舒服。此处可用动词specialize作谓语，根据后文says可知，应用一般现在时，定语从句与先行词保持一致，用三单形式；或用短语be specialized in表示“专门从事于”。故填specializes或is specialized。
【29题详解】
考查时态语态。句意：她指出：“我们有同样的时间来演讲，但我们在10分钟内所能说的与母语人士所能说的是不同的。”主语we与谓语构成被动关系，且陈述目前事实，应用一般现在时的被动语态，谓语用复数。故填are given。
30题详解】
考查宾语从句。句意：她指出：“我们有同样的时间来演讲，但我们在10分钟内所能说的与母语人士所能说的是不同的。”此处引导宾语从句，从句缺少宾语，指物，应用连接代词what引导。故填what。
Section B
Directions: Fill in each blank with a proper word chosen from the box. Each word can be used only once. Note that there is one word more than you need.
A. empowers B. termed C. interaction D. implications E. advances F. question G. obtained H. additionally I. pressure J. currently K. defining
A New Era of Creative Partnerships
In a new paper in a Nature Human Behavior special issue on AI, researcher Janet Rafner from Aarhus Institute of Advanced Studies and Center for Hybrid Intelligence at Aarhus University and Prof. Jacob Sherson, director of the Center for Hybrid Intelligence, together with international partners, discuss research and societal ___31___ of creativity and AI.
The team of researchers argue that we should direct our attention to understanding and developing co-creativity, the interaction between humans and machines towards what is ___32___ a human-centered AI and hybrid intelligence. In this way we will be able to develop interfaces(界面) that at the same time ensure both high degrees of automatization through AI and human control and hereby supporting a relationship that best___33___ each other.
Rafner comments: To date, most studies on human-AI co-creativity come from the field of human-computer ___34___ and focus on the abilities of the AI, and the interaction design and dynamics.
While these ___35___ are key for understanding the dynamics between humans and algorithms(算法) and human attitudes towards the co-creative process and product, there is an urgent need to enrich these applications with the insights about creativity ___36___ over the past decades in the psychological sciences.
“Right now, we need to move the conversation away from questions like Can AI be creative One reason for this is that___37___ creativity is not set in stone. When investigating human only, machine only, and human-AI co-creativity, we need to consider the type and level of creativity under ___38___, from everyday creative activities that are perhaps more suitable to machine automatization to contributions that may require higher-level human intervention; ___39___, it is much more meaningful to consider some questions like, what are the similarities and differences in human cognition, behavior, motivation and self-efficacy(自我效能) between human-AI co-creativity and human creativity ”explains Rafner.
We, ____40____, don’t know enough about co-creativity between humans and machines, because the line between humans and artificial intelligence isn’t always clear. Looking ahead, researchers should balance predictive accuracy with theoretical understanding, towards the goal of developing intelligent systems to both measure and enhance human creativity.
【答案】31. D 32. B
33. A 34. C
35. E 36. G
37. K 38. F
39. H 40. J
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要讨论了人工智能与人类创造力合作的新领域，强调了人机共同创造力的重要性和研究方向。
【31题详解】
考查名词。句意：在《自然·人类行为》杂志关于人工智能特刊的一篇新论文中，来自奥胡斯高级研究所和奥胡斯大学混合智能中心的研究员珍妮特·拉夫纳以及该中心主任雅各布·谢尔森教授与国际合作伙伴一起，讨论了创造力与人工智能的研究和社会影响。根据下文“creativity and AI(创造力与人工智能的)”可推理出空白处应填表示“影响”含义的名词，用复数形式。故选D。
【32题详解】
考查动词、被动语态。句意：研究团队认为，我们应该将注意力转向理解和发展共同创造力，即人与机器之间的互动，朝着所谓的以人为中心的人工智能和混合智能发展。分析句子结构，根据空白处前面的助动词is可知此处使用了一般现在时的被动语态，根据下文“a human-centered AI and hybrid intelligence(以人为中心的人工智能和混合智能发)”可推理出空白处应填表示“称之为……”含义的表达，故选B。
【33题详解】
考查动词。句意：通过这种方式，我们将能够开发出既能确保通过人工智能实现高度自动化，又能保持人类控制的界面，从而支持彼此最能赋能的关系。根据上文“In this way we will be able to develop interfaces(界面) that at the same time ensure both high degrees of automatization through AI and human control and hereby supporting a relationship that best(通过这种方式，我们将能够开发出既能确保通过人工智能实现高度自动化，又能保持人类控制的界面，从而支持最能……的关系)”以及下文“each other(互相)”可推理出空白处应填表示“授权；给……权力”含义的动词，故选A。
【34题详解】
考查名词。句意：拉夫纳评论道：迄今为止，关于人-AI共同创造力的大多数研究都来自人机交互领域，并关注于AI的能力以及交互设计和动态。根据上文“the field of human-computer(人机……领域)”可推理出空白处应填表示“互动”含义的名词，作宾语。故选C。
【35题详解】
考查名词。句意：虽然这些进展对于理解人与算法之间的动态以及人对共同创造过程和产品的态度至关重要，但迫切需要用过去几十年心理学科学中获得的关于创造力的见解来丰富这些应用。根据上文“focus on the abilities of the AI, and the interaction design and dynamics(关注于AI的能力以及交互设计和动态)”可推理出空白处应填表示“进展”含义的名词，these后接名词复数。故选E。
【36题详解】
考查动词。句意：同上。根据上文“the insights about creativity(关于创造力的见解)”可推理出空白处应填表示“获得”含义的表达，与the insights about creativity为被动关系，用过去分词。故选G。
【37题详解】
考查动词。句意：其中一个原因是，对创造力的定义并非一成不变。根据下文“creativity is not set in stone(对创造力的……并非一成不变)”可推理出空白处应填表示“定义”含义的表达，动名词作主语。故选K。
【38题详解】
考查名词。句意：在研究仅限人类的、仅限机器的，以及人-AI共同创造力时，我们需要考虑所探讨的创造力的类型和水平，从可能更适合机器自动化的日常创造性活动，到可能需要更高层次人类干预的贡献。根据上文“the type and level of creativity(创造力的类型和水平)”可知此处表达的是“在探讨中的创造力的类型和水平”，under question为固定短语，含义为“在探讨中的”，故选F。
【39题详解】
考查副词。句意：此外，考虑一些问题更有意义，比如，在人-AI共同创造力和人类创造力之间，人类认知、行为、动机和自我效能有何相似性和差异？”拉夫纳解释道。根据下文“it is much more meaningful to consider some questions(考虑一些问题更有意义)”可推理出空白处应填表示“另外”含义的表达，故选H。
【40题详解】
考查副词。句意：我们目前对人与机器之间的共同创造力了解不够，因为人类与人工智能之间的界限并不总是清晰的。根据下文“don’t know enough about co-creativity between humans and machines(对人与机器之间的共同创造力了解不够)”可推理出空白处应填表示“目前”含义的副词，作状语。故选J。
III. Reading Comprehension
Section A
Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.
Many of the world’s islands were previously unexplored places, but over time, people have come to these places with far-reaching effects, including deforestation, over-hunting and the introduction of invasive species. ___41___, most of the bird species disappeared.
While the death of many birds since the 1500s has been ___42___, our knowledge of the fate of species before this relies on fossils (化石), and these records are limited because birds’ lightweight bones are ___43___ over time. This conceals the true ___44___ of global extinctions.
Researchers now believe 1,430 bird species — almost 12 per cent — have died out over modern human history since around 130,000 years ago, with the vast majority of them becoming extinct directly or indirectly ___45___ human activity.
The study, led by the UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology (UKCEH) and published in Nature Communications, used statistical modelling to ___46___ the undiscovered bird extinctions.
Lead author Dr Rob Cooke, an ecological modeler at UKCEH, says:“Our study demonstrates there has been a far higher ___47___ impact on diversity than previously recognized. Humans quickly destroyed bird populations through habitat loss, over-exploitation, and the introduction of rats, pigs, and dogs, which attacked the birds’ nests, and ___48___ with birds for food. We show that many species became extinct before written records and left no ___49___, lost from history.”
Dr S ren Faurby of the University of Gothenburg, a co-author of the study, adds: “These historic extinctions have had a major impact on the current biodiversity crisis. The world may not only have lost many fascinating birds but also their varied ____50____ roles, which are likely to have included key functions such as pollination (授粉). This will have had knock-on effects on ecosystems, so, ____51____ bird extinctions, we will have lost a lot of plants and animals that ____52____ these species for survival.”
Observations and fossils show 640 bird species have been driven extinct — 90 per cent of these on islands ____53____ by people. These ____54____ from the iconic (标志性) Dodo of Mauritius to the Great Auk of the North Atlantic to the lesser-known Saint Helena Giant Hoopoe. But the researchers estimate there have been further 790 unknown extinctions, meaning a total of 1,430 lost species — leaving just under 11,000 today. Therefore, from the perspective of protecting species ____55____, the protection of birds is an urgent issue for mankind.
41. A. To some extent B. On average C. As a result D. In short
42. A. confirmed B. recorded C. concealed D. discussed
43. A. distracted B. disposed C. dismissed D. disintegrated
44. A. extent B. context C. outcome D. influence
45. A. due to B. other than C. instead of D. in spite of
46. A. declare B. illustrate C. estimate D. emphasize
47. A. climate B. human C. environmental D. natural
48. A. connected B. coped C. lived D. competed
49. A. trace B. route C. change D. proposal
50. A. interactive B. ecological C. productive D. social
51. A. in terms of B. because of C. except for D. in addition to
52. A. depend on B. interact with C. fight against D. stay away
53. A. inhabited B. removed C. developed D. killed
54. A. result B. range C. suffer D. date
55. A. origin B. project C. growth D. diversity
【答案】41. C 42. B 43. D 44. A 45. A 46. C 47. B 48. D 49. A 50. B 51. D 52. A 53. A 54. B 55. D
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要阐述研究人员通过研究发现，虽然已经记录了许多人类造成的鸟类灭绝，但是真实数字要大得多，许多物种在有文字记载之前就已经灭绝了，其中绝大多数是直接或间接由人类活动而造成的，而且这些鸟类的灭绝也造成了其他依赖其生存的物种的灭绝。
【41题详解】
考查介词短语辨析。句意：结果，大多数鸟类消失了。A. To some extent在某种程度上；B. On average平均；C. As a result因此，结果；D. In short简言之。上文“but over time, people have come to these places with far-reaching effects, including deforestation, over-hunting and the introduction of invasive species”与空后“most of the bird species disappeared”为因果关系，As a result“因此”符合语境。故选C。
【42题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：虽然自16世纪以来许多鸟类的死亡被记录下来，但我们对这之前物种命运的了解依赖于化石，而且这些记录是有限的，因为鸟类的轻质骨骼随着时间的推移会分解。A. confirmed确认；B. recorded记录；C. concealed隐藏；D. discussed讨论。根据下文“many species became extinct before written records and left no ___9___, lost from history”可知，以前物种的灭绝没有文字记录，直到16世纪以来才有许多鸟类死亡被记录下来。故选B。
【43题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：虽然自16世纪以来有许多鸟类死亡的记录，但我们对这之前物种命运的了解依赖于化石，而且这些记录是有限的，因为鸟类的轻质骨骼随着时间的推移会分解。A. distracted使分心，使转移注意力；B. disposed处理，配置，使适应；C. dismissed不予理会，解散；D. disintegrated使分解，使碎裂。根据空前“our knowledge of the fate of species before this relies on fossils (化石), and these records are limited”以及常识可知，鸟类的轻质骨骼随着时间的推移会被分解，因此，化石留下的信息也是很有限的。故选D。
【44题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：这掩盖了全球物种灭绝的真实程度。A. extent程度；B. context上下文，语境；C. outcome结果；D. influence影响。由上文“our knowledge of the fate of species before this relies on fossils (化石), and these records are limited because birds’ lightweight bones are ___3___ over time”可知，有限的记录以及容易分解的鸟类骨骼让人们无法真实地了解全球物种灭绝的程度。故选A。
【45题详解】
考查介词短语辨析。句意：研究人员现在认为，自大约13万年前以来，1430种鸟类——近12%——在现代人类历史上已经灭绝，其中绝大多数是直接或间接由于人类活动而灭绝的。A. due to由于；B. other than除了；C. instead of而不是；D. in spite of尽管。根据空前“the vast majority of them becoming extinct directly or indirectly”以及空后“human activity”可知，绝大多数鸟类灭绝是直接或间接地由于人类活动而导致的，阐述物种灭绝的原因。故选A。
【46题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：这项由英国生态与水文中心（UKCEH）领导并发表在《自然通讯》上的研究使用统计模型来估计未被发现的鸟类灭绝。A. declare宣布；B. illustrate说明，阐明；C. estimate估计；D. emphasize 强调。根据空前“used statistical modelling”以及下文“Our study demonstrates there has been a far higher ___7___ impact on diversity than previously recognized.”可知，这项研究运用统计模型对未被发现的鸟类灭绝情况进行估计。故选C。
【47题详解】
考查名词/形容词词义辨析。句意：我们的研究表明，人类对生物多样性的影响远比我们之前认识到的要大得多。A. climate气候；B. human人（类），人 （类）的；C. environmental环保的；D. natural天然的，自然的。根据下文“Humans quickly destroyed bird populations through habitat loss, over-exploitation, and the introduction of rats, pigs, and dogs, which attacked the birds’ nests”可知，此处指人类活动对生物多样性的影响。故选B。
【48题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：人类通过栖息地的丧失、过度开发以及老鼠、猪和狗的引入，迅速摧毁了鸟类的数量，这些老鼠、猪和狗攻击了鸟类的巢穴，并与鸟类争夺食物。A. connected连接；B. coped处理；C. lived 居住，活着；D. competed竞争。根据空后“with birds for food”可知，老鼠、猪、狗和鸟类争夺食物。故选D。
【49题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：我们展示了许多物种在文字记录之前就灭绝了，没有留下任何痕迹，从历史中消失了。A. trace遗迹，踪迹；B. route路线；C. change改变，变化；D. proposal提议。根据空后“lost from history”可知，许多物种在有文字记载之前就已灭绝，从历史中没有留下痕迹。故选A。
【50题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：世界可能不仅失去了许多迷人的鸟类，而且失去了它们各种各样的生态作用，其中可能包括授粉等关键功能。A. interactive互动的，交互的；B. ecological生态的；C. productive多产的；D. social社会的，社交的。根据空后的“which are likely to have included key functions such as pollination (授粉)”可知，此处指的是失去生态功能。故选B。
【51题详解】
考查介词短语辨析。句意：这将对生态系统产生连锁反应，因此，除了鸟类灭绝外，我们还将失去许多依赖这些物种生存动植物。A. in terms of就……而言；B. because of因为；C. except for除了；D. in addition to除……以外（还）。根据空前“This will have had knock-on effects on ecosystems”以及空后“bird extinctions, we will have lost a lot of plants and animals that ____12____ these species for survival.”可知，一些鸟类的灭绝带来了连锁反应，还造成其他依赖这些鸟类的物种的灭绝，即除了这些鸟类灭绝外，还带来其他物种的灭绝。故选D。
【52题详解】
考查动词短语辨析。句意：这将对生态系统产生连锁反应，因此，除了鸟类灭绝外，我们还将失去许多依赖这些物种生存的动植物。A. depend on依赖，取决于；B. interact with与……互动；C. fight against与……作斗争；D. stay away远离。根据上文“The world may not only have lost many fascinating birds but also their varied ____10____ roles, which are likely to have included key functions such as pollination (授粉). This will have had knock-on effects on ecosystems”可知，一些鸟类的灭绝，使它们的一些重要生态功能比如授粉功能丧失，造成其他依赖这些鸟类而生存繁衍的动植物也灭绝。故选A。
【53题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：观察和化石显示，640种鸟类已经灭绝，其中90%是在有人居住的岛屿上灭绝的。A. inhabited居住；B. removed去掉，移开；C. developed发展；D. killed杀死。根据上文“Many of the world’s islands were previously unexplored places, but over time, people have come to these places with far-reaching effects, including deforestation, over-hunting and the introduction of invasive species”以及“Humans quickly destroyed bird populations through habitat loss, over-exploitation”可知，人类造成鸟类栖息地的丧失，过度狩猎等活动直接或间接造成许多鸟类的灭绝，由此推断，众多鸟类的灭绝是在有人类居住的岛屿上发生的。故选A。
【54题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：这些鸟类包括从毛里求斯标志性的渡渡鸟到北大西洋的大海雀，再到不太知名的圣赫勒拿巨型渡渡鸟。A. result(因……)发生；B. range包括……之间的各类事物，变化；C. suffer遭受；D. date注明日期，确定年代。根据上文以及空后“from the iconic (标志性的) Dodo of Mauritius to the Great Auk of the North Atlantic to the lesser-known Saint Helena Giant Hoopoe”可知，此处列举了有人类居住的岛上灭绝的一些鸟类，range from…to“包括（从……到……）之间的各类事物”符合语境。故选B。
【55题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：因此，从保护物种多样性的角度来看，保护鸟类是人类迫切需要解决的问题。A. origin起源；B. project项目，计划；C. growth生长；D. diversity多样性。根据上文“But the researchers estimate there have been further 790 unknown extinctions, meaning a total of 1,430 lost species — leaving just under 11,000 today.”可知，有众多的物种消失，结合上文所阐述的一些鸟类灭绝所造成的连锁反应可知，保护鸟类能够保护物种的多样性。故选D。
Section B
Directions: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.
A
In bringing up children, every parent watches eagerly the child’s acquisition of each new skill— the first spoken words, the first independent steps, or the beginning of reading and writing. It is often tempting to hurry the child beyond his natural learning rate, but this can set up dangerous feelings of failure and states of worry in the child. This might happen at any stage. A baby might be forced to use a toilet too early, a young child might be encouraged to learn to read before he knows the meaning of the words he reads. On the other hand, though, if a child is left alone too much, or without any learning opportunities, he loses his natural enthusiasm for life and his desire to find out new things for himself.
Parents vary greatly in their degree of strictness towards their children. Some may be especially strict in money matters. Others are severe over times of coming home at night or punctuality for meals. In general, parents’ demands and social values are as important as children’s own well-being. Therefore, parents also need to constantly observe the world and explore the unknown so as to give the children good personalized education in their growth.
As regards the development of moral standards in the growing child, consistency is very important in parental teaching. To ban a thing one day and excuse it the next is no foundation for morality. Also, parents should realize that “example is better than precept (训诫)”. If they are not sincere and do not practice what they say, their children may grow confused, and emotionally insecure when they grow old enough to think for themselves, and realize they have been to some extent fooled.
A sudden awareness of a marked difference between their parents’ principles and their morals can be a dangerous disappointment. Parents must pay more attention to their own behavior and language, passing on the right values and cognition to their children. In this way, children can grow up healthily on the right track.
56. What do parents usually do when their children are growing up
A. Speed up their children’s learning.
B. Watch their children learn new skills.
C. Put their children into a state of isolation.
D. Make their children live on their own.
57. What’s right about parents’ being strict with their children
A. Parents should not expect too much of them.
B. Parents should encourage them to read faster than others.
C. Parents should create as many learning opportunities as possible.
D. Parents should find a balance between being strict and leaving them alone.
58. The second paragraph mainly tells us that ______.
A. parents should be strict with their children
B. parents need to be strict with themselves
C. different parents treat their children differently
D. parents set strict limits on their children’s spending
59. In moral matters, parents should ______.
A. keep in line in words and deeds
B. demand that their children listen to them
C. know the difference between adults and children
D. consistently ensure the security of their children
【答案】56. B 57. D 58. C 59. A
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要围绕父母在抚养孩子过程中应注意的问题和策略展开，提出了自己的观点和论据，阐述了父母在孩子成长过程中的重要作用和应该注意的方面。
【56题详解】
细节理解题。根据文章第一段“In bringing up children, every parent watches eagerly the child’s acquisition of each new skill— the first spoken words, the first independent steps, or the beginning of reading and writing.(在抚养孩子的过程中，每个父母都热切地注视着孩子掌握每一项新技能——第一次说话，第一次独立行走，或开始阅读和写作。)”可知，在孩子成长的过程中，父母通常会热切地注视着孩子掌握每一项新技能。故选B。
【57题详解】
推理判断题。根据文章第二段“Some may be especially strict in money matters. Others are severe over times of coming home at night or punctuality for meals. In general, parents’ demands and social values are as important as children’s own well-being. Therefore, parents also need to constantly observe the world and explore the unknown so as to give the children good personalized education in their growth.(有些人可能在金钱问题上特别严格。另一些人则在晚上回家的时间或吃饭的时间上很严重。一般来说，父母的要求和社会价值观与孩子自身的幸福同样重要。因此，父母也需要不断地观察世界，探索未知，才能在孩子的成长过程中给予他们良好的个性化教育。)”可知，第二段内容认为如果父母对孩子过于严格或过于放任，都可能对孩子产生不良影响。因此，父母需要在严格和放任之间找到平衡。故选D。
【58题详解】
主旨大意题。根据文章第二段“Parents vary greatly in their degree of strictness towards their children. Some may be especially strict in money matters. Others are severe over times of coming home at night or punctuality for meals. (父母对孩子的严格程度差别很大。有些人可能在金钱问题上特别严格。另一些人则在晚上回家的时间或吃饭的时间上很严重。)”可知，第二段讲述的是不同的父母对待孩子的方式不同。故选C。
【59题详解】
细节理解题。根据文章最后一段“Also, parents should realize that “example is better than precept(训诫)”. If they are not sincere and do not practice what they say, their children may grow confused, and emotionally insecure when they grow old enough to think for themselves, and realize they have been to some extent fooled.(此外，父母应该意识到“身教胜于训诫”。如果他们不真诚，不实践他们所说的话，他们的孩子可能会变得困惑，在情感上缺乏安全感，当他们长大到足以独立思考，并意识到他们在某种程度上被愚弄了。)”可知，父母在道德问题上应该言行一致，以身作则，给孩子树立一个好榜样。故选A。
B
Preschooler or grade-schooler Start saving early
It’s never too early to start saving for college. One way to get a jump is to use college savings plans like the 529 or Coverdell to start a pool of money to draw from later. You can open an account while your student is a child. And with an account like a 529, the money can be invested to grow tax-free, as long as it’s used for qualified education expenses.
Early high school Time to check those expectations
Setting realistic expectations with your high schooler is an important part of the college readiness timeline. In fact, you can start talking about college and the future when your student is in junior high. Even if you have college savings to help pay for college—or most of your savings—speaking with your student about expectations is important.
High school junior Apply for scholarships and financial aid
The time to start applying for scholarships is during your student’s junior year of high school. Sports, music, performance, and clubs can enhance an application along with grades. It can help create a general essay that can be adjusted for each scholarship. Put together a résumé that includes activities, jobs, and accomplishments. Don’t forget to fill out a CSS profile with the college board. Some schools and other organizations use the CSS profile for outstanding scholarship applications.
Federal financial aid
In order to qualify for federal financial aid, including grants (助学金) and student loans, it’s important to fill out the Free Application for Federal Student Aid (FAFSA). Your student should fill out their first FAFSA in October of their senior year of high school. The FAFSA should be updated and submitted every subsequent year in October to keep the information up to date and to receive ongoing federal financial aid.
Other opportunities to hold back the costs … or add to them
When planning ahead for college, it’s also important to consider other opportunities and expect the unexpected. Some additional opportunities to consider while your high schooler is a junior or senior include:
Study abroad. If there’s a chance for your student to take a semester or year abroad, that can be a good experience, but it might also require extra paperwork and additional costs.
Additional education. Some schools might offer additional certifications on top of regular degree coursework. A special certification might require a summer semester that might not be included in the traditional financial aid award.
Longer time in school. Not every student will finish in the traditional four-year time frame. Changing majors, double majors, and extracurricular (课外的) activities can extend your student’s time in school.
…
60. What does the underlined part in Para.1 refer to
A. College savings plan. B. Scholarship application method.
C. Education savings account. D. Educational certification agency.
61 What do you need to do first if you want to get federal financial aid
A. To update your materials. B. To apply for scholarships.
C. To contact the government. D. To fill out the free application.
62. What does the author want to tell the readers to do
A. To plan a brand-new college life.
B. To think ahead about the cost of college.
C. To work to make money as early as possible.
D. To think about the significance of major choices.
【答案】60. C 61. D 62. B
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇应用文。文章给家长提了一些为孩子上大学的费用提前进行规划的方法。
【60题详解】
词句猜测题。根据空前上文“ college savings plans like (像……这样的大学储蓄计划)”及下文“You can open an account while your student is a child. And with an account like a 529, the money can be invested to grow tax-free, as long as it’s used for qualified education expenses. (你可以在学生还是孩子的时候开立账户。像529这样的账户，只要用于符合条件的教育费用，这笔钱就可以免税投资。)”可推测，the 529 or Coverdell 应该是用来做教育储蓄的账户。故选C项。
【61题详解】
细节理解题。根据第四段“In order to qualify for federal financial aid, including grants(助学金) and student loans, it’s important to fill out the Free Application for Federal Student Aid (FAFSA). Your student should fill out their first FAFSA in October of their senior year of high school. (为了有资格获得联邦财政援助，包括助学金和学生贷款，填写联邦学生援助免费申请表(FAFSA)很重要。你的学生应该在他们高中最后一年的十月份填写他们的第一份FAFSA。)”可知，想要的得到联邦财政资助，首先要填写一个免费申请表。故选D项。
【62题详解】
推理判断题。根据文章第一段“Preschooler or grade-schooler Start saving early It’s never too early to start saving for college. One way to get a jump is to use college savings plans like the 529 or Coverdell to start a pool of money to draw from later. You can open an account while your student is a child. And with an account like a 529, the money can be invested to grow tax-free, as long as it’s used for qualified education expenses. (学龄前儿童还是小学生 早点开始存钱 为上大学存钱永远不会嫌早。一种提升的方法是使用529或Coverdell等来建立一个资金池，以便以后提取。你可以在学生还是孩子的时候开立账户。像529这样的账户，只要用于符合条件的教育费用，这笔钱就可以免税投资。)”并综合全文可知，作者在向读者介绍提前规划孩子上大学的各种费用一些建议。故选B项。
C
The emergence of black holes undoubtedly marks the beginning of a revolution. Black holes have many peculiar properties, such as the alteration of space and time, the radiation of gravitational waves and so on. Scientists are still trying to study the properties and evolution of black holes in order to better understand the origin and evolution of the universe.
Recently, a team of astronomers may have found a solo-wandering black hole using a strange trick of gravity called microlensing (微透镜效应), but the results still have to be confirmed.
Sometimes it’s tough being an astronomer. Nature likes to hide the most interesting things from easy observation. Take, for example, black holes. Except for the strange quantum (量子) phenomenon of Hawking radiation, black holes are completely black. They don’t emit a single bit of radiation – they only absorb, hence their name.
To date, the only way astronomers have been able to spot black holes is through their influence on their environments. For example, if an orbiting star gets a little too close, the black hole can absorb the gas from that star, causing it to heat up as it falls. We can watch as stars dance around the giant black hole at the center of the Milky Way.
Even the famed pictures of the black holes in the center of the Milky Way and the M87 galaxy(星系) aren’t photographs of the black holes themselves. Instead, they are radio images of everything around them.
But surely not all black holes have other light-emitting objects around them to help us find them. To find these wanderers, astronomers have tried their luck with microlensing. We know that heavy objects can bend the path of light around them. This is a prediction of Einstein’s general theory of relativity, and the slight bending of starlight around our own sun was one of the first successful tests of the theory.
Microlensing is pretty much what the name suggests. When astronomers get extremely lucky, a wandering black hole and pass between us and a random distant star. The light from that star bends around the black hole because of its gravity, and from our point of view, the star will appear to temporarily flare in brightness.
And when I say “extremely lucky” I mean it. Despite trying this technique for over a decade, it is only now that astronomers have found a candidate black hole through microlensing. Two teams used the same data, a microlensing event recorded from both the OGLE (Optical Gravitational Lensing Experiment) telescope in Chile and the MOA (Microlensing Observations in Astrophysics) telescope in New Zealand. One team found that the mass was somewhere around seven times the mass of the sun – definitely black hole territory. But the other team estimated a much smaller mass, around 2-4 times the mass of the Sun. If the true mass of the object is at the lower end of that spectrum (光谱), then the wanderer is probably not a black hole.
63. Why does the author say it is hard to be an astronomer
A. Einstein’s theory is hard to understand.
B. Many things in nature are not easy to observe.
C. Understanding the evolution of the universe is not easy.
D. Whether the black hole has been found remains to be seen.
64. What is the example in Para. 4 trying to prove
A. Stars’ wandering in black holes.
B. Black holes’ absorbing the star’s gas.
C. The relationship between stars’ heating and black holes.
D. Finding black holes by observing environmental changes.
65. What does the author tell us about the discovery of black holes
A. People can often find black holes with glowing objects.
B. Research groups can work together to find black holes.
C. Glowing objects around black holes help us find them sometimes.
D. Understanding the properties of black holes helps find them.
66. What conclusion can we draw from the last paragraph
A. To persevere in the end is to win.
B. Facts speak louder than words.
C. Failure is the mother of success.
D. Things are not always what they seem.
【答案】63. B 64. D 65. C 66. D
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了微引力透镜效应的概念、天文学家通过这一技术寻找黑洞的过程，以及不同团队在估计潜在黑洞质量时产生的差异。
【63题详解】
细节理解题。根据文章第三段“Sometimes it’s tough being an astronomer. Nature likes to hide the most interesting things from easy observation.(有时候做天文学家很艰难。大自然喜欢把最有趣的东西隐藏起来，不让人轻易观察。)”可知，作者说天文学家很难是因为大自然喜欢把最有趣的东西隐藏起来，不让人轻易观察。故选B。
【64题详解】
推理判断题。根据文章第四段“To date, the only way astronomers have been able to spot black holes is through their influence on their environments. For example, if an orbiting star gets a little too close, the black hole can absorb the gas from that star, causing it to heat up as it falls. We can watch as stars dance around the giant black hole at the center of the Milky Way.(迄今为止，天文学家能够发现黑洞的唯一方法是通过它们对周围环境的影响。例如，如果一颗绕轨道运行的恒星靠得太近，黑洞就会吸收恒星的气体，导致恒星下落时温度升高。我们可以看到恒星在银河系中心的巨大黑洞周围跳舞。)”可知，本段的例子试图证明的是首句的观点，即天文学家能够发现黑洞的唯一方法是通过它们对周围环境的影响。故选D。
【65题详解】
推理判断题。根据文章第四段“To date, the only way astronomers have been able to spot black holes is through their influence on their environments. For example, if an orbiting star gets a little too close, the black hole can absorb the gas from that star, causing it to heat up as it falls. We can watch as stars dance around the giant black hole at the center of the Milky Way.(迄今为止，天文学家能够发现黑洞的唯一方法是通过它们对周围环境的影响。例如，如果一颗绕轨道运行的恒星靠得太近，黑洞就会吸收恒星的气体，导致恒星下落时温度升高。我们可以看到恒星在银河系中心的巨大黑洞周围跳舞。)”以及第七段“When astronomers get extremely lucky, a wandering black hole and pass between us and a random distant star. The light from that star bends around the black hole because of its gravity, and from our point of view, the star will appear to temporarily flare in brightness. (当天文学家非常幸运的时候，一个游荡的黑洞会从我们和一颗随机的遥远恒星之间经过。由于黑洞的引力，这颗恒星发出的光会在黑洞周围弯曲，从我们的角度来看，这颗恒星的亮度会暂时变亮。)”可知，黑洞周围的发光物体有时可以帮助天文学家找到它们。故选C。
【66题详解】
推理判断题。根据文章最后一段内容“Two teams used the same data, a microlensing event recorded from both the OGLE (Optical Gravitational Lensing Experiment) telescope in Chile and the MOA (Microlensing Observations in Astrophysics) telescope in New Zealand. One team found that the mass was somewhere around seven times the mass of the sun – definitely black hole territory. But the other team estimated a much smaller mass, around 2-4 times the mass of the Sun.(两个团队使用了相同的数据，智利的OGLE(光学引力透镜实验)望远镜和新西兰的MOA(天体物理学中的微透镜观测)望远镜都记录了一个微透镜事件。一个研究小组发现，它的质量大约是太阳质量的7倍——绝对是黑洞的范围。但另一个小组估计的质量要小得多，大约是太阳质量的2-4倍。)”可知，最后一段提到了分析微透镜事件的两个团队在质量估计上的差异。这种差异表明，即使有科学数据和分析，一个物体的真实性质(在这种情况下，无论它是否是黑洞)也可能无法立即显现。不同的结论表明，即使有科学证据，事情也并不总是像它们看起来的那样。故选D。
Section C
Directions: Read the passage carefully. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need.
Hanwengong Shrine
Now we come to Hanwengong Shrine, which is beside Hangjiang river and west of Bijia mountain. _____67_____ In the square in front of the hall, an ancient book-shaped stone is carved with two famous sayings of Han Yu on it, meaning hard work is the precondition for success, and deep thought is the guarantee of success.
In the year of A.D. 819, for some political reason, Han Yu was exiled(流放) to Chaozhou, a backland at that time. But he was not depressed by this, and he helped local people to develop education, agriculture, irrigation and release slaves. ______68______
The shrine was built against the mountain and divided into two parts, the front part and the back part. Now we play a small game: count the stone steps, and later I’ll tell you a secret. How many steps are there Yes, 51 steps! Why _____69_____ The first time Han Yu came to Chaozhou, he was impressed by the beautiful scenery and hospitality of local people. You see that old tree People say the more flowers in the tree, the more well-educated students are. But in Qing Dynasty, this magic tree, planted by Han Yu himself, died, so people planted this tree instead.
_____70_____ Here is one: when Han Yu was living in Chaozhou, there was a very fierce and cruel crocodile in the Hanjiang river, which was a big social harm. One day, Han Yu drafted a statement against the crocodile and made it public by the river. Incredibly, from the next day on, the crocodile was gone. Later, the statue, made of a portrait of Han Yu, was built and his words were left on the monument to mark his achievements.
A. When Han Yu came to Chaozhou, he was 51 years old.
B. Han Yu was a Confucian figure, and there are many stories about him in Chaozhou.
C. Although Han Yu’s ideas had no obvious practical effect at the time, they had a great impact on society decades later.
D. Built in the Song dynasty, the shrine is the oldest and best preserved monument to Han Yu, one of the greatest literary men in the Tang dynasty.
E. To memorize what he had contributed to the development of Chaozhou, people constructed this shrine and named him Hanwengong respectfully.
F. There are so many tourists that, to relieve the pressure on the monuments, the scenic spot requires that a maximum of 500 people visit at a time.
【答案】67. D 68. E 69. A 70. B
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要详细介绍了韩文公祠的地理位置、建筑特点、历史背景以及与韩愈相关的故事和传说。
【67题详解】
根据空前“Now we come to Hanwengong Shrine, which is beside Hangjiang river and west of Bijia mountain.(现在我们来到韩文公祠，它位于韩江边，笔架山以西。)”以及空后“In the square in front of the hall, an ancient book-shaped stone is carved with two famous sayings of Han Yu on it, meaning hard work is the precondition for success, and deep thought is the guarantee of success.(在大厅前的广场上，一块古老的书形石头上刻着韩愈的两句名言，意思是努力是成功的先决条件，深思是成功的保证。)”可知，上下文都是对韩文公祠的介绍。选项D“Built in the Song dynasty, the shrine is the oldest and best preserved monument to Han Yu, one of the greatest literary men in the Tang dynasty.(该祠建于宋代，是唐代最伟大的文学家之一韩愈的最古老、保存最完好的纪念碑。)”与上下文内容一致，都是对韩文公祠的介绍。故选D。
【68题详解】
根据上文内容“In the year of A.D. 819, for some political reason, Han Yu was exiled(流放) to Chaozhou, a backland at that time. But he was not depressed by this, and he helped local people to develop education, agriculture, irrigation and release slaves.(公元819年，由于某种政治原因，韩愈被流放到当时的内陆地区潮州。但他并没有因此而沮丧，他帮助当地人民发展教育、农业、灌溉和释放奴隶。)”可知，上文主要介绍韩愈在潮州所做贡献的描述。选项E“To memorize what he had contributed to the development of Chaozhou, people constructed this shrine and named him Hanwengong respectfully.(为了纪念他对潮州发展的贡献，人们建造了这座祠，尊称他为韩文公。)”自然延续上文内容，指出正是韩愈对潮州的发展做出了贡献，当地人民才建造了韩文公祠。故选E。
【69题详解】
根据空前内容“How many steps are there Yes, 51 steps! Why (一共有多少个台阶？是的，51个！为什么？)”可知，上文主要提问的是韩文公祠一共多少台阶。选项A“When Han Yu came to Chaozhou, he was 51 years old.(韩愈来到潮州时，已经51岁了。)” 解释了为什么祠堂的石阶有51个台阶，同时与下文中提到的“The first time Han Yu came to Chaozhou, he was impressed by the beautiful scenery and hospitality of local people.(韩愈第一次来到潮州，就被那里美丽的风景和当地人的热情好客所打动。)”中提到的“韩愈第一次来到潮州时”相呼应，提供了一个合理的解释。故选A。
【70题详解】
空处为段首句，为本段主要内容。根据下文内容“Here is one: when Han Yu was living in Chaozhou, there was a very fierce and cruel crocodile in the Hanjiang river, which was a big social harm. One day, Han Yu drafted a statement against the crocodile and made it public by the river. Incredibly, from the next day on, the crocodile was gone. Later, the statue, made of a portrait of Han Yu, was built and his words were left on the monument to mark his achievements.(这里有一个故事：韩愈在潮州居住时，韩江里有一条非常凶猛残忍的鳄鱼，给社会造成了很大的危害。有一天，韩愈起草了一份声讨鳄鱼的声明，并在江边公之于众。令人难以置信的是，从第二天开始，鳄鱼就消失了。后来，人们建了一座韩愈的雕像，并将他的言辞留在了纪念碑上，以纪念他的功绩。)”可知，本段主要讲述了关于韩愈在潮州的故事。选项B“Han Yu was a Confucian figure, and there are many stories about him in Chaozhou.(韩愈是儒家人物，潮州有很多关于他的故事。)”为下文中关于韩愈在潮州的故事提供了一个引言，指出韩愈是一位儒家人物，并在潮州有许多关于他的故事。故选B。
IV. Summary Writing
71. Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
How to Stay on Task
“In many activities, it is difficult to maintain a high level of focus over time. Our research asks why this is the case,” said Matthew K. Robison, assistant professor of psychology at the University of Texas at Arlington. Although humans generally perform fine in situations that require sustained attention, they are often distracted, which can lead to inattention. Common distractions can be anything from thinking about a new romantic interest to reacting to a car honking. Most inattention has minor consequences like forgetting to forward an email or pick up an item at the grocery store. However, other inattention can lead to serious consequences, such as a train operator not reacting to an incident, a surgeon forgetting a step in an operation or an individual forgetting to turn off an oven.
“Sustaining attention can be easier said than done, as attention fluctuates(波动) across short and long intervals,” Robison said. One of the most common approaches to studying inattention has been to examine response time to a variety of tasks. For this study, Robison and colleagues employed more than 100 participants to complete reaction time tasks for about 25 minutes. In a standard control condition, participants were simply told to respond as quickly as possible on each trial. “In this condition, reaction times systematically increased across time, consistent with the idea that task focus was decreasing,” Robison said. “However, when we gave them specific goals to pursue and made those goals harder over time, they did not show that effect.”
The drop in concentration goes some way to explaining why we remember or forget the moment and why some people remember better than others. Robison and colleagues at the University of Oregon have also published a new study on maintaining attention. The results provide evidence that a simple and easily implementable change in behavior — setting specific goals for oneself — can significantly improve our ability to maintain task focus over time. “Setting a specific goal will increase sustained attention and reduce inattention,” said Robison based on his studies.
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
【答案】Research shows that setting a specific goal increases sustained attention. It is hard to maintain a high level of concentration in many activities. People are often distracted, resulting in poor concentration, with minor or serious consequences. Attention fluctuates between short and long intervals, and the shorter the reaction time is, the greater the concentration will be.
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍说，研究表明，设定一个具体的目标可以提高持续的注意力。在许多活动中很难保持高度集中。人们经常分心，导致注意力不集中，造成轻微或严重的后果。注意力在短间隔和长间隔之间波动，反应时间越短，注意力集中程度越高。
【详解】1.要点摘录
①Although humans generally perform fine in situations that require sustained attention, they are often distracted, which can lead to inattention. “Setting a specific goal will increase sustained attention and reduce inattention,” said Robison based on his studies.
②“Sustaining attention can be easier said than done, as attention fluctuates(波动) across short and long intervals,” Robison said.
③However, other inattention can lead to serious consequences, such as a train operator not reacting to an incident, a surgeon forgetting a step in an operation or an individual forgetting to turn off an oven.
④In this condition, reaction times systematically increased across time, consistent with the idea that task focus was decreasing
2.缜密构思 将第1个要点进行总说，将第2、3、4三个要点进行分说。
3.遣词造句
Research shows that setting a specific goal increases sustained attention.
It is hard to maintain a high level of concentration in many activities.
People are often distracted, resulting in poor concentration, with minor or serious consequences.
Attention fluctuates between short and long intervals, and the shorter the reaction time is, the greater the concentration will be.
【点睛】[高分句型1] Research shows that setting a specific goal increases sustained attention.运用that引导宾语从句对原文第一段和最后一段进行了概括。
[高分句型2] Attention fluctuates between short and long intervals, and the shorter the reaction time is, the greater the concentration will be.用“the+比较级，the+比较级”句型对第二段进行了概括，表达非常高级。
V. Translation
Directions: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets.
72. 这个摄影师坚持每天用一张照片记录生活。(document) （汉译英）
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【答案】The photographer insists on documenting his life with a photo every day.
【解析】
【详解】考查短语和时态。“这个摄影师”翻译为the photographer，在句中作主语；“坚持做某事”用短语 insist on doing sth.；“记录生活”翻译为document his life；“每天用一张照片”翻译为with a photo。根据句中时间状语every day可知，用一般现在时。主语是the photographer，谓语动词用第三人称单数单数形式。故翻译为The photographer insists on documenting his life with a photo every day.
73. 上海是一座迷人的城市，因此市民和游客昵称上海为“魔都”。(nickname) （汉译英）
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【答案】Shanghai is a charming city, so citizens and tourists nickname Shanghai as “Modu”.
【解析】
【详解】考查短语和时态。此处为so连接的并列句，第一句主语为Shanghai；表示“是一座迷人的城市”用be a charming city；表示“市民和游客”应用复数名词citizens and tourists，作主语；表示“昵称上海为“魔都””翻译为nickname Shanghai as “Modu”。描述客观事实，为一般现在时。故翻译为Shanghai is a charming city, so citizens and tourists nickname Shanghai as “Modu”.
74. 人们常常抱怨飞机餐难吃，主要是因为在飞机上人们的味觉和嗅觉都会暂时失灵。(complain) （汉译英）
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【答案】People often complain about airline food, mainly because people’s sense of taste and smell will be temporarily lost on the plane.
【解析】
【详解】考查短语、时态和原因状语从句。“人们”翻译为people，在句中作主语；“常常”用副词often，所以用一般现在时；“抱怨”用短语complain about；“飞机餐”翻译为airline food；“主要是”用副词mainly；“因为”用连词because，引导原因状语从句；从句陈述将要发生的事情，用一般将来时；“人们的味觉和嗅觉”翻译为 people’s sense of taste and smell，在从句中作主语；“都会暂时失灵”翻译为be temporarily lost；“在飞机上”翻译为on the plane。故翻译为People often complain about airline food, mainly because people’s sense of taste and smell will be temporarily lost on the plane.
75. 这部电影充满正能量，它用一个女孩的成长经历激励人们在人生道路上不断挑战自我，努力成为更好的自己。（which）（汉译英）
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【答案】This film is full of positive energy, which uses a girl’s experience of growing up to inspire people to challenge themselves in life and try to be a better version of themselves.
【解析】
【详解】考查短语、非谓语、时态和定语从句。陈述客观事实，用一般现在时。“这部电影”翻译为this film，在句中作主语；“充满”用短语be full of；“正能量”翻译为 positive energy；陈述前面的一件事，用关系代词which引导非限定性定语从句；“用一个女孩的成长经历”翻译为 use a girl’s experience of growing up，后接不定式作目的状语；“激励某人做某事”用短语inspire sb. to do sth.；“挑战自我”用短语challenge oneselve；“人生道路上”翻译为in life；“努力做某事”用短语try to do sth.；“成为更好的自己”翻译为be a better version of themselves。故翻译为This film is full of positive energy, which uses a girl’s experience of growing up to inspire people to challenge themselves in life and try to be a better version of themselves.
VI. Guided Writing
76. Directions: Write an English composition in 120-150 words according to the instructions given below in Chinese.
76. 假设你是明启中学高三学生张磊，你的英国朋友Michael来信说他打算今年暑期来中国度假，你想邀请他去你的家乡游览。请你给他回信，内容需包括：
1）你最想带他去的几个地方，以及参与的活动；
2）你所提建议的理由。
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【答案】Dear Michael,
I’m very glad to hear that you plan to come to China for a vacation this summer. I’d like to invite you to visit my hometown.
There are several places I’d like to take you to. First, we can go to the local history museum to learn about the culture and history of my hometown. Then, we can visit the beautiful natural scenery, such as the mountains and rivers. We can also participate in some local activities, like tasting the local food and experiencing the traditional customs.
I suggest these places and activities because they can give you a comprehensive understanding of my hometown. You can not only appreciate the beauty of nature but also feel the charm of the local culture. I believe you will have a great time.
Looking forward to seeing you soon!
Yours,
Zhang Lei
【解析】
【导语】本篇书面表达属于应用文写作中的邀请信。要求考生给英国朋友Michael写信，邀请其去你的家乡游览。
【详解】1.词汇积累
高兴的：glad→ happy/delighted
打算做某事：plan to→ intend to
参观：visit → pay a visit to
参与：participate in → take part in
2句式拓展
简单句变复合句
原句：First, we can go to the local history museum to learn about the culture and history of my hometown.
拓展句：First, we can go to the local history museum, where we can learn about the culture and history of my hometown.
【点睛】【高分句型1】There are several places I’d like to take you to.（运用了省略关系代词that的定语从句修饰先行词places）
【高分句型2】I suggest these places and activities because they can give you a comprehensive understanding of my hometown.（运用了because引导的原因状语从句）

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