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上海市部分区2023-2024学年高三下学期二模英语试题汇编
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2024届上海市黄浦区高三下学期二模英语试卷
Directions: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.
A. convincing B. disinformation C. hazards D. illogical E. maintain F. preview G. publicly H. racing I. response J. speed K. seemingly
OpenAI Unveils A.I. that Instantly Generates Eye-Popping Videos
Last April, a New York start-up called Runway AI revealed technology that let people generate videos. The four-second videos were shadowy and disturbing. But they were a clear sign that artificial intelligence technologies would generate increasingly ___31___ videos sooner. Just 10 months later, OpenAI has revealed a similar system, Sora, that creates videos that look as if they were lifted from a Hollywood movie.
OpenAI is among the many companies ___32___ to improve this kind of instant video generator. The technology could ___33___ the work of experienced moviemakers. It could also become a quick and inexpensive way of creating online ___34___, making it even harder to tell what’s real on the internet.
In an interview, the team behind the technology said the company was not yet releasing Sora to the public because it was still working to understand the system’s ___35___. The intention here is to give a(n) ___36___ of what is likely to happen soon, so that people can see the capabilities of this technology.
Like other generative A.I. technologies, OpenAI’s system learns by analyzing digital data — in this case, videos and subtitles describing what those videos contain. OpenAI declined to say how many videos the system learned from or where they came from, except to say the training included both ___37___ available videos and videos that were licensed from copyright holders. The company says little about the data used to train its technologies, most likely because it wants to ___38___ an advantage over competitors.
Sora generates videos in ___39___ to short descriptions. Though the videos can be impressive, they may include strange and ___40___ images. The system, for example, recently generated a video of someone eating a cookie — but the cookie never got any smaller.
2024届上海市普陀区高三下学期二模英语试题
Directions: Fill in each blank with a proper word chosen from the box. Each word can be used only once. Note that there is one word more than you need.
A. empowers B. termed C. interaction D. implications E. advances F. question G. obtained H. additionally I. pressure J. currently K. defining
A New Era of Creative Partnerships
In a new paper in a Nature Human Behavior special issue on AI, researcher Janet Rafner from Aarhus Institute of Advanced Studies and Center for Hybrid Intelligence at Aarhus University and Prof. Jacob Sherson, director of the Center for Hybrid Intelligence, together with international partners, discuss research and societal ___31___ of creativity and AI.
The team of researchers argue that we should direct our attention to understanding and developing co-creativity, the interaction between humans and machines towards what is ___32___ a human-centered AI and hybrid intelligence. In this way we will be able to develop interfaces(界面) that at the same time ensure both high degrees of automatization through AI and human control and hereby supporting a relationship that best___33___ each other.
Rafner comments: To date, most studies on human-AI co-creativity come from the field of human-computer ___34___ and focus on the abilities of the AI, and the interaction design and dynamics.
While these ___35___ are key for understanding the dynamics between humans and algorithms(算法) and human attitudes towards the co-creative process and product, there is an urgent need to enrich these applications with the insights about creativity ___36___ over the past decades in the psychological sciences.
“Right now, we need to move the conversation away from questions like Can AI be creative One reason for this is that___37___ creativity is not set in stone. When investigating human only, machine only, and human-AI co-creativity, we need to consider the type and level of creativity under ___38___, from everyday creative activities that are perhaps more suitable to machine automatization to contributions that may require higher-level human intervention; ___39___, it is much more meaningful to consider some questions like, what are the similarities and differences in human cognition, behavior, motivation and self-efficacy(自我效能) between human-AI co-creativity and human creativity ”explains Rafner.
We, ____40____, don’t know enough about co-creativity between humans and machines, because the line between humans and artificial intelligence isn’t always clear. Looking ahead, researchers should balance predictive accuracy with theoretical understanding, towards the goal of developing intelligent systems to both measure and enhance human creativity.
2024届上海市奉贤区高三下学期二模英语试题
Directions: Fill in each blank with a proper word chosen from the box. Each word can be used only once. Note that there is one word more than you need.
A. flooded B. leaps C. increasingly D. combines E. reflects F. emphasizing G. pioneering H. crafted I. technical J. unexpectedly K. classic
Chinese animations (动画) are booming
The “Black Cat Delective”, released 40 years ago, was a childhood favorite for many Chinese. Since then, Chinese cartoons have come a long way. While “Black Cat Detective” was simply drawn, current cartoons feature ____11____ advances and fascinating plots. One example is “Boonie Bears: Time Twist”, a family-friendly adventure released in February, with smooth animation reminding us of Pixar, a ____12____ animation studio now owned by Disney.
These recent ____13____ in quality have enabled Chinese cartoons to succeed at the domestic box office. “Ne Zha: Birth of the Demon Child” was the most well-received film in China in 2019,____14____ beating out “Avengers: Endgame ”, a superhero movie by Marvel Studios.
In the 1960s, China’s animation industry saw a big downturn as American and Japanese films ____15____ into the Chinese market, dominating both domestic television and cinema screens. As a result, Chinese animators ____16____ began to work for western studios. However, things changed in 2015 with the release of “Monkey King: Hero is Back”, a breakthrough for Chinese animation. This film, based on the timeless ____17____ “Journey to the Wes/”, signaled a new era of creativity and success in the industry. The main character, the Monkey King, is depicted(刻画) as going through a mid-life crisis, which ____18____ the director’s view that cartoons are not just for children.
Light Chaser Animation, a Beijing-based studio, has contributed to the popularity of cartoons in China. Its production “30,000 Miles from Chang’ an” ____19____ elements of Chinese culture, history, and legends with aesthetic(美学的) feeling of Tang dynasty poetry. Indeed, traditional themes are widespread among successful Chinese animations,____20____ the importance of traditional culture as a foundation for Chinese animation. Like other industries, cartoons in China are inspired by Western innovations but with added “Chinese characteristics”.
2024市上海市杨浦区高三下学期二模英语试题
Directions: Fill in each blank with a proper word chosen from the box. Each word can be used only once. Note that there is one word more than you need.
A.wrestling B. approaches C. preoccupied D. experimenting E. dynamically F. bound G. moderate H. applies I. inadequate J. unitedly K. integrity
Dare to be Dull
A big part of why spontaneous (即兴的) speaking feels so challenging is the desire to always say the right thing in the right way at the right time. But that leads to unnecessary self-evaluation and criticism, consuming precious mental energy and preventing you from ____11____ engaging in the moment. I often advise people to follow a spontaneous comedy saying: “Dare to be dull.” That is, don’t feel you are ___12___ to give an exceptional performance. Recognize that there is no single “correct” way to answer a question, give feedback or welcome a colleague —only better or worse ____13____.
Another popular saying also ____14____ here: “Don’t let the perfect be the enemy of the good.” Listeners are more likely to trust you when you speak like a man of ____15____ rather than an actor or a robot. For example, research shows that the most effective speech includes ____16____ use of fillers such as “um” and “ah.” So when you need to speak spontaneously, refocus your attention on your listeners instead of ____17____ with your inner critic. Attempting to serve their needs will take your mental spotlight off yourself, relieving the pressure you feel. Tell yourself that ____18____, making mistakes, and learning during spontaneous interactions are normal.
Micah, a student of mine, was fearful that his class contributions would be seen as ____19____. To avoid embarrassment, he planned and rehearsed the points he wanted to make. But because he was always working to remember them and find the right time to use them, he was ____20____ and failed to get the most out of discussions. With my help he focused on silencing his inner critic. He began offering more ideas, sometimes imperfectly formed, and in just a few weeks he became less anxious and more confident.
2024届上海市虹口区高三下学期二模英语试题
Directions: Fill in each blank with a proper word chosen from the box. Each word can be used only once. Note that there is one word more than you need.
A. chaos B. consume C. plentiful D. discharge E. evolutionarily F. extent G. freeze H. mechanism I. novel J. subsequently K. unstable
Science in Images
Oyster mushrooms feature in cuisines around the world, but they should be off the menu for hungry worms -- which these delicious mushrooms will kill and eat. Now researchers finally know how they do it.
A study published in Science Advances details how oyster mushrooms use a particular poisonous substance to freeze and get rid of mushroom-eating roundworms called nematodes (线虫). The mushrooms, which grow on nutrient-poor dead wood, then ___31___ the worms for nutrition.
“Nematodes happen to be the most ___32___ animals these mushrooms encounter. So I think, ___33___, this cross-kingdom interaction is very interesting,” says study senior author.
The study team of geneticists, biochemists and biologists had previously found that oyster mushrooms release an unidentified poisonous substance that will somehow ___34___ the worms within minutes and cause a chemical element to flow into their cells, killing them. This ___35___ differs from those used by other meat-eating mushrooms and could be unique to oyster mushrooms.
For their new work, the researchers grew and analyzed samples of the mushroom’s tissue, finding no noticeable poison even when they broke it up. They reasoned that whatever was killing the worms must be a kind of ___36___ compound that disappears into air when disturbed. When they damaged the oyster mushroom tissue again and ___37___ analyzed the nearby air, they finally found a nerve gas that turned out to be contained with tiny, special-shaped structures on the mushroom surface. When nematodes touch the mushrooms, these structures ___38___ their gas, disturbing the worms’ cell walls to cause immobility and death. The worm is then digested by the mushrooms.
Before this study, “we underestimated the ___39___ to which wild mushrooms defend against or consume nematodes,” notes Nick Talbot, a geneticist at Sainsbury Laboratory in Norwich, England. The study demonstrates “a very ____40____ approach,” he adds. “These organisms are really difficult to work on, and Dr. Hsueh is showing that you can do some really amazing work with them.”
答案
2024届上海市黄浦区高三下学期二模英语试卷
【答案】31. A 32. H
33. J 34. B
35. C 36. F
37. G 38. E
39. I 40. D
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇新闻报道。主要说明了OpenAI推出即时生成令人瞠目结舌视频的人工智能，这项技术可以加快经验丰富的电影制作人的工作速度。
【31题详解】
考查形容词。句意：但它们清楚地表明，人工智能技术将更快地制作出越来越有说服力的视频。根据“Just 10 months later, OpenAI has revealed a similar system, Sora, that creates videos that look as if they were lifted from a Hollywood movie.(仅仅10个月后，OpenAI就发布了一个类似的系统Sora，它可以制作看起来像是从好莱坞电影中摘取的视频)”以及句意“有说服力的”可知应填形容词convincing，作定语修饰名词videos。故选A。
【32题详解】
考查动词。句意：OpenAI是众多竞相改进这种即时视频生成器的公司之一。根据“to improve this kind of instant video generator”以及句意“竞相”可知应填现在分词racing，作定语修饰名词companies。故选H。
【33题详解】
考查动词。句意：这项技术可以加快经验丰富的电影制作人的工作速度。根据“It could also become a quick and inexpensive way”以及句意“加快”可知应填动词speed，且could后跟动词原形。故选J。
【34题详解】
考查名词。句意：它还可能成为一种快速而廉价的制造网络虚假信息的方式，使人们更难在互联网上分辨什么是真实的。根据“making it even harder to tell what’s real on the internet”以及句意“虚假信息”可知应填名词disinformation，故选B。
【35题详解】
考查名词。句意：在一次采访中，该技术背后的团队表示，该公司尚未向公众发布Sora，因为它仍在努力了解该系统的危害。根据“making it even harder to tell what’s real on the internet”以及句意“危害”可知应填复数名词hazards，作宾语。故选C。
36题详解】
考查名词。句意：这里的目的是对可能很快发生的事情进行预览，以便人们可以看到这项技术的功能。根据“so that people can see the capabilities of this technology”以及句意“预览”可知应填名词preview，作宾语，不定冠词提示用单数。故选F。
【37题详解】
考查副词。句意：OpenAI拒绝透露该系统从多少视频中学习，也不愿透露这些视频来自哪里，只是说培训包括公开可用的视频和从版权所有者那里获得许可的视频。根据“available videos and videos that were licensed from copyright holders”以及句意“公开”可知应填副词publicly，修饰形容词available。故选G。
【38题详解】
考查动词。句意：该公司很少提及用于培训其技术的数据，很可能是因为它希望保持对竞争对手的优势。根据“an advantage over competitors”以及句意“保持”可知应填动词maintain，为不定式作宾语。故选E。
【39题详解】
考查名词。句意：Sora根据简短的描述生成视频。根据“”以及句意“根据”可知应填名词response，作宾语。故选I。
【40题详解】
考查形容词。句意：虽然这些视频可能令人印象深刻，但它们可能包含奇怪和不合逻辑的图像。根据“strange”以及句意“不合逻辑的”可知应填形容词illogical，修饰名词images。故选D。
2024届上海市普陀区高三下学期二模英语试题
【答案】31. D 32. B
33. A 34. C
35. E 36. G
37. K 38. F
39. H 40. J
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要讨论了人工智能与人类创造力合作的新领域，强调了人机共同创造力的重要性和研究方向。
【31题详解】
考查名词。句意：在《自然·人类行为》杂志关于人工智能特刊的一篇新论文中，来自奥胡斯高级研究所和奥胡斯大学混合智能中心的研究员珍妮特·拉夫纳以及该中心主任雅各布·谢尔森教授与国际合作伙伴一起，讨论了创造力与人工智能的研究和社会影响。根据下文“creativity and AI(创造力与人工智能的)”可推理出空白处应填表示“影响”含义的名词，用复数形式。故选D。
【32题详解】
考查动词、被动语态。句意：研究团队认为，我们应该将注意力转向理解和发展共同创造力，即人与机器之间的互动，朝着所谓的以人为中心的人工智能和混合智能发展。分析句子结构，根据空白处前面的助动词is可知此处使用了一般现在时的被动语态，根据下文“a human-centered AI and hybrid intelligence(以人为中心的人工智能和混合智能发)”可推理出空白处应填表示“称之为……”含义的表达，故选B。
【33题详解】
考查动词。句意：通过这种方式，我们将能够开发出既能确保通过人工智能实现高度自动化，又能保持人类控制的界面，从而支持彼此最能赋能的关系。根据上文“In this way we will be able to develop interfaces(界面) that at the same time ensure both high degrees of automatization through AI and human control and hereby supporting a relationship that best(通过这种方式，我们将能够开发出既能确保通过人工智能实现高度自动化，又能保持人类控制的界面，从而支持最能……的关系)”以及下文“each other(互相)”可推理出空白处应填表示“授权；给……权力”含义的动词，故选A。
【34题详解】
考查名词。句意：拉夫纳评论道：迄今为止，关于人-AI共同创造力的大多数研究都来自人机交互领域，并关注于AI的能力以及交互设计和动态。根据上文“the field of human-computer(人机……领域)”可推理出空白处应填表示“互动”含义的名词，作宾语。故选C。
【35题详解】
考查名词。句意：虽然这些进展对于理解人与算法之间的动态以及人对共同创造过程和产品的态度至关重要，但迫切需要用过去几十年心理学科学中获得的关于创造力的见解来丰富这些应用。根据上文“focus on the abilities of the AI, and the interaction design and dynamics(关注于AI的能力以及交互设计和动态)”可推理出空白处应填表示“进展”含义的名词，these后接名词复数。故选E。
【36题详解】
考查动词。句意：同上。根据上文“the insights about creativity(关于创造力的见解)”可推理出空白处应填表示“获得”含义的表达，与the insights about creativity为被动关系，用过去分词。故选G。
【37题详解】
考查动词。句意：其中一个原因是，对创造力的定义并非一成不变。根据下文“creativity is not set in stone(对创造力的……并非一成不变)”可推理出空白处应填表示“定义”含义的表达，动名词作主语。故选K。
【38题详解】
考查名词。句意：在研究仅限人类的、仅限机器的，以及人-AI共同创造力时，我们需要考虑所探讨的创造力的类型和水平，从可能更适合机器自动化的日常创造性活动，到可能需要更高层次人类干预的贡献。根据上文“the type and level of creativity(创造力的类型和水平)”可知此处表达的是“在探讨中的创造力的类型和水平”，under question为固定短语，含义为“在探讨中的”，故选F。
【39题详解】
考查副词。句意：此外，考虑一些问题更有意义，比如，在人-AI共同创造力和人类创造力之间，人类认知、行为、动机和自我效能有何相似性和差异？”拉夫纳解释道。根据下文“it is much more meaningful to consider some questions(考虑一些问题更有意义)”可推理出空白处应填表示“另外”含义的表达，故选H。
【40题详解】
考查副词。句意：我们目前对人与机器之间的共同创造力了解不够，因为人类与人工智能之间的界限并不总是清晰的。根据下文“don’t know enough about co-creativity between humans and machines(对人与机器之间的共同创造力了解不够)”可推理出空白处应填表示“目前”含义的副词，作状语。故选J。
2024届上海市奉贤区高三下学期二模英语试题
【答案】11. I 12. G
13. B 14. J
15. A 16. C
17. K 18. E
19. D 20. F
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了中国动画的崛起，从《黑猫警长》到《长安三万里》，融合传统文化与现代技术，突破创新，如《哪吒之魔童降世》击败《复联4》，展现国漫新高度。
【11题详解】
考查形容词。句意：虽然《黑猫警长》只是简单地画出来的，但目前的漫画以技术进步和引人入胜的情节为特色。分析句子可知，空处应填形容词在句中作定语，修饰名词advances，technical“技术的”为形容词，符合句意。故选I。
【12题详解】
考查形容词。句意：一个例子是今年2月上映的一部适合家庭的冒险电影《·逆转时空》，流畅的动画让我们想起了皮克斯，这是一家开创性的动画工作室，现在归迪士尼所有。分析句子可知，空处应填形容词在句中作定语，修饰名词studio，pioneering“开创性的”为形容词，符合句意。故选G。
【13题详解】
考查名词。句意：最近这些质量上的飞跃使中国动画片在国内票房上取得了成功。分析句子可知，空处应填名词在句中作主语，由these可知，应用复数名词。leaps“飞跃”为名词，符合句意。故选B。
【14题详解】
考查副词。句意：《哪吒：魔童降世》是2019年中国最受欢迎的电影，出乎意料地击败了漫威工作室的超级英雄电影《复仇者联盟：终局之战》。分析句子可知，空处应填副词在句中作状语，修饰动词beating， unexpectedly“出乎意料地”为副词，符合句意。故选J。
【15题详解】
考查动词。句意：20世纪60年代，随着美国和日本电影涌入中国市场，在国内电视和电影屏幕上占据主导地位，中国动画产业出现了大萧条。分析句子可知，空处应填动词作as从句中的谓语，由In the 1960s可知，句子应用一般过去式，flooded“涌入”为动词，符合句意。故选A。
【16题详解】
考查副词。句意：因此，中国动画师越来越多地开始为西方工作室工作。分析句子可知，空处应填副词在句中作状语修饰动词began，increasingly“越来越多地”为副词，符合句意。故选C。
【17题详解】
考查名词。句意：这部电影以永恒的经典《西游记》为蓝本，标志着行业内一个创新与成功新时代的开始。分析句子可知，空处应填名词作介词on的宾语，classic“经典”为名词，符合句意。故选K。
【18题详解】
考查动词。句意：主角孙悟空被描绘成经历中年危机，这反映了导演认为卡通片不仅仅是给儿童看的的观点。分析句子可知，空处应填动词在定语从句中作谓语，which引导非限制性定语从句，指代前面整个句子，从句中用一般现在时第三人称单数形式，reflects“反映”为动词，符合句意。故选E。
【19题详解】
考查动词。句意：其作品《长安三万里》融合了中国文化、历史、传说元素以及唐诗的审美意境。分析句子可知，空处应填动词在句中作谓语，描述现在的一般情况，应用一般现在时，单数名词作主语，空处应用第三人称单数形式，combines“组合”为动词，符合句意。故选D。
【20题详解】
考查动词。句意：事实上，传统题材在成功的中国动画中广泛存在，强调了传统文化作为中国动画基础的重要性。分析句子可知，空处在句中作非谓语，emphasizing“强调”为动词，现在分词形式做结果状语，符合句意。故选F。
2024市上海市杨浦区高三下学期二模英语试题
【答案】11. E 12. F
13. B 14. H
15. K 16. G
17. A 18. D
19. I 20. C
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇说明文，主要讲述了人们在即兴演讲时不必追求完美，应勇于接受平凡，专注于听众，不被内心的批评困扰，就会带来更大的自信。
【11题详解】
考查副词。句意：但这会导致不必要的自我评价和批评，消耗宝贵的精神能量，阻止你充满活力地参与到当下。此处应选副词dynamically(充满活力地)作状语，符合句意的需要，故选E。
【12题详解】
考查形容词。句意：也就是说，不要觉得你一定会有出色的表现。此处应选形容词bound(注定的)作表语，be bound to：一定会做某事，符合句意的需要，故选F。
【13题详解】
考查名词。句意：要认识到，回答问题、给出反馈或欢迎同事没有单一的“正确”方式：只有更好或更坏的方式。此处应选名词approaches(方式)作主语，符合句意的需要，故选B。
【14题详解】
考查动词。句意：另一个流行的说法也适用于此：“完美是优秀的敌人”。此处应选动词applies(适合)作谓语，符合句意的需要，故选H。
【15题详解】
考查名词。句意：当你说话像一个正直的人而不是一个演员或机器人时，听众更有可能信任你。此处应选名词integrity(正直)作宾语，符合句意的需要，故选K。
【16题详解】
考查形容词。句意：例如，研究表明，最有效的讲话包括适度使用“嗯”和“啊”等填充语。此处应选形容词moderate(适度的)作定语，符合句意的需要，故选G。
【17题详解】
考查动名词。句意：所以，当你需要自发地说话时，把注意力重新集中在你的听众身上，而不是与你内心的批评作斗争。此处应选动名词wrestling(斗争)作宾语，符合句意的需要，故选A。
【18题详解】
考查动名词。句意：告诉自己，在自发的互动中进行实验、犯错和学习是正常的。此处应选动名词experimenting(做实验)作主语，符合句意的需要，故选D。
【19题详解】
考查形容词。句意：我的一个学生迈卡担心他的课堂贡献会被认为不足。此处应选形容词inadequate (不足的)，符合句意的需要，be seen as：被认为是，故选I。
【20题详解】
考查形容词。句意：但由于他总是努力记住它们，并找到合适时间使用它们，他全神贯注，无法从讨论中获得最大的收获。此处应选形容词preoccupied(全神贯注的)作表语，符合句意的需要，故选C。
2024届上海市虹口区高三下学期二模英语试题
【答案】31. B 32. C
33. E 34. G
35 H 36. K
37. J 38. D
39. F 40. I
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。一项研究表明，蚝菇可以利用一种特殊的有毒物质冷冻并清除食蘑菇的线虫。
【31题详解】
考查动词。句意：蘑菇生长在营养不良的枯木上，然后吃掉蠕虫为了获取营养。分析句子可知，空格处应填入谓语动词。根据空后for nutrition可知，这些蚝菇为了营养吃掉了蠕虫。根据句意，此处指“吃；消耗”，故填consume。故选B。
【32题详解】
考查形容词。句意：该研究的资深作者说：“线虫恰好是这些蘑菇遇到的数量最多的动物。”根据空前 the most 可知，空处应填入形容词。根据句意，此处指“丰富的；充足的”，故填plentiful。故选C。
【33题详解】
考查副词。句意：所以我认为，从进化角度来看，这种跨王国的互动非常有趣。分析句子可知，空处应填入副词作状语。根据句意，此处指“进化上”，故填evolutionarily。故选E。
【34题详解】
考查动词。句意：由遗传学家、生物化学家和生物学家组成的研究小组此前发现，蚝菇会释放一种未知的有毒物质，这种物质会在几分钟内以某种方式冷冻蠕虫，并导致一种化学元素流入它们的细胞，杀死它们。根据空前 will 可知，空处应填入动词原形。根据上文oyster mushrooms use a particular poisonous substance to freeze 可知，蚝菇冷冻蠕虫，故此处指“冷冻”，故填freeze。故选G。
【35题详解】
考查名词。句意：这种机制不同于其他食肉蘑菇所使用的机制，可能是牡蛎蘑菇所独有的。根据空前 This 可知，空处应填入名词作主语。根据句意，此处指“机制”，故填mechanism。故选H。
【36题详解】
考查形容词。句意：他们推断，杀死蠕虫的东西一定是一种不稳定的化合物，当受到干扰时会消失在空气中。根据空后 compound可知，空处应填入形容词作定语。根据句意，此处指“不稳定的”，故填unstable。故选K。
【37题详解】
考查副词。句意：当他们再次破坏蚝菇组织并随后分析附近的空气时，他们最终发现了一种神经气体，这种气体原来包含在蘑菇表面的微小异形结构中。分析句子可知，空处应填入副词作状语。根据句意，此处指“随后”，故填subsequently。故选J。
【38题详解】
考查动词。句意：当线虫接触蘑菇时，这些结构会释放气体，扰乱蠕虫的细胞壁，导致其静止不动和死亡。分析句子可知，空处应填入动词作谓语。根据句意，此处指“释放”，故填discharge。故选D。
【39题详解】
考查名词。句意：在这项研究之前，“我们低估了野生蘑菇抵御或消耗线虫的程度，”英国诺里奇塞恩斯伯里实验室的遗传学家尼克·塔尔博特指出。根据空前 the以及空后的to可知，空处应填入名词。根据句意，此处指“程度”，故填 extent。故选F。
【40题详解】
考查形容词。句意：他补充道，这项研究展示了“一种非常新颖的方法”。根据空前a very可知，空处应填入形容词作定语。根据句意，此处指“新颖的”，故填novel。故选I。

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