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上海市紫竹院中学2023-2024学年
高二英语第二学期期中考试试卷
（满分 150 分，答题时间：130 分钟，答案一律写在答题纸上）
II. Vocabulary Section A (20’)
*(A)
Directions: Fill in each blank with a proper word given in the box. Each word can only be used only once. Note that there is two words more than you need.
A. absence B. applaud C. compose D. controversial E. originality F. professional G. recognition H. sensation I. square J. sustenance K. symbol L. tailor
21. The idea of teaching has always seemed both honorable and horrible to me(too much work, too little money, no ________________.
22. American people emphasize efficiency, competition and ________________ while Chinese people give priority to careful planning and encourage close cooperation and altruistic dedication among team members.
23. Teachers imagine they will improve outcomes if they ________________ their presentation to each student.
24. I was so confused that I could hardly ________________ my thoughts.
25. The discovery caused a ________________, people associate the sea eel with live animals, but also did not express any doubt.
26. However, these disorders often remain throughout life due to neglect or ________________ of specific kind of treatment.
27. “The armed forces’ performance has been outstanding and I ________________ their commitment, courage and professionalism,” he said.
28. Silk quickly grew into a ________________ of status, and originally, only the royalty were entitled to have clothes made of silk.
29. Scientists have known for a while when a body becomes starved for________________, cells start eating bits and pieces of themselves.
30. As a result, most of us end up choosing ________________ excellence over personal achievement, and often we lose ourselves in the process.
*(B)
Directions: Fill in each blank with a proper word given in the box. Each word can only be used only once. Note that there is two words more than you need.
A. arise B. grasp C. heritage D. imposition E. interpretation F. landscape G. minority H. peculiarity I. relevant L. subsistence K. restored J. resist
31. The great oral works transmitted a shared cultural ________________, held in common not on bookshelves, but in brains.
32. Knowing as much ________________ information as possible can help us avoid making arbitrary decisions.
33. The ________________ of military rule also robbed local leaders of opportunities to participate in local government, so social development was stunted and the seeds of disaffection sown.
34. It seems that the recent electoral shocks have shaken the European political ________________.
35. To avoid all that, farmers often retreat into ________________ farming or look for alternative livelihoods.
36. One method which can be adopted to curb the problems which ________________ out of unemployment among youths involves the providing of relief.
37. Working with native speakers can help us get a good ________________ of the language.
38. Following Napoleon’s defeat at Waterloo, France’s Bourbon monarchy was ________________, which was the first fragile step in a diminished state’s return to the family of European nations.
39. There is a wide range of things that actors can do with this role, and King Lear is widely acclaimed for its actors’ brilliant ________________.
40. Though some Aboriginal Australians did ________________ — up to 20,000 indigenous people died in violent conflict on the colony’s frontier — most were subjugated by massacres and the impoverishment of their communities.
Section B (10’)
Directions: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.
A. accidentally B. attacked C. average D. clearing E. confirmed F. increasingly G. investigated H. preserve I. sensing J. suspect K. tracking
The vast jungles of the Amazon rainforest are home to tribes (部落) mostly isolated from the outside world, whose way of life, largely unchanged for hundreds of years, is now ___41___ threatened by modern civilization.
Now, scientists discover they can monitor these “uncontacted tribes” using satellites, which would allow inexpensive and safe ___42___ of these tribes in order to protect them from outside threats.
In order to help ___43___ these uncontacted Indians, researchers need accurate estimates of their populations. One way to collect this data involves flying over their villages, but such over-flights are both expensive and could fill these native peoples with fear. Another strategy involves meeting individuals on the ground, but among other risks, scientists could ___44___ spread disease to members of the tribes.
Instead, scientists ___45___ whether satellite images could monitor uncontacted tribes. The result was inspiring. They ___46___ their locations and measured the sizes of their villages, houses and gardens. “We can find isolated villages with remote ___47___ and study them over time.” Walker told Live Science. “We can ask: Are they growing Do they move ”
Surprisingly, based on the sizes of the houses and villages, the scientists find the population densities of these isolated villages are about 10 times greater, on ___48___, than other villages of native Brazilian peoples. This may be due to the fact that they have to live closer together because they are not as good at ___49___ the forest, since they lack modern devices like chainsaws and tractors, the researchers said. The tribes may also be afraid of spreading out due to fear of being ___50___ by outsiders, Walker said.
The researchers now plan to focus on 29 more isolated villages to “look at their ecology--that is, distance from rivers and roads--and use this to model where else we can find more isolated villages,” Walker said.
III. Reading Comprehension
Section A (30’)
Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.
(A)
When authoring his epitaph (墓志铭), Thomas Jefferson omitted his two terms as the nation’s third president yet included “Father of the University of Virginia.” The Founding Father spent the last years of his life not in the ___51___ but instead pursuing one of his most treasured missions: it was creating the University of Virginia. As mastermind of the university’s architecture and curriculum, Jefferson assured that what he ___52___ was sound.
Jefferson personally designed and oversaw the ___53___ of what he would regard as an “academic village.” At the front and center of a tree-lined lawn area, Jefferson ___54___ positioned the Rotunda, a round brick building featuring classical Greek columns in front. The domed (圆顶的) top of the Rotunda contained a library stocked with 7,000 books ___55___ by Jefferson himself, while the area beneath included two floors of classrooms. At that time, such noticeable placement of the Rotunda was a marked ___56___ from other universities’ designs, which generally featured chapels (小教堂) for the training of clergy (牧师).
___57___ use of the grassy area in front of the Rotunda, Jefferson added ten two-story houses for teachers’ housing and connected them to student dormitories with colonnades, column- lined covered walkways. To keep teachers ___58___ while they were talking heated, Jefferson included dining halls in his design, referring to them as “hotels.”
In the spirit of his new nation, Jefferson introduced the notion of what we now call electives. Instead of a strictly dictated curriculum, students could ___59___ from ten academic disciplines. These disciplines were subject areas that ___60___ from ancient and modern languages to certain branches of science. To support the ___61___ components of the university’s curriculum, Jefferson included a botanical garden, an experimental farm, and an observatory. (Not one to ___62___ the slightest detail, Jefferson showcased the ten categories by placing a carefully chosen Roman symbol on each of the ten house.)
Although he didn’t live to see the full completion of the university’s construction, or ___63___ the graduation of the first senior class, Jefferson ensured that the university, which would later be named a World Heritage site, ___64___ free choice in classes, respect for classical routes, and curiosity about the sciences.
Those principles are forever remembered in the last part of his epitaph, which, if stated differently, could easily have read “___65___visionary for all Americans.”
51.
A. company B. school C. government D. library
52.
A. figured out B. left behind C. carried on D. took over
53.
A. construction B. decoration C. evolution D. launch
54.
A optimistically B. accidentally C. emotionally D. strategically
55.
A. edited B. written C. chosen D. copied
56.
A. absence B. departure C. prevention D. relief
57.
A. Maximizing B. Denying C. Protecting D. Losing
58.
A. turned to B. held up C. looked to D. fuelled up
59.
A select B. differ C. hear D. keep
60.
A. dated B. ranged C. resulted D. borrowed
61.
A. mathematics B. language C. science D. history
62.
A. overlook B. notice C. hide D. explore
63.
A. less B. rather C. else D. even
64.
A. encouraged B. reformed C. questioned D. evaluated
65.
A. personal B. academic C. professional D. economic
(B)
It is a human nature to hunt for what is beautiful, and we do so because beauty is appealing. I hold that the same is true of mathematics. Beauty -- or aesthetics (美学) more generally--is not just a by-product of the ___66___. It isn’t that you look back at the end of day and notice that a proof or definition is beautiful. It seems to be that beauty is an essential part of the ___67___.
This is not to say that all mathematical work is beautiful. Some proofs are boring and long. Some require computer code and are difficult to check. And it is not clear that aesthetic experiences are ___68___.What is beautiful to a geometrician might not be to an algebraist. What was beautiful to you as a graduate student might not be after 20 years of research.
Although research on the nature of mathematical beauty is under way in several fields--such as philosophy, psychology and education--there are still many ___69___ questions. What do we mean by beauty Is it objective or subjective Can equations be beautiful in their own right, or must they be connected to some sort of visual or sensory ___70___
Answers are beginning to ___71___. For example, a recent study led by Semir Zeki at University College London involved scanning the brains of mathematicians while they viewed different formulae (公式), such as Euler’s identity, eiπ+1=0, an equation rated as beautiful by the participants. The scans showed that the ___72___ of mathematical beauty excited the same area of the brain as music or art.
Whatever we mean by the term “mathematical beauty” and how we judge it, there is no doubt that aesthetics plays a significant role in the working life of mathematicians.___73___, it is not obvious whether the beauty of mathematics can be conveyed at the school level, but this question is not one that has ___74___ a great deal of attention. ___75___ tend to be centred on a standard set of mathematical topics and processes. There has been little discussion of aesthetics, despite its ___76___ potential. A leading journal, Educational Studies in Mathematics, called mathematical aesthetics one of the most under-researched areas in the field.
The question for school mathematics is simply this: do we teach it without conveying its true ___77___ Teaching maths just in terms of procedures such as practising sums is like teaching music through practising scales without ever ___78___ children to Beethoven.
When experiencing a moment of true mathematical understanding--___79___ why something is so, or seeing how everything hangs together--you can feel a sense of meaningfulness, connection and purposefulness, just as you might with poetry or music.
Once you realise that mathematics is, in addition to its scientific values, an essentially aesthetic subject, you realise that teaching it to students without conveying its beauty might be to ___80___ the essence, the very life, of the subject.
66.
A. subject B. thought C. evolution D. choice
67.
A. process B. result C. field D. brain
68.
A. helpful B. uniform C. varied D. necessary
69.
A. private B. published C. recognized D. open
70.
A. function B. evaluation C. comprehension D. representation
71.
A. change B. persist C. emerge D. dissolve
72.
A. ignorance B. experience C. recollection D. pursuit
73.
A. Furthermore B. Therefore C. Otherwise D. However
74.
A. distracted B. received C. required D. directed
75.
A. Mathematical studies B. Aesthetical trainings C. Educational goals D. School lessons
76.
A. intellectual B. motivational C. artistic D. academic
77.
A. symbol B. history C. nature D. prospect
78.
A. accustoming B. exposing C. attaching D. drawing
79.
A. grasping B. inquiring C. recalling D. predicting
80.
A. justify B. observe C. miss D. correct
Section B (30’)
Directions: Read the following passages. Each passage is followed by questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.
(A)
Pablo Picasso was probably the most famous artist and one of the greatest creative minds of the 20th century. This great artist lived more artistic lifetimes than any of his peers. During his 75-year career, he produced thousands of works, not only paintings but also sculptures, prints, and ceramics, using a wide variety of materials. He almost single-handedly created modern art, changing art more profoundly than any other artist of his century.
Born in 1881, in Spain, Picasso was a child with great talents, completing the one-month qualifying examination for the Academy of Fine Arts in Barcelona in one day at the age of 14. After finishing his studies in Barcelona, the artist continued his training in Madrid but later returned to Barcelona. There began his “blue period”, so named for the dominant blue tones in the artist’s paintings. During this time, he moved frequently between Barcelona and Paris. In Paris, he spent his days studying the masterworks at the Louvre and his nights with other artists at night clubs, during which time he became fascinated with the circus world’s acrobats and wandering performers. This marked a radical change in color and mood for the artist. He began painting in subtle pinks and grays, often highlighted with brighter tones. This was known as his “rose period”.
The peak of Picasso’s creativity is evidenced in his pioneering role in Cubism. In 1907, he painted Les Demoiselles d’Avignon, a Cubist painting which changed 20th century art completely. In it, the artist and viewer look at the subjects from many different angles at the same time. Picasso and French painter Georges Braque were the leading figures of the Cubist movement. For Picasso, the 1920s were years of rich artistic exploration and great productivity. He designed theater sets and painted in Cubist, Classical styles. In the last decades of his life, he still experimented with new methods of printing and painted a series of variations of old master paintings. He died in France in 1973, at the age of 91. His powers of creativity and execution continue to astonish artists all over the world.
81. How are Picasso’s early paintings categorized
A. According to their subject matter.
B. According to where he lived and worked.
C. According to the colors he used.
D. According to the trainings he got.
82. What does the writer suggest in this passage
A. Picasso was accomplished in a number of media.
B. Picasso was primarily an accomplished painter and illustrator.
C. Picasso was an artist who was known for a limited number of works.
D. Picasso was an artist who had the longest life span.
83. What can we assume according to the passage
A. Picasso’s reputation exceeded other artists of the period.
B. Picasso was a solitary genius, unconnected to others of the period.
C. Picasso’s genius failed him in the later years of his life.
D. Picasso’s genius astonished artists all over the world after his death.
84. Why does the author write this passage
A. To explain the reasons for Picasso’s creativity.
B. To describe the major periods that marked Picasso’s artistry.
C. To compare Picasso with other painters and styles of the period.
D. To stimulate modern artists to learn from Picasso.
(B)
East is East and West is West. Western culture conditions people to think of themselves as independent entities. In contrast, Eastern cultures stress interdependence. Researchers use the terms East and West very roughly. West tends to mean Americans and people from independence-oriented European countries or Australia. East means East Asians, as well as much of the rest of the world.
In January, researchers led by Trey Hedden at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology showed that such deeply ingrained habits of thought affect the brains of East Asians and Americans even as they perform simple tasks that involve estimating the length of a line. Hedden’s experiment involved two tasks. In one, subjects eyeballed a line simply to estimate its length. In another, they estimated the line’s length relative to the size of a square. Brain scanners measure levels of neural activity by tracking blood flow. The experiment found that though there was no difference in performance, the level of activity in the subjects brains differed. Areas linked to attention lit up more in the Americans’ brains when they worked on the task they tend to find harder, estimating the line’s size relative to the square. In Asians, too, the attention areas lit up more during the harder task, estimating the line’s length without comparing it to the square. Brain findings like this may help people become aware of deep cultural differences that are normally “so much part of the water that we don’t see them,” Hedden said.
Such differences have turned up in experiment after experiment. For example, In one study, researchers offered people a picture of an elephant in the jungle. The research showed that the Westerner will focus on the elephant and the Easterner is going to be more thinking about the jungle scene that has the elephant in it.
So what applications does East-West brain research have for the real world Well, it could help to defuse tensions a bit between cross-cultural spouses, and provide guidance for students in business schools who are going to work in East-West trade. “Understanding cultural differences in the mind is really important as the world globalizes,” Hedden said. “There can be a lot of breakdowns in communication.”
85. The result from Hedden’s experiment is that ________.
A. Americans did better in the test
B Asians did better in the test
C. Americans found it’s harder to estimate the line’s length when it’s next to the square
D. Asians found it’s easier to estimate the line’s length without comparing it to the square
86. What does Hedden mean by saying the difference are “so much part of the water that we don’t see them”(Line 12, Para. 2)
A. The differences are blending into the background so that we barely notice them.
B. The differences are as important as water.
C. The differences are mixed up, and it’s difficult for us to distinguish them.
D. The differences are starting to disappear.
87. What is the advantage of understanding the cultural differences between East and West
A. It will decrease the number of cross-cultural spouses.
B. It will cut down the communication between East and West.
C. It will help the students to see a lot of breakdowns in communication.
D. It will be helpful to the people who are willing to work in East-West trade.
(C)
It all began with an experience one of us (Arinzeh) had more than two decades ago. In 1991, a summer research experience at the University of California at Berkeley demonstrated how engineering could improve the lives of patients. Instead of working in a more traditional area such as automobile design, Arinzeh spent the summer after her junior year of college working in a rehabilitation laboratory.
Engineers there were designing new prosthetic (修复的) devices for patients who had lost limbs, and new assistive devices to help paralyzed patients move. The engineers would then collaborate with clinicians at a rehabilitation center to test their developments. Before that summer she hadn’t connected traditional engineering principles with the opportunity to solve biomedical problems. But by the end of those short months, Arinzeh was hooked on the promise of using mechanical engineering to help people move better.
Tissue engineering, a budding field at that time, offered a chance to move beyond building prosthetics. Damage to musculoskeletal tissues, such as bone and cartilage, and nervous tissue, such as the spinal cord, can be debilitating and can severely limit a person’s quality of life. In addition, such tissues cannot fully regenerate after a severe injury or in response to disease. Tissue engineers aim to fully repair and regenerate that tissue so that it regains complete function, but at that time researchers still had a lot to learn about cells and their support structures to solve these problems.
The earliest successes were with skin, in which researchers used dermal cells to generate grafts, leading to the first commercial products in the late 1990s. Researchers imitate nature, using cells as building blocks and developing strategies to guide the cells to form the appropriate tissue. Because stem cells (干细胞) are precursor (前身) to almost all tissue types, such cells are a promising source of these critical building blocks. But cells don’t grow and differentiate on their own. The cell’s microenvironment can influence stem-cell function in critical ways. Engineered microenvironments, or scaffolds, can effectively promote stem cells and other cell types to form tissues. To construct such scaffolds, some important tools are what are called functional biomaterials. These materials respond to environmental changes such as PH, enzymatic activity, or mechanical load, and their composition can mimic or replicate components of native tissue.
One of us (Arinzeh) wanted to use functional biomaterials to create three-dimensional tissue-like structures where cells can grow, proliferate (增殖), and differentiate, ultimately forming and regenerating tissue. Our group’s work started with bone studies in the 1990s, eventually moving into cartilage and the spinal cord over the past decade. The overall goal is to produce structures that could someday help patients struggling with severe injuries and movement disorders to move freely. For bone repair, our group has studied composite scaffolds consisting of polymers and ceramics that provide both mechanical and chemical cues to repair bone. Piezoelectric materials, which respond to mechanical stimuli by generating electrical activity, are used to encourage the growth of nerve tissue as well as cartilage and bone. Glycosaminoglycans (GACs), a major component of native cartilage tissue, provide growth factors to promote tissue formation, and Arinzeh has designed biomimetic scaffolds that incorporate these molecules. After all these years, the promise that seemed so enticing in 1991 is becoming a practical reality, with huge implications for human health.
88. Which of the following statements is TRUE
A. Before working with patients, Arinzeh was an automobile designer.
B. Since 1991, tissue engineering has been mainly applied to building prosthetics.
C. It’s hard for musculoskeletal tissues to fully recover from disease or injury.
D. In the late 1990s, the lack of knowledge about cells and their support structures prevented researchers from making any achievement in tissue engineering.
89. The underlined word “differentiate” is close in meaning to ________.
A. change B. divide C. alternate D. reproduce
90. “Scaffolds” are, in essence, ________.
A. tissues from one part of a person’s body used to repair another damaged part
B. stem cells and other cell types in an engineered microenvironment
C. structural support for damaged tissue repair
D. functional biomaterials to replace native tissues.
91. What can we learn about the study introduced above
A. It was inspired by the team members’ internship.
B. So far, the study has covered multiple musculoskeletal tissues, including bone, cartilage and nervous tissues.
C. The electrical activity caused by Piezoelectric materials will generate mechanical stimuli that encourage the growth of musculoskeletal tissues.
D. The researchers of this study are the best designers of modern tissue engineering.
Section C
Directions: Complete the following passage by using the sentences in the box. Each sentence can only be used once. Note that there are two sentences more than you need.
The Secret Garden-A Classical Novel about Hope and Redemption
The Secret Garden is a popular work of children's literature.The novel is set in theearly1900s! The main character is Mary Lennox a 10-year-old British girl. ___92___Mary is then sent to live with her wealthy uncle Archibald Craven, who owns a large estate in the countryside. At first, Mary is bored by the people she meets as well as the slow pace of rural life. One day, a maid tells Mary about a hidden garden that Mrs.Craven kept before her death.The tale of Mrs. Craven's secret enclosure awakens Mary's curiosity. She makes it her mission to find out more about the mysterious garden.
While exploring the property she sees a robin resting on a mound of dirt. Mary digs through the soil and finds the key to the locked garden door. ___93___ She decides to do whatever it takes to bring the secret garden back to life.
Meanwhile, Mary starts to hear haunting cries on the estate at night. One evening, she follows the sounds and discovers Mr. Craven’s son, Colin. Mary learns that Colin is ill and can’t walk.___94___
Mr. Craven ordered his servants to care for Colin but would never visit because his son reminded him of his wife.
Mary and Colin become good friends. Mary convinces Coin that he can use his mind to overcome his illness. ___95___ There, they meet Ben Weather-staff, one of Mr. Craven’s servants. They all decide to work together to restore the area. When their work is finished, they plan a surprise for Mr. Craven. He arrives at the garden and finds the flowers in bloom, just like they were when his wife was alive. More importantly, he’s overjoyed to lean that Colin has become a healthy boy. Their relationship is repaired, and they look forward to a brighter future.
A. Once a year, Ben visits the garden to honor Mrs. Craven's memory.
B. Her life is turned upside down when her parents suddenly die from a terrible disease.
C. Due to his poor health, doctors predicted he would die an early death.
D. At the start of the novel, many characters are suffering and going through hard times.
E. One day, she puts him in a wheelchair and takes him to the secret garden.
F. Inside, she finds that many of the forgotten plants are almost dead.
Part II
IV. Grammar (10’)
Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.
Denmark’s Queen Margrethe II has announced her surprise abdication in a new year TV address. She will formally step down on 14 January, which will be 52 years to the day ___96___ she became queen. “I will leave the throne to my son, Crown Prince Frederik,” she announced.
Unlike British royal tradition, there will be no formal crowning ceremony for Crown Prince Frederik, ___97___ is 55. Instead, his accession will be announced from Amalienborg Castle in Copenhagen on the day. He will take her place as King of Denmark and head of state in the country — which is a constitutional monarchy -- ___98___ in Greenland and the Faroe Islands.
Queen Margrethe revealed that she came to the decision after a period of reflection ___99___ (follow) surgery on her back in early 2023. “The surgery naturally gave rise to thinking about ___100___ the time had come to leave the responsibility to the next generation,” she said.
“Although the duty and position of regent ___101___ (hand) down for more than 1,000 years, it is still difficult to understand that the time has now come for a change of throne,” she said in a statement. Queen Margrethe is a popular figure in Denmark, and many Danes had expected her to remain on the throne until her death. “She is to us ___102___ Queen Elizabeth was to you,” Danish journalist Tine Gotzsche told the BBC.
Queen Margrethe attended the funeral of Queen Elizabeth II in 2022, and they celebrated their respective jubilees in the same year. She had not been expected to become Queen when she was born. But when she was 13, Danish law changed to allow women ___103___ (take) the throne. More than a decade ago, Queen Margrethe reflected that she was inspired by the late British Queen “that I understand that I must dedicate my life to my nation like she has done, and in that way she has been very important to me.”
Queen Margrethe is ___104___ (long)-serving monarch in Danish history, after surpassing King Christian IV, of Denmark and Norway. Gotzsche said the Danish royal transition is a moment of ____105____ (mix) celebration and sadness. “She has always been there, she has been ageing with all of us,” she said, but added: “the Crown Prince is in a very good position to take over, the succession is laid out — it’s very logical, and it absolutely makes sense.”
V. Summary Writing (10’)
106. Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
Lower Oxygen Levels Threaten Marine Life
Oxygen in the oceans is being lost at an alarming rate, with “dead zones” expanding rapidly and hundreds more areas showing oxygen dangerously exhausted, putting sharks, tuna, marlin and other large fish species at particular risk. Dead zones, where oxygen is effectively absent, have quadrupled(翻两番) in extent in the last half-century, and there are also at least 700 areas where oxygen is at dangerously low levels, up from 45 when research was undertaken in the 1960s.
The reasons behind this environmental collapse are multiple. Among all, pollutants generated by the industrial world have been the most destructive force to cause the unbalance, including a rising tide of plastic waste, as well as other pollutants. Seas are about 26% more acidic than in pre-industrial times because of absorbing the excess carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, according to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, with damaging impacts on shellfish in particular.
Low oxygen levels are also associated with global heating, because the warmer water holds less oxygen and the heating causes stratification(分层), so there is less of the vital mixing of oxygen-rich and oxygen-poor layers. Oceans are expected to lose about 3-4% of their oxygen by the end of this century, but the impact will be much greater in the levels closest to the surface, where many species are concentrated, and in the mid to high latitudes.
Another major cause for lower oxygen is intensive farming. When excess artificial fertilizer from crops, or wastes from the meat industry, runs off the land and into rivers and seas, it feeds algae(藻类) which bloom and then cause oxygen consumption as they die and decay.
The problem of dead zones has been known about for decades, but little has been done to tackle it. Now is high time to take actions and help the oceans function better.
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
VI. Translation: (3’+3’+4’+5’=15’)
Directions: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets.
107. 在很大程度上，科学研究就是一个不断试错的漫长过程。(extent) (汉译英)
_______________________________________________________________________________
108. 如今，人工智能生成的报告非常受欢迎，因为这些报告能提供精准且深入的数据分析。(demand) (汉译英)
_______________________________________________________________________________
109. 尽管她还是一个高中生，她写的诗歌却显得非常成熟，让许多同学仰慕。(maturity) (汉译英)
_______________________________________________________________________________
110. 为期四天的研学活动将会使我们受益良多，因为我们不仅能看到各种自然景色，也能学到多种野外生存技能来面对自然界的挑战。(face) (汉译英)
_______________________________________________________________________________上海市紫竹院中学2023-2024学年
高二英语第二学期期中考试试卷
（满分 150 分，答题时间：130 分钟，答案一律写在答题纸上）
Part I
II. Vocabulary Section A (20’)
*(A)
Directions: Fill in each blank with a proper word given in the box. Each word can only be used only once. Note that there is two words more than you need.
A. absence B. applaud C. compose D. controversial E. originality F. professional G. recognition H. sensation I. square J. sustenance K. symbol L. tailor
21. The idea of teaching has always seemed both honorable and horrible to me(too much work, too little money, no ________________.
22. American people emphasize efficiency, competition and ________________ while Chinese people give priority to careful planning and encourage close cooperation and altruistic dedication among team members.
23. Teachers imagine they will improve outcomes if they ________________ their presentation to each student.
24. I was so confused that I could hardly ________________ my thoughts.
25. The discovery caused a ________________, people associate the sea eel with live animals, but also did not express any doubt.
26. However, these disorders often remain throughout life due to neglect or ________________ of specific kind of treatment.
27. “The armed forces’ performance has been outstanding and I ________________ their commitment, courage and professionalism,” he said.
28. Silk quickly grew into a ________________ of status, and originally, only the royalty were entitled to have clothes made of silk.
29. Scientists have known for a while when a body becomes starved for________________, cells start eating bits and pieces of themselves.
30. As a result, most of us end up choosing ________________ excellence over personal achievement, and often we lose ourselves in the process.
【答案】21. G 22. E
23. L 24. C
25. H 26. A
27. B 28. K
29. J 30. F
【解析】
【21题详解】
考查名词。句意：对我来说，教书这个职业既光荣又可怕(工作太多，钱太少，得不到认可)。根据空格前的“too much work, too little money”可知，名词recognition“认可”符合题意。故选G项。
【22题详解】
考查名词。句意：美国人强调效率、竞争和独创性，而中国人则把精心规划放在首位，鼓励团队成员之间的密切合作和无私奉献。根据空格前的“American people emphasize efficiency, competition”可知，名词originality“创造力”，并列作宾语，符合题意。故选E项。
【23题详解】
考查动词。句意：教师们认为，如果他们为每个学生量身定制他们的演讲，他们将提高教学效果。空格处是谓语动词，陈述客观事实，用一般现在时，主语是they，用动词原形；根据句意，动词tailor“定做”符合题意。故选L项。
【24题详解】
考查动词。句意：我很困惑，几乎无法理清思绪。could后用动词原形，根据句意，动词compose“使镇静；使平静”符合题意。故选C项。
【25题详解】
考查名词。句意：这一发现引起了轰动，人们把海鳗和活体动物联系在一起，也没有表示任何怀疑。caused a后用单数名词作宾语，根据句意，名词sensation“轰动”符合题意。故选H项。
【26题详解】
考查名词。句意：然而，由于忽视或缺乏特定类型的治疗，这些疾病往往终生存在。根据句意，空格处应该填入名词absence构成短语absence of“缺乏；缺少”符合句意。故选A项。
【27题详解】
考查动词。句意：他说：“武装部队的表现非常出色，我赞赏他们的承诺、勇气和专业精神。”空格处用动词作谓语，根据句意，动词applaud“鼓掌；称赞，赞许”符合题意。故选B项。
【28题详解】
考查名词。句意：丝绸很快成为一种地位的象征，最初，只有皇室才有资格穿丝绸做的衣服。根据空格前的grew into a可知，空格处应该用可数名词单数形式作宾语，根据句意，名词symbol“象征”符合题意。故选K项。
【29题详解】
考查名词。句意：科学家们早就知道，当身体缺乏食物时，细胞就会开始一点点地吃掉自己。根据空格前的starved for可知，空格处应该用名词作宾语，根据句意名词sustenance“食物”符合题意。故选J项。
【30题详解】
考查形容词。句意：因此，我们中的大多数人最终选择了专业上的卓越而不是个人成就，而且常常在这个过程中迷失了自我。空格处应该用形容词作定语，修饰后面的名词excellence，根据句意形容词professional“专业的”符合题意。故选F项。
*(B)
Directions: Fill in each blank with a proper word given in the box. Each word can only be used only once. Note that there is two words more than you need.
A. arise B. grasp C. heritage D. imposition E. interpretation F. landscape G. minority H. peculiarity I. relevant L. subsistence K. restored J. resist
31. The great oral works transmitted a shared cultural ________________, held in common not on bookshelves, but in brains.
32. Knowing as much ________________ information as possible can help us avoid making arbitrary decisions.
33. The ________________ of military rule also robbed local leaders of opportunities to participate in local government, so social development was stunted and the seeds of disaffection sown.
34. It seems that the recent electoral shocks have shaken the European political ________________.
35. To avoid all that, farmers often retreat into ________________ farming or look for alternative livelihoods.
36. One method which can be adopted to curb the problems which ________________ out of unemployment among youths involves the providing of relief.
37. Working with native speakers can help us get a good ________________ of the language.
38. Following Napoleon’s defeat at Waterloo, France’s Bourbon monarchy was ________________, which was the first fragile step in a diminished state’s return to the family of European nations.
39. There is a wide range of things that actors can do with this role, and King Lear is widely acclaimed for its actors’ brilliant ________________.
40. Though some Aboriginal Australians did ________________ — up to 20,000 indigenous people died in violent conflict on the colony’s frontier — most were subjugated by massacres and the impoverishment of their communities.
【答案】31. C 32. I
33. D 34. F
35. J 36. A
37. B 38. K
39. E 40. L
【解析】
【31题详解】
考查名词。句意：伟大的口头作品传递了一种共同的文化遗产，不是放在书架上，而是放在大脑里。根据“The great oral works transmitted a shared cultural”可知，此处是指伟大的口头作品传递了一种共同的文化遗产。名词heritage意为“遗产”，符合句意。故选C。
【32题详解】
考查形容词。句意：了解尽可能多的相关信息可以帮助我们避免做出武断的决定。根据“can help us avoid making arbitrary decisions”可知，此处是指了解尽可能多的相关信息。形容词relevant意为“相关的”，符合句意。故选I。
【33题详解】
考查名词。句意：军事统治的强加也剥夺了地方领导人参与地方政府的机会，因此社会发展受到阻碍，并播下了不满的种子。根据“also robbed local leaders of opportunities to participate in local government”可知，此处是指军事统治的强加。名词imposition意为“强加”，符合句意。故选D。
【34题详解】
考查名词。句意：最近的选举风波似乎动摇了欧洲的政治格局。根据“It seems that the recent electoral shocks have shaken the European political”可知，此处是指欧洲的政治格局，名词landscape意为“形势，情形”，符合句意。故选F。
【35题详解】
考查动词。句意：为了避免这一切，农民们经常退回到抵抗农业或寻找其他生计。根据“or look for alternative livelihoods”可知，此处是指抵抗农业，动词resist意为“抵抗”，符合句意。故选J。
【36题详解】
考查动词。句意：遏制青年中因失业而产生的问题可以采取的一种方法是提供救济。根据“curb the problems”和“out of unemployment”可知，此处是指因失业而产生的问题，动词arise意为“产生”，符合句意。故选A。
【37题详解】
考查名词。句意：和以英语为母语的人一起工作可以帮助我们更好地掌握这门语言。根据“of the language”可知，此处是指更好地掌握这门语言。名词grasp意为“掌握”，符合句意。故选B。
【38题详解】
考查动词。句意：拿破仑在滑铁卢战败后，法国波旁王朝复辟，这是一个衰落的国家回归欧洲国家大家庭的脆弱的第一步。根据“Following Napoleon’s defeat at Waterloo, France’s Bourbon monarchy”可知，此处是指法国波旁王朝复辟。动词restore意为“使恢复”，符合句意，和主语构成被动关系。故选K。
【39题详解】
考查名词。句意：演员们可以扮演这个角色做很多事情，《李尔王》因演员们出色的演绎而广受赞誉。根据“for its actors’ brilliant”可知，此处是指演员们出色的演绎。名词interpretation意为“表演”，符合句意。故选E。
【40题详解】
考查名词。句意：尽管一些澳大利亚土著人能够维持生计——多达2万名土著人在殖民地边境的暴力冲突中丧生——但大多数人都被屠杀和社区的贫困所征服。根据“up to 20,000 indigenous people died in violent conflict on the colony’s frontier — most were subjugated by massacres and the impoverishment of their communities”可知，此处是指尽管一些澳大利亚土著人能够维持生计，名词subsistence表示“勉强生存，维持生计”，符合句意。故选L。
Section B (10’)
Directions: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.
A. accidentally B. attacked C. average D. clearing E. confirmed F. increasingly G. investigated H. preserve I. sensing J. suspect K. tracking
The vast jungles of the Amazon rainforest are home to tribes (部落) mostly isolated from the outside world, whose way of life, largely unchanged for hundreds of years, is now ___41___ threatened by modern civilization.
Now, scientists discover they can monitor these “uncontacted tribes” using satellites, which would allow inexpensive and safe ___42___ of these tribes in order to protect them from outside threats.
In order to help ___43___ these uncontacted Indians, researchers need accurate estimates of their populations. One way to collect this data involves flying over their villages, but such over-flights are both expensive and could fill these native peoples with fear. Another strategy involves meeting individuals on the ground, but among other risks, scientists could ___44___ spread disease to members of the tribes.
Instead, scientists ___45___ whether satellite images could monitor uncontacted tribes. The result was inspiring. They ___46___ their locations and measured the sizes of their villages, houses and gardens. “We can find isolated villages with remote ___47___ and study them over time.” Walker told Live Science. “We can ask: Are they growing Do they move ”
Surprisingly, based on the sizes of the houses and villages, the scientists find the population densities of these isolated villages are about 10 times greater, on ___48___, than other villages of native Brazilian peoples. This may be due to the fact that they have to live closer together because they are not as good at ___49___ the forest, since they lack modern devices like chainsaws and tractors, the researchers said. The tribes may also be afraid of spreading out due to fear of being ___50___ by outsiders, Walker said.
The researchers now plan to focus on 29 more isolated villages to “look at their ecology--that is, distance from rivers and roads--and use this to model where else we can find more isolated villages,” Walker said.
【答案】41. F 42. K
43. H 44. A
45. G 46. E
47. I 48. C
49. D 50. B
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了科学家们使用卫星来监视这些“与世隔绝的部落”，这将使这些部落免受外部威胁的廉价和安全的跟踪成为可能。
【41题详解】
考查副词。句意：亚马逊雨林的广阔丛林是与外界隔绝的部落的家园，他们的生活方式几百年来基本没有改变，现在却越来越多地受到现代文明的威胁。结合上下文可知，该空处意思为“越来越多地”，故用副词increasingly，修饰谓语is threatened。故选F。
【42题详解】
考查名词。句意：现在，科学家们发现他们可以使用卫星来监视这些“与世隔绝的部落”，这将使这些部落免受外部威胁的廉价和安全的跟踪成为可能。结合上下文可知，该空处意思为“跟踪”，故用名词tracking ，作allow的宾语。故选K。
【43题详解】
考查动词。句意：为了保护这些与世隔绝的印第安人，研究人员需要对他们的人口进行准确的估计。结合上下文可知，该空处意思为“保护”，故用动词preserve，固定搭配help do sth.“帮助做某事”。故选H。
【44题详解】
考查副词。句意：另一种策略是在实地与个体会面，但在其他风险中，科学家可能会意外地将疾病传播给部落成员。结合上下文可知，该空处意思为“意外地”，故用副词accidentally，修饰后面的动词spread。故选A。
【45题详解】
考查动词时态。句意：相反，科学家们调查了卫星图像是否可以监测未接触的部落。结果令人鼓舞。结合上下文可知，该空处意思为“调查”，故用动词investigate，根据语境可知，事情发生在过去，故时态用一般过去时，谓语用过去式investigated。故选G。
【46题详解】
考查动词时态。句意：他们确认了他们的位置，并测量了他们的村庄、房屋和花园的大小。结合上下文可知，该空处意思为“确认”，故用副词confirm，根据语境可知，事情发生在过去，故时态用一般过去时，谓语用过去式confirmed。故选E。
【47题详解】
考查名词。句意：我们可以通过遥感找到与世隔绝的村庄，并对它们进行长期研究。结合上下文可知，该空处意思为“感觉”，故用名词sensing，作with的宾语。故选I。
【48题详解】
考查固定短语。句意：令人惊讶的是，根据房屋和村庄的大小，科学家们发现这些孤立村庄的人口密度平均比巴西原住民的其他村庄高10倍左右。结合上下文可知，该空处意思为“平均”，故用average，on average为固定短语。故选C。
【49题详解】
考查非谓语动词。句意：研究人员说，这可能是因为他们没有链锯和拖拉机等现代设备，他们不擅长砍伐森林，所以不得不住得更近。结合上下文可知，该空处意思为“清理”，故用动词clear，用动名词clearing，作at的宾语。故选D。
【50题详解】
考查非谓语动词。句意：沃克说，由于害怕受到外来者的攻击，这些部落也可能害怕散开。结合上下文可知，该空处意思为“攻击”，故用动词attack，The tribes与attack为被动关系，用过去分词，与being构成动名词的被动形式，作of的宾语。故选B。
III. Reading Comprehension
Section A (30’)
Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.
(A)
When authoring his epitaph (墓志铭), Thomas Jefferson omitted his two terms as the nation’s third president yet included “Father of the University of Virginia.” The Founding Father spent the last years of his life not in the ___51___ but instead pursuing one of his most treasured missions: it was creating the University of Virginia. As mastermind of the university’s architecture and curriculum, Jefferson assured that what he ___52___ was sound.
Jefferson personally designed and oversaw the ___53___ of what he would regard as an “academic village.” At the front and center of a tree-lined lawn area, Jefferson ___54___ positioned the Rotunda, a round brick building featuring classical Greek columns in front. The domed (圆顶的) top of the Rotunda contained a library stocked with 7,000 books ___55___ by Jefferson himself, while the area beneath included two floors of classrooms. At that time, such noticeable placement of the Rotunda was a marked ___56___ from other universities’ designs, which generally featured chapels (小教堂) for the training of clergy (牧师).
___57___ use of the grassy area in front of the Rotunda, Jefferson added ten two-story houses for teachers’ housing and connected them to student dormitories with colonnades, column- lined covered walkways. To keep teachers ___58___ while they were talking heated, Jefferson included dining halls in his design, referring to them as “hotels.”
In the spirit of his new nation, Jefferson introduced the notion of what we now call electives. Instead of a strictly dictated curriculum, students could ___59___ from ten academic disciplines. These disciplines were subject areas that ___60___ from ancient and modern languages to certain branches of science. To support the ___61___ components of the university’s curriculum, Jefferson included a botanical garden, an experimental farm, and an observatory. (Not one to ___62___ the slightest detail, Jefferson showcased the ten categories by placing a carefully chosen Roman symbol on each of the ten house.)
Although he didn’t live to see the full completion of the university’s construction, or ___63___ the graduation of the first senior class, Jefferson ensured that the university, which would later be named a World Heritage site, ___64___ free choice in classes, respect for classical routes, and curiosity about the sciences.
Those principles are forever remembered in the last part of his epitaph, which, if stated differently, could easily have read “___65___visionary for all Americans.”
51.
A. company B. school C. government D. library
52.
A. figured out B. left behind C. carried on D. took over
53.
A. construction B. decoration C. evolution D. launch
54.
A. optimistically B. accidentally C. emotionally D. strategically
55.
A. edited B. written C. chosen D. copied
56.
A. absence B. departure C. prevention D. relief
57.
A. Maximizing B. Denying C. Protecting D. Losing
58.
A. turned to B. held up C. looked to D. fuelled up
59.
A. select B. differ C. hear D. keep
60.
A. dated B. ranged C. resulted D. borrowed
61.
A. mathematics B. language C. science D. history
62.
A. overlook B. notice C. hide D. explore
63.
A. less B. rather C. else D. even
64.
A. encouraged B. reformed C. questioned D. evaluated
65.
A. personal B. academic C. professional D. economic
【答案】51. C 52. B 53. A 54. D 55. C 56. B 57. A 58. D 59. A 60. B 61. C 62. A 63. D 64. A 65. B
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了美国总统托马斯·杰斐逊在生命的最后几年没有在政府工作，而是追求他最珍视的使命之一：创建弗吉尼亚大学。介绍了大学的建造经过和细节。
【51题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：这位国父在他生命的最后几年没有在政府工作，而是追求他最珍视的使命之一：创建弗吉尼亚大学。A. company公司；B. school学校；C. government政府；D. library图书馆。根据上文“When authoring his epitaph, Thomas Jefferson omitted his two terms as the nation’s third president yet included “Father of the University of Virginia.”(在撰写他的墓志铭时，托马斯·杰斐逊省略了他作为美国第三任总统的两届任期，但却包括了“弗吉尼亚大学之父”)”可知，指他在他生命的最后几年没有在政府工作，故选C。
【52题详解】
考查动词短语辨析。句意：作为大学建筑和课程的策划者，杰斐逊保证他留下的东西是健全的。A. figured out弄清楚；B. left behind遗留；C. carried on继续；D. took over接管。根据上文“but instead pursuing one of his most treasured missions: it was creating the University of Virginia”可知，这位国父在他生命的最后几年没有在政府工作，而是追求他最珍视的使命之一：创建弗吉尼亚大学，即杰斐逊保证他留下的东西是健全的。故选B。
【53题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：杰斐逊亲自设计并监督了这座他称之为“学术村”的建筑。A. construction建造；B. decoration装饰；C. evolution进化；D. launch启动。根据上文“instead pursuing one of his most treasured missions: it was creating the University of Virginia”指杰斐逊亲自设计并监督了这座他称之为“学术村”的建筑。故选A。
【54题详解】
考查副词词义辨析。句意：在绿树成荫的草坪区域的前部和中心，杰斐逊战略性地定位了圆形大厅，这是一座圆形的砖砌建筑，前面有古典希腊圆柱。A. optimistically乐观地；B. accidentally偶然；C. emotionally情感上；D. strategically战略上。根据后文“positioned the Rotunda, a round brick building featuring classical Greek columns in front”指他设计大厅，战略性地定位了圆形大厅，这是一座圆形的砖砌建筑，前面有古典希腊圆柱。故选D。
【55题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：圆形大厅的圆顶顶部包含一个图书馆，里面有杰斐逊自己选择的7000本书，而下面的区域包括两层教室。A. edited编辑；B. written写；C. chosen选择；D. copied复制。根据后文“by Jefferson himself”可知，这些书是他亲自挑选的，故选C。
【56题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：当时，圆形大厅如此引人注目的位置与其他大学的设计明显不同，其他大学的设计通常以小教堂为特色，用于培训神职人员。A. absence缺席；B. departure区别；C. prevention阻止；D. relief安慰。根据后文“from other universities’ designs, which generally featured chapels for the training of clergy”可知，圆形大厅如此引人注目的位置与其他大学的设计明显不同，其他大学的设计通常以小教堂为特色，用于培训神职人员。故选B。
【57题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：为了最大限度地利用圆形大厅前的草地，杰斐逊增加了10栋两层的房子作为教师的住房，并将它们与学生宿舍连接起来，这些宿舍有柱廊和柱廊内衬的有盖人行道。A. Maximizing最大化；B. Denying否认；C. Protecting保护；D. Losing失去。根据后文“Jefferson added ten two-story houses for teachers’ housing and connected them to student dormitories with colonnades, column- lined covered walkways”可知，杰斐逊增加了10栋两层的房子作为教师的住房，并将它们与学生宿舍连接起来，这些宿舍有柱廊和柱廊内衬的有盖人行道，是为了最大限度地利用圆形大厅前的草地，故选A。
【58题详解】
考查动词短语辨析。句意：为了让教师们在热烈讨论的同时补充能量，杰斐逊在他的设计中加入了食堂，称其为 “旅馆”。A. turned to求助于；B. held up耽搁；C. looked to期望；D. fuelled up刺激，补充能量。根据后文“Jefferson included dining halls in his design, referring to them as “hotels.””可知，食堂的作用是给老师补充能量。故选D。
【59题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：学生可以从十个学科中选择，而不是严格规定的课程。A. select选择；B. differ不同于；C. hear听见；D. keep保持。根据后文“from ten academic disciplines”指学生可以从十个学科中选择，故选A。
【60题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：这些学科涵盖了从古代和现代语言到某些科学分支的学科领域。A. dated注有日期；B. ranged变化；C. resulted导致；D. borrowed借来。后文“from ancient and modern languages to certain branches of science.”主要说明了学科的变化范围。故选B。
【61题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：为了支持大学课程的“科学”部分，杰斐逊包括了一个植物园，一个实验农场和一个天文台。A. mathematics数学；B. language语言；C. science科学；D. history历史。根据后文“Jefferson included a botanical garden, an experimental farm, and an observatory.”可知，一个植物园，一个实验农场和一个天文台是为了支持“科学”学科。故选C。
【62题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：(没有人会忽略任何细节，杰斐逊通过在每座房子上放置一个精心挑选的罗马符号来展示这十个类别。) A. overlook忽视；B. notice注意到；C. hide隐藏；D. explore探索。根据后文“Jefferson showcased the ten categories by placing a carefully chosen Roman symbol on each of the ten house”可知，没有人会忽略任何细节，杰斐逊通过在每座房子上放置一个精心挑选的罗马符号来展示这十个类别。故选A。
【63题详解】
考查副词词义辨析。句意：虽然他没能活着看到大学的建设完全完成，甚至没能看到第一个高年级学生毕业，但杰斐逊确保了这所后来被命名为世界遗产的大学，鼓励在课堂上自由选择，尊重古典路线，以及对科学的好奇心。A. less更少；B. rather相当；C. else也；D. even甚至。此处表示程度的加深，意为他没能活着看到大学的建设完全完成，甚至没能看到第一个高年级学生毕业，故选D。
【64题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：虽然他没能活着看到大学的建设完全完成，甚至没能看到第一个高年级学生毕业，但杰斐逊确保了这所后来被命名为世界遗产的大学，鼓励在课堂上自由选择，尊重古典路线，以及对科学的好奇心。A. encouraged鼓励；B. reformed改革；C. questioned质疑；D. evaluated评估。根据后文“free choice in classes, respect for classical routes, and curiosity about the sciences”指鼓励在课堂上自由选择，尊重古典路线，以及对科学的好奇心。故选A。
【65题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：这些原则被永远铭记在他墓志铭的最后一部分，如果换一种说法，很容易读成“为所有美国人的学术梦想家”。A. personal个人的；B. academic学术的；C. professional专业的；D. economic经济的。根据上文可知杰斐逊建造大学，是为了美国人的学术梦想。故选B。
(B)
It is a human nature to hunt for what is beautiful, and we do so because beauty is appealing. I hold that the same is true of mathematics. Beauty -- or aesthetics (美学) more generally--is not just a by-product of the ___66___. It isn’t that you look back at the end of day and notice that a proof or definition is beautiful. It seems to be that beauty is an essential part of the ___67___.
This is not to say that all mathematical work is beautiful. Some proofs are boring and long. Some require computer code and are difficult to check. And it is not clear that aesthetic experiences are ___68___.What is beautiful to a geometrician might not be to an algebraist. What was beautiful to you as a graduate student might not be after 20 years of research.
Although research on the nature of mathematical beauty is under way in several fields--such as philosophy, psychology and education--there are still many ___69___ questions. What do we mean by beauty Is it objective or subjective Can equations be beautiful in their own right, or must they be connected to some sort of visual or sensory ___70___
Answers are beginning to ___71___. For example, a recent study led by Semir Zeki at University College London involved scanning the brains of mathematicians while they viewed different formulae (公式), such as Euler’s identity, eiπ+1=0, an equation rated as beautiful by the participants. The scans showed that the ___72___ of mathematical beauty excited the same area of the brain as music or art.
Whatever we mean by the term “mathematical beauty” and how we judge it, there is no doubt that aesthetics plays a significant role in the working life of mathematicians.___73___, it is not obvious whether the beauty of mathematics can be conveyed at the school level, but this question is not one that has ___74___ a great deal of attention. ___75___ tend to be centred on a standard set of mathematical topics and processes. There has been little discussion of aesthetics, despite its ___76___ potential. A leading journal, Educational Studies in Mathematics, called mathematical aesthetics one of the most under-researched areas in the field.
The question for school mathematics is simply this: do we teach it without conveying its true ___77___ Teaching maths just in terms of procedures such as practising sums is like teaching music through practising scales without ever ___78___ children to Beethoven.
When experiencing a moment of true mathematical understanding--___79___ why something is so, or seeing how everything hangs together--you can feel a sense of meaningfulness, connection and purposefulness, just as you might with poetry or music.
Once you realise that mathematics is, in addition to its scientific values, an essentially aesthetic subject, you realise that teaching it to students without conveying its beauty might be to ___80___ the essence, the very life, of the subject.
66.
A. subject B. thought C. evolution D. choice
67.
A. process B. result C. field D. brain
68
A. helpful B. uniform C. varied D. necessary
69.
A. private B. published C. recognized D. open
70.
A. function B. evaluation C. comprehension D. representation
71.
A. change B. persist C. emerge D. dissolve
72.
A. ignorance B. experience C. recollection D. pursuit
73.
A. Furthermore B. Therefore C. Otherwise D. However
74.
A. distracted B. received C. required D. directed
75.
A. Mathematical studies B. Aesthetical trainings C. Educational goals D. School lessons
76.
A. intellectual B. motivational C. artistic D. academic
77.
A. symbol B. history C. nature D. prospect
78.
A. accustoming B. exposing C. attaching D. drawing
79.
A. grasping B. inquiring C. recalling D. predicting
80.
A. justify B. observe C. miss D. correct
【答案】66. A 67. A 68. B 69. D 70. D 71. C 72. B 73. D 74. B 75. D 76. B 77. C 78. B 79. A 80. C
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要讨论了数学是否也存在美的问题，作者认为尽管在哲学、心理学和教育等多个领域都在研究数学美的本质，但仍有许多悬而未决的问题。一旦你意识到数学除了它的科学价值之外，本质上还是一门美学学科，你就会意识到，把数学教给学生而不传达它的美，可能会失去这门学科的本质，失去这门学科的生命。
【66题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：美——或者更普遍的美学——不仅仅是主体的副产品。A. subject科目；B. thought想法；C. evolution进化；D. choice选择。根据上文“is not just a by-product of the”指美学是主体的副产品。故选A。
【67题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：美似乎是这个过程中必不可少的一部分。A. process程序；B. result结果；C. field领域；D. brain大脑。根据上文“It isn’t that you look back at the end of day and notice that a proof or definition is beautiful.(并不是你在一天结束的时候回头看，发现一个证明或定义是美丽的。)”可知，指美是这个过程中必不可少的一部分。故选A。
【68题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：审美体验是否统一也不清楚。A. helpful有帮助的；B. uniform统一的；C. varied变化的；D. necessary必要的。根据后文“What is beautiful to a geometrician might not be to an algebraist. What was beautiful to you as a graduate student might not be after 20 years of research.(对几何学家来说美的东西对代数家来说不一定是美的。在你做了20年的研究之后，研究生时期对你来说美丽的东西可能就不再美丽了。)”可知，审美体验是否统一也不清楚。故选B。
【69题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：尽管在哲学、心理学和教育等多个领域都在研究数学美的本质，但仍有许多悬而未决的问题。A. private私人的；B. published出版的；C. recognized被承认的；D. open悬而未决的。根据后文“What do we mean by beauty Is it objective or subjective (我们所说的美是什么意思？它是客观的还是主观的？)”此处指有许多悬而未决的问题。故选D。
【70题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：方程式本身是美的吗，还是必须与某种视觉或感官表征相联系？A. function功能；B. evaluation评估；C. comprehension理解；D. representation代表。根据上文“must they be connected to some sort of visual or sensory”此处指与某种视觉或感官表征相联系。故选D。
【71题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：答案开始浮现。A. change改变；B. persist坚持；C. emerge出现；D. dissolve溶解。根据后文“For example, a recent study led by Semir Zeki at University College London involved scanning the brains of mathematicians while they viewed different formulae, such as Euler’s identity, eiπ+1=0, an equation rated as beautiful by the participants.(例如，伦敦大学学院的塞米尔·泽基最近领导的一项研究涉及扫描数学家在看不同公式时的大脑，比如欧拉恒等式eiπ+1=0，这是一个被参与者评为美丽的方程。)”可知，上文问题的答案开始出现了。故选C。
【72题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：扫描结果显示，对数学之美的体验与音乐或艺术刺激大脑的相同区域。A. ignorance无知；B. experience经历；C. recollection回忆；D. pursuit追求。根据后文“of mathematical beauty excited the same area of the brain as music or art”指对数学之美的体验。故选B。
【73题详解】
考查副词词义辨析。句意：然而，数学之美是否能在学校层面传达出来，这一点并不明显，但这个问题并没有得到很多关注。A. Furthermore此外；B. Therefore因此；C. Otherwise否则；D. However然而。结合前后文语境可知为转折关系，应用however。故选D。
【74题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：然而，数学之美是否能在学校层面传达出来，这一点并不明显，但这个问题并没有得到很多关注。A. distracted分心；B. received收到；C. required需要；D. directed指导。根据后文“a great deal of attention”指这个问题并没有得到很多关注。故选B。
【75题详解】
考查名词短语辨析。句意：学校的课程往往集中在一套标准的数学主题和过程上。A. Mathematical studies数学研究；B. Aesthetical trainings审美培训；C. Educational goals教育目标；D. School lessons学校课程。根据上文“at the school level”可知，此处指讨论的是学校的课程往往集中在一套标准的数学主题和过程上。故选D。
【76题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：关于美学的讨论很少，尽管它具有激励潜力。A. intellectual智慧的；B. motivational激发性的；C. artistic艺术的；D. academic学术的。根据后文“A leading journal, Educational Studies in Mathematics, called mathematical aesthetics one of the most under-researched areas in the field.(《数学教育研究》杂志称数学美学是该领域研究最不足的领域之一。)”可知，关于美学的讨论很少，尽管它具有激励潜力。故选B。
【77题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：学校数学的问题很简单：我们在教数学的时候没有传达它的真实本质吗？A. symbol符号；B. history历史；C. nature本质，自然；D. prospect前景。根据后文“Once you realise that mathematics is, in addition to its scientific values, an essentially aesthetic subject(一旦你意识到数学除了它的科学价值之外，本质上还是一门美学学科。)”可知，此处指我们在教数学的时候没有传达它的真实本质。故选C。
【78题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：只按照练习算术的方法来教数学，就像只练习音阶而不让孩子们听贝多芬的音乐一样。A. accustoming习惯于；B. exposing暴露；C. attaching附上；D. drawing吸引。根据后文“children to Beethoven”指让孩子接触贝多芬的音乐。故选B。
【79题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：当体验到真正的数学理解的时刻——理解为什么有些东西是这样的，或者看到一切是如何联系在一起的——你可以感受到一种意义、联系和目的感，就像你对诗歌或音乐的感受一样。A. grasping理解，抓住；B. inquiring询问；C. recalling回忆起；D. predicting预测。根据上文“experiencing a moment of true mathematical understanding”指体验到真正的数学理解的时刻——理解为什么有些东西是这样的，或者看到一切是如何联系在一起的。故选A。
【80题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：一旦你意识到数学除了它的科学价值之外，本质上还是一门美学学科，你就会意识到，把数学教给学生而不传达它的美，可能会失去这门学科的本质，失去这门学科的生命。A. justify解释；B. observe观察；C. miss错过；D. correct纠正。根据上文“you realise that teaching it to students without conveying its beauty might be to”可知，意识到，把数学教给学生而不传达它的美，可能会失去这门学科的本质，失去这门学科的生命。故选C。
Section B (30’)
Directions: Read the following passages. Each passage is followed by questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.
(A)
Pablo Picasso was probably the most famous artist and one of the greatest creative minds of the 20th century. This great artist lived more artistic lifetimes than any of his peers. During his 75-year career, he produced thousands of works, not only paintings but also sculptures, prints, and ceramics, using a wide variety of materials. He almost single-handedly created modern art, changing art more profoundly than any other artist of his century.
Born in 1881, in Spain, Picasso was a child with great talents, completing the one-month qualifying examination for the Academy of Fine Arts in Barcelona in one day at the age of 14. After finishing his studies in Barcelona, the artist continued his training in Madrid but later returned to Barcelona. There began his “blue period”, so named for the dominant blue tones in the artist’s paintings. During this time, he moved frequently between Barcelona and Paris. In Paris, he spent his days studying the masterworks at the Louvre and his nights with other artists at night clubs, during which time he became fascinated with the circus world’s acrobats and wandering performers. This marked a radical change in color and mood for the artist. He began painting in subtle pinks and grays, often highlighted with brighter tones. This was known as his “rose period”.
The peak of Picasso’s creativity is evidenced in his pioneering role in Cubism. In 1907, he painted Les Demoiselles d’Avignon, a Cubist painting which changed 20th century art completely. In it, the artist and viewer look at the subjects from many different angles at the same time. Picasso and French painter Georges Braque were the leading figures of the Cubist movement. For Picasso, the 1920s were years of rich artistic exploration and great productivity. He designed theater sets and painted in Cubist, Classical styles. In the last decades of his life, he still experimented with new methods of printing and painted a series of variations of old master paintings. He died in France in 1973, at the age of 91. His powers of creativity and execution continue to astonish artists all over the world.
81. How are Picasso’s early paintings categorized
A. According to their subject matter.
B. According to where he lived and worked.
C. According to the colors he used.
D. According to the trainings he got.
82. What does the writer suggest in this passage
A. Picasso was accomplished in a number of media.
B. Picasso was primarily an accomplished painter and illustrator.
C. Picasso was an artist who was known for a limited number of works.
D. Picasso was an artist who had the longest life span.
83. What can we assume according to the passage
A. Picasso’s reputation exceeded other artists of the period.
B. Picasso was a solitary genius, unconnected to others of the period.
C. Picasso’s genius failed him in the later years of his life.
D. Picasso’s genius astonished artists all over the world after his death.
84. Why does the author write this passage
A. To explain the reasons for Picasso’s creativity.
B. To describe the major periods that marked Picasso’s artistry.
C. To compare Picasso with other painters and styles of the period.
D. To stimulate modern artists to learn from Picasso.
【答案】81. C 82. A 83. A 84. B
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇应用文。文章主要介绍了著名画家毕加索。
【81题详解】
推理判断题。由文章第二段中“There began his “blue period”, so named for the dominant blue tones in the artist’s paintings. During this time, he moved frequently between Barcelona and Paris. In Paris, he spent his days studying the masterworks at the Louvre and his nights with other artists at night clubs, during which time he became fascinated with the circus world’s acrobats and wandering performers. This marked a radical change in color and mood for the artist. He began painting in subtle pinks and grays, often highlighted with brighter tones. This was known as his “rose period”. (从此开始了他的“蓝色时期”，因其画作中占主导地位的蓝色色调而得名。在此期间，他经常往返于巴塞罗那和巴黎之间。在巴黎，他白天在卢浮宫学习大师的作品，晚上在夜总会与其他艺术家一起，在此期间，他被马戏团的杂技演员和流浪演员迷住了。这标志着艺术家在色彩和情绪上的根本变化。他开始用微妙的粉红色和灰色绘画，经常用明亮的色调突出。这被称为他的“玫瑰时期”)”可知，毕加索早期的绘画是根据他使用的颜色分类的。故选C。
【82题详解】
推理判断题。由文章第三段中“The peak of Picasso’s creativity is evidenced in his pioneering role in Cubism. In 1907, he painted Les Demoiselles d’Avignon, a Cubist painting which changed 20th century art completely. In it, the artist and viewer look at the subjects from many different angles at the same time. Picasso and French painter Georges Braque were the leading figures of the Cubist movement. For Picasso, the 1920s were years of rich artistic exploration and great productivity. He designed theater sets and painted in Cubist, Classical styles. In the last decades of his life, he still experimented with new methods of printing and painted a series of variations of old master paintings. He died in France in 1973, at the age of 91. His powers of creativity and execution continue to astonish artists all over the world. (毕加索创造力巅峰体现在他在立体派中所扮演的先锋角色上。1907年，他画了《亚维农少女》，这幅立体主义画彻底改变了20世纪的艺术。在这幅画中，艺术家和观众同时从许多不同的角度观看主题。毕加索和法国画家乔治·布拉克是立体主义运动的领军人物。对毕加索来说，20世纪20年代是他艺术探索丰富、生产力极高的年代。他设计戏剧布景，并以立体主义和古典风格作画。在他生命的最后几十年里，他仍然在尝试新的印刷方法，并画了一系列古代大师画作的变体。他于1973年在法国去世，享年91岁。他的创造力和执行力继续让世界各地的艺术家感到惊讶)”可推知，毕加索在许多方面都很有造诣。故选A。
【83题详解】
推理判断题。由文章第一段“Pablo Picasso was probably the most famous artist and one of the greatest creative minds of the 20th century. This great artist lived more artistic lifetimes than any of his peers. During his 75-year career, he produced thousands of works, not only paintings but also sculptures, prints, and ceramics, using a wide variety of materials. He almost single-handedly created modern art, changing art more profoundly than any other artist of his century. (巴勃罗·毕加索可能是20世纪最著名的艺术家，也是最具创造力的人之一。这位伟大的艺术家比他的任何同辈都拥有更多的艺术生涯。在他75年的职业生涯中，他创作了数千件作品，不仅有绘画，还有雕塑，版画和陶瓷，使用了各种各样的材料。他几乎是单枪匹马地创造了现代艺术，对艺术的改变比他那个世纪的任何其他艺术家都要深刻)”可推知，毕加索的声誉超过了那个时期的其他艺术家。故选A。
【84题详解】
推理判断题。由文章第二段中“There began his “blue period”, so named for the dominant blue tones in the artist’s paintings. (从此开始了他的“蓝色时期”，因其画作中占主导地位的蓝色色调而得名)”、“This was known as his “rose period”. (这被称为他的“玫瑰时期”)”和第三段中“The peak of Picasso’s creativity is evidenced in his pioneering role in Cubism (毕加索创造力的巅峰体现在他在立体派中所扮演的先锋角色上)”、“For Picasso, the 1920s were years of rich artistic exploration and great productivity. He designed theater sets and painted in Cubist, Classical styles. In the last decades of his life, he still experimented with new methods of printing and painted a series of variations of old master paintings. (对毕加索来说，20世纪20年代是他艺术探索丰富、生产力极高的年代。他设计戏剧布景，并以立体主义和古典风格作画。在他生命的最后几十年里，他仍然在尝试新的印刷方法，并画了一系列古代大师画作的变体)”可推知，作者写这篇文章是为了描述标志着毕加索艺术生涯的主要时期。故选B。
(B)
East is East and West is West. Western culture conditions people to think of themselves as independent entities. In contrast, Eastern cultures stress interdependence. Researchers use the terms East and West very roughly. West tends to mean Americans and people from independence-oriented European countries or Australia. East means East Asians, as well as much of the rest of the world.
In January, researchers led by Trey Hedden at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology showed that such deeply ingrained habits of thought affect the brains of East Asians and Americans even as they perform simple tasks that involve estimating the length of a line. Hedden’s experiment involved two tasks. In one, subjects eyeballed a line simply to estimate its length. In another, they estimated the line’s length relative to the size of a square. Brain scanners measure levels of neural activity by tracking blood flow. The experiment found that though there was no difference in performance, the level of activity in the subjects brains differed. Areas linked to attention lit up more in the Americans’ brains when they worked on the task they tend to find harder, estimating the line’s size relative to the square. In Asians, too, the attention areas lit up more during the harder task, estimating the line’s length without comparing it to the square. Brain findings like this may help people become aware of deep cultural differences that are normally “so much part of the water that we don’t see them,” Hedden said.
Such differences have turned up in experiment after experiment. For example, In one study, researchers offered people a picture of an elephant in the jungle. The research showed that the Westerner will focus on the elephant and the Easterner is going to be more thinking about the jungle scene that has the elephant in it.
So what applications does East-West brain research have for the real world Well, it could help to defuse tensions a bit between cross-cultural spouses, and provide guidance for students in business schools who are going to work in East-West trade. “Understanding cultural differences in the mind is really important as the world globalizes,” Hedden said. “There can be a lot of breakdowns in communication.”
85. The result from Hedden’s experiment is that ________.
A. Americans did better in the test
B. Asians did better in the test
C. Americans found it’s harder to estimate the line’s length when it’s next to the square
D. Asians found it’s easier to estimate the line’s length without comparing it to the square
86. What does Hedden mean by saying the difference are “so much part of the water that we don’t see them”(Line 12, Para. 2)
A. The differences are blending into the background so that we barely notice them.
B. The differences are as important as water.
C. The differences are mixed up, and it’s difficult for us to distinguish them.
D. The differences are starting to disappear.
87. What is the advantage of understanding the cultural differences between East and West
A. It will decrease the number of cross-cultural spouses.
B. It will cut down the communication between East and West.
C. It will help the students to see a lot of breakdowns in communication.
D. It will be helpful to the people who are willing to work in East-West trade.
【答案】85. C 86. A 87. D
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了实验发现根深蒂固的思维习惯会影响东亚人和美国人的大脑，即使他们在执行涉及估计一条线长度的简单任务时也是如此。
【85题详解】
细节理解题。根据第二段“Areas linked to attention lit up more in the Americans’ brains when they worked on the task they tend to find harder, estimating the line’s size relative to the square. In Asians, too, the attention areas lit up more during the harder task, estimating the line’s length without comparing it to the square.(当美国人在做他们认为比较困难的任务时，他们大脑中与注意力相关的区域更加活跃，比如估计直线相对于正方形的大小。亚洲人也一样，在完成更难的任务时，他们的注意力区域更加活跃，在不将其与正方形进行比较的情况下估计直线的长度)”可知，海登实验的结果是，美国人发现当线靠近正方形时，很难估计线的长度。故选C。
【86题详解】
细节理解题。根据第二段“Brain findings like this may help people become aware of deep cultural differences that are normally “so much part of the water that we don’t see them,” Hedden said.(像这样的大脑发现可能会帮助人们意识到深层的文化差异，这些差异通常是“我们看不到的水的很大一部分，”赫登说)”以及第三段“Such differences have turned up in experiment after experiment. For example, In one study, researchers offered people a picture of an elephant in the jungle. The research showed that the Westerner will focus on the elephant and the Easterner is going to be more thinking about the jungle scene that has the elephant in it.(这样的差异在一次又一次的实验中被发现。例如，在一项研究中，研究人员向人们提供了一张丛林中大象的照片。研究表明，西方人会把注意力集中在大象上，而东方人会更多地考虑有大象在里面的丛林场景)”可知，海登说差异是“我们看不到水的大部分”意思是这些差异正在融入背景中，所以我们几乎注意不到它们。故选A。
【87题详解】
细节理解题。根据最后一段“So what applications does East-West brain research have for the real world Well, it could help to defuse tensions a bit between cross-cultural spouses, and provide guidance for students in business schools who are going to work in East-West trade.(那么，东西方大脑研究对现实世界有什么应用呢？嗯，它可能有助于缓和跨文化配偶之间的紧张关系，并为将要从事东西方贸易的商学院学生提供指导)”可知，了解东西方文化差异的好处是有助于那些愿意从事东西方贸易的人。故选D。
(C)
It all began with an experience one of us (Arinzeh) had more than two decades ago. In 1991, a summer research experience at the University of California at Berkeley demonstrated how engineering could improve the lives of patients. Instead of working in a more traditional area such as automobile design, Arinzeh spent the summer after her junior year of college working in a rehabilitation laboratory.
Engineers there were designing new prosthetic (修复的) devices for patients who had lost limbs, and new assistive devices to help paralyzed patients move. The engineers would then collaborate with clinicians at a rehabilitation center to test their developments. Before that summer she hadn’t connected traditional engineering principles with the opportunity to solve biomedical problems. But by the end of those short months, Arinzeh was hooked on the promise of using mechanical engineering to help people move better.
Tissue engineering, a budding field at that time, offered a chance to move beyond building prosthetics. Damage to musculoskeletal tissues, such as bone and cartilage, and nervous tissue, such as the spinal cord, can be debilitating and can severely limit a person’s quality of life. In addition, such tissues cannot fully regenerate after a severe injury or in response to disease. Tissue engineers aim to fully repair and regenerate that tissue so that it regains complete function, but at that time researchers still had a lot to learn about cells and their support structures to solve these problems.
The earliest successes were with skin, in which researchers used dermal cells to generate grafts, leading to the first commercial products in the late 1990s. Researchers imitate nature, using cells as building blocks and developing strategies to guide the cells to form the appropriate tissue. Because stem cells (干细胞) are precursor (前身) to almost all tissue types, such cells are a promising source of these critical building blocks. But cells don’t grow and differentiate on their own. The cell’s microenvironment can influence stem-cell function in critical ways. Engineered microenvironments, or scaffolds, can effectively promote stem cells and other cell types to form tissues. To construct such scaffolds, some important tools are what are called functional biomaterials. These materials respond to environmental changes such as PH, enzymatic activity, or mechanical load, and their composition can mimic or replicate components of native tissue.
One of us (Arinzeh) wanted to use functional biomaterials to create three-dimensional tissue-like structures where cells can grow, proliferate (增殖), and differentiate, ultimately forming and regenerating tissue. Our group’s work started with bone studies in the 1990s, eventually moving into cartilage and the spinal cord over the past decade. The overall goal is to produce structures that could someday help patients struggling with severe injuries and movement disorders to move freely. For bone repair, our group has studied composite scaffolds consisting of polymers and ceramics that provide both mechanical and chemical cues to repair bone. Piezoelectric materials, which respond to mechanical stimuli by generating electrical activity, are used to encourage the growth of nerve tissue as well as cartilage and bone. Glycosaminoglycans (GACs), a major component of native cartilage tissue, provide growth factors to promote tissue formation, and Arinzeh has designed biomimetic scaffolds that incorporate these molecules. After all these years, the promise that seemed so enticing in 1991 is becoming a practical reality, with huge implications for human health.
88. Which of the following statements is TRUE
A. Before working with patients, Arinzeh was an automobile designer.
B. Since 1991, tissue engineering has been mainly applied to building prosthetics.
C. It’s hard for musculoskeletal tissues to fully recover from disease or injury.
D. In the late 1990s, the lack of knowledge about cells and their support structures prevented researchers from making any achievement in tissue engineering.
89. The underlined word “differentiate” is close in meaning to ________.
A. change B. divide C. alternate D. reproduce
90. “Scaffolds” are, in essence, ________.
A. tissues from one part of a person’s body used to repair another damaged part
B. stem cells and other cell types in an engineered microenvironment
C. structural support for damaged tissue repair
D. functional biomaterials to replace native tissues.
91. What can we learn about the study introduced above
A. It was inspired by the team members’ internship.
B. So far, the study has covered multiple musculoskeletal tissues, including bone, cartilage and nervous tissues.
C. The electrical activity caused by Piezoelectric materials will generate mechanical stimuli that encourage the growth of musculoskeletal tissues.
D. The researchers of this study are the best designers of modern tissue engineering.
【答案】88. C 89. A 90. C 91. B
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了工程师正在为失去肢体的病人设计新的假肢设备，以及帮助瘫痪病人移动的新辅助设备。
【88题详解】
细节理解题。根据第三短“Damage to musculoskeletal tissues, such as bone and cartilage, and nervous tissue, such as the spinal cord, can be debilitating and can severely limit a person’s quality of life. In addition, such tissues cannot fully regenerate after a severe injury or in response to disease.(肌肉骨骼组织（如骨和软骨）和神经组织（如脊髓）的损伤会使人衰弱，并严重限制人的生活质量。此外，这些组织在严重损伤或疾病反应后不能完全再生)”可知，C选项“肌肉骨骼组织很难从疾病或损伤中完全恢复”正确。故选C。
【89题详解】
词句猜测题。根据划线词上文“Researchers imitate nature, using cells as building blocks and developing strategies to guide the cells to form the appropriate tissue.(研究人员模仿自然，使用细胞作为构建模块，并制定策略来引导细胞形成适当的组织)”以及but表示转折，可知，研究人员需要制定策略来引导细胞形成适当的组织，说明细胞不会自己生长和改变。故划线词意思是“改变”。故选A。
【90题详解】
细节理解题。根据最后一段“For bone repair, our group has studied composite scaffolds consisting of polymers and ceramics that provide both mechanical and chemical cues to repair bone.(对于骨修复，我们的团队已经研究了由聚合物和陶瓷组成的复合支架，它提供了机械和化学线索来修复骨)”以及“Glycosaminoglycans(GACs), a major component of native cartilage tissue, provide growth factors to promote tissue formation, and Arinzeh has designed biomimetic scaffolds that incorporate these molecules.(糖胺聚糖(GACs)是天然软骨组织的主要成分，提供生长因子促进组织形成，Arinzeh设计了包含这些分子的仿生支架)”可知，从本质上讲，“支架”是修复受损组织的结构支撑。故选C。
【91题详解】
细节理解题。根据最后一段“Piezoelectric materials, which respond to mechanical stimuli by generating electrical activity, are used to encourage the growth of nerve tissue as well as cartilage and bone.(压电材料通过产生电活动对机械刺激做出反应，用于促进神经组织、软骨和骨骼的生长)”可知，到目前为止，这项研究已经涵盖了多种肌肉骨骼组织，包括骨、软骨和神经组织。故选B。
Section C
Directions: Complete the following passage by using the sentences in the box. Each sentence can only be used once. Note that there are two sentences more than you need.
The Secret Garden-A Classical Novel about Hope and Redemption
The Secret Garden is a popular work of children's literature.The novel is set in theearly1900s! The main character is Mary Lennox, a 10-year-old British girl. ___92___Mary is then sent to live with her wealthy uncle Archibald Craven, who owns a large estate in the countryside. At first, Mary is bored by the people she meets as well as the slow pace of rural life. One day, a maid tells Mary about a hidden garden that Mrs.Craven kept before her death.The tale of Mrs. Craven's secret enclosure awakens Mary's curiosity. She makes it her mission to find out more about the mysterious garden.
While exploring the property, she sees a robin resting on a mound of dirt. Mary digs through the soil and finds the key to the locked garden door. ___93___ She decides to do whatever it takes to bring the secret garden back to life.
Meanwhile, Mary starts to hear haunting cries on the estate at night. One evening, she follows the sounds and discovers Mr. Craven’s son, Colin. Mary learns that Colin is ill and can’t walk.___94___
Mr. Craven ordered his servants to care for Colin but would never visit because his son reminded him of his wife.
Mary and Colin become good friends. Mary convinces Coin that he can use his mind to overcome his illness. ___95___ There, they meet Ben Weather-staff, one of Mr. Craven’s servants. They all decide to work together to restore the area. When their work is finished, they plan a surprise for Mr. Craven. He arrives at the garden and finds the flowers in bloom, just like they were when his wife was alive. More importantly, he’s overjoyed to lean that Colin has become a healthy boy. Their relationship is repaired, and they look forward to a brighter future.
A. Once a year, Ben visits the garden to honor Mrs. Craven's memory.
B. Her life is turned upside down when her parents suddenly die from a terrible disease.
C. Due to his poor health, doctors predicted he would die an early death.
D. At the start of the novel, many characters are suffering and going through hard times.
E. One day, she puts him in a wheelchair and takes him to the secret garden.
F. Inside, she finds that many of the forgotten plants are almost dead.
【答案】92. B 93. F 94. C 95. E
【解析】
【分析】这是一篇小说。文章介绍了《秘密花园》这部儿童作品的主要内容。
【92题详解】
根据下一句“Mary is then sent to live with her wealthy uncle Archibald Craven, who owns a large estate in the countryside.(玛丽随后被送到她富有的叔叔阿奇博尔德·克雷文那里生活，他在乡下拥有一大片地产。)”可知，该空应该陈述玛丽家庭的变故。这个变故导致玛丽被送到叔叔家去生活。结合选项，B选项（当她的父母突然死于一种可怕的疾病时，她的生活发生了翻天覆地的变化。）符合语境。故选B。
【93题详解】
根据上一句“Mary digs through the soil and finds the key to the locked garden door.（玛丽在土里挖了挖，找到了锁着的花园门的钥匙。）”可以推知，该空应该提到她在花园里看到的情景。根据下一句“She decides to do whatever it takes to bring the secret garden back to life (她决定不惜一切代价让秘密花园复活。)”可知，该句应提到秘密花园处于荒废状态。结合选项，F选项（在里面，她发现许多被遗忘的植物几乎都死了。）符合语境。故选F。
【94题详解】
根据前一句“Mary learns that Colin is ill and can’t walk.( 玛丽得知科林病了，不能走路)”可知，该空承接上文，应该继续陈述关于科林的情况。结合选项，C选项（由于他的健康状况不佳，医生预测他会英年早逝。）符合语境，故选C。
【95题详解】
根据前一句“Mary convinces Coin that he can use his mind to overcome his illness.( 玛丽使科林相信他可以用自己的头脑来克服疾病。)”可知，下文应该介绍玛丽如何帮助科林战胜疾病。根据后一句“There, they meet Ben Weather-staff, one of Mr. Craven’s servants.( 在那儿，他们遇到了本·威瑟斯塔夫，克莱文先生的一个仆人。)”可知，该空应该提到一个地点。结合选项，E选项（一天，她把他放在轮椅上，带他去秘密花园。）符合语境，故选E。
Part II
IV. Grammar (10’)
Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.
Denmark’s Queen Margrethe II has announced her surprise abdication in a new year TV address. She will formally step down on 14 January, which will be 52 years to the day ___96___ she became queen. “I will leave the throne to my son, Crown Prince Frederik,” she announced.
Unlike British royal tradition, there will be no formal crowning ceremony for Crown Prince Frederik, ___97___ is 55. Instead, his accession will be announced from Amalienborg Castle in Copenhagen on the day. He will take her place as King of Denmark and head of state in the country — which is a constitutional monarchy -- ___98___ in Greenland and the Faroe Islands.
Queen Margrethe revealed that she came to the decision after a period of reflection ___99___ (follow) surgery on her back in early 2023. “The surgery naturally gave rise to thinking about ___100___ the time had come to leave the responsibility to the next generation,” she said.
“Although the duty and position of regent ___101___ (hand) down for more than 1,000 years, it is still difficult to understand that the time has now come for a change of throne,” she said in a statement. Queen Margrethe is a popular figure in Denmark, and many Danes had expected her to remain on the throne until her death. “She is to us ___102___ Queen Elizabeth was to you,” Danish journalist Tine Gotzsche told the BBC.
Queen Margrethe attended the funeral of Queen Elizabeth II in 2022, and they celebrated their respective jubilees in the same year. She had not been expected to become Queen when she was born. But when she was 13, Danish law changed to allow women ___103___ (take) the throne. More than a decade ago, Queen Margrethe reflected that she was inspired by the late British Queen “that I understand that I must dedicate my life to my nation like she has done, and in that way she has been very important to me.”
Queen Margrethe is ___104___ (long)-serving monarch in Danish history, after surpassing King Christian IV, of Denmark and Norway. Gotzsche said the Danish royal transition is a moment of ____105____ (mix) celebration and sadness. “She has always been there, she has been ageing with all of us,” she said, but added: “the Crown Prince is in a very good position to take over, the succession is laid out — it’s very logical, and it absolutely makes sense.”
【答案】96. since
97. who 98. as well as
99. following
100. whether
101. has been handed
102. what##as
103. to take
104. the longest
105. mixed
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇新闻报道。丹麦女王玛格丽特二世在新年电视讲话中出人意料地宣布退位。她将于1月14日正式卸任，也就是她成为女王的52周年纪念日。她宣布将把王位留给儿子弗雷德里克王储。
【96题详解】
考查状语从句。句意：她将于1月14日正式卸任，也就是她成为女王的52周年纪念日。引导时间状语从句，表示“自从……”应用since。故填since。
【97题详解】
考查定语从句。句意：与英国王室传统不同，现年55岁的王储弗雷德里克将不会举行正式的加冕仪式。非限制性定语从句修饰先行词Crown Prince Frederik，关系词在从句作主语，指人。故填who。
【98题详解】
考查固定短语。句意：他将取代女王成为丹麦国王、丹麦国家元首（丹麦是君主立宪制国家）以及格陵兰岛和法罗群岛的国家元首。后跟名词作宾语，表示“以及”应用as well as。故填as well as。
【99题详解】
考查非谓语动词。句意：玛格丽特女王透露，她在2023年初做了背部手术后，经过一段时间的思考后做出了这个决定。此处修饰a period of reflection，与动词follow是主动关系，应用现在分词，作定语。故填following。
100题详解】
考查宾语从句。句意：她说：“手术很自然地引起了人们的思考，是不是到了把责任留给下一代的时候了。”引导宾语从句，表示“是否”应用whether。故填whether。
【101题详解】
考查时态语态。句意：她在一份声明中说：“尽管摄政王的职责和地位已经传承了1000多年，但现在是更换王位的时候了，这仍然令人难以理解。”主语the duty and position of regent与谓语构成被动关系，根据后文for more than 1,000 years可知为现在完成时的被动语态，助动词用has。故填has been handed。
【102题详解】
考查固定句型。句意：“她之于我们，就像伊丽莎白女王之于你们，”丹麦记者蒂娜·戈茨切告诉BBC。此处句型A is to B what/as C is to D，表示“A之于B，就像C之于D”。故填what/as。
【103题详解】
考查非谓语动词。句意：但当她13岁时，丹麦法律改变，允许女性继承王位。此处为短语allow sb. to do sth.表示“允许某人做某事”。故填to take。
【104题详解】
考查最高级。句意：玛格丽特女王是丹麦历史上在位时间最长的君主，超过了丹麦和挪威国王克里斯蒂安四世。根据后文in Danish history，结合句意表示“最长的”应用最高级，故填the longest。
【105题详解】
考查形容词。句意：Gotzsche说，丹麦王室的过渡是一个喜忧参半的时刻。修饰celebration and sadness应用形容词mixed，故填mixed。
V. Summary Writing (10’)
106. Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
Lower Oxygen Levels Threaten Marine Life
Oxygen in the oceans is being lost at an alarming rate, with “dead zones” expanding rapidly and hundreds more areas showing oxygen dangerously exhausted, putting sharks, tuna, marlin and other large fish species at particular risk. Dead zones, where oxygen is effectively absent, have quadrupled(翻两番) in extent in the last half-century, and there are also at least 700 areas where oxygen is at dangerously low levels, up from 45 when research was undertaken in the 1960s.
The reasons behind this environmental collapse are multiple. Among all, pollutants generated by the industrial world have been the most destructive force to cause the unbalance, including a rising tide of plastic waste, as well as other pollutants. Seas are about 26% more acidic than in pre-industrial times because of absorbing the excess carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, according to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, with damaging impacts on shellfish in particular.
Low oxygen levels are also associated with global heating, because the warmer water holds less oxygen and the heating causes stratification(分层), so there is less of the vital mixing of oxygen-rich and oxygen-poor layers. Oceans are expected to lose about 3-4% of their oxygen by the end of this century, but the impact will be much greater in the levels closest to the surface, where many species are concentrated, and in the mid to high latitudes.
Another major cause for lower oxygen is intensive farming. When excess artificial fertilizer from crops, or wastes from the meat industry, runs off the land and into rivers and seas, it feeds algae(藻类) which bloom and then cause oxygen consumption as they die and decay.
The problem of dead zones has been known about for decades, but little has been done to tackle it. Now is high time to take actions and help the oceans function better.
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【答案】Oxygen levels in the oceans are dropping rapidly, which endangers marine life. Industrial pollutants, especially plastic waste and increased carbon dioxide, are the deadliest causes. Global warming is another cause. Finally intensive farming is also to blame for oxygen loss, because its wastes feeds algae, which consumes lots of oxygen. Measures should be taken to tackle this neglected threat.
Oxygen levels in the oceans are dropping rapidly, which endangers marine life. Industrial pollutants, especially plastic waste and increased carbon dioxide, are the deadliest causes. Besides, global warming is responsible as it leads to lower oxygen storage and stratification. Finally, intensive farming also results in the oxygen loss. Measures should be taken to tackle this neglected threat.
【解析】
【分析】本篇书面表达是概要写作，要求概括海洋中的含氧量正在迅速下降，危及海洋生物。工业污染物，尤其是塑料废物和二氧化碳的增加，是最致命的原因，全球变暖是另一个原因，最后，精耕细作也是氧气流失的罪魁祸首，因为它的废物喂养藻类，藻类消耗大量氧气，我们应采取措施应对这一被忽视的威胁。注意词数要求和使用自己的语言。
【详解】1、写之前，需要认真仔细地读几遍原文材料，让理解更深刻。
2、遵循原文的逻辑顺序，对重要部分的主题、标题、细节进行概括，全面清晰地表明原文信息。
3、给摘要起一个好标题，比如：可以采用文中的主题句。
4、尽量使用自己的话完成，不要引用原文的句子，篇幅控制在原文的三分之一或四分之一长。
VI. Translation: (3’+3’+4’+5’=15’)
Directions: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets.
107. 在很大程度上，科学研究就是一个不断试错的漫长过程。(extent) (汉译英)
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