资源简介

中小学教育资源及组卷应用平台
Unit 5 Learning from nature
非谓语动词作主语、宾语和表语。动词不定式作主语、宾语和表语
一.动词不定式作主语
不定式具有名词的特征,可在句子中充当主语。
1.不定式短语在句首作主语
To know oneself is difficult.人贵有自知之明.
To say is one thing and to do is another.说是一回事,做又是另一回事。
To love and to be loved is the greatest happiness one can get.
爱与被爱是一个人能获得的最大幸福。
2.用it作形式主语
在很多情况下,人们通常用it作为形式上的主语，而把不定式移到谓语之后,使句子结构显得平衡一些。
It's rude to turn your back to your teacher and refuse to answer.
背对着老师,拒绝回答(问题)是不礼貌的。
It is impossible to learn a foreign language without making painstaking effort.
想不下苦功就能学会外语是不可能的。
It was a pity to have wasted so much time.
浪费了这么多时间，真是遗憾。
注意:
当主语和表语都是不定式时，不能用形式主语代替动词不定式。
To respect others is to be respected.尊重别人就是尊重自己。
To become a slave is to give up one's freedom.
做奴隶就等于放弃自由。
二．动词不定式作宾语
不定式可以充当部分及物动词的宾语,也可以充当but和 except 等介词的宾语以及形容词的宾语。
1.作动词的宾语
①不定式可以充当部分及物动词的宾语。
Father likes to listen to music in silence.
父亲喜欢静静地听音乐。
He prefers to be starved to death rather than beg.
他宁愿饿死也不愿乞讨。
可接不定式作宾语的必背动词有:
afford 负担得起/agree 同意/aim以……为目标/ask要求/ attempt尝试/begin 开始/care 愿意/choose 选择/continue继续/decide 决定/desire要求/determine决心/expect期待 /fail 不能 /forget 忘记/hate讨厌/hope 希望/intend打算/manage 设法/mean打算/offer主动提出/plan计划/prefer宁愿/pretend 假装/promise 答应/refuse 拒绝/ remember记起/try努力/want想要/wish希望
②在feel,find,make,think,consider等动词后，如果宾语带有宾语补足语时，人们常常用it作形式宾语,而把真正的宾语放在宾语补足语之后。
I found it possible to work out the problem without a computer.
我发现有可能不用电脑就可以解出这道题目。
She made it a rule to get up at five.
她养成了五点起床的习惯。
I feel it a great honor to be invited to speak at the meeting in front of so many students.
我觉得被邀请在会上面对这么多学生发言是很光荣的。
③在表示“希望、打算”等动词(如hope,expect.intend, mean,want)的过去式后，可接动词不定式的完成式来表示没有实现的动作。
I intended to have called on you,but was prevented from doing so.
我原想来拜访你的，但没来成。
I expected to have met him here last night.
我原以为昨天晚上能在这里见到他。(但没见到)
We meant to have stayed there for a week.
我们原打算在那儿待一个星期的。
I wanted to have dropped her a line, but forgot to do so.
我原想写一封信给她，但忘记了。
提示:表示“原打算、原以为"还可以用这类动词的过去完成时来表达。
I had intended to call on you.我原想来拜访你的。
I had expected to meet him here last night.
我原以为昨天晚上能在这里见到他的。
We had meant to stay there for a week.
我们原打算在那儿待一个星期的
2.作介词的宾语
不定式可以作介词 but和except的宾语。
The teacher made no comments except to tell him to work hard.
老师除了叫他努力学习外，未做任何评价。
He had no choice but to sit there as usual.
他没有什么选择，只好像往常一样坐在那儿
There is nothing we can do but(to) wait patiently.
我们只能耐心等待.
3.作形容词的宾语
不定式作形容词的宾语有两种句型，一个是句子的主语是不定式的逻辑主语，另一个是句子的主语是不定式的逻辑宾语。
①句子的主语是不定式的逻辑主语。
这类形容词有 able,afraid,angry,anxious,careful,clever,content, cruel,determined,disappointed,eager,foolish,fortunate frightened,happy.impatient.glad,lucky,naughty,prepared,proud,ready,
slow,shocked, sorry, surprised. willing 等。
I am sorry to say that he is going from bad to worse.
很遗憾,他的情况越来越糟。
She was not content to live a quiet life in a small town.
她不满足在一个小镇里过平静的生活。
John was happy to get the job.
约翰得到这份工作很高兴。
②句子的主语是不定式的逻辑宾语。
这类形容词有easy，hard,cheap.expensive,dangerous, difficult, funny,fit,impossible,interesting, nice,pleasant.simple strange,useful 等。
This problem is easy to solve.这个问题很容易解决。
The water is not fit to drink.这水不适于饮用。
She is hard to get along with.她这个人很难相处。
注意:在这种结构中，如果不定式是不及物动词，则必须加上结构或含义所需的介词。
The river is dangerous to swim in.在这条河里游泳很危险 .
A spring mattress is comfortable to sleep on.弹簧床垫睡上去很舒服。
三．动词不定式作表语
不定式作表语可以说明主语的具体内容或表示目的。
His wish is to become an astronaut。他的愿望是成为一名宇航员。
What he hoped was to be admitted into the university.
他希望能被那所大学录取。
To live is to do something worthwhile.
活着就是要做一些有价值的事情。
注意:
有些作表语的不定式，在结构上是主动的，但在意义上却是被动的。
She is to blame.她应该受到责备.
The house is to let.此房出租。
The result is not long to see.结果不久就会看到。
动词的-ing形式作主语、宾语和表语
一.动词的-ing形式作主语
1.动词的-ing形式可直接置于句首作主语。
Seeing is believing.百闻不如一见。
Collecting stamps is interesting.集邮很有趣 .
Learning about a language is easier than using it.
学习有关语言的知识比使用语言容易。
Being invited to the party was a great honor to the family.
被邀请参加聚会是这家人的荣耀.
2.了保持子平衡通用t作形式主语，而把真正的主语放在句末。
It is no use crying over spilt milk.
作无益的后悔是没有用的。(覆水难收。)
It's a waste of time arguing about it. 争论这件事是浪费时间的。
动词的-ing形式作主语的几个必背常用句型.
It's no good talking to him.和他谈话是没有用的.
It is useless telephoning him. He is not willing to come.
给他打电话没用。他不愿意来。
It's worth making an effort.努力一下是值得的
There be+no+动词的-ing形式(动名词).
There is no saying when it will stop raining.
很难说这场雨什么时候会停.
There is no joking about such matters.这种事开不得玩笑.
二.动词的-ing 形式作宾语
动词的-ing 形式既可作及物动词的宾语，也可作介词的宾语。
1.作动词的宾语
能用-ing形式作宾语的及物动词可分两类,一类是只能用-ing形式作宾语,另一类是既可用-ing形式作宾语。也可用不定式作宾语。
①只能用-ing形式作宾语的动词
这类动词只能用-ing形式作宾语，不能用不定式作宾语
Fancy meeting you here! 想不到在这儿见到你了!
I suggest doing it in a different way。我建议用不同的方法做这件事。
They didn't mind being treated like guests。
他们不在乎被人当作宾客对待。
They admitted smoking/having smoked in the hall.
他们承认在大厅里抽过烟。
I regret saying/having said what I said.我很后悔自己说过的话。
He couldn`t help laughing.他情不自禁地笑了起来。
I can't imagine the boy speaking so rudely to you.
动名词的复合结构作宾语
我不能想象这个男孩对你说话这么没礼貌。
只接动词的-ing形式而不接不定式作宾语的必背动问(词组)有:
admit 承认/appreciate 感激/avoid避免/consider考虑 delay 耽搁/dislike 不喜欢/enjoy喜欢/escape 避免/fancy想不到/feel like 想要/finish完成/forgive 原谅/give p放弃/cannot help情不自禁/imagine想象/include 包括 keep保持/mention提及/mind介意/miss错过put off推迟/practice练习/resist 抵制/risk冒险
②既可用动词-ing形式作宾语,也可用不定式作宾语这类动词虽然既能用-ing形式作宾语也能用不定式作宾语,但用法并不相同,主要有以下几种情况:
a.有些动词，如attempt,continue,hate,intend, like, love,prefer,start,后面接动词的-ing形式或不定式区别不是很大。
They prefer spending/to spend their summer vacation in Dalian.
他们更喜欢在大连度暑假。
I intend to buy/buying an English-Chinese dictionary.
我想买一本英汉词典。
提示:应尽量避免接连出现两个动词-ing形式。
I am starting to learn Russian.我开始学俄语。
避免说:I am starting learning Russian.我开始学俄语。 b.need,require,want作“需要”讲时，后面接-ing形式的主动形式或不定式的被动形式,意义上并无差别,但用-ing形式比较常见。
Your composition needs correcting/to be corrected.你的作文需要修改。
His coat wants cleaning/to be cleaned.他的大衣需要洗了。
The old woman requires looking after carefully/to be looked after carefully.
这个老妇人需要细心地照料。
2.作介词的宾语
动词的-ing形式作介词的宾语大都和一些固定搭配有关。常见的几种搭配形式:
①动词+介词+-ing形式
Jason aims at becoming an astronaut.詹森立志要当宇航员。
I dream of being the best footballer in the school.
我梦想成为全校最好的足球运动员。
比较:
keep doing.. 继续或保持做……(强调动作的持续性)
Reports of new victories keep pouring in.捷报频传。
keep on doing... 继续或反复做……(强调动作的反复性).
We will keep on trying and if we get anything done, we will notify you.
我们将继续努力。有结果将通知你。
keep sb.doing...使某人一直做……(表示被迫进行的动作).
I'll try not to keep you waiting.我尽量不让你等。
keep sb. from doing.. 阻止某人做……(=prevent/stop sb. from doing)
The stone walls keep the farmer's cows from joining his neighbor's cows. 石头墙使农民家的牛不会混入邻居的牛群中去。
②动词+名词+介词+-ing形式
Please excuse me for being late.对不起,我迟到了。
③名词+介词+-ing形式
We like his way of teaching English.我们喜欢他教英语的方法。
He has little hope of passing the examination.
他几乎没有什么希望通过考试。
I have no difficulty in communicating with foreigners.
我在和外国人交谈方面没有什么困难。
④形容词+介词+-ing形式
I'm tired of having the same food every day.
天天吃同样的东西使我感到厌烦了。
Peter is angry about not being invited to the party.
没有被邀请出席聚会，彼得很生气。
Who's responsible for organizing this conference
是谁负责组织这次大会
⑤ what/how about+-ing 形式
What about going for a walk 去散步好不好
How about playing a game of chess now 现在来下盘棋好吗
⑥介词to+动词-ing形式
to既可以是介词,也可以是不定式符号,在使用中比较容易混淆。若是不定式符号to后接动词原形;若是介词， to 后需接-ing形式。
You must get used to washing your face with cold water.
你必须习惯用冷水洗脸。
John has admitted to breaking the window.约翰已承认了打破窗子。
I'm looking forward to seeing you this summer vacation.
我盼望着今年暑假见到你。
He has devoted his whole life to benefiting mankind.
他为全人类的利益献出了自己的一生。
However,others strongly object to developing private cars.
然而，另有一些人强烈反对发展私人小汽车 .
He is equal to doing this task.他能胜任这项任务 .
The man took to drinking shortly after his wife died.
他妻子死后不久，这个人就开始嗜酒。
三．动词的-ing 形式作表语
动词的-ing 形式作表语有两种不同的含义:
1.表示主语的内容是什么。
Her job is keeping the lecture hall as clean as possible.
她的工作是使报告厅尽可能保持干净。
The real question is getting to know the need of the students.
真正的问题是了解学生的需要。
His hobby is collecting stamps.他的爱好是集邮。
2.表示主语具有的特征。
The problem is quite puzzling.这个问题很令人困感.
The food at the dinner party did not seem very inviting.
晚会上的食物似乎并不是很诱人。
四.动词的-ing 形式与动词不定式比较
一般说来，动词的-ing形式表示一般性、习惯性的动作。或抽象性的动作，时间概念不强。而动词不定式表示的动作往往是具体的或一次性的动作,特别是将来的动作 .
Smoking is forbidden here.这里禁止吸烟。(泛指)
It's not good for you to smoke so much.
吸这么多烟对你的身体不好。(具体)
They prefer staying indoors when the weather is cold.
天冷时他们喜欢待在室内。(泛指)
Would you prefer to stay at home this evening
今晚你想待在家里吗 (具体)
动词的-ed形式作表语
动词的-ed形式在连系动词后作表语，说明主语的状态。
The students are fully prepared.学生们已做好了充分的准备。
When we got there, the shop was closed.
我们到那儿时,商店已经关门了。
The land remained unexploited.这片土地尚未开发。
Hearing the news.he looked disappointed.
听到这个消息，他看起来非常失望。
The top of the mountain is covered with snow all through the year.
山顶上终年积雪覆盖。
比较:
要把-ed形式作表语和被动语态区别开来。作表语的-ed形式表示状态,被动语态中的-ed形式表示动作。
All the doors are locked.
所有的门都是锁着的。(-ed形式作表语,表示状态)。
All the doors were locked by the guard.
所有的门都被卫兵锁上了。(被动语态,表示动作)。
Peter the Great is buried here.
彼得大帝就埋葬在这里。(-ed形式作表语表示状态)
Peter the Great was buried here in 1725.
彼得大帝于1725年被埋葬在这里。(被动语态,表示动作)
2.同一动词的-ed形式与-ing形式作表语时的区别。
动词的-ed形式作表语.主要表示主语的心理感受或所处的状态,含有被动的意思,而-ing形式作表语多表示主语具有的特征含有主动的意思。
They were frightened to hear the frightening sound.
他们听到那可怕的声音很害怕。
At the sight of the moving scene ,all the people present were moved.
看到这么感人的情景,所有在场的人都感动了。
提示:
上述动词的-ed形式,有的(如pleased,tired,excited disappointed)已经变成形容词,可以被very，too等副词修饰。有的(如amused,puzzled,relaxed)还不能被 very,too修饰,只能被much修饰。
These problems are very puzzling.这些问题很令人困惑 .
We are much puzzled by his failure to reply.
他不给我们回信使我们百思不得其解。
His speech was very moving.他的演讲非常感人.
All the people present were moved to tears.
在场的所有人都被感动得流泪了.
单句语法填空
1.__________( remove ) all the books took my roommate
half an hour.
2. What's more,it's our duty__________(pass)on the craftsmanship from generation to generation.
3. There is no__________(say)when the friction will be ended.
4.________(invite) to the party was a great honor to the young man.
5. The celebrity was not content________(live)a quiet life in a small village.
6. He had no choice but________(sit)there analysing the present situation.
7. I feel it a great honor___________(invite) to speak at the meeting in front of so many people.
8.It is immoral__________(occupy)a position which is not fit for you.
9.She felt__________(satisfy)with her crowning performance on the high-and-low bars.
10. The hunched old man preferred____________(starve)to death rather than beg.
语法填空
We often read in novels how a seemingly respectable person or family has some terrible secrets 1____________(conceal) from strangers. The English language possesses a vivid saying 2_________(describe) this sort of situation. The terrible secret is called “a skeleton in the cupboard" At some dramatic moment in the story, the terrible secret becomes 3.__________(know)and a reputation is ruined.
It is all very well for such things 4._________(occur) in fiction.To 5.________(vary)degrees, we all have secrets which we do not want even our closest friends6.________( learn ),but few of us have skeletons in the cupboard. The only person I know7.________(have)a skeleton in the cupboard is George Carlton and he is very proud of the fact. George studied medicine in his youth Instead of 8_________(become)a doctor. however. he became a successful writer of detective stories. I once spent an uncomfortable weekend which I shall never forger at his house. George showed me to the guestroom which. he said,was rarely used. He told me to unpack my things and then come down to dinner. After I had stacked my shirts and underclothes in two empty drawers, I decided9._________(hang) one of the two suits I had brought with me in the cupboard. I opened the cupboard door and then stood in front, feeling 10._________(frighten).A skeleton was dangling before my eyes.
难点1：
It appears to do sth.它似乎做某事。
教材例句：
...it appeals to float above the waterfront promenade and the water that surrounds it....
它似乎漂浮在海滨长廊上，四周被水环绕。
appear to do sth.看来/似乎做某事
It appeals that...看来/似乎...
It seems that....好像....
It happens/occurs that...碰巧...
It follows that...结果就是...
They appeared not to know what was happening.
他们似乎不知道正在发生的事。
It appears(that) there has been a mistake.
看来有一个差错。
___________seemed that everything the woman owned was in them.
好像这个女人拥有的一切都在里面。
难点2：
If虚拟条件句：与现在事实相反的虚拟语气
教材例句：
If you were given a chance to design a building,what inspiration would you take from nature
如果你有机会设计一座建筑，你会从大自然中得到什么灵感？
表示与现在事实相反的情况或对当前情况的一种假设。
从句谓语形式：过去式（be动词用were）
主句谓语形式：would/could/might/should+动词原形
If Dad were here,he would know what to do.
如果爸爸在这儿，他会知道怎么做的。
If I were a bird,I would fly freely in the sky.
如果我是一只鸟，我会在空中自由地飞翔。
If I were you,I would follow the teacher’s advice.
如果我是你的话，我会听从老师的建议。
What would she think if she knew that her figure is captured and frozen on some stranger’s bedroom wall
如果她知道自己的身影被（镜头）捕捉并定格在某个陌生人的卧室墙壁上，她会怎么想？
’If I were in that situation,I_________(want) someone to try to find me,’she said.
她说：‘如果我处在那种情况下，我会希望有人能尽力找到我’。
I would go with you if I _________(have) time.
如果有时间的话，我就和你一起去了。
We could ask him if he________here.
如果他在这儿，我们就可以问他了。
难点3：One...and the other...一个...；另一个...
教材例句：
Tao Yuanming and Henry David Thoreau were both poets,but one lived in Ancient China and the other in 19th century America.
陶渊明和亨利.大卫.梭罗都是诗人，但是一位生活在古代中国，另一位生活在19世纪的美国。
One the one hand....;on the other hand...一方面...;另一方面...
Some...;the others....一些....;另一些....
Some cleaned the windows,and the others mopped the floor.
一些擦窗户，另一些拖地。
Others=other people/things
The others=the rest 剩余的全部
This dictionary is better than the others.这本词典比其余的好。
两个中的‘另一个’是‘the other’,不是定数目中的‘另一个’是‘another’.
We worked in pairs,one picking peaches and the other carefully putting them into a big box.
我们两人一组，一个采摘桃子，另一个小心翼翼地把它们放进一个大盒子里。
On the one hand,producers would reduce confidence to us. On the other hand,without profit,our company can not survive.
一方面，生产商对我们的信心将打折扣。另一方面，没有了利润，我们的公司便不能生存。
This glass is broken.Get me another.
这个杯子坏了，给我另拿一个来。（在许多杯子中的一个）
本单元短语
take...for granted 认为...理所当然
Pine cone 松果；松球
Respond to 对...作出回应
In return for 作为对...的回报
Reaction to 对...的回应
Resign oneself to 使自己顺从于，安于
An example of ...的一个例子
Convert...into...把...转换成...
Seek solutions to 寻求解决方法
Withdraw from 从...退出
Take inspiration from 从...中获取灵感
At ease with 不拘束；放松
Explore ways to do sth.探索做某事的方式/方法
Capture the beauty of 捕捉...之美
Be amazed to find...吃惊地发现...
Be based on/upon 以...为基础/根据
Allow sb./sth. To do sth.允许某人/物做某事
Be fed with 被用...供给/供应；以...为食；用...喂养
Encourage sb. To do sth.鼓励某人做某事
Enable sb. To do sth.使某人能够做某事
Be supposed to do sth.应该/理应做某事；本应该做某事（表示某事本应发生而没有发生）
Vary from...to...从...到...变化；从...到...不等
Lead sb.to do sth.导致/促使/引领某人做某事
Succeed in doing sth.成功做某事
Avoid doing sth.避免做某事
Crash into 撞到...上
Draw...from...从...中得到/汲取...
One the edge of 在...的边缘；（某事）快要发生（尤指不好的事）
In other words 换句话说
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