2024届高考英语阅读长难句简单句同位语结构魔法讲解 讲义素材

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2024届高考英语阅读长难句简单句同位语结构魔法讲解 讲义素材

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高考英语阅读长难句简单句同位语结构识别与处理
同位语的定义:在一个名词或者句子后出现的起解释和说明作用的另一个名词结构为前一个名词或句子的同位语。同位语的作用是为了使整个句子的表达更加正式和多样化。
同位语结构的识别
①A,B
Mr Jackson, our new monitor, is very kind to us.
我们的新班长杰克逊先生对我们很好。
②抽象名词搭配从属连接词
A.that引导从句,that不充当成分,无含义
The fact that Jackson had not participate in the meeting surprised me.
杰克逊没有参加会议这一事实使我感到惊讶。
Tips:同位语解释的都是抽象名词,被解释的词有可能和同位语隔开。如果在长难句中被隔开直接往前找抽象名词就是被解释的词。
常用抽象名词:
A字头开始:advice建议、 agreement共识、assumption假设、answer回答act事实
B字头开始:belief 信仰
C字头开始:conclusion结论、command命令、condition条件
D字头开始:decision决定、demand要求、 determination决心、doubt怀疑
E字头开始:evidence证据、explanation解释
F字头开始fear战惧、 feeling感觉hope希望
H字头开始:knowledge知议
I字头开始idea想法、indication预示、instruction指示
M字头开始:motion动机、message 信息
N字头开始:news新闻
O字头开始:order命令、opinion观点
P字头开始phenomenon现象、 plan计划、 preference扁的、 problem问题、possibility可能性、
Q字头开始question问题
S字头开始suggestion建议
T字头开始:thought想法
(助记口诀:ABCDEF,HIMNOPQ,还有两个ST)
whether引导从句,whether不充当成分,翻译为“是否”
I have no idea whether I can catch up with the first bus.
我不知道是否能赶上头班车。
注意∶名词doubt“怀疑”后面旳同位语从句用whether连接∶在no doubt“不怀疑”后的同位语从句用that连接,比如说:
We have some doubt whether they can finish their homework on time.
我们怀疑他们是否能按时完成作业。
There is no doubt that we will keep our promise.
毫无疑问,我们会遵守诺言的。
③连接代词,what,which,whose,who,whom各自代表各自句中的成分,并且带有各自的意思
who作主语,宾语,翻译为谁
I have no idea who will be take charge of our company and board.
我不知道谁来管理我们的公司和董事会。
B.whom作宾语,翻译为谁
I have no idea whom Jackson loves
我不知道杰克逊爱的是谁
C.what作主语,宾语,翻译为什么
I have no idea what are they doing now.
我不知道他们现在在干什么。
D.which作定语,后接名词,翻译为哪一个
I have no idea which schoolbag is suitable for you
我不知道哪个书包适合你
whose作定语,翻译为谁的
I have no idea whose schoolbag it is.
我不知道这是谁的书包。
④连接副词,how,when,where,why,有各自的含义,作状语
连接副词,when作时间状语,翻译为什么时候
I have no idea when Mary left for Guangzhou.
我不知道玛丽什么时候去广州的。
连接副词,where作地点状语,翻译为什么地点
I have no idea where Jack went
我不知道杰克去哪了
连接副词,why作原因状语,翻译为“为什么”
I have no idea why Jack go to hospital and take a pill
我不知道杰克为什么要去医院吃药
连接副词,how既可以做方式状语,翻译为怎样;又可以做程度状语,翻译为多么
I have no idea how we could cast off this learning predicament.(方式状语)
我不知道怎样才能摆脱这种学习困境。
I have no idea how much Jackson cost.(程度状语)
我不知道杰克逊花了多少钱。
注意:如果被修饰的抽象名词是表建议﹑命令·要求·决定·愿望等名词时·同位语要用虚拟语气should+do ,should可省略·
Our teacher gave us some suggestions how we (should) apply our knowledge to use the computer.
我们的老师给了我们一些建议,我们应该如何应用我们的知识来使用计算机。
同位语与定语、状语的区别
①同为语:用一个名词或者短语来解释同等地位或者同等意义的另一个名词
(说白了,其实就是把之前说过的东西换另外一种说法再一边表达
This is her classmate Jackson
这是她的同学杰克逊
②定语:使一个名词更加具体以及生动;翻译为...的
Jackson is a handsome boy.
杰克逊是一个英俊的男孩。
③状语:翻译为...地;修饰动词,在句中表达不同的时间、地点、原因、目的、方式
Mary happily teach us Chinese every weekend.
玛丽每天都愉快地教我们汉语。
简单句的同位语上下义关系:
上下义词是指某个词的词义包含或包含于另一个词的词义。包含另一个词的词义的词,称为上义词,包含于另一个词的词义的词,称为下义词。例如:Swimming,fishing and playing golf are his favorite sports.此句中,swimming,fishing 以及 playing golf 都是sports这个上义词的下义词。请再看下面三个例子:
A tiger and kangaroo could be seen under a small tree.
The cats are seemingly unaware of our presence.
We take a view for several minutes,thinking how courageous and beautiful the animals were.第一个例子中a tiger and kangaroo,第二个例子中 the cats ,第三个例子中the animals这三个词都指同一个对象a ,这种用法就是借用了上下义词以增加表达的多样性。(注:老虎属于猫科动物)
简单句的同位语结构处理
(1)使用同位语的主要目的是使句子的表达更简洁,很多同位语都可以改写为一个主系表结构的句子。前文也提到过同位语就是对其前面的名词或句子进行进一步的补充说明,即使去掉同位语的信息也不会对句子的完整性产生影响,因此在阅读句子的过程中,尤其是在高考英语阅读的过程中,没有必要对同位语尤其是冗长的同位语进行仔细阅读,可以采取跳读的方式处理,以加快阅读的速度,在最短的时间内获得最有用的信息。但是如果在后面的考题中考到了对于这个同位语的理解,则需要对这个同位语进行仔细解析。
(2)在翻译中对同位语的处理通常采取三种方法:
第一,将同位语提前翻译,被其修饰的名词用代词替代。
第二,将同位语翻译为一个完整的句子。
第三,将同位语从句翻译为“即”,或者用“:”替代“即”字。
高考英语阅读长难句真题演练
【出自2023年高考英语全国甲卷第四篇】
Grizzly bears, which may grow to about 2.5 m long and weigh over 400 kg, occupy a conflicted corner of the American psyche-we revere (敬畏) them even as they give us frightening dreams.
句子分析:
主句:grizzly bears occupy a conflicted corner of the American psyche
从句:
Which引导定语从句修饰grizzly bears:
Which may grow to about 2.5m long and weigh over 400kg
破折号后接同位语补充修饰a conflicted corner:
we revere (敬畏) them even as they give us frightening dreams.
翻译:
灰熊可以长到2.5米长,体重超过400公斤,在美国人心中占据着一个矛盾的角落——我们敬畏它们(敬畏),即使它们给我们带来可怕的梦。
【出自2023年高考英语全国甲卷第四篇】
As grizzly bears expand their range into places where they haven’t been seen in a century or more, they’re increasingly being sighted by humans.
主句:they are increasingly being sighted by humans
从句:
where引导定语从句修饰places:where they haven’t been seen in a century or more
as引导时间状语从句:As grizzly bears expand their range into places
翻译:随着灰熊的活动范围扩大到一个多世纪以来从未出现过的地方,人类越来越多地看到了它们。
四、高考英语阅读逐句翻译:
【素材来源:上海市徐汇区2024届高三下学期二模考试英语试题】
Growing up in the 80s as a child with lots of siblings, I played in the street until dark or until we were called for dinner.
句子分析:growing up 现在分词做伴随状语
翻译:我是在80年代长大的,小时候有很多兄弟姐妹,我经常在街上玩到天黑或者被叫去吃饭。
We had an amazing community of neighbours.
我们有一个很棒的邻居社区。
However, one elderly neighbour hated us.
然而,一个上了年纪的邻居讨厌我们。
Every time the football went into her garden, she would confiscate it – and then pop the ball.
每次足球进入她的花园,她都会没收它,然后把球踢开。
When she collected over 20 deflated footballs, she would take them down to the police station and complain.
句子分析:when引导时间状语从句
当她收集了20多个泄气的足球时,她会把它们带到警察局抱怨。
To her, at least, free and active children were a pest and a disgrace.
至少对她来说,自由活泼的孩子是一种讨厌和耻辱。
Actually, at that time, nothing but one stopped us playing: the shattering of a window and the scream of a parent coming outside to tell us off.
句子分析:冒号后接同位语补充修饰Nothing
实际上,在那个时候,只有一件事阻止了我们玩耍:窗户的破碎声和父母出来责备我们的尖叫声。
On reflection, I was probably part of the last generation of children to play outside regularly.
回想起来,我可能是最后一代经常在户外玩耍的孩子。
Now in London, the estate (that) I live in is covered with historic signs saying: “No ball games”.
句子分析:that引导定语从句修饰the estate
现在在伦敦,我住的地方到处都是写着“禁止球类运动”的历史标语。
The signs function as a play ban for children.
这些标志的作用是禁止孩子们玩耍
Even during the summer, there are only a couple of rebels who dare to play football on the street.
句子分析:who引导定语从句修饰rebels
即使在夏天,也只有几个反叛分子敢在街上踢足球。
They get my nod and a kick of the ball back when it comes in my direction.
When引导时间状语从句
他们得到我的点头,当球向我的方向飞来时,他们会把球踢回去。
The problem is,(that) many people don’t know that these signs are not enforceable by law: they are simply a request from local housing associations.
句子分析:第一个that引导表语从句;第二个that引导宾语从句;冒号后接同位语补充修饰these signs
问题是,许多人不知道这些标志是不受法律约束的:它们只是当地住房协会的要求。
Of course, if people are kicking the ball against someone’s house or out on the streets making noise late at night, it would be considered criminal damage and antisocial behaviour – and quite right.
句子分析:if引导条件状语从句;“主将从现”结构
翻译:
But most of the time the signs are just preventing children from playing.
但大多数时候,这些标志只是阻止孩子们玩耍。
The London Sport charity has recommended that these signs are removed. I agree - let’s burn them all.
伦敦体育慈善机构建议拆除这些标志。我同意,我们把他们都烧了吧。
But I do think it is simplistic to imagine banning the signs will combat a national obesity epidemic.
但我确实认为,认为禁止这些标志就能对抗全国范围内的肥胖流行,这种想法过于简单化了。
The Active Lives Survey shows that just 47% of children in England are getting the recommended 60 minutes or more of sport and physical activity a day.
句子分析:that引导宾语从句
翻译:积极生活调查显示,英国只有47%的儿童每天进行建议的60分钟或更长时间的运动和身体活动。
Removing “No ball games” signs doesn’t mean that the other 53% of children will feel motivated to venture outside and play.
句子分析:that引导宾语从句
翻译:移除“禁止球类运动”的标志并不意味着其他53%的孩子会有动力去外面冒险玩耍。
The Active Lives Survey also suggests that boys are more likely to be active than girls.
句子分析:that引导宾语从句
积极生活调查还表明,男孩比女孩更有可能活跃。
Perhaps boys are still given more activity opportunities.
也许男孩仍然有更多的活动机会
The Lionesses(英格兰女足)win at the Euros football tournament highlighted the lack of opportunities for girls in football and inequitable sports curriculums in schools.
狮女队(英格兰女足)在欧洲足球锦标赛上的胜利凸显了女孩在足球方面缺乏机会以及学校体育课程的不公平。
Children and young people of black, Asian and other minority ethnicities are least likely to be active. Perhaps because racism in sport is alive and kicking
黑人、亚洲人和其他少数民族的儿童和年轻人最不可能运动。也许是因为体育运动中的种族主义是活生生的
In addition, access to sport and physical activity is a social justice issue that depends on location and financial circumstances.
此外,获得运动和身体活动的机会是一个取决于地点和经济状况的社会正义问题。
For a child from an economically disadvantaged background, who lives in a high-rise flat with little green space around, the costs and practicalities of participating in sport are prohibitive.
句子分析:who引导定语从句修饰a child
对于一个经济背景不好、住在高层公寓、周围几乎没有绿色空间的孩子来说,参加体育运动的成本和实用性都是令人望而却步的。
For example, a weekend tennis court costs anywhere between 10 and 27, without travel or equipment.
例如,一个周末网球场的费用在10英镑到27英镑之间,不包括旅行和设备。
So, while we can burn all the “No ball games” signs in the country, the real barrier to combating low activity levels in children is social inequality.
句子分析:while引导让步状语从句
所以,虽然我们可以烧掉全国所有的“禁止球类运动”的标志,但对抗儿童低运动水平的真正障碍是社会不平等。
What really needs to happen to get our children moving
真正需要做些什么才能让我们的孩子动起来

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