资源简介

Passage 1
Lots of people dislike rats. They slide around sewers(下水道). They get in the garbage. They can spread disease. It can be difficult to see their value—other than as an animal model for studying human illnesses. But rats have more to share.
When the first Europeans came to Virginia, black rats took a ride in their ships. They went on to live with the Europeans and often built nests in the walls of people's homes. Those nests are full of information about early settlers. They show what specific materials the early settlers used, which helps historians find out what they could make and produce for themselves—and what they had to import from across the ocean.
In rats, DNA "really tells a story about the people," says Emily Puckett, who studies how a species’ DNA differs across its range. Another species—the brown rat can help tell a large story about how people spread around the globe, Puckett finds. Brown rats were originally from Eastern China and Mongolia. Puckett’s DNA samples have shown that the brown rat spread south and east from there, to India and almost everywhere else. The DNA in its bones could help determine where the rats came from—and which cities might have been linked.
At the University of York in England, David Orton studies animals that lived with ancient humans. Usually, when historians find remains of an ancient city, they want to dig and find more. "The trouble is that most of the time, the ancient cities tend to be underneath modern cities," Orton says. "And you can’t just go and dig the whole thing up." But you can follow the rats. Rats are "very dependent on humans for their food supplies and for their shelter," he explains.
These rats have given us a new appreciation. "It is fascinating to think that these little creatures are stealing things and that now we’re safeguarding them to make a study," Maureen Elgersman Lee, a historian, says.
1What do historians probably learn from the nest of rats
A.The appearance of their nests.
B.The family members’ occupations.
C.The living conditions of early settlers.
D.The process of their food transportation.
2Why can the brown rat help tell a large story
A.Because it originated from Eastern China.
B.Because its DNA reflected its spreading experience.
C.Because it enjoyed travelling around the globe.
D.Because its bones were full of information of cities.
3What do David Orton’s words mean
A.Humans offered food and shelter to rats.
B.Historians could study the ancient city by digging.
C.The ancient cities were mostly located above modern ones.
D.Rats could offer a clue to learning the size of ancient cities.
4What is a suitable title for the text
A.Rats Differ in Different Regions
B.Rats Change People’s Attitude
C.Rats Reveal the History of Us
D.Rats Depend on Humans for Living
Passage 2
One Chinese startup has apparently developed technology that allows it to identify individuals by their walk, even if their face is covered or they have their back to the camera.
Known as"gait recognition", the technology invented by artificial intelligence startup Watrix analyses thousands of metrics(指标) about a person’s walk, from their body shape and the angle of arm movement to their posture and whether they have a toe-in or toe-out gait. All these individual features go into a database that the software then goes through when attempting to identify people. According to an official statement from Watrix, the accuracy rate of gait technology at the laboratory level exceeds 96 percent.
Facial recognition technology has come a long way in recent years, but it still has a fundamental weakness—it needs to"see" people’s faces in order to identify them, so if someone’s face is covered or if their back is to the camera, it’s basically useless. Gait recognition, on the other hand, is much more reliable. It works from virtually any angle, and because it analyses so many metrics, it can identify subjects even if they attempt to cover their legs. Disguises(伪装物) or fake limps are not very effective in fooling the technology either.
"Covering your legs would reduce the recognition score but we analyse all of a person’s body," Huang Yongzhen, co-founder and chief executive of Watrix, said in an interview. "With facial recognition people need to look into a camera—cooperation is not needed for them to be recognized by our technology."
Watrix revealed the first version of their gait recognition technology in October, 2018 and has since been in talks with security companies from Singapore, India, Russia, the Netherlands and the Czech Republic for contracts. The technology has also been tested by public security officials for thousands of hours and used to solve dozens of police cases. Authorities in Shanghai and Beijing are already using gait recognition to detect wanted criminals and identify jaywalkers(乱穿马路的人).
The current version of gait recognition software isn’t yet capable of detecting people in real time, but the Chinese startup claims that it’s able to analyse an hour's worth of video footage in just 10 minutes, with over 94% accuracy.
1How could Watrix guarantee the accuracy of "gait recognition"
A.By checking the angle of people’s arm movement.
B.By combining facial recognition with people’s walk.
C.By setting up a database of numerous individuals’ metrics.
D.By analysing thousands of features of people’s legs and toes.
2What advantage does gait technology have over facial recognition
A.Unlimited angles. B.Free gestures.
C.No need to cover. D.Active cooperation.
3What can we learn from the fifth paragraph
A.Watrix has found several cooperative partners for its first version.
B.Gait recognition has been widely used in the field of public security.
C.Watrix is trying to extend the use of the technology in Chinese big cities.
D.Gait technology has been proved beneficial in identifying wanted criminals.
4Which of the following can best describe the future of the technology
A.Challenging. B.Promising. C.Profitable. D.Unknown.
Passage 3
A diet rich in fruit and vegetables and incorporating a daily glass of wine can protect the brain against dementia(痴呆), a study suggests. Sticking closely to Mediterranean eating habits, which also include plenty of nuts, seafood, whole grains and olive oil, has been linked to a 23 per cent lower risk of dementia.
Based on data gathered on 60,000 people via the UK Biobank, a medical database set up in 2006, the researchers scored participants’ diets for how closely they matched the ideal Mediterranean diet on two scales.
Using one, those whose eating habits were the best match were 23 per cent less likely to develop dementia than those whose diets least fit the pattern. A diet with a perfect score would involve more than four tablespoons of olive oil, at least two portions of vegetables and three of fruit per day as well as a glass of wine. It would also include at least three servings of legumes, 90 grams of nuts, and three servings of fish or shellfish a week. The ideal diet would also involve very little red or processed meat, avoiding too many sweetened drinks, butter, margarine or cream.
The second scale used similar criteria and a close match on that was linked to a 14 per cent lower risk of dementia. The findings, published in the journal BMC Medicine, appeared to show a "protective effect regardless of someone’s genetic risk".
Dr Susan Mitchell of Alzheimer’s Research UK, said,"There is a wealth of evidence that eating a healthy, balanced diet can help reduce the risk of cognitive decline. But the evidence for specific diets is much less clear-cut." She pointed out that the study only drew on data from people with white, British or Irish ancestry. She said, "While there are no surefire(一定成功的) ways to prevent dementia yet, a diet rich in fruit and vegetables, along with plenty of exercise and not smoking, all contribute to good heart health, which in turn helps to protect our brain from diseases that lead to dementia."
1What did the study find out
A.A new way to cure a disease.
B.A popular diet to keep balance.
C.A medical database to do research.
D.A possible strategy to reduce the risk of dementia.
2How did the researchers carry out the study
A.By making comparison. B.By presenting the process.
C.By consulting other studies. D.By analyzing cause and effect.
3What does Susan Mitchell think of the study
A.It’s evident. B.It’s limited.
C.It’s practical. D.It’s promising.
4Which of the following best shows the structure of the passage
Passage 4
An important life lesson that I’ve drawn from running is to run at my own pace. It has guided me in many ways. In particular, it made me challenge the fixed expectations of retirement and aging.
Running is a metaphor(隐喻) for life. I realized this while training for a marathon to celebrate my 60th birthday. All the other runners being faster than me made me embarrassed. But my coach shared some valuable advice: run at your own best pace. Setting a goal or target time could be a limitation. He was right. Over time, I ran more easily and faster. I also enjoyed the experience much more.
I have applied this principle to other areas of my life. Finding a rhythm is not about efficiency or how many things I can get done in a day. It has more to do with what I decide to do at this stage in my life.
Running carries its own set of expectations, including what it means to be a strong runner. But expectations also extend to other areas of life, including what people at certain life stages should be doing or not doing. Expectations at my age can center on how leisure time is spent, decisions about employment, and even the role of a grandmother.
I used to think it was young people who bore peer pressure, but it’s easy to view retirement as another occupation with benchmarks(基准) to be met. We often make what someone else does the reference point. It’s a comparison trap.
　　Forget what others are doing. Their pace is not necessarily the pace you should run at. Run in your own way. It’s not better or worse—only different.
1What does the author intend to tell in paragraph 2
A.The origin of a life principle. B.Her misunderstanding of running.
C.The importance of life expectations. D.Her unpleasant training experience.
2What does the author think about life expectations
A.They are vital for retired people. B.They vary at different life stages.
C.They cover every decision in life. D.They are usually too high to fulfill.
3What can we infer from paragraph 5
A.Young people often compete with old people. B.Retired people take up bad occupations.
C.Retired people are also under peer pressure. D.A comparison trap makes young people stronger.
4What message does the author mainly want to convey
A.Retirement can’t stop old people's dreams.
B.People should live life to the fullest.
C.People should live at their own speed.
D.Running at a fixed pace is beneficial to retired people.
Passage 5
　　Kindness is seen as a true strength, and the success of civilizations relies on kindness. We teach children from a young age to "be kind to one another" and "treat others the way you want to be treated". Being kind is even shown to be good for well-being. According to Mayo Clinic, when we perform acts of kindness, the pleasure center in our brain is activated, releasing the stress-reducing hormone(激素). Individuals who volunteer on a regular basis report greater life satisfaction.That said, consider the following question: Could kindness ever be considered harmful to us when it has such clear benefits Let’s think about this assuming we are in the workplace.
You are a new person on the team, and you want to be well-liked and respected by your co-workers. You are a kind person and tell your team, "Let me know how I can help you; I’m always available to help."Though you may truly mean this, there are people in this world who can consider your kindness as weakness unfortunately. This can lead to you being taken advantage of by others.
Let’s fast-forward to a year later. You have been in your position now for one year, and you are working with the same team. You notice that your co-workers continue asking for your succor over and over again. In fact, the only time they interact with you is when they need something. You have been always at your co-workers’ service and there has rarely been any return from them. Imagine the level of discouragement you’re feeling!
In a very broad sense, it is advantageous to be kind to others, and your kind acts will be appreciated and, perhaps, pay off. However, you need to be willing to say "no". When people ask you for a favor, assess if you have the time, energy and attention to give help to them. To truly be kind, sometimes you need to be more comfortable to say "no" to others and say "yes" to yourself.
1Why is Mayo Clinic mentioned
A.To stress the importance of kindness.
B.To explain the reasons for being kind.
C.To show the positive effect of kindness.
D.To assess the current kindness education.
2Which of the following can replace the underlined word "succor" in paragraph 3
A.Comfort. B.Company. C.Interaction. D.Assistance.
3What does the author suggest doing in the last paragraph
A.Finding the best way to refuse others. B.Being a little more self-focused.
C.Being grateful for others’ kind gestures. D.Acknowledging your efforts and sacrifices.
4What is the text mainly discussing
A.Are we hurting ourselves with kindness
B.Why are random acts of kindness important
C.Is the power of kindness at work undervalued
D.How can showing kindness promote well-being
Passage 6
　　In my Ancient to Medieval Literature class, my students celebrate and are walking on air when they get to the last book of the term, because it's not a poetry book but a prose(散文) one. But it’s not just my students who don’t enjoy poetry—few adults find themselves desiring an evening with it. Most people complain that poetry is too difficult to understand or not accessible enough. But I think it's deeper than that.
Nowadays, we have become so caught up in the shallow bustle(喧闹) of the world, senseless in our shortsightedness, self-satisfied with our success and proud of our productivity. Our days are filled with "busy" because being busy is easy. To do ten things in five hours is easy; to do one thing for five hours is difficult. We become unable to occupy ourselves with listening to a bird’s morning song or spend an hour staying alone in deep and free thought. We have lost the miner’s skills in digging. We've just contented ourselves in shallow waters.
Many people think there’s no payoff in reading poetry. It just doesn’t fit into the fast-paced, shallow, productivity-driven culture. Reading poetry does take work, but the work is rewarding: as one wrestles with a poem—reading it aloud, reading it silently, reading it over and over again—the meaning and beauty surface from it with clarity. Once we explore the depths of poetry, we’ll realize it has reached our own soul. And as we learn this practice in reading poetry, we learn this practice in reading life.
As a child we learned to crawl(爬), then walk, and then run. And we never stop running. But perhaps, if we take a break from being "productive" and look up from our plans, we might see the warm sunshine and hear birds singing as described in poems. Poetry makes a man himself again when he flashes a smile because of these beautiful scenes.
1How do the students feel about the prose learning
A.Surprised. B.Unsatisfied. C.Excited. D.Disappointed.
2What are people nowadays like in the author’s eyes
A.They are proud of their shortsightedness. B.They suffer terribly from the busy lifestyle.
C.They are separated from the surroundings. D.They lose the ability to think deeply about things.
3What can be inferred about poetry and life from paragraph 3
A.It takes hard work to truly understand life.
B.Life is improved by the existence of poetry.
C.Learning poetry is a practice of self-reflection.
D.Reading poetry begins with a desire for a reward.
4What message is conveyed in the last paragraph
A.Reading poetry is actually a gradual process.
B.A positive attitude to life brings good fortune.
C.People should stop to enjoy the beauty of life.
D.Productivity is less important than a good plan.
Passage 7
When I mentioned to some friends that we all have accents, most of them proudly replied, "Well, I speak perfect English/Chinese/etc." But this kind of response misses the point.
More often than not, what we mean when we say someone "has an accent" is that their accent is different from the local one, or that pronunciations are different from our own. But this definition of accents is limiting and could give rise to prejudice. Funnily enough, in terms of the language study, every person speaks with an accent. It is the regular differences in how we produce sounds that define our accents. Even if you don’t hear it yourself, you speak with some sort of accent. In this sense, it’s pointless to point out that someone "has an accent". We all do!
Every person speaks a dialect(方言), too. In the field of the language study, a dialect is a version of a language that is characterized by its variations of structure, phrases and words. For instance,"You got eat or not "( meaning "Have you eaten ")is an acceptable and understood question in Singapore Oral English. The fact that this expression would cause a standard American English speaker to take pause doesn’t mean that Singapore Oral English is "wrong" or "ungrammatical". The sentence is well-formed and clearly communicative, according to native Singapore English speakers’ solid system of grammar. Why should it be wrong just because it’s different
We need to move beyond a narrow conception of accents and dialects—for the benefit of everyone. Language differences like these provide insights into people’s cultural experiences and backgrounds. In a global age, the way one speaks is a distinct part of one’s identity. Most people would be happy to talk about the cultures behind their speech. We'd learn more about the world we live in and make friends along the way.
1What does the author think of his/her friends’ response in paragraph 1
A.It reflects their self-confidence. B.It reflects their language levels.
C.It misses the point of communication. D.It misses the real meaning of accents.
2Why does the author use the example of Singapore Oral English
A.To justify the use of dialects.
B.To show the diversity of dialects.
C.To correct a grammatical mistake.
D.To highlight a traditional approach.
3What does the author recommend us to do in the last paragraph
A.Learn to speak with our local dialect.
B.Seek for an official definition of accents.
C.Appreciate the value of accents and dialects.
D.Distinguish our local languages from others’.
4What can be a suitable title for this passage
A.Everyone Has an Accent B.Accents Enhance Our Identities
C.Dialects Lead to Misunderstanding D.Standard English Is at Risk
Passage 8
You’ve heard an old Chinese saying before: Give a man a fish and you feed him for a day; teach a man to fish and you feed him for a lifetime. You may even be nodding your head in agreement right now. However,we can have a different understanding of it.
When a person is starving, that’s not the time to fill their head with knowledge but to first give the person a fish—eradicating their hunger—and only then teach them to fish. Far too often, people ignore this common-sense first step. They see someone who is struggling, and they rush to offer wisdom. "Let me tell you what I’d do in your position," a well-meaning individual might offer.
But few of us understand the anxiety, confusion and uncertainty that come with overwhelming need. People meeting with personal disasters don’t have the ability to think straight. Their nerves may be shot. Their confidence may be non-existent. Can you imagine what it would be like to be in that person’s situation
Rushing to offer a struggling person long-term advice is a waste of time. Instead, it makes far more sense to help them regain their emotional balance. Once their ears, heart and mind open, you'll have an opportunity to teach a new skill.
But how do we know whether a person needs a fish before a fishing lesson Two things: One is the ability to pay attention. We need to know whether the person is open and receptive, or looking at the world with narrowed eyes. You can’t just take their words but have to look at how the person acts and what they don’t say. The other is empathy(共情).The more successful you are, the harder it is to imagine what it must be like to be the opposite. Try to create a safe environment for emotional acceptance before the fishing lesson.
1What is the function of the first paragraph
A.To illustrate a concept. B.To bring in a new viewpoint.
C.To introduce the background. D.To put up an example.
2What does the underlined word "eradicating" mean in Paragraph 2
A.Getting rid of. B.Paying attention to.
C.Making up for. D.Putting up with.
3What should we do first for those in disasters
A.Get them to think straight. B.Enhance their confidence.
C.Satisfy their primary needs. D.Teach them a new skill.
4Which does the author probably agree with according to the last paragraph
A.Live and learn. B.Never teach a fish to swim.
C.Put yourself in others' shoes. D.Don't teach an old dog new tricks.
Passage 9
　　Around the world, rivers seem to be either flooding or shrinking. While Pakistan’s rivers have left one-third of that country flooded and millions of people without homes, a drought(旱灾)unseen for 500 years has left Europe’s major waterways almost dry. In the United States, the Kentucky River suffered deadly flooding this summer, while the Colorado River dropped sharply, which brought about water distribution cuts across several states.
There is little disagreement about what’s going on: Scientists have warned for years that our changing climate will cause the frequency of both rainfall and droughts to increase, making the wet wetter and the dry drier, with ever more extreme impacts on rivers. The question now may be how to manage those waterways affected by climate change and, specifically, what role dams should or should not play in relieving the disasters we've been seeing lately and will see more of.
Advocates say water storage dams will become more significant which can stop water during flooding and allow it out in times of droughts. Dams, they say, can help relieve climate change by producing clean hydropower(水电). "Dams and hydropower are fundamental to climate relief and adaptation," says Richard Taylor, a leading hydropower expert.
Not so, counter opinions claim dams do more harm than good. Their arguments have long centered on the negative impact most dams have on biodiversity and river ecosystems, and increasing data show that dams actually worsen both floods and droughts. They also point out studies have shown that lakes created by dams often produce far more harmful greenhouse gases than people previously understood. "Dams are thought to be a climate solution," says Isabella Winkler, who co-leads International Rivers, a U.S.-based advocacy group. "They have been praised as a source of green energy but they are actually not." Besides, scientists warn that many existing dams use operating rules based on old climate assumptions. New dams, experts agree, must be built for the worst cases.
1How does the author introduce the topic in paragraph 1
A.By explaining reasons. B.By making comparisons.
C.By describing a disaster. D.By introducing some findings.
2What has been a long-existing concern to scientists
A.Building dams destroys the ecosystem. B.Natural disasters occur more frequently.
C.Waterways are in terrible condition widely. D.Climate change worsens natural disasters.
3What’s Isabella Winkler’s attitude towards building dams
A.Opposed. B.Uncertain. C.Favorable. D.Mixed.
4What is mainly talked about in the text
A.What accounts for the difference in rainfall
B.Is hydropower really environmentally friendly
C.Is building dams the way to fight climate change
D.Who is to blame for the increasing natural disasters
【解析】 老鼠除了可以作为研究人类疾病的动物模型之外,它还有其他的一些研究价值:可以为了解古代城市的大小提供线索,可以揭示我们的历史。
1.C　理解具体信息　根据第二段的"Those nests are full of information about early settlers"可知,这些老鼠窝充满了早期定居者的信息。由此可知,历史学家可能会从老鼠窝中了解到早期定居者的生活条件。故选C项。
2.B　理解具体信息　根据第三段的"In rats, DNA...the brown rat can help tell a large story about how people spread around the globe, Puckett finds"可知,Puckett说,在老鼠身上,DNA"确实讲述了一个关于人的故事"。Puckett发现,另一个物种——褐家鼠可以帮助讲述人类是如何在全球范围内扩散的大故事。由此可知,褐家鼠可以帮助讲述一个大故事,因为它的DNA反映了它的扩散经历。故选B项。
3.D　推断　明题意:本题问"David Orton的话是什么意思 "→寻线索:根据第四段中David Orton说的话可知,大多数时候,古城往往位于现代城市的下面。你不能直接把整个东西都挖出来。但是你可以跟着老鼠→定答案:由此可推知,David Orton的话的意思是老鼠可以为了解古代城市的大小提供线索。故选D项。
4.C　理解主旨要义(标题判断)　通读全文可知,本文介绍了老鼠除了可以作为研究人类疾病的动物模型之外,它还有其他的一些研究价值:可以为了解古代城市的大小提供线索,可以揭示我们的历史。故选C项。
【二次精读】　　
核心单词:slide v. (使)滑行,滑动　remains n. 古代遗物,遗迹,遗址　dependent adj. 依赖的
难句分析:They show what specific materials the early settlers used, which helps historians find out (what
非限制性定语从句 宾语从句1
they could make and produce for themselves )—and (what they had to import from across the ocean).
宾语从句2
译文:它们展示了早期定居者使用的具体材料,这有助于历史学家了解他们可以为自己制造和生产什么,以及他们必须从大洋彼岸进口什么。
【解析】 本文主要介绍了一家中国初创公司Watrix开发出了步态识别技术。
1.C　理解具体信息　根据第二段中的"the technology...analyses thousands of metrics(指标)...All these individual features go into a database that the software then goes through when attempting to identify people"可知,这项技术分析了数千个关于一个人走路的指标,从他们的体型、手臂运动的角度到他们的姿势,以及他们是脚趾向内还是脚趾向外的步态。所有这些个人特征都会进入一个数据库,在试图识别人时,软件会通过数据库进行识别。也就是说,Watrix通过建立一个包含众多个人指标的数据库来保证"步态识别"的准确性,故选C。
2.A　理解具体信息　根据第三段的"Gait recognition, on the other hand, is much more reliable. It works from virtually any angle, and because it analyses so many metrics, it can identify subjects even if they attempt to cover their legs"可知,步态识别从几乎任何角度进行工作,因为它分析了如此多的指标,即使实验对象试图遮住他们的腿,它也能识别出实验对象。由此可知,与人脸识别相比,步态识别技术的优点是无识别角度限制,故选A。
3.D　推断　根据第五段中的"The technology has also been tested by public security officials for thousands of hours and used to solve dozens of police cases. Authorities in Shanghai and Beijing are already using gait recognition to detect wanted criminals and identify jaywalkers(乱穿马路的人)"可知,该技术还经过公安人员数千小时的测试,并被用于侦破数十起警方案件。
上海和北京的有关部门已经在使用步态识别技术来侦查通缉犯和识别乱穿马路的人。由此可推知,步态识别技术已被证明有助于识别通缉犯。故选D。
4.B　推断　根据第五段中的"Watrix revealed the first version of their gait recognition technology in
October,2018 and has since been in talks with security companies from Singapore, India, Russia, the Netherlands and the Czech Republic for contracts"可知,Watrix在2018年10月公布了他们的步态识别技术的第一个版本,此后已经与来自新加坡、印度、俄罗斯、荷兰和捷克共和国的安全公司谈判合同;根据最后一段中的"the Chinese startup claims that it's able to analyse an hour's worth of video footage in just 10 minutes, with over 94% accuracy"可知,这家中国初创公司声称,它能够在短短10分钟内分析一小时的视频片段,准确率超过94%。这些信息都说明,这项技术的未来是有希望的。故选B。
【解析】 一项研究表明,富含水果和蔬菜且每天喝一杯葡萄酒的饮食,可以保护大脑免受痴呆的侵害。本文介绍了该项研究的发现、开展的方式、过程以及Susan Mitchell博士对此研究的看法。
1.D　理解具体信息　根据第一段的内容可知,一项研究表明,富含水果和蔬菜且每天喝一杯葡萄酒的饮食,可以保护大脑免受痴呆的侵害。坚持地中海饮食习惯,包括大量的坚果、海鲜、全谷物和橄榄油,可以将患痴呆的风险降低23%。由此可知,这项研究发现了一种降低痴呆风险的可能策略。故选D。
2.A　理解具体信息　根据第二段中的"the researchers scored participants’ diets for how closely they matched the ideal Mediterranean diet on two scales"可知,研究人员以两个标准对参与者的饮食与理想的地中海饮食的匹配程度进行了评分;再根据第三段中的"Using one, those whose eating habits were the best match were 23 per cent less likely to develop dementia than those whose diets least fit the pattern"可知,使用一种标准,那些饮食习惯最匹配的人患痴呆的可能性比饮食习惯最不匹配的人低23%。由此可知,研究人员通过对比的方式来进行这项研究。故选A。
3.B　理解观点、态度　根据最后一段中的"She pointed out that the study only drew on data from people with white, British or Irish ancestry"可知,Susan Mitchell指出这项研究只利用了白人、英国或爱尔兰血统的人的数据。由此可知,Susan Mitchell认为这项研究有局限性。故选B。
4.C　理解文章结构、类型(文章结构)　第一段是文章的主旨,介绍了一项研究发现了降低痴呆风险的可能策略;第二段介绍的是这项研究开展的方式;第三段和第四段为第二段的分论点,具体阐述研究过程;最后一段是Susan Mitchell对此研究的看法。由此可推知,C选项最符合本文的结构。故选C。
【二次精读】　　
核心单词:incorporate vt.把(某事物)并入,包含　Mediterranean adj.地中海的　score vt.(在比赛﹑考试或实验中)给……评分,给……打分　tablespoon n.一餐匙,一汤匙(的量)　portion n.(食物的)一份　serving n.(供一个人吃的)一份食物　legume n.豆科植物,豆类　margarine n.人造黄油,人造奶油　cognitive adj.认知的,感知的　clear-cut adj.明确的,明显的,易辨认的　ancestry n.祖先,祖宗,血统
核心短语:a wealth of大量　draw on凭借,利用,动用
【解析】 本文主要论述了作者的一个生活原则:每个人的生活应该有自己的节奏,而不是按照别人的期望生活。
1.A　推断　根据第二段中的"Running is a metaphor(隐喻) for life. I realized this while training for a marathon to celebrate my 60th birthday"和"my coach shared some valuable advice: run at your own best pace"可知,跑步是人生的一种隐喻。作者是在为庆祝自己60岁生日的马拉松而进行训练时意识到这一点的。她的教练分享了一些有价值的建议:以你自己最好的节奏跑。这成为作者的一个生活原则。又根据第三段的首句"I have applied this principle to other areas of my life"可知,作者把这个原则应用到她生活的其他方面。由此说明,第二段叙述的是作者这一生活原则的起因,故选A。
2.B　理解观点、态度　根据第四段中的"But expectations also extend to other areas of life, including what people at certain life stages should be doing or not doing. Expectations at my age can center on how leisure time is spent...a grandmother"可知,期望也延伸到生活的其他
方面,包括人们在某些人生阶段应该做什么或不应该做什么。作者认为,在她这个年纪,期望可能集中在如何度过闲暇时间、关于就业的决定,甚至是扮演祖母的角色。也就是说,作者认为生活期望在不同的人生阶段是有所不同的。故选B。
3.C　推断　根据第五段的内容可知,作者过去认为是年轻人承受着同辈压力,但很容易把退休看作是另一种需要达到基准的职业。我们经常把别人做的作为参照点。这是一个比较陷阱。由此可推知,退休人员也面临着同辈压力。故选C。
4.C　理解主旨要义(文章大意)　根据最后一段的内容可知,作者想告诉我们:忘记别人在做什么。他们的节奏不一定是你应该跑的节奏。用你自己的方式奔跑。没有好坏之分——只是不同而已。因此,作者主要想传达的信息是人们应该按照自己的节奏生活。故选C。
【解析】 本文讲述了真正的善良并不是一味满足他人的要求,要学会拒绝。
1.C　理解目的　明题意:本题问的是"作者为什么提及Mayo Clinic "→寻线索:根据第一段中的"Being kind is even shown to be good for well-being"可知,善良甚至被证明对健康有益。紧接着,作者陈述了Mayo Clinic的观点,即当我们做善事时,大脑中的愉快中枢被激活,释放出减压激素。定期做志愿者的人对生活的满意度更高。由此可知,作者提及Mayo Clinic是为了说明善良的积极影响→定答案:A项"强调善良的重要性";B项"解释友善的原因";C项"说明善良的积极影响";D项"评价当前的善良教育"。故选C。
2.D　理解词汇　根据第二段中的"Let me know how I can help you; I’m always available to help"及第三段中的"Let’s fast-forward to a year later""continue asking for""the only time they interact with you is when they need something. You have been always at your co-workers’ service and there has rarely been any return from them"可知,刚入职时,你告诉同事你随时可以为他们提供帮助。一年过去了,你的同事们只有在他们需要什么东西的时候才会与你互动交流。你一直为你的同事们服务,却几乎没有得到任何回报。由此可知,画线词所在句表示"你注意到你的同事们继续不停地向你寻求帮助"。画线词succor的含义为"帮助,援助",
assistance的含义与之相近,故选D。
3.B　推断　根据最后一段中的"you need to be willing to say ‘no’... sometimes you need to be more comfortable to say ‘no’ to others and say ‘yes’ to yourself"可知,你需要愿意说"不"。当有人向你寻求帮助时,评估一下你是否有时间、精力和注意力来帮助他们。做到真正的善良,有时你需要更自如地对别人说
"不",对自己说"是"。由此可推知,作者给出的建议是要更加注重自我一些。故选B。
【易错点拨】　　
曲解原文——根据最后一段中的"you need to be willing to say ‘no’""sometimes you need to be more comfortable to say ‘no’ to others"可知,作者建议你要学会对别人说"不",而不是找到拒绝的最佳方式,故可排除A项。
4.A　理解主旨要义(文章大意)　明题意:本题问的是"这篇文章主要在讨论什么 "→寻线索:综观全文可知,作者先引入善良这一话题,进而提到善良的益处,然后笔锋一转,发出提问"当善良有如此明显的好处时,它会被认为对我们有害吗 "。接着作者以工作场所中的例子对这一问题进行阐释和论述,最后给出了自己的建议。由此可知,本文主要讨论的是善良是否会对我们有害→定答案:A项"我们是在用善良伤害自己吗 ";B项"为什么随机的善举很重要 ";C项"善良的力量在工作中被低估了吗 ";D项"表现出善意是如何促进幸福的 "。故选A。
【二次精读】　　
词汇积累:civilization n.文明社会　activate v.使活动,激活,使活化　that said话虽如此　well-liked adj.受欢迎的,受喜爱的 take advantage of欺骗,占……的便宜;利用　fast-forward v.跳到,快进　at the service of sb./ at sb.’s service随时可供使用(或可以帮助)
【解析】 文章分析了人们不爱读诗的原因,并建议人们给忙碌的生活按下暂停键,体会生活的美好。
1.C　理解具体信息　根据第一段中的"my students celebrate and are walking on air ... prose(散文) one""it’s not just my students who don’t enjoy poetry"可知,作者的学生们不喜欢读诗。当他们开始本学期的最后一本书时,他们都在庆祝,并欢呼雀跃,因为这不是诗集,而是散文。由此可知,学散文时学生们应是很兴奋的。故选C。
【名师点津】　　
本题的解题关键是对"celebrate and are walking on air"的正确理解,celebrate"庆祝,庆贺"和walking on air"欣喜若狂,得意扬扬"均表明学生们当时是非常高兴的。
2.D　推断　各选项分析如下:
3.A　推断　明题意:本题问的是"关于诗与人生,我们能从第三段中推断出什么 "→寻线索:根据第三段中的"reading it aloud, reading it silently, reading it over and over again...we learn this practice in reading life"可知,大声读,默读,反复读之后才能理解一首诗的真正含义,即"书读百遍,其义自见"。我们若掌握了读诗的方法,自然也就掌握了读懂人生的方法。由此可知,人生和诗一样,需要花费工夫才能理解其真谛→定答案:A项"需要花费工夫才能真正理解人生";B项"诗的存在使生活更加美好";C项"学习诗歌是一种自我反省的方法";D项"读诗以渴望获得回报开始"。故选A。
4.C　推断　明题意:本题问的是"最后一段传达了什么信息 "→寻线索:根据最后一段中的"As a child we learned to crawl(爬)... hear birds singing as described in poems"可知,人自出生以后就不停地前行。或许人们应给忙碌的生活按下暂停键,享受诗中描述的阳光和鸟鸣。由此可推知,作者认为人们应该停下来享受生活之美→定答案:A项"读诗其实是一个渐进的过程";B项"积极的生活态度会带来好运";C项"人们应该停下来享受生活之美";D项"一个好的计划比生产效率更重要"。故选C。
【二次精读】　　
熟词生义:1.wrestle常用义:v.摔跤　文章义:v.奋力对付,努力处理,全力解决
She spent the whole weekend wrestling with the problem.她整个周末都在绞尽脑汁处理这个问题。
2.surface常用义:n.表面　文章义:v.重新出现,显露,被披露
Doubts began to surface.质疑声开始出现。
词汇积累:become/be caught up in sth.被卷入,陷入　shallow adj.肤浅的,浅薄的;浅的,不深的　senseless adj.不明智的;无道理的,无意义的　rewarding adj.值得做的,有益的　clarity n.清晰,清楚,明确　flash a smile (at sb.)(对某人)一笑
【解析】 本文主要讲述了口音指的是什么,口音存在的普遍性以及口音的价值所在。
1.D　推断　根据第一段中的"Well, I speak perfect English/Chinese/etc."和第二段中的"what we mean when we say someone... with an accent"可知,通常情况下,当我们说某人"有口音"时,我们的意思是某个人的口音与当地的口音有差别或者和我们自己的发音有区别,事实上每个人都有口音。据此可以推测,朋友的回答很明显误解了"口音"的真正含义,故D项正确。
2.A　推断　举例一般是为了说明上文中提到的较为抽象或晦涩的概念。根据第三段中举例前面的"a dialect is a version of a language that is characterized by its variations of structure, phrases and words"可以看出,作者之所以拿新加坡的英语口语举例是为了说明方言是一种语言变体,它的特点是结构、短语和单词的变形。由该段最后一句也可知,不能因为方言是不同的就认为它不正确。故A项"证明使用方言是正当的"正确。
3.C　推断　根据最后一段中的"Language differences like these provide insights into ... make friends along the way"可知,语言的差异会让我们更加了解不同的文化经历和背景,了解我们居住的世界,并帮助我们结交朋友。由此可以推断,作者建议我们要懂得欣赏口音和方言的价值,故C项正确。
4.A　理解主旨要义(标题判断)　本文第一段通过朋友们的反应引出口音这个话题;第二段讲述了对口音的正确理解,并指出每个人都有口音;第三段讲到了每个人都在讲方言,并以新加坡英语口语为例证明使用方言是正当的;第四段讲到了口音和方言的价值所在,并鼓励读者学
会欣赏口音和方言。故A项"每个人都有口音"适合作本文的标题。
【二次精读】　　
核心单词:limiting adj. 限制性的　pointless adj. 无意义的;无目标的;不值得做的　communicative adj. 交际能力的　conception n. (对某事物的) 概念,理解
核心短语:give rise to使发生,引起
难句分析:The fact that this expression would cause a standard American English speaker to take pause
同位语从句
doesn’t mean that Singapore Oral English is "wrong" or "ungrammatical".
宾语从句
译文:这个表达会导致一个说标准美式英语的人停顿,但这一事实并不意味着新加坡英语口语是"错误的"或"不符合语法的"。
【解析】 人们总认为饥饿的人最需要的是食物,只有填饱肚子才能帮助他们平复因饥饿而产生的焦虑、困惑等消极因素,让他们愿意接受新思想,第二步才能教会他们智慧和方法。但是,人们往往忽视了第一步的重要性。
1.B　推断　通读第一段并结合下文内容可知,该段从中国谚语"授人以鱼不如授人以渔"说起,引出本文的新观点:在别人饥饿时,当务之急是给他食物让他消除饥饿,这是关键的一步,却常被人忽略。故B项正确。
2.A　理解词汇　根据第二段的"to first give the person a fish—eradicating their hunger"并结合常识可知,当一个人挨饿的时候,不要给他灌输知识,而是先给他一条鱼,以消除他们的饥饿,然后再教他们钓鱼。据此可知,画线词意为"消除",故A项正确。
3.C　推断　根据第二段的"When a person is...teach them to fish"可知,当一个人挨饿的时候,不要给他灌输知识,而是先给他一条鱼——消除他们的饥饿——然后再教他们钓鱼。据此可以推知,对于那些身陷灾难中的人,我们首先应当满足其基本需求,故C项正确。
4.C　推断　通读尾段可知,尾段指出确定一个人在上钓鱼课之前是否需要一条鱼,第一要看对方集中注意力的能力,要确定对方是开放的、乐意接受的;第二是要有同理心,即让对方在安全的环境中接受帮助。据此可知,尾段强调应当设身处地为别人着想,故C项正确。A项意为"活到老,学到老";B项意为"不要班门弄斧";D项意为"老古董学不会新东西",都与文意不符。
【二次精读】　　
核心单词:ignore v. 佯装未见,不理睬;忽视　individual n. 个人　overwhelming adj. 难以抗拒的,令人不知所措的　emotional adj. 情感的,情绪的;激动人心的　receptive adj. (对新观点、建议等)愿意倾听的,乐于接受的
【解析】 科学家们多年来一直警告不断变化的气候将导致降雨和干旱的频率增加,对河流的影响越来越极端。然而,对于在河流上修建的水坝,科学家们褒贬不一。
1.B　推断(写作手法)　明题意:本题问的是"作者在第一段中是如何引入主题的 "→寻线索:根据第一段中的"While Pakistan’s rivers have left one-third of that country flooded...across several states"可知,巴基斯坦的河流已经使该国三分之一的地区被洪水淹没,数百万人无家可归,与此同时,一场500年未见的干旱使欧洲的主要水道几乎干涸。在美国,肯塔基河今年夏天遭遇了致命的洪水,而科罗拉多河的水位急剧下降,导致几个州的供水减少。由此可知,通过作比较的方式来引入主题的→定答案:A项"通过解释原
因";B项"通过作比较";C项"通过描述一次灾难";D项"通过介绍一些发现"。故B项正确。
2.D　理解具体信息　根据第二段中的"There is little disagreement about what's going on: Scientists have warned for years...with ever more extreme impacts on rivers"可知,科学家们多年来一直警告说,不断变化的气候将导致降雨和干旱的频率增加,使湿润的地方更湿润,干旱的地方更干旱,对河流的影响越来越极端。由此可知,气候变化加剧了自然灾害是科学家们长期以来的担忧。故选D项。
【易错点拨】　　
断章取义——部分考生看到第一段的内容和第二段中的"changing climate will cause the frequency of both rainfall and droughts to increase"就误以为科学家们担心的是自然灾害更加频繁,然而下文中的"making the wet wetter and the dry drier, with ever more extreme impacts on rivers"表明,气候变化使洪涝和干旱灾害变得更加严重,故排除B项。
3.A　理解观点、态度　根据题干中的Isabella Winkler可将解题信息定位至最后一段。根据最后一段中的"counter opinions claim dams do more harm than good"可知,最后一段重点介绍的是水坝反对者的观点。再根据Isabella Winkler的话"Dams are thought to be a climate solution""They have been praised as a source of green energy but they are actually not"可知,Isabella Winkler认为,水坝被认为是一种气候问题的解决方案,它们被誉为绿色能源的来源,但实际上它们并不是。由此可推知,Isabella Winkler对建设水坝持反对态度。
4.C　理解主旨要义(文章大意)　明题意:本题问的是"本文主要谈论了什么 "→寻线索:通读全文可知,前两段介绍了气候变化使洪涝和干旱灾害频发,并提出了科学家们争论的焦点:水坝的作用;第三段介绍了支持者的观点;最后一段主要介绍了反对者的看法。由此可知,本文重点围绕建水坝是否是应对气候变化的一种方式展开→定答案:A项"什么导致了降雨量的不同 ";B项"水力发电真的环保吗 ";C项"建水坝是应对气候变化的方法吗 ";D项"谁该为日渐增多的自然灾害负责 "。故C项正确。
【二次精读】　　
核心单词:shrink v.(使)缩水,收缩,缩小　distribution n.分配,分布　advocate n.拥护者,支持者,提倡者 v.拥护,支持,提倡 storage n.贮存,贮藏
熟词生义:counter 常用义:n.(商店、银行等的)柜台　 文章义:n.(对意见、态度等的)反对,反驳
The policy is intended as a counter to efforts to decrease spending on education.这项政策旨在对抗减少教育支出的努力。
难句分析:There is little disagreement about what’s going on: Scientists have warned for years that our
宾语从句 that引导宾语从句
changing climate will cause the frequency of both rainfall and droughts to increase, (making the wet wetter
现在分词短语作状语
and the dry drier, with ever more extreme impacts on rivers) .
译文:人们对于正在发生的事情几乎没有分歧:科学家们多年来一直警告说,我们不断变化的气候将导致降雨和干旱的频率增加,使湿润的地方更湿润,干旱的地方更干旱,对河流的影响越来越极端。

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