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八年级下册语法
一、情态动词 （should 1单元）
can/could(能;会;可以)，may/might（可以;可能）,must(必须;一定）,have to（必须;不得不），need（需要）, should（应该）
情态动词should的用法：
should“应该，应当”后+动词原形，无人称和数的变化。否定：shouldn’t
用法：
①表劝告或建议。eg： He should stop playing computer games.
②表要求或命令。eg：You shouldn't fight with your classmates.
③表猜测或可能。eg：He should be a teacher.
④表感情，如惊讶、愤怒、失望等。eg：Why should I go？ 为什么是我去？
⑤表征询意见（第一人称的疑问句中） eg：What should I do for them 我应该为他们做些什么？
2.句型转换：
肯定句：He should say sorry.
否定句：He shouldn't say sorry.
一般：Should he say sorry？ —Yes，he should. /No，he shouldn't.
情态动词could的用法：
表委婉地提出请求：
Could you (please) do sth. 你能...吗？→否定：Could you (please) not do... 请不要做某事好吗？
肯定回答：Yes, sure. /Yes, I can. /Of course, I can. /No problem. /With pleasure…
否定回答：Sorry, I can’t. I have to…/Sorry, I’m going to… / I’m afraid I can’t. I have to…
表征询许可：Could I do sth. 我能做...吗？
肯定回答：Yes, you can. /Yes please.
否定回答：Sorry, you can’t. / I’m afraid you can’t. +理由等。
注：Could可换成can，但答语只能用can，不能用could。
could 的其他用法：
①表能力。could(过去)， can(现在/将来) eg: He said that he couldn’t come.他说他不能来了。
②表可能性，表推测。 eg: The windows are open. He could have come back. 窗户是开着的。他可能回来了。
③表示建议。 eg: You could get your sister a scarf as her birthday present. 你可以送你妹妹一条围巾作为生日礼物!
④表惊讶、怀疑、不相信等态度。（否/疑）语气比can 弱。
eg: He couldn’t/can’t be over fifty. 他不可能超过50 岁。 Could/can he be serious？他难道会当真吗
⑤用于虚拟语气。 eg: How I wish I could go with you! 我多么希望能和你一起去呀！
虚拟语气：说的话不是事实/不可能发生，是一种假设、愿望、建议。
提建议的句型：
①Why don’t you/Why not +V原... “你为什么不...呢”
eg：Why don’t you talk to your parents = Why not talk to your parents 你为什么不和你父母谈一谈呢？
②How/What about +n./代/v-ing ... “...怎么样/好吗/呢？”
eg:What/How about having dinner with me 和我一起吃晚饭好吗？
③Let’s +V原 ... “咱们做...吧！” eg：Let’s make a birthday card for her.
④Shall we +V原 ... “我们做...好吗？” eg：Shall we offer to help them？ 我们主动帮帮他们好吗？
⑤You’d better(not)+V原. “你最好(不)做...？” eg：You’d better (not) go out. 你最好（不要）出去。
⑥Would you like sth./to do sth. “你想要某物/做某事吗？” eg：Would you like to have a try 你想试一试吗？
⑦You should (not) do sth. “你(不)应当做某事”
eg:You should communicate better with your parents. 你应该和你的父母好好沟通。
⑧You could do sth. “你可以做某事” eg:You could write to her. 你可以给她写信。
二、反身代词 （1单元）
1、含义：表反射或强调的代词叫做反身代词。“...本人；...自己”，反身代词必须与其逻辑主语在人称和数上保持一致。 eg：The children are enjoying themselves in the park. 孩子们正在公园里玩得很高兴。
2、反身代词构成
第一人称：myself 我自己；ourselves 我们自己
第二人称：yourself 你自己；yourselves 你们自己
第三人称：himself 他自己；herself 她自己；itself 它自己；themselves他/她/它们自己
3、用法
①作宾语（主语和宾语是同一个人）在动词teach、enjoy、help、hurt、look after等后。
eg: The boy can dress himself. 这个男孩能给自己穿衣服。 Take good care of yourself. 好好照顾你自己。
②作同位语。（主语或宾语后）
eg: Mrs. Black herself is a lawyer. 布莱克夫人本人就是一名律师。
You had better ask the driver himself. 你最好问司机本人。
③作表语。（系动词be、feel、seem、look等后） eg: Just be yourself. 做你自己就好。
★反身代词的常用短语：
teach oneself=learn...by oneself 自学 enjoy oneself 过得愉快 lose oneself in 迷恋/沉醉于 by oneself 独自地 help oneself (to…) 随便吃/ 用… look after oneself 照顾某人自己 hurt/cut oneself 伤/割着自己
三、动词不定式 形式：to do 否定形式： not to do （2单元）
1. 不定式作宾语 would like to do sth. 想要做某事 plan to do sth. 计划做某事 seem to do sth.
如：I want to be a dancer in the future. 我将来想成为一名舞蹈演员。
【口诀】类似动词有：
三个希望两答应：hope/wish/expect； agree/promise
两个要求莫拒绝：demand/ask；refuse
设法学会做决定：manage；learn；decide
不要假装在选择：pretend；choose
①在know, decide, remember等动词后可“疑问词＋动词不定式”作宾语。
eg：I don't know what to do.= I don't know what I should do. I don't know how to do it.
Can you tell me how to get to the hospital？=Can you tell me how I can get to the hospital？
2. 不定式作宾语补足语 如：want sb. to do sth.
★接不定式作宾补的动词有：ask, tell, wish, expect,want,teach, allow, invite, advise,encourage(鼓励)等。
例如：My parents allow me to play computer games at weekends. 我父母允许我周末玩电脑游戏
3.不定式作状语
①目的状语
eg：To catch the train，he got up early.=He got up early to catch the train.为了赶上火车，他起得很早。
②原因状语
eg：I am sorry to hear that. 听到这件事我很遗憾。
③too...to...结构中，作结果状语
eg：He is too young to understand all that. 他太年轻，不能理解那一切。
4.不定式作后置定语 (置于被修饰的名词/代词之后)
eg：She was the first person to think of the idea. 她是第一个想出这个主意的人。
5.不定式作主语 eg：To study English is difficult.
①It's+adj.（for sb.）to do sth. 做某事（对某人来说）是...的
eg：It is difficult （for me） to learn maths well. （对我来说）学好数学很难。
②It's+adj. of sb. to do sth. 做某事某人是...的 eg：It is kind of you to help me with my English.
6.不定式作表语 （be后）
eg：The best resolution is to have no resolutions. 最好的决心是没有决心。
【注】1.不定式作宾补时要省略 to：（当变被动时，必须还原to）
①使役动词 let, make, have 等后；
②感官动词 see, watch, hear, feel, notice等后。
例如：eg: I heard them argue this morning. 今天早上我听到他们吵架了。(强调整个过程)
They made the children play the piano 6 hours a day last month.上个月他们让这些孩子一天弹6 个小时钢琴。
2.help sb.（to）do sth. 帮助某人做某事 （当变被动时，必须还原to）
如：The boy often helps his father (to) cut grass on weekends. 这个男孩周末经常帮父亲修剪草坪。
Though he often made his little sister cry, today he was made to cry by his little sister.
四、动词短语 6种基本类型（2单元）
1、动词＋副词
作不及物动词：get up (起床) , start off (动身) , come back (回来)等。
作及物动词： （考点：代词宾语放中间）
cheer up (振奋起来) , clean up (打扫干净) , set up (建立) , put up (搭建，张贴) , cut up (切碎) ，give away（赠送），give out(分发)，put off(推迟)，think over(仔细考虑)等。
2、动词＋介词 （作谓语时，后面必须接宾语）
如：look for（寻找）,stand for（代表）,wait for（等待）,pay for（付费），send for（派人去请），hear from收到某人的来信，laugh at (嘲笑)，care for (照顾)，look after (照顾)等。
eg: Don’t laugh at others. That’s impolite. 不要嘲笑别人，那是不礼貌的。
3、动词＋副词＋介词 （后面需跟宾语）
如：add up to总共是, catch up with赶上, look down upon瞧不起, run out of耗尽/用光, get out of 离开，come up with 想出，go on with 继续，look forward to 盼望等。
eg：Who came up with the good idea？ 谁想出了这个好主意？
4、动词＋名词 (常见动词有：have、take、tell、make等)
如：have a rest/try休息一下/试一下, take a walk散步, take place 发生, make mistakes犯错, tell lies 撒谎。
eg：You look tired and you should have a rest. 你看起来很疲惫，应该休息一下。
5、动词＋名词＋介词 (宾语总在介词后,不管是名词/代词)
如：make fun of取笑，make use of利用，pay attention to注意，take care of照顾，have a look at 看...
eg：You should pay attention to your teacher in class. 在课堂上你应该集中注意听老师讲课。
We shouldn’t make fun of others. 我们不应该取笑他人。
6、be+形容词+介词 （后面需跟宾语）
如：be late for迟到，be busy with忙于，be fond of 喜爱，be worried about担心，be good at擅长于，be short of 缺乏，be strict with 对...严格，be similar to 与...相似，be proud of为...感到骄傲。
eg：Eating more vegetables is good for your health. 多吃蔬菜对你的健康有好处。
五、连词
1、until 引导的时间状语从句
肯定句：延续性动词+until “直到…为止” 强调主句的动作或状态一直持续到从句的动作发生为止。
否定句：not+非延续性动词+until “直到…才…” 强调主句的动作在从句的动作发生之后开始。
eg：I will wait for him until he comes. 我要一直等到他来为止。
I didn’t go to bed until mom came back. 直到妈妈回来后我才上床睡觉。
2、although
although (=though) “虽然，尽管，即使”，引导让步状语从句，从句位于句首、句末都可以。
注：although或though 不能与but, however连用，但可与yet, still 连用。
eg: Although she was in poor health, she continued to carry out her duties.=She was in poor health, but she continued to carry out her duties. 尽管身体不好，她仍然继续履行她的职责。
3、unless “除非；如果不”=if...not 引导条件状语从句 (表否定)
eg: I won't pass the exam unless I study hard. 我不会考试及格除非我努力学习。
= I won't pass the exam if I don't study hard.
4、as soon as“一…就…”引导时间状语从句。
eg: I will tell you as soon as he comes back. 他一回来我就告诉你。
另：as long as “只要/和...一样长” as far as “和...一样远” as far as I know 就我所知
5、so...that / such...that “如此…以至于…” 引导结果状语从句。
so + adj./adv. + that从句 ★
so + adj.+ a/an + 单数n. + that从句
=such + a/an + adj. + 单数n. + that从句 ★
such + adj. + 复数n./不可数n. + that从句
so many /much /few /little+名词+ that从句
so...that(肯) 可与be...enough to... 互换；
★so...that(否) 可与be not...enough to...或too...to... 转换。
eg: The boy was so old that he could go to school. =The boy was old enough to go to school.
这个男孩那么大了，能上学了。
The girl is so young that she can’t dress herself.= The girl is too young to dress herself.
=The girl is not old enough to dress herself. 这个女孩太小了，还不能自己穿衣服。
6、so that
①“为了;以便” 引导目的状语从句 = in order that，此时从句中多含有can, could 等情态动词。
eg: I took a taxi so that（=in order that）I could get there earlier. 我搭乘了一辆出租车，以便能早点儿到那儿。
=I took a taxi in order to/so as to get there earlier.
（前提：当主句主语和从句主语一致时，so that 可以和in order to/so as to转换）
②“因此；所以” 引导结果状语从句，陈述的是客观事实，从句往往不带情态动词。
eg: He studied hard，so that he passed the exam. 他努力学习，所以通过了考试。
注：状语从句要遵循 “主将从现”、“主祈从现”、“主情从现”的时态原则。另还有when, after, as等连词。
六、形容词和副词的比较级和最高级 见八上语法总结
七、过去进行时
1.定义：表过去正在进行或发生的动作。
2.句子构成：was/were+v.-ing
eg: Peter was reading a book in the library when the rainstorm came. 当暴风雨来临时，彼得正在图书馆读书。
3.时间状语：then那时，at that time 当时，at this time yesterday昨天这个时候，at five yesterday morning昨天早上5点，last night昨晚，from 7 to 9 last night，the whole morning 整个上午，when/while等引导的时间状语从句。
4.现在分词变化规则：
①直接+ing。 如：tell→telling
②去e+ing。 如：write→writing；type→typing；make→making
③重读辅元辅，双写尾字母，+ing 如：如：get→getting。（get; put; sit; swim;run;dig;cut;shop;stop;drop;begin;admit）
④变ie为y，+ing。 如：die→dying lie→lying tie→tying
5、句型转换：
肯：He was watching TV at that time.
否：He wasn't watching TV at that time.
一般：Was he watching TV at that time？
—Yes，he was. / No，he wasn't.
特殊：What was he doing at that time？
练习：I was sleeping at ten last night.
★ while、when“当...的时候” 引导时间状语从句，遵循“主将从现”的时态原则。
while从句用延续性动词（过去进行时），强调两个动作正在发生。
when从句用延续/非延续动词（过去进行时/一般过去式）
eg：Lucy was watching TV while her husband was working. 露西在看电视，而她丈夫在工作。
When(=While) I was waiting for the bus，I met her. 当我正在等公共汽车时，我遇见了她。
When Mr. Li came in, we were reading. 当李先生进来时，我们正在读书。
八、现在完成时 （8、9、10单元）
1. 定义：①过去发生的动作对现在的影响；②过去发生的动作，持续并还将持续下去。
eg：I have already eaten dinner. 我已经吃过晚饭了。（现在不饿了。）
I have taught math for 10 years. 我教数学已经10年了。（动作已经持续10年了。）
2、时间状语：
①already(肯),yet(否/疑),just, never, ever, before,so far,in the past 3 years等。
②for+时间段 ；since +过去时间点/从句（过去时）→主句用延续性动词（对其提问用how long）★
eg: I have been in Chongqing since 10 years ago. 我10年前就来重庆了。
eg: Tina has been away from home for five years. 蒂娜离开家已经5 年了。
转换：My uncle has worked at this factory for five years.
=My uncle has worked at this factory since five years ago. 我叔叔在这家工厂工作五年了。
3、句子构成：have/has + V过去分词
4、过去分词变化规则：
①直接+ed。 eg：finish-finished-finished；
②以不发音e结尾，+d。 eg：live-lived-lived；
③辅+y结尾，变y为i，+ed。 eg：carry-carried-carried；
④重读辅元辅，双写尾字母+ed。 eg：stop-stopped-stopped；
⑤不规则变化：go-went-gone；see-saw-seen；forget-forgot-forgotten；am/is-was-been；are-were-been
5、句型转换：（have not=haven't；has not=hasn't；I have=I've；he has=he's）
肯：I have already heard from him. 我已经收到他的信了。
否：I haven't heard from him yet.
一般：Have you heard from him yet ？ —Yes，I have./ No，I haven't.
肯：She has already finished her homework. 她已经完成了家庭作业。
否：She hasn't finished her homework yet.
一般：Has she finished her homework yet ？ —Yes,she has. /No,she hasn't.
★already”已经”（肯）位于have/has助动词后，实义动词前，偶尔句尾。yet “还/已经”（否/疑）常句末。
注：肯定句→否/疑时：already→yet
eg: I have already finished reading the book.→ I haven’t finished reading the book yet.
ever “曾经”(疑)→主语后，过去分词前
never “从未;未曾”(表否定)→助动词have/has后，过去分词前
eg: Have you ever been to Paris 你曾去过巴黎吗
—No, I have never been there before. 不，我以前从未去过那里。
现在完成时与一般过去时的区别： ( 口诀：前后两句呈“因果”，当用现在完成时 )
①现在完成时强调过去的动作对现在的影响；一般过去时与现在无关。
I have seen this film. 我已经看过这部电影了。(我已经知道了电影的内容)
I saw this film yesterday. 我昨天看了这部电影。(强调看的动作在过去，与现在无关)
②时间状语不同
现在完成时:already,yet,just, never, ever, before,so far,recently; in the past/last few years等。不与过去时间连用。
一般过去时:yesterday;last year;...ago;in 1990;just now等。
延续性动词：表示能够延续的动作,可+时间段。(持续性动词)
常见有:learn ;work;stand;know,walk;keep;wait;live;stay; sleep; read;play;watch等。
非延续性动词：表示不能延续的动作，即动作发生后立即结束。不能+时间段。(短暂性/终止性/瞬间动词)
常见有: die;cut;buy;borrow;lend;open;close;come;go;begin;finish; move等。
注：非延续性动词不能和for,since引导的表时间段的状语的肯定句连用。应转为相应的延续性动词.
1.直接转换: buy→have有 borrow→keep保留 put on→wear穿着 come/go/become→be是/在
eg: I came here 10 years ago. →I have been here for 10 years. 我在这里已经10年了。
eg: I bought the book three years ago. →I have had the book for three years. 这本书我买了三年了。
2. 转换成be＋名词/形容词/副词/介词
join the army参军→be in the army/ be a soldier当兵
join the Party 入党→be a Party member成为一名党员
go to school→be in school/be a student成为一名学生 get to/arrive in/reach→be in
die→be dead死了 finish→be over结束 leave→be away远离的 fall asleep→be asleep睡着的
begin/start→be on在上映/已开始 close关闭→be closed关着的 open→be open开着的
eg:The old man died four years ago.→The old man has been dead for four years.那位老人去世四年了。
★ have been to, have gone to与 have been in （中考考点）
①have been to “去过某地”(已回) 常与just/ever/never/before/once/twice等连用。
②have gone to “去了某地”(未回) 通常不用于一/二人称，不与时间段连用。
③have been in/at+地点+时间段 “在某地呆了多久”（一直呆在某地没有离开）
注：若后面接here, there, home等地点副词时，to/in介词要省略，如：have been there去过那儿
eg：He has been to Beijing 3 times before. 他之前去过北京三次。
She has gone to Qingdao for a vacation. 她不在这里，她去了青岛度假。（此处for表目的）
He has been in London for half a year. 他在伦敦呆了半年。

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