资源简介

考点9 阅读理解
推理判断之写作方法（核心考点精讲精练）
1. 三年真题考点分布
考点 题型 推理判断之写作方法
阅读理解 2021 试卷类型 设问 考点
2021·北京卷 阅读D32．The author raises three questions in Paragraph 2 mainly to________． 写作方法
2020 2020·全国新课标III 32. What does the author want to tell us by the examples in paragraph 1 写作方法
2012 2020·全国新高考I山东卷 68.The author explains the law of over learning by_________. 写作方法
2. 命题规律及备考策略
【命题规律】近3年新高考卷对于阅读理解中没有对写作方法进行考查，这不意味着未来不会考查。高考备考要充分准备未来可能考的题，不是盲目追风必考考过的试题。主要考查：
根据阅读文章整体或某一段落的内容推断写作手法。推断写作方法的方法：1.通过分析文章内容，断定文章采用的写作方法，即举例说明法、比较说明法、对比说明或论证法、设问引起读者注意等；2.根据文章内容，如果是记叙文，通常采用以时间为序、以地点为序、以故事情节发展为序（开端、发展、高潮、结局）等叙事方式进行写作。也可能是倒叙的方法。
【备考策略】系统归类推断文章写作方法；熟练掌握阅读技能。
【命题预测】
通过阅读理解中，推断文章写作方法考查考生的基本的写作技能，在新高考命题中很可能会出现。推断文章写作方法的命题依据是：新课程标准中要求学生掌握：常见文章文体的写作方法。因此，推断文章写作方法的推理判断题，有可能在2024年高考中将成为高考阅读理解的题型，应该倍加注意。
【2023年高考命题预测】
推理判断之写作手法考点是高考中的常考点。作者在写作文章的时候总是要用一些写作手法，了解写作手法是学生阅读理解要掌握的内容之一。做这类题时，我们可以借鉴中文的一些写作手法，在写作方法上它们是相通的。预测在2023高考中，写作手法有可能会在高考阅读理解中呈现。
【推理判断之写作手法考点指南】
规律方法：
常见的设问方式：
（1）How is the passage organized
（2）The author develops the passage mainly by _________.
（3）The first paragraph serves as a（n） __________.
（4）The example of … is given to show/illustrate that__________.
了解文章的修辞手法。从修辞手法上讲，在高考阅读中主要考查下定义、分类说明、列举例证和对比等写作手法。其中，“引用”和“例证”是议论文和说明文中最常用的写作手法之一。是历年高考阅读试题中必不可缺的命题方向。“引用”和“例证”的共同目的就是增强说服力，以更好的达到说理、说明的目的。“引用”和“例证”的共同功能就是服务于段落或篇章的主题。
说明文往往采取下定义、举例子、列数字、对比或比较等说明方式进行写作，而这些说明方式都是为了使文章要说明的内容或问题更加清晰明了、真实可信，或者更具说服力。
记叙文可以采取以时间为序、以地点为序、以故事情节发展为序（开端、发展、高潮、结局）等叙事方式进行写作。以故事情节为序又可以不按照时间的先后顺序叙述，比如，先写结局，再写其他，最后写高潮，这种叙事手法叫做倒叙。
[2012·全国卷Ⅰ，D]
Grown-ups are often surprised by how well they remember something they learned as children but have never practiced ever since. A man who has not had a chance to go swimming for years can still swim as well as ever when he gets back in the water. He can get on a bicycle after many years and still ride away. He can play catch and hit a ball as well as his son. A mother who has not thought about the words for years can teach her daughter the poem that begins "Twinkle, twinkle, little star" or remember the story of Cinderella or Goldilocks and the Three Bears.
One explanation is the law of overlearning, which can be stated as follows: Once we have learned something, additional learning trials(尝试) increase the length of time we will remember it.
In childhood we usually continue to practice such skills as swimming, bicycle riding, and playing baseball long after we have learned them. We continue to listen to and remind ourselves of words such as "Twinkle, twinkle, little star" and childhood tales such as Cinderella and Goldilocks. We not only learn but overlearn.
The multiplication tables(乘法口诀表) are an exception to the general rule that we forget rather quickly the things that we learn in school, because they are another of the things we overlearn in childhood.
The law of overlearning explains why cramming(突击学习)for an examination, though it may result in a passing grade, is not a satisfactory way to learn a college course. By cramming, a student may learn the subject well enough to get by on the examination, but he is likely soon to forget almost everything he learned. A little overlearning, on the other hand, is really necessary for one's future development.
68.The author explains the law of over learning by_________.
A. presenting research findings
B. setting down general rules
C. making a comparison
D. using examples
1.【2023届安徽省A10联盟高考最后一卷】
Water equals life. This is true for people, animals and plants. And while water is plentiful in some locations, this is not the case all over the world. Now scientists from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) may have developed a way to change that.
The new desalination (脱盐) device produces water actually above the World Health Organization standards, just by pushing a button. There are no filters (过滤器) required, and the device uses electrical power to remove salt and other particles (微粒) — including bacteria and viruses — from the saltwater. This reduces the need for constant maintenance.
Most commercially available portable desalination units use filters that require high-pressure pumps to push the water, which makes them huge in size and less energy efficient. The filterless MIT device will allow it to be used in remote or resource-limited places like small islands, ships, and even for emergency use.
The device took years to develop. After running tests in the lab with water that had different salinity and particles, it was tested at Boston’s Carson Beach. The device produced drinkable water in just half an hour.
The new desalination unit needs less power than a cell phone charger, reported Fast Company, and works using two types of electrical fields to filter the saltwater. But best of all, it is designed to be used by average people and not engineers. In fact, the device only has three buttons, one to power the device, one to start it, and one to stop it.
The researchers are still working on a final design that could use cheaper materials to make it ready by the end of next year. This small but mighty desalination unit may be the key to bringing safe water to a thirsty world.
1．What’s the advantage of the new desalination device
A．It’s convenient. B．Ifs a lot cheaper.
C．It has improved filters. D．It has a larger output.
2．How is the third paragraph developed
A．By making comparisons. B．By giving examples.
C．By analyzing causes. D．By listing figures.
3．What does the author think is the most outstanding quality of the new device
A．It requires much less power.
B．It possesses two electrical fields.
C．It can be easily operated by ordinary people.
D．It is controlled by the same button.
4．What is the best title for the text
A．Deeper research finds new contents of seawater
B．Better method improves the quality of drinking water
C．Report shows a world thirsty for safe drinking water
D．New portable device makes seawater drinkable on the way
2.【2023届江苏省徐州市高三5月考前模拟】
If reducing stress has been on your summer to do list, there’s one powerful thing you can still do before the season ends: get in the habit of taking a walk outside with a friend.
A quick walk in nature with a friend combines three of the most effective stress-reducing and resilience(恢复力)building techniques: physical exercise, spending time in nature and social connection. The activity works by helping normalize the hormonal changes that result from long time stress and enhancing the emotional resources that help us cope.
Walking quickly activates(激活)the body`s stress response. And when the walk is over, the stress system comes back down to baseline. Regular exercise helps your stress response become more efficient, says Jennifer Heisz, associate professor at McMaster University.
As little as 10 minutes of sitting or walking in nature can decrease a person’s heart rate, blood pressure and cortisol levels, as well as self-reported stress levels. One possible explanation, the researchers say, is that spending time in nature lowers the activity of our sympathetic nervous system, which regulates stress hormones, and taps into the parasympathetic(副交感)nervous system, which promotes our calm and relaxation responses.
Taking that hike with a loved one can further reduce stress by adding the important element of social connection. Talking with trusted friends helps people process stressful events and lifts self-esteem. Social support has positive effects on the brain and body, scientific research finds.
Earlier this year, Cassie Moreno was in a rut of stress and anxiety. She was starting a new job, struggling to make new friends during the pandemic, and going through a breakup. Strolling along the Hudson River with other women, the 26-year-old Maine native says she felt an immediate surge of confidence and calm.
“I was, like, how do we live here Look at the water! Look at the Statue of Liberty! How did we get this lucky ” she says.
1．What is the purpose of paragraph 2
A．To explain a rule. B．To clarify an argument.
C．To present a fact. D．To introduce a topic.
2．What is an advantage of spending time in nature
A．Reducing blood pressure. B．Lifting self-esteem.
C．Raising stress hormones. D．Activating nervous system.
3．What does Cassie Moreno’s remark in the last paragraph indicate
A．She was refreshed with confidence.
B．She was in a state of stress and anxiety.
C．She was struggling through a hard time.
D．She was amazed by the fantastic scenery.
4．How is the passage developed
A．By giving explanations. B．By making comparisons.
C．By listing examples. D．By proving assumptions.
基础过关
（最新模拟试题演练）
1.【2023届浙江省四校（杭州二中、温州中学、绍兴一中、金华一中）高三5月联考】
As an intense heat wave sweeps through China, residents are seeking relief in air raid shelters and swimming pools to stay cool, and dozens of cities, including Shanghai, Chongqing and Hangzhou, have issued their highest-level red alert warnings. Shanghai has issued three red alerts this year, with the temperature hitting 40.9 Celsius on July 13, matching the record set in 2017 since 1873. The fact that Shanghai has experienced only 16 days of 40°C-plus temperatures since the city began keeping records in 1873 should give us an idea about the seriousness of the situation.
Medical experts say extreme heat could cause nausea (恶心), fatigue, sunstroke and even death, with senior citizens and people with long-term illnesses particularly vulnerable to heat waves.
Extreme heat events, which began a month ago, have affected the lives of more than 900 million people in China. Between June 1 and July 12, the average number of days with temperatures above 35°Cwas 5.3, up 2.4 days over normal years, breaking the national record set in 1961, according to the National Climate Center.
Parts of Europe are also in the grip of heat waves and experiencing extreme weather events after the western part of North America faced extreme heat waves last year. In response to the exceptionally high temperatures, the United Kingdom has declared a national emergency and issued the highest-level red alert warning for Monday and Tuesday for the first time. More alarmingly, the average global temperature in June this year was 0.4°C higher than normal years and the highest since 1979, with temperatures in countries such as Spain, France and Italy exceeding 40°C．
Unfortunately, extreme heat, which is directly related to climate change, will become more frequent and intense in the next 30 years, setting new records for high temperatures. As global warming intensifies, losses and devastation will increase, forcing natural and human systems to raise their adaptation limits.
1．What can we know about the heat waves this year
A．It may cause more harm to the old and people with long-term illnesses.
B．The number of days above 35°Cin June breaks the national record.
C．Shanghai has experienced a higher temperature than that in 2017.
D．The whole Europe as well as America are suffering from the heat waves.
2．How does the author develop the text
A．By analyzing and concluding. B．By explaining and contrasting.
C．By giving examples and quoting. D．By giving figures and comparing.
3．According to the writer, what is the trend of extreme heat
A．Becoming more serious. B．Remaining stable.
C．Staying unpredictable. D．Getting controllable.
4．What is the text mainly about
A．The solutions to the climate change. B．The economic losses from heat waves.
C．The increase of severe heat waves. D．The destructive effect of global warming.
2.【2023年辽宁省高三第二次全省统考暨朝阳市第一高级中学高三四模】
Three Formats of Books
Printed books are mostly produced in three fundamental formats: Hardcover, Trade Paperback, and Mass Market Paperback.
A hardcover (also known as hardback or hardbound) is a type of book that is bound with hard and rigid protective covers and the pages are often strongly held together with stiches or staples (缝线或订书钉). They are the most expensive of the three formats.
A trade paperback (more commonly known as paperback) is a type of book characterized by a thick paper or paperboard cover. Their pages are often held with glue rather than stitches or staples. Trade paperbacks are cheaper than hardcovers but costlier than mass market paperbacks.
Mass market paperbacks are basically small sized books printed on a lower quality paper with an inexpensive binding. They are cheaper to produce and mostly sold in nontraditional bookselling locations such as drugstores, supermarkets, railway stations, and airports, as well as in traditional bookstores.
Mass market paperbacks are produced to target a bigger market. Due to their low production cost they can be made available to a large mass of people at cheaper and affordable rates. Mass market paperback books are smaller in size (usually about 4 inches wide and 7 inches tall) and their font (字体) size is also comparatively smaller. Besides, mass market paperbacks mostly do not have any illustrations (pictures, diagrams, and other decorative features) that may be present in the hardcover or the paperback formats of that same book.
Another very important feature of mass market paperbacks is that they are mostly strippable books. “Strippable” simply means that a book’s cover can be torn off (or stripped of) by the book retailers or distributor, and then sent back to the book publisher for a refund (退款；返还款). So, when the booksellers notice that some mass market paperback books have been in stock for a while and are not selling well, they can simply strip off the covers of those books and return them to the publishers for refund. The part of the book left after the cover is sipped off is illegal to sell and has to be recycled.
1．What’s special for hardcover books compared with the other two
A．They’re not easily broken.
B．Their covers can be stripped off.
C．They have the largest number of consumers.
D．They are of excellent quality and bargain price.
2．What format is suitable for students’ textbooks according to the text
A．Hardcover. B．Trade paperback.
C．Mass market paperback. D．Hardbound.
3．What can you learn about mass market paperback books from the text
A．They have various decorative features.
B．Those without covers can be sold cheaply.
C．Brochures belong to mass market paperback books.
D．They can be returned to the publishers if not damaged.
4．How does the writer develop this text
A．By offering figures. B．By telling a story.
C．By giving examples. D．By making a comparison.
3.【广东省汕尾、珠海市等大湾区联考2023届高三学生调研】
Research into social robots has shown that machines that are at the cutting edge of interaction can respond to feelings and emotionally care for the weak, the elderly and children.
Robin was designed as a companion robot to provide emotional support for children receiving medical treatment. Robin explains medical procedures to them, plays games and tells stories, and during treatment distracts them to reduce their sense of pain. The robot uses AI to understand other people’s feelings, remembering facial expressions and conversations to build dialogue for follow-up sessions. In trials at the Wigmore Medical (UK) Pediatric Clinic in Yerevan, Armenia, the team found that Robin led to a 34% decrease in stress and an increase in happiness of 26% in the 120 children who interacted with him at least once.
Healthcare robots could all benefit from displaying emotional intelligence, both recognizing and responding to human emotions, and to some extent, managing them. The problem with this is the fear that human jobs may be lost as robots become better at handling social situations.
Population trends suggest that the demand for robots to work alongside people in care situations will grow over time. By 2050, the number of people aged 65 and over globally will be 1.6 billion (17%), roughly twice the proportion of what it is today. An extra 3.5 million care workers will be needed and that will include emotionally intelligent robots.
Today’s simple systems are being trained to meet that demand. This includes a little wheeled robot that can guess how you are feeling from the way you walk, and the robot from the University of Lincoln in the UK —who helps elderly people to stay physically and mentally active.
The impact of social robots on our lives to date has been tiny. But new models are being introduced that could make the breakthrough. Human emotions are difficult to define, but as trust in robots increases, breaking down the psychological barrier becomes easier to imagine.
1．What are social robots uniquely capable of
A．Lifting heavy packages upstairs for weak people.
B．Teaching mentally ill teens emotional expressions.
C．Cooking delicious dishes for the disabled at home.
D．Playing songs for blind people on their request.
2．What is paragraph 2 mainly about
A．Robin’s function to reduce pain.
B．Robin’s popularity in hospitals.
C．Robin’s practical application.
D．Robin’s success in passing tests.
3．How is paragraph 4 developed
A．By concluding viewpoints.
B．By analyzing causes.
C．By making comparison.
D．By giving definition.
4．What does the author think of human job replacement by robots
A．It is already happening throughout UK.
B．Humans need to work hard to secure jobs.
C．Robots can only meet basic human needs.
D．It’s an unstoppable and beneficial trend.
4.【2023届广东省惠州市高三5月二模】
People produce all kinds of food waste. A news report in our magazine published in November last year shows that about 60 million metric tons of food is wasted in the United States every year. (A metric ton is 1,000 kilograms or 2,205 pounds.)
The value of the waste is about $162 billion. About half ends up in city landfills (垃圾填埋场). It costs local government about $1.5 billion a year to deal with them. The report says that one third of all food in the world is never eaten. The full cost of the world’s food waste can be $400 billion a year. Billions can be saved if the amount of food waste is reduced. Most of the food is thrown away by shopkeepers and consumers in wealthy nations. If it is saved, it could feed 870 million hungry people of the world. A family of four wastes about $1,600 worth of food each year.
The production of food uses large amounts of water, land and fertilizer. Food waste in landfills creates methane—a powerful greenhouse gas. This gas is about seven percent of total pollution worldwide. Reducing food waste can make a difference.
Composting (堆制肥料) is one solution. However, there are other ways to reduce food waste. Extending expiration (终结) dates will reduce waste. Selling smaller bags of food also will reduce waste. An expert said, “We need to find ways to deal with food waste, but most importantly, we need to prevent it at the first place.”
1．What does the author want to tell us in Paragraph 2
A．Many people are facing hunger.
B．Food waste is likely to increase.
C．Food waste is caused for various reasons.
D．The problem of food waste is very serious.
2．What is the best solution to food waste
A．To put prevention first. B．To build more landfills.
C．To extend shelf life of food. D．To make it into useful materials.
3．What can we learn about the author
A．He is an editor. B．He is a TV reporter.
C．He is a public official. D．He is a professor assistant.
4．How is Paragraph 2 developed
A．By listing data. B．By giving examples.
C．By providing definitions. D．By making comparisons.
5.【2023届湖北省华中师范大学第一附属中学高三5月适应性考试】Have you ever taken a personality test and found the results to be scarily accurate, checked your horoscope (星象学) and had everything come true or taken an online quiz that told you precisely what your favorite Disney princess means about you Well, we certainly have done so too many times, so we decided to do a little investigation into how Internet quizzes, magazines and horoscope books seem to know us so well.
We discovered that we’ve all been falling victim to the Barnum effect. The Barnum Effect is the phenomenon that occurs when individuals believe that personality descriptions apply specifically to them, despite the fact that the description is actually filled with information that applies to everyone. It was named after P.T. Barnum, a famous 19th century showman, who would famously say, “There’s a fool born every minute.”
Indeed, Barnum proved to be right, as pseudoscience (伪科学) — such as astrology and personality test — remains popular to this day. The Barnum effect explains why extremely general statements, such as the results of your personality test, seem so specific to you. Don’t believe us Well, late psychology professor Bertram Forer offered some proof.
In a historic study, Forer conducted a personality test to his students. Forer copied statements such as “You have a great need for other people to like and admire you.” and “You have a tendency to be critical of yourself” from the newspaper’s horoscope column and gave a test to every student, Forer asked his students to rate the accuracy of the test from one to five, with “one” being the least accurate and “five” being the most accurate. The average rating was 4.26. The universally high ratings from students on the personality test supported the Barnum effect.
One of the most important factors when reproducing this study is to keep the statements as vague as possible, with a mix of mostly positive and some negative content. For example, using the phrase “at times” makes for a powerful Barnum Effect. See “At times you are extroverted and sociable, while at other times you are introverted and reserved”— who would not agree with that statement
So, keep in mind that we are not immune to the Barnum effect. Take everything you hear with several grains of salt.
1．What is the purpose of Paragraph 2
A．To present a controversial opinion. B．To provide an example of an idea.
C．To offer a solution to a problem. D．To define the meaning of a term.
2．What is Paragraph 4 mainly about
A．Potential application of the Barnum effect. B．Further explanation of the Barnum effect.
C．Supporting evidence for the Barnum effect. D．A reasonable doubt of the research process.
3．Why do so many people believe the statements in horoscope and personality tests
A．They are so specific. B．They are ambiguous.
C．They are positive. D．They are believable.
4．How is the passage organized
A．Problem—solution. B．Cause—effect.
C．Phenomenon—analysis. D．Claim—counterclaim.
6.【2023届重庆市巴蜀中学校高考适应性模拟预测5月】
“I know when to go out, and when to stay in.”, English rock star David Bowie once confidently sang in his hit single. When it comes to consuming food, the decisiveness claimed by the singer-songwriter is hard to achieve. I disagree with the statement and argue it’s better to eat out than to order home delivery.
To begin with, when setting foot in a restaurant, we’re immediately greeted not only by a server ready to seat us, but by a flood of physical feelings—the eyes take in the internal decoration of the place, the nose breathes in the pleasant smell of expertly plated food and the ears pick up on competing sounds of customer chatter and attractive in-store music. To eat out is to experience an atmosphere unique to each restaurant. Something as special as that simply can’t be reproduced by ordering home delivery. Eating out is, without doubt, the more exciting and thus better choice.
Eating out becomes even more appealing when staying home proves too painful. Whether it is because we need a temporary fight from our family or that we simply want to spend some quality time outside with loved ones, going out for a meal can be a break from the hard labour of domestic living.
We could take it as an opportunity for self-care—to treat ourselves by dressing up, arriving in style at a fancy restaurant and ordering a slightly more luxurious meal to refresh our weary soul. Ordering home delivery would only contribute to feelings of being penned in while; eating out is an escape for the trapped individual. Food delivery app users reason it’s a trouble and less convenient to dress up and eat out.
However, it’s worth noting we may not always get our food in the most satisfactory condition when opting for home delivery. There’s a risk of receiving food orders with missing items or even entirely wrong orders that can’t be sent back. What we sacrifice for convenience might just wind up being inconvenient. Consequently, it makes more sense to eat out rather than risk disappointment by ordering home delivery.
1．What does the author mainly talk about
A．Dining options. B．Cuisine culture.
C．Consumption level. D．Food categories.
2．What advantage of eating out is highlighted in paragraph 2
A．Quality service. B．Comfort and convenience.
C．Sensory enjoyment. D．A reasonable mix of nutrition.
3．What does the author think of ordering home delivery
A．It’s quite pricey. B．It may let consumers down.
C．It may cause food waste. D．It’s not environmental-friendly.
4．How is the text developed
A．By providing examples. B．By following space order.
C．By making comparisons. D．By analyzing mental processes.
真题感知
1.D【2021·北京卷】
Early fifth-century philosopher St．Augustine famously wrote that he knew what time was unless someone asked him．Albert Einstein added another wrinkle when he theorized that time varies depending on where you measure it．Today's state-of-the-art atomic（原子的） clocks have proven Einstein right．Even advanced physics can't decisively tell us what time is, because the answer depends on the question you're asking．
Forget about time as an absolute．What if，instead of considering time in terms of astronomy,we related time to ecology？What if we allowed environmental conditions to set the tempo（节奏） of human life？We're increasingly aware of the fact that we can't control Earth systems with engineering alone，and realizing that we need to moderate（调节）our actions if we hope to live in balance．What if our definition of time reflected that？
Recently，I conceptualized a new approach to timekeeping that's connected to circumstances on our planet，conditions that might change as a result of global warming．We're now building a clock at the Anchorage Museum that reflects the total flow of several major Alaskan rivers，which are sensitive to local and global environmental changes．We've programmed it to match an atomic clock if the waterways continue to flow at their present rate．If the rivers run faster in the future on average，the clock will get ahead of standard time．If they run slower，you'll see the opposite effect．
The clock registers both short-term irregularities and long-term trends in river dynamics．It's a sort of observatory that reveals how the rivers are behaving from their own temporal frame（时间框架），and allows us to witness those changes on our smartwatches or phones．Anyone who opts to go on Alaska Mean River Time will live in harmony with the planet．Anyone who considers river time in relation to atomic time will encounter a major imbalance and may be motivated to counteract it by consuming less fuel or supporting greener policies．
Even if this method of timekeeping is novel in its particulars，early agricultural societies also connected time to natural phenomena．In pre-Classical Greece，for instance，people“corrected”official calendars by shifting dates forward or backward to reflect the change of season．Temporal connection to the environment was vital to their survival．Likewise，river time and other timekeeping systems we're developing may encourage environmental awareness．
When St．Augustine admitted his inability to define time， he highlighted one of time 's most noticeable qualities：Time becomes meaningful only in a defined context．Any timekeeping system is valid，and each is as praiseworthy as its purpose．
32．The author raises three questions in Paragraph 2 mainly to________．
A．present an assumption B．evaluate an argument
C．highlight an experiment D．introduce an approach
2.【2020·全国新课标III】
We are the products of evolution, and not just evolution that occurred billions of years ago. As scientists look deeper into our genes (基因), they are finding examples of human evolution in just the past few thousand years. People in Ethiopian highlands have adapted to living at high altitudes. Cattle -raising people in East Africa and northern Europe have gained a mutation (突变) that helps them digest milk as adults.
On Thursday in an article published in Cell, a team of researchers reported a new kind of adaptation - not to air or to food, but to the ocean. A group of sea-dwelling people in Southeast Asia have evolved into better divers. The Bajau, as these people are known, number in the hundreds of thousands in Indonesia, Malaysia and the Philippines. They have traditionally lived on houseboats; in recent times, they've also built houses on stilts (支柱) in coastal waters. “They are simply a stranger to the land," said Redney C. Jubilado, a University of Hawaii researcher who studies the Bajau.
Dr. Jubilado first met the Bajau while growing up on Samal Island in the Philippines. They made a living as divers, spearfishing or harvesting shellfish. "We were so amazed that they could stay underwater much longer than us local islanders," Dr. Jubilado said. “I could see them actually walking under the sea."
In201, Melissa Ilardo, then a graduate student in genetics at the University of Copenhagen, heard about the Bajau. She wondered if centuries of diving could have led to the evolution of physical characteristics that made the task easier for them. “it seemed like the perfect chance for natural selection to act on a population," said Dr. Ilardo. She also said there were likely a number of other genes that help the Bajau dive.299
32. What does the author want to tell us by the examples in paragraph 1
A. Environmental adaptation of cattle raisers. B. New knowledge of human evolution.
C. Recent findings of human origin. D. Significance of food selection.
3.D【2019·天津】
Would you BET on the future of this man？He is 53 years old. Most of his adult life has been a losing struggle against debt and misfortune. A war injury has made his left hand stop functioning，and he has often been in prison. Driven by heaven-knows-what motives，he determines to write a book.
The book turns out to be one that has appealed to the world for more than 350 years. That former prisoner was Cervantes，and the book was Don Quixote（《堂吉诃德》）. And the story poses an interesting question: why do some people discover new vitality and creativity to the end of their days，while others go to seed long before？
We've all known people who run out of steam before they reach life's halfway mark. I'm not talking about those who fail to get to the top. We can't all get there. I'm talking about people who have stopped learning on growing because they have adopted the fixed attitudes and opinions that all too often come with passing years.
Most of us，in fact，progressively narrow the variety of our lives. We succeed in our field of specialization and then become trapped in it. Nothing surprises us. We lose our sense of wonder. But，if we are willing to lean，the opportunities are everywhere.
The things we learn in maturity seldom involve information and skills We learn to bear with the things we can't change. We learn to avoid self-pity. We learn that however much we try to please，some people are never going to love us-an idea that troubles at first but is eventually relaxing.
With high motivation and enthusiasm，we can keep on learning. Then we will know how important it is to have meaning in our life. However，we can achieve meaning only if we have made a commitment to something larger than our own little egos（自我），whether to loved ones，to fellow humans，to work，or to some moral concept.
Many of us equate（视……等同于）“commitment” with such “caring” occupations as teaching and nursing. But doing any ordinary job as well as one can is in itself an admirable commitment. People who work toward such excellence whether they are driving a truck，or running a store-make the world better just by being the kind of people they are. They've learned life's most valuable lesson.
51. The passage starts with the story of Cervantes to show that_________.
A. loss of freedom stimulates one's creativity
B. age is not a barrier to achieving one's goal
C. misery inspires a man to fight against his fate
D. disability cannot stop a man's pursuit of success
52. What does the underlined part in Paragraph 3 probably mean？
A. End one's struggle for liberty.
B. Waste one's energy taking risks.
C. Miss the opportunity to succeed.
D. Lose the interest to continue learning.
53. What could be inferred from Paragraph 4？
A. Those who dare to try often get themselves trapped.
B. Those who tend to think back can hardly go ahead.
C. Opportunity favors those with a curious mind.
D. Opportunity awaits those with a cautious mind.
54. What does the author intend to tell us in Paragraph 5？
A. A tough man can tolerate suffering.
B. A wise man can live without self-pity.
C. A man should try to satisfy people around him.
D. A man should learn suitable ways to deal with life.
55. What is the author's purpose in writing the passage？
A. To provide guidance on leading a meaningful adult life.
B. To stress the need of shouldering responsibilities at work.
C. To state the importance of generating motivation for learning.
D. To suggest a way of pursuing excellence in our lifelong career.
4.B【2018·天津卷】
When I was 17, I read a magazine article about a museum called the McNay, once the home of a watercolorist named Marian McNay. She had requested the community to turn it into a museum upon her death. On a sunny Saturday, Sally and I drove over to the museum. She asked, "Do you have the address ""No, but I'll recognize it, there was a picture in the magazine. "
"Oh, stop. There it is!”
The museum was free. We entered, excited. A group of people sitting in the hall stopped talking and stared at us.
"May I help you " a man asked. "No, "I said. "We're fine.” Tour guides got on my nerves. What if they talked a long time about a painting you weren't that interested in Sally had gone upstairs. The people in the hall seemed very nosy(爱窥探的), keeping their eyes on me with curiosity. What was their problem I saw some nice sculptures in one room. Suddenly I sensed a man standing behind me. "Where do you think you are " he asked. I turned sharply. "The McNay Art Museum!" He smiled, shaking his head. "Sorry, the McNay is on New Braunfels Street." "What’s this place ” I asked, still confused. "Well, it's our home." My heart jolted(震颤). I raced to the staircase and called out, "Sally! Come down immediately! "
"There's some really good stuff(艺术作品) up there." She stepped down, looking confused. I pushed her toward the front door, waving at the family, saying, "Sorry, please forgive us, you have a really nice place." Outside, when I told Sally what happened, she covered her mouth, laughing. She couldn't believe how long they let us look around without saying anything.
The real McNay was splendid, but we felt nervous the whole time we were there. Van Gogh, Picasso. This time, we stayed together, in case anything else unusual happened.
Thirty years later, a woman approached me in a public place. "Excuse me, did you ever enter a residence, long ago, thinking it was the McNay Museum "
"Yes. But how do you know We never told anyone."
"That was my home. I was a teenager sitting in the hall. Before you came over, I never realized what a beautiful place I lived in. I never felt lucky before. You thought it was a museum. My feelings about my home changed after that. I've always wanted to thank you."
44. Why did the author describe the real McNay museum in just a few words
A. The real museum lacked enough artwork to interest her.
B. She was too upset to spend much time at the real museum.
C. The McNay was disappointing compared with the house.
D. The event happening in the house was more significant.
5. [2012·全国卷Ⅰ，D]
Grown-ups are often surprised by how well they remember something they learned as children but have never practiced ever since. A man who has not had a chance to go swimming for years can still swim as well as ever when he gets back in the water. He can get on a bicycle after many years and still ride away. He can play catch and hit a ball as well as his son. A mother who has not thought about the words for years can teach her daughter the poem that begins "Twinkle, twinkle, little star" or remember the story of Cinderella or Goldilocks and the Three Bears.
One explanation is the law of overlearning, which can be stated as follows: Once we have learned something, additional learning trials(尝试) increase the length of time we will remember it.
In childhood we usually continue to practice such skills as swimming, bicycle riding, and playing baseball long after we have learned them. We continue to listen to and remind ourselves of words such as "Twinkle, twinkle, little star" and childhood tales such as Cinderella and Goldilocks. We not only learn but overlearn.
The multiplication tables(乘法口诀表) are an exception to the general rule that we forget rather quickly the things that we learn in school, because they are another of the things we overlearn in childhood.
The law of overlearning explains why cramming(突击学习)for an examination, though it may result in a passing grade, is not a satisfactory way to learn a college course. By cramming, a student may learn the subject well enough to get by on the examination, but he is likely soon to forget almost everything he learned. A little overlearning, on the other hand, is really necessary for one's future development.
68.The author explains the law of over learning by_________.
A. presenting research findings
B. setting down general rules
C. making a comparison
D. using examples
(
1
)考点9 阅读理解
推理判断之写作方法（核心考点精讲精练）
1. 三年真题考点分布
考点 题型 推理判断之写作方法
阅读理解 2021 试卷类型 设问 考点
2021·北京卷 阅读D32．The author raises three questions in Paragraph 2 mainly to________． 写作方法
2020 2020·全国新课标III 32. What does the author want to tell us by the examples in paragraph 1 写作方法
2012 2020·全国新高考I山东卷 68.The author explains the law of over learning by_________. 写作方法
2. 命题规律及备考策略
【命题规律】近3年新高考卷对于阅读理解中没有对写作方法进行考查，这不意味着未来不会考查。高考备考要充分准备未来可能考的题，不是盲目追风必考考过的试题。主要考查：
根据阅读文章整体或某一段落的内容推断写作手法。推断写作方法的方法：1.通过分析文章内容，断定文章采用的写作方法，即举例说明法、比较说明法、对比说明或论证法、设问引起读者注意等；2.根据文章内容，如果是记叙文，通常采用以时间为序、以地点为序、以故事情节发展为序（开端、发展、高潮、结局）等叙事方式进行写作。也可能是倒叙的方法。
【备考策略】系统归类推断文章写作方法；熟练掌握阅读技能。
【命题预测】
通过阅读理解中，推断文章写作方法考查考生的基本的写作技能，在新高考命题中很可能会出现。推断文章写作方法的命题依据是：新课程标准中要求学生掌握：常见文章文体的写作方法。因此，推断文章写作方法的推理判断题，有可能在2024年高考中将成为高考阅读理解的题型，应该倍加注意。
【2023年高考命题预测】
推理判断之写作手法考点是高考中的常考点。作者在写作文章的时候总是要用一些写作手法，了解写作手法是学生阅读理解要掌握的内容之一。做这类题时，我们可以借鉴中文的一些写作手法，在写作方法上它们是相通的。预测在2023高考中，写作手法有可能会在高考阅读理解中呈现。
【推理判断之写作手法考点指南】
规律方法：
常见的设问方式：
（1）How is the passage organized
（2）The author develops the passage mainly by _________.
（3）The first paragraph serves as a（n） __________.
（4）The example of … is given to show/illustrate that__________.
了解文章的修辞手法。从修辞手法上讲，在高考阅读中主要考查下定义、分类说明、列举例证和对比等写作手法。其中，“引用”和“例证”是议论文和说明文中最常用的写作手法之一。是历年高考阅读试题中必不可缺的命题方向。“引用”和“例证”的共同目的就是增强说服力，以更好的达到说理、说明的目的。“引用”和“例证”的共同功能就是服务于段落或篇章的主题。
说明文往往采取下定义、举例子、列数字、对比或比较等说明方式进行写作，而这些说明方式都是为了使文章要说明的内容或问题更加清晰明了、真实可信，或者更具说服力。
记叙文可以采取以时间为序、以地点为序、以故事情节发展为序（开端、发展、高潮、结局）等叙事方式进行写作。以故事情节为序又可以不按照时间的先后顺序叙述，比如，先写结局，再写其他，最后写高潮，这种叙事手法叫做倒叙。
[2012·全国卷Ⅰ，D]
Grown-ups are often surprised by how well they remember something they learned as children but have never practiced ever since. A man who has not had a chance to go swimming for years can still swim as well as ever when he gets back in the water. He can get on a bicycle after many years and still ride away. He can play catch and hit a ball as well as his son. A mother who has not thought about the words for years can teach her daughter the poem that begins "Twinkle, twinkle, little star" or remember the story of Cinderella or Goldilocks and the Three Bears.
One explanation is the law of overlearning, which can be stated as follows: Once we have learned something, additional learning trials(尝试) increase the length of time we will remember it.
In childhood we usually continue to practice such skills as swimming, bicycle riding, and playing baseball long after we have learned them. We continue to listen to and remind ourselves of words such as "Twinkle, twinkle, little star" and childhood tales such as Cinderella and Goldilocks. We not only learn but overlearn.
The multiplication tables(乘法口诀表) are an exception to the general rule that we forget rather quickly the things that we learn in school, because they are another of the things we overlearn in childhood.
The law of overlearning explains why cramming(突击学习)for an examination, though it may result in a passing grade, is not a satisfactory way to learn a college course. By cramming, a student may learn the subject well enough to get by on the examination, but he is likely soon to forget almost everything he learned. A little overlearning, on the other hand, is really necessary for one's future development.
68.The author explains the law of over learning by_________.
A. presenting research findings
B. setting down general rules
C. making a comparison
D. using examples
【答案】68. D
【文章大意】本文是一篇议论文。成年人常常惊叹他们能很好地记住儿时学过的东西。作者认为这是儿时过度学习的结果，是因为当我们儿时学会一样东西的时候，我们不是就此停止，而是继续学习，才使我们记忆深刻。文章用例证法说明了“过度学习”的概念。最后作者谈到了“过度学习”的好处和突击学习的弊端。
【答案】D
【解析】根据文章的内容可知：作者采用了举例子的说明方法。比如：practice such skills as swimming, bicycle riding, and playing baseball long after we have learned them和The multiplication tables(乘法口诀表) are an exception to the general rule that we forget rather quickly the things that we learn in school, because they are another of the things we overlearn in childhood.
1.【2023届安徽省A10联盟高考最后一卷】
Water equals life. This is true for people, animals and plants. And while water is plentiful in some locations, this is not the case all over the world. Now scientists from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) may have developed a way to change that.
The new desalination (脱盐) device produces water actually above the World Health Organization standards, just by pushing a button. There are no filters (过滤器) required, and the device uses electrical power to remove salt and other particles (微粒) — including bacteria and viruses — from the saltwater. This reduces the need for constant maintenance.
Most commercially available portable desalination units use filters that require high-pressure pumps to push the water, which makes them huge in size and less energy efficient. The filterless MIT device will allow it to be used in remote or resource-limited places like small islands, ships, and even for emergency use.
The device took years to develop. After running tests in the lab with water that had different salinity and particles, it was tested at Boston’s Carson Beach. The device produced drinkable water in just half an hour.
The new desalination unit needs less power than a cell phone charger, reported Fast Company, and works using two types of electrical fields to filter the saltwater. But best of all, it is designed to be used by average people and not engineers. In fact, the device only has three buttons, one to power the device, one to start it, and one to stop it.
The researchers are still working on a final design that could use cheaper materials to make it ready by the end of next year. This small but mighty desalination unit may be the key to bringing safe water to a thirsty world.
1．What’s the advantage of the new desalination device
A．It’s convenient. B．Ifs a lot cheaper.
C．It has improved filters. D．It has a larger output.
2．How is the third paragraph developed
A．By making comparisons. B．By giving examples.
C．By analyzing causes. D．By listing figures.
3．What does the author think is the most outstanding quality of the new device
A．It requires much less power.
B．It possesses two electrical fields.
C．It can be easily operated by ordinary people.
D．It is controlled by the same button.
4．What is the best title for the text
A．Deeper research finds new contents of seawater
B．Better method improves the quality of drinking water
C．Report shows a world thirsty for safe drinking water
D．New portable device makes seawater drinkable on the way
【答案】1．A 2．A 3．C 4．D
【文章大意】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了一款新的即将面市的便携式海水脱盐设备，它操作方便，体积虽小但功能强大，普通人也能使用，可以为我们缺水的世界带来安全可用淡水。
1．细节理解题。根据第二段中“The new desalination (脱盐) device produces water actually above the World Health Organization standards, just by pushing a button.(这种新的海水脱盐装置只需要按下一个按钮，就能产生高于世界卫生组织标准的水)”可知，这个新的脱盐设备的优势是操作非常方便。故选A项。
2．推理判断题。根据第三段“Most commercially available portable desalination units use filters that require high-pressure pumps to push the water, which makes them huge in size and less energy efficient. The filterless MIT device will allow it to be used in remote or resource-limited places like small islands, ships, and even for emergency use.(大多数商业上可用的便携式海水脱盐装置使用的过滤器需要高压泵来推动水，这使得它们体积庞大，能源效率较低。这种无过滤器的MIT设备可以在偏远或资源有限的地方使用，比如小岛、船只，甚至是紧急情况下使用)”可知，第三段主要通过对比新的脱盐设备和其他商业上可用的便携式脱盐设备来说明新设备的优势。由此推知，这段是通过对比来发展的。故选A项。
3．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中“But best of all, it is designed to be used by average people and not engineers.(但最重要的是，它是为普通人而不是工程师设计的)”可知，作者认为这个新设备最突出的优点是普通人也可以轻松操作。故选C项。
4．主旨大意题。通读全文可知，文章主要介绍了一款新的即将面市的便携式海水脱盐设备，它操作方便，体积虽小但功能强大，普通人也能使用，可以为我们缺水的世界带来安全可用淡水。由此可知，D项“新的便携式设备即将使海水可以饮用”符合文章大意，适合作为文章标题。故选D项。
2.【2023届江苏省徐州市高三5月考前模拟】
If reducing stress has been on your summer to do list, there’s one powerful thing you can still do before the season ends: get in the habit of taking a walk outside with a friend.
A quick walk in nature with a friend combines three of the most effective stress-reducing and resilience(恢复力)building techniques: physical exercise, spending time in nature and social connection. The activity works by helping normalize the hormonal changes that result from long time stress and enhancing the emotional resources that help us cope.
Walking quickly activates(激活)the body`s stress response. And when the walk is over, the stress system comes back down to baseline. Regular exercise helps your stress response become more efficient, says Jennifer Heisz, associate professor at McMaster University.
As little as 10 minutes of sitting or walking in nature can decrease a person’s heart rate, blood pressure and cortisol levels, as well as self-reported stress levels. One possible explanation, the researchers say, is that spending time in nature lowers the activity of our sympathetic nervous system, which regulates stress hormones, and taps into the parasympathetic(副交感)nervous system, which promotes our calm and relaxation responses.
Taking that hike with a loved one can further reduce stress by adding the important element of social connection. Talking with trusted friends helps people process stressful events and lifts self-esteem. Social support has positive effects on the brain and body, scientific research finds.
Earlier this year, Cassie Moreno was in a rut of stress and anxiety. She was starting a new job, struggling to make new friends during the pandemic, and going through a breakup. Strolling along the Hudson River with other women, the 26-year-old Maine native says she felt an immediate surge of confidence and calm.
“I was, like, how do we live here Look at the water! Look at the Statue of Liberty! How did we get this lucky ” she says.
1．What is the purpose of paragraph 2
A．To explain a rule. B．To clarify an argument.
C．To present a fact. D．To introduce a topic.
2．What is an advantage of spending time in nature
A．Reducing blood pressure. B．Lifting self-esteem.
C．Raising stress hormones. D．Activating nervous system.
3．What does Cassie Moreno’s remark in the last paragraph indicate
A．She was refreshed with confidence.
B．She was in a state of stress and anxiety.
C．She was struggling through a hard time.
D．She was amazed by the fantastic scenery.
4．How is the passage developed
A．By giving explanations. B．By making comparisons.
C．By listing examples. D．By proving assumptions.
【答案】1．B 2．A 3．A 4．A
【文章大意】本文是一篇说明文。文章讲述了在大自然中快速行走有益于身心健康。
1．推理判断题。根据第二段“A quick walk in nature with a friend combines three of the most effective stress-reducing and resilience(恢复力)building techniques: physical exercise, spending time in nature and social connection.(与朋友在大自然中快速漫步组合了三种最有效的减压和恢复能力建设技巧：体育锻炼、在大自然中度过时光和社交联系)”可知，此处是要回答上文的问题，可推理出此处要阐释上文提出的观点，故选B项。
2．细节理解题。根据第四段“As little as 10 minutes of sitting or walking in nature can decrease a person’s heart rate, blood pressure and cortisol levels, as well as self-reported stress levels.(在大自然中坐着或走路只要10分钟，就能降低一个人的心率、血压和皮质醇水平，以及自我报告的压力水平)”可知，在大自然中坐着能降低血压水平，故选A项。
3．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“Strolling along the Hudson River with other women, the 26-year-old Maine native says she felt an immediate surge of confidence and calm.(这位26岁的缅因州本地人和其他女性一起沿着哈德逊河漫步，她说自己立刻涌起了一股自信和平静的力量)”可推理出，Cassie Moreno感到信心十足，精神抖擞，故选A项。
4．推理判断题。根据文章第一段“If reducing stress has been on your summer to do list, there’s one powerful thing you can still do before the season ends: get in the habit of taking a walk outside with a friend.( 如果减轻压力已经列入了你夏天的任务清单，那么在这个季节结束之前，你仍然可以做一件很有影响力的事情：养成和朋友出去散步的习惯)”、第二段“A quick walk in nature with a friend combines three of the most effective stress-reducing and resilience(恢复力)building techniques: physical exercise, spending time in nature and social connection.(与朋友在大自然中快速漫步组合了三种最有效的减压和恢复能力建设技巧：体育锻炼、在大自然中度过时光和社交联系)”、第四段“As little as 10 minutes of sitting or walking in nature can decrease a person’s heart rate, blood pressure and cortisol levels, as well as self-reported stress levels.(在大自然中坐着或走路只要10分钟，就能降低一个人的心率、血压和皮质醇水平，以及自我报告的压力水平)”以及倒数第二段“Strolling along the Hudson River with other women, the 26-year-old Maine native says she felt an immediate surge of confidence and calm.(这位26岁的缅因州本地人和其他女性一起沿着哈德逊河漫步，她说自己立刻涌起了一股自信和平静的力量)”可知，本文在开头提出概念，后续段落对这一概念进行解释，使用了解释概念的方式，故选A项。
基础过关
（最新模拟试题演练）
1.【2023届浙江省四校（杭州二中、温州中学、绍兴一中、金华一中）高三5月联考】
As an intense heat wave sweeps through China, residents are seeking relief in air raid shelters and swimming pools to stay cool, and dozens of cities, including Shanghai, Chongqing and Hangzhou, have issued their highest-level red alert warnings. Shanghai has issued three red alerts this year, with the temperature hitting 40.9 Celsius on July 13, matching the record set in 2017 since 1873. The fact that Shanghai has experienced only 16 days of 40°C-plus temperatures since the city began keeping records in 1873 should give us an idea about the seriousness of the situation.
Medical experts say extreme heat could cause nausea (恶心), fatigue, sunstroke and even death, with senior citizens and people with long-term illnesses particularly vulnerable to heat waves.
Extreme heat events, which began a month ago, have affected the lives of more than 900 million people in China. Between June 1 and July 12, the average number of days with temperatures above 35°Cwas 5.3, up 2.4 days over normal years, breaking the national record set in 1961, according to the National Climate Center.
Parts of Europe are also in the grip of heat waves and experiencing extreme weather events after the western part of North America faced extreme heat waves last year. In response to the exceptionally high temperatures, the United Kingdom has declared a national emergency and issued the highest-level red alert warning for Monday and Tuesday for the first time. More alarmingly, the average global temperature in June this year was 0.4°C higher than normal years and the highest since 1979, with temperatures in countries such as Spain, France and Italy exceeding 40°C．
Unfortunately, extreme heat, which is directly related to climate change, will become more frequent and intense in the next 30 years, setting new records for high temperatures. As global warming intensifies, losses and devastation will increase, forcing natural and human systems to raise their adaptation limits.
1．What can we know about the heat waves this year
A．It may cause more harm to the old and people with long-term illnesses.
B．The number of days above 35°Cin June breaks the national record.
C．Shanghai has experienced a higher temperature than that in 2017.
D．The whole Europe as well as America are suffering from the heat waves.
2．How does the author develop the text
A．By analyzing and concluding. B．By explaining and contrasting.
C．By giving examples and quoting. D．By giving figures and comparing.
3．According to the writer, what is the trend of extreme heat
A．Becoming more serious. B．Remaining stable.
C．Staying unpredictable. D．Getting controllable.
4．What is the text mainly about
A．The solutions to the climate change. B．The economic losses from heat waves.
C．The increase of severe heat waves. D．The destructive effect of global warming.
【文章大意】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了高温天气的危害以及高温天气的增加情况。
1．细节理解题。根据第二段“Medical experts say extreme heat could cause nausea (恶心), fatigue, sunstroke and even death, with senior citizens and people with long-term illnesses particularly vulnerable to heat waves.(医学专家表示，极端高温会导致恶心、疲劳、中暑甚至死亡，老年人和长期病患者尤其容易受到高温的影响)”可知，今年的高温可能对老年人和有长期疾病的人造成更大的伤害。故选A。
2．推理判断题。根据第一段“Shanghai has issued three red alerts this year, with the temperature hitting 40.9 Celsius on July 13, matching the record set in 2017 since 1873. The fact that Shanghai has experienced only 16 days of 40°C-plus temperatures since the city began keeping records in 1873 should give us an idea about the seriousness of the situation.(上海今年发布了三次红色预警，7月13日气温达到40.9摄氏度，追平了自1873年以来2017年创下的纪录。上海自1873年开始记录气温以来，只有16天气温超过40摄氏度，这一事实应该让我们了解到情况的严重性)”以及第三段“Extreme heat events, which began a month ago, have affected the lives of more than 900 million people in China. Between June 1 and July 12, the average number of days with temperatures above 35°Cwas 5.3, up 2.4 days over normal years, breaking the national record set in 1961, according to the National Climate Center.(一个月前开始的极端高温天气已经影响了中国9亿多人的生活。根据国家气候中心的数据，6月1日至7月12日期间，平均气温在35℃以上的天数为5.3天，比正常年份增加2.4天，打破了1961年创下的全国纪录)”可推知，作者通过给出数字和比较展开文章。故选D。
3．细节理解题。根据最后一段“Unfortunately, extreme heat, which is directly related to climate change, will become more frequent and intense in the next 30 years, setting new records for high temperatures.(不幸的是，与气候变化直接相关的极端高温将在未来30年变得更加频繁和强烈，创造新的高温记录)”可知，根据作者的观点，极端高温的趋势会变得越来越严重。故选A。
4．主旨大意题。根据第一段“As an intense heat wave sweeps through China, residents are seeking relief in air raid shelters and swimming pools to stay cool, and dozens of cities, including Shanghai, Chongqing and Hangzhou, have issued their highest-level red alert warnings.(随着强烈的高温席卷中国，居民们纷纷到防空洞和游泳池寻求降温，包括上海、重庆和杭州在内的数十个城市发布了最高级别的红色预警)”结合文章主要说明了高温天气的危害以及高温天气的增加情况。可知，这篇文章的主要内容是严重高温的增加。故选C。
2.【2023年辽宁省高三第二次全省统考暨朝阳市第一高级中学高三四模】
Three Formats of Books
Printed books are mostly produced in three fundamental formats: Hardcover, Trade Paperback, and Mass Market Paperback.
A hardcover (also known as hardback or hardbound) is a type of book that is bound with hard and rigid protective covers and the pages are often strongly held together with stiches or staples (缝线或订书钉). They are the most expensive of the three formats.
A trade paperback (more commonly known as paperback) is a type of book characterized by a thick paper or paperboard cover. Their pages are often held with glue rather than stitches or staples. Trade paperbacks are cheaper than hardcovers but costlier than mass market paperbacks.
Mass market paperbacks are basically small sized books printed on a lower quality paper with an inexpensive binding. They are cheaper to produce and mostly sold in nontraditional bookselling locations such as drugstores, supermarkets, railway stations, and airports, as well as in traditional bookstores.
Mass market paperbacks are produced to target a bigger market. Due to their low production cost they can be made available to a large mass of people at cheaper and affordable rates. Mass market paperback books are smaller in size (usually about 4 inches wide and 7 inches tall) and their font (字体) size is also comparatively smaller. Besides, mass market paperbacks mostly do not have any illustrations (pictures, diagrams, and other decorative features) that may be present in the hardcover or the paperback formats of that same book.
Another very important feature of mass market paperbacks is that they are mostly strippable books. “Strippable” simply means that a book’s cover can be torn off (or stripped of) by the book retailers or distributor, and then sent back to the book publisher for a refund (退款；返还款). So, when the booksellers notice that some mass market paperback books have been in stock for a while and are not selling well, they can simply strip off the covers of those books and return them to the publishers for refund. The part of the book left after the cover is sipped off is illegal to sell and has to be recycled.
1．What’s special for hardcover books compared with the other two
A．They’re not easily broken.
B．Their covers can be stripped off.
C．They have the largest number of consumers.
D．They are of excellent quality and bargain price.
2．What format is suitable for students’ textbooks according to the text
A．Hardcover. B．Trade paperback.
C．Mass market paperback. D．Hardbound.
3．What can you learn about mass market paperback books from the text
A．They have various decorative features.
B．Those without covers can be sold cheaply.
C．Brochures belong to mass market paperback books.
D．They can be returned to the publishers if not damaged.
4．How does the writer develop this text
A．By offering figures. B．By telling a story.
C．By giving examples. D．By making a comparison.
【文章大意】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了三种格式的书：精装、普通平装和大众市场平装以及它们的特点。
1．细节理解题。根据第二段“A hardcover (also known as hardback or hardbound) is a type of book that is bound with hard and rigid protective covers and the pages are often strongly held together with stiches or staples (缝线或订书钉). (精装书是一种用坚硬的保护封面装订的书，书页通常用针或订书钉牢固地固定在一起。) ”，第三段“A trade paperback (more commonly known as paperback) is a type of book characterized by a thick paper or paperboard cover. Their pages are often held with glue rather than stitches or staples. (普通平装书是一种以厚纸或纸板封面为特征的书。它们的书页通常是用胶水而不是针脚或订书钉固定的。)”和第四段“Mass market paperbacks are basically small sized books printed on a lower quality paper with an inexpensive binding. (大众市场的平装书基本上是用较低质量的纸张和廉价的装帧印刷的小尺寸书籍。)”可知与其他两种书籍相比，精装书比较结实，不容易坏，故选A。
2．推理判断题。根据第三段“A trade paperback (more commonly known as paperback) is a type of book characterized by a thick paper or paperboard cover. Their pages are often held with glue rather than stitches or staples. Trade paperbacks are cheaper than hardcovers but costlier than mass market paperbacks. (普通平装书(通常称为平装书)是一种以厚纸或纸板封面为特征的书。它们的书页通常是用胶水而不是针脚或订书钉固定的。普通平装书比精装书便宜，但比大众市场的平装书贵。)”和第五段“Besides, mass market paperbacks mostly do not have any illustrations (pictures, diagrams, and other decorative features) that may be present in the hardcover or the paperback formats of that same book.(此外，大众市场的平装书大多没有任何插图（图片、图表和其他装饰特征），这些插图可能出现在同一本书的精装本或平装本中。)”可推断普通平装书更适合学生使用，它比精装书便宜，会有插图并且还比大众平装书结实，故选B。
3．推理判断题。根据第五段“Mass market paperbacks are produced to target a bigger market. Due to their low production cost they can be made available to a large mass of people at cheaper and affordable rates. Mass market paperback books are smaller in size (usually about 4 inches wide and 7 inches tall) and their font (字体) size is also comparatively smaller. Besides, mass market paperbacks mostly do not have any illustrations (pictures, diagrams, and other decorative features) that may be present in the hardcover or the paperback formats of that same book. (大众市场的平装书是针对更大的市场而生产的。由于它们的低生产成本，它们可以以更便宜和负担得起的价格提供给大量的人。大众市场的平装书尺寸较小(通常约为4英寸宽，7英寸高)，字体也相对较小。此外，大众市场的平装书大多没有任何插图(图片、图表和其他装饰特征)，而在同一本书的精装书或平装书中可能会出现这些插图。)”由此可推测手册属于大众市场的平装书。故选C。
4．推理判断题。通读全文，可知文章介绍了三种格式的书：精装、普通平装和大众市场平装，并通过书籍的装订，纸张厚度，纸张规格，价格等方面进行比较来说明它们各自的特点，因此推断作者通过比较来展开这篇文章的，故选D。
3.【广东省汕尾、珠海市等大湾区联考2023届高三学生调研】
Research into social robots has shown that machines that are at the cutting edge of interaction can respond to feelings and emotionally care for the weak, the elderly and children.
Robin was designed as a companion robot to provide emotional support for children receiving medical treatment. Robin explains medical procedures to them, plays games and tells stories, and during treatment distracts them to reduce their sense of pain. The robot uses AI to understand other people’s feelings, remembering facial expressions and conversations to build dialogue for follow-up sessions. In trials at the Wigmore Medical (UK) Pediatric Clinic in Yerevan, Armenia, the team found that Robin led to a 34% decrease in stress and an increase in happiness of 26% in the 120 children who interacted with him at least once.
Healthcare robots could all benefit from displaying emotional intelligence, both recognizing and responding to human emotions, and to some extent, managing them. The problem with this is the fear that human jobs may be lost as robots become better at handling social situations.
Population trends suggest that the demand for robots to work alongside people in care situations will grow over time. By 2050, the number of people aged 65 and over globally will be 1.6 billion (17%), roughly twice the proportion of what it is today. An extra 3.5 million care workers will be needed and that will include emotionally intelligent robots.
Today’s simple systems are being trained to meet that demand. This includes a little wheeled robot that can guess how you are feeling from the way you walk, and the robot from the University of Lincoln in the UK —who helps elderly people to stay physically and mentally active.
The impact of social robots on our lives to date has been tiny. But new models are being introduced that could make the breakthrough. Human emotions are difficult to define, but as trust in robots increases, breaking down the psychological barrier becomes easier to imagine.
1．What are social robots uniquely capable of
A．Lifting heavy packages upstairs for weak people.
B．Teaching mentally ill teens emotional expressions.
C．Cooking delicious dishes for the disabled at home.
D．Playing songs for blind people on their request.
2．What is paragraph 2 mainly about
A．Robin’s function to reduce pain.
B．Robin’s popularity in hospitals.
C．Robin’s practical application.
D．Robin’s success in passing tests.
3．How is paragraph 4 developed
A．By concluding viewpoints.
B．By analyzing causes.
C．By making comparison.
D．By giving definition.
4．What does the author think of human job replacement by robots
A．It is already happening throughout UK.
B．Humans need to work hard to secure jobs.
C．Robots can only meet basic human needs.
D．It’s an unstoppable and beneficial trend.
【文章大意】本文为一篇说明文。文章介绍了对社交机器人的研究：以Robin为例，处于互动前沿的机器可以对情感做出反应，并在情感上照顾弱者、老人和儿童，作者认为用社交机器人来看护将会是一个不可阻挡的有益的趋势。
1．推理判断题。根据文章第一段“Research into social robots has shown that machines that are at the cutting edge of interaction can respond to feelings and emotionally care for the weak, the elderly and children. (对社交机器人的研究表明，处于互动前沿的机器可以对情绪做出反应，并在情感上照顾弱者、老人和儿童。)”可知，社交机器人可以对情绪（feelings）作出回应并在情感上（emotionally）关爱弱者、老年人和小孩，这是它的不同之处，与题目中的uniquely相呼应，故B项“教患有精神疾病的青少年情绪表达”与文章内容相符，其余选项均非情感上的帮助。故选B项。
2．主旨大意题。根据第二段“Robin was designed as a companion robot to provide emotional support for children receiving medical treatment. Robin explains medical procedures to them, plays games and tells stories, and during treatment distracts them to reduce their sense of pain. The robot uses AI to understand other people’s feelings, remembering facial expressions and conversations to build dialogue for follow-up sessions. In trials at the Wigmore Medical (UK) Pediatric Clinic in Yerevan, Armenia, the team found that Robin led to a 34% decrease in stress and an increase in happiness of 26% in the 120 children who interacted with him at least once. (罗宾被设计成一个陪伴机器人，为接受治疗的儿童提供情感支持。罗宾向他们解释医疗程序，玩游戏，讲故事，并在治疗期间分散他们的注意力，以减轻他们的痛感。该机器人使用人工智能来理解他人的感受，记住面部表情和对话，为后续会话建立对话。在亚美尼亚埃里温威格莫尔医学（英国）儿科诊所的试验中，研究小组发现，在120名使用罗宾机器人的儿童中，他们的压力减少了34%，幸福感增加了26%)”可知，本段介绍了Robin这款为接受治疗的孩子提供情感支持而设计的机器人的实际用途及其带来的积极影响。故选C项。
3．推理判断题。根据第四段“Population trends suggest that the demand for robots to work alongside people in care situations will grow over time. By 2050, the number of people aged 65 and over globally will be 1.6 billion (17%), roughly twice the proportion of what it is today. An extra 3.5 million care workers will be needed and that will include emotionally intelligent robots. (人口趋势表明，随着时间的推移，对机器人与护理人员一起工作的需求将会增长。到2050年，全球65岁及以上的人口数量将达到16亿，占17%，大约是目前比例的两倍。英国还需要350万名护工，其中包括具有情感智能的机器人。)”可知，本段的中心句为第一句：人口趋势表明机器人与护理人员一起工作的需求将会逐步增长。接着，进一步阐述了原因：是未来老龄化人口的增长将导致护理人员需求的增加，其中也包括具有情感智能的机器人。因此，第四段是通过分析原因（analyze causes）展开的。故选B项。
4．推理判断题。根据第一段“Research into social robots has shown that machines that are at the cutting edge of interaction can respond to feelings and emotionally care for the weak, the elderly and children. (对社交机器人的研究表明，处于互动前沿的机器可以对情绪做出反应，并在情感上照顾弱者、老人和儿童。)”，第三段“The problem with this is the fear that human jobs may be lost as robots become better at handling social situations. (问题在于，随着机器人变得更擅长处理社交场合，人们担心人类的工作可能会失去。)”，第四段“Population trends suggest that the demand for robots to work alongside people in care situations will grow over time. (人口趋势表明，随着时间的推移，对机器人与护理人员一起工作的需求将会增长。)”可知，机器人在护理工作中会越来越多，呈增长趋势；以及最后一段“But new models are being introduced that could make the breakthrough. Human emotions are difficult to define, but as trust in robots increases, breaking down the psychological barrier becomes easier to imagine. (但可能会取得突破的新型号正在推出。人类的情感很难定义，但随着对机器人信任的增加，打破心理障碍变得更容易想象。)”可知，关于机器人取代人类来工作，因为能取得突破的社交机器人新型号的推出，以及人们对机器人的信任的增加，打破心理障碍也变得更有可能，作者对于社交机器人取代护理人员这一前景抱有期待，认为“机器人取代人类来做护理工作”有益且不可阻挡。故选D项。
4.【2023届广东省惠州市高三5月二模】
People produce all kinds of food waste. A news report in our magazine published in November last year shows that about 60 million metric tons of food is wasted in the United States every year. (A metric ton is 1,000 kilograms or 2,205 pounds.)
The value of the waste is about $162 billion. About half ends up in city landfills (垃圾填埋场). It costs local government about $1.5 billion a year to deal with them. The report says that one third of all food in the world is never eaten. The full cost of the world’s food waste can be $400 billion a year. Billions can be saved if the amount of food waste is reduced. Most of the food is thrown away by shopkeepers and consumers in wealthy nations. If it is saved, it could feed 870 million hungry people of the world. A family of four wastes about $1,600 worth of food each year.
The production of food uses large amounts of water, land and fertilizer. Food waste in landfills creates methane—a powerful greenhouse gas. This gas is about seven percent of total pollution worldwide. Reducing food waste can make a difference.
Composting (堆制肥料) is one solution. However, there are other ways to reduce food waste. Extending expiration (终结) dates will reduce waste. Selling smaller bags of food also will reduce waste. An expert said, “We need to find ways to deal with food waste, but most importantly, we need to prevent it at the first place.”
1．What does the author want to tell us in Paragraph 2
A．Many people are facing hunger.
B．Food waste is likely to increase.
C．Food waste is caused for various reasons.
D．The problem of food waste is very serious.
2．What is the best solution to food waste
A．To put prevention first. B．To build more landfills.
C．To extend shelf life of food. D．To make it into useful materials.
3．What can we learn about the author
A．He is an editor. B．He is a TV reporter.
C．He is a public official. D．He is a professor assistant.
4．How is Paragraph 2 developed
A．By listing data. B．By giving examples.
C．By providing definitions. D．By making comparisons.
【文章大意】本文是一篇说明文，主要讲的是为了保护环境，如何减少食物浪费，如何处理食品废料也是一个严峻的问题，我们能为之做什么。
1．细节理解题。根据文章第二段的“The report says that one third of all food in the world is never eaten. The full cost of the world’s food waste can be $400 billion a year. Billions can be saved if the amount of food waste is reduced. Most of the food is thrown away by shopkeepers and consumers in wealthy nations.(该报告称，世界上三分之一的食物从未被食用过。全球食物浪费的总成本每年可达4000亿美元。如果减少食物浪费，可以节省数十亿美元。在富裕国家，大部分食品都被店主和消费者扔掉了。)”可知，在第二段中，作者想告诉我们食物浪费的问题非常严重。故选D。
2．细节理解题。根据文章最后一段“An expert said, “We need to find ways to deal with food waste, but most importantly, we need to prevent it at the first place.”(一位专家表示：“我们需要找到处理食物浪费的方法，但最重要的是，我们在一开始就要阻止浪费。”)”可知，解决食物浪费的最好办法是防止食物浪费，故选A。
3．推理判断题。根据文章首段“A news report in our magazine published in November last year shows that about 60 million metric tons of food is wasted in the United States every year.(我们杂志去年11月发表的一篇新闻报道显示，美国每年大约有6000万吨食物被浪费。)”推知，作者是一名杂志编辑，故选A。
4．推理判断题。根据第二段“It costs local government about $1.5 billion a year to deal with them. The report says that one third of all food in the world is never eaten. The full cost of the world’s food waste can be $400 billion a year.(当地政府每年要花费15亿美元来处理这些问题。该报告称，世界上三分之一的食物从未被食用过。全球食物浪费的总成本每年可达4000亿美元。)”和“If it is saved, it could feed 870 million hungry people of the world. A family of four wastes about $1,600 worth of food each year.(如果它被节约下来，可以养活世界上8.7亿饥饿的人。一个四口之家每年浪费价值约1600美元的食物。)”可知，第二段是通过列出数据展开的，故选A。
5.【2023届湖北省华中师范大学第一附属中学高三5月适应性考试】Have you ever taken a personality test and found the results to be scarily accurate, checked your horoscope (星象学) and had everything come true or taken an online quiz that told you precisely what your favorite Disney princess means about you Well, we certainly have done so too many times, so we decided to do a little investigation into how Internet quizzes, magazines and horoscope books seem to know us so well.
We discovered that we’ve all been falling victim to the Barnum effect. The Barnum Effect is the phenomenon that occurs when individuals believe that personality descriptions apply specifically to them, despite the fact that the description is actually filled with information that applies to everyone. It was named after P.T. Barnum, a famous 19th century showman, who would famously say, “There’s a fool born every minute.”
Indeed, Barnum proved to be right, as pseudoscience (伪科学) — such as astrology and personality test — remains popular to this day. The Barnum effect explains why extremely general statements, such as the results of your personality test, seem so specific to you. Don’t believe us Well, late psychology professor Bertram Forer offered some proof.
In a historic study, Forer conducted a personality test to his students. Forer copied statements such as “You have a great need for other people to like and admire you.” and “You have a tendency to be critical of yourself” from the newspaper’s horoscope column and gave a test to every student, Forer asked his students to rate the accuracy of the test from one to five, with “one” being the least accurate and “five” being the most accurate. The average rating was 4.26. The universally high ratings from students on the personality test supported the Barnum effect.
One of the most important factors when reproducing this study is to keep the statements as vague as possible, with a mix of mostly positive and some negative content. For example, using the phrase “at times” makes for a powerful Barnum Effect. See “At times you are extroverted and sociable, while at other times you are introverted and reserved”— who would not agree with that statement
So, keep in mind that we are not immune to the Barnum effect. Take everything you hear with several grains of salt.
1．What is the purpose of Paragraph 2
A．To present a controversial opinion. B．To provide an example of an idea.
C．To offer a solution to a problem. D．To define the meaning of a term.
2．What is Paragraph 4 mainly about
A．Potential application of the Barnum effect. B．Further explanation of the Barnum effect.
C．Supporting evidence for the Barnum effect. D．A reasonable doubt of the research process.
3．Why do so many people believe the statements in horoscope and personality tests
A．They are so specific. B．They are ambiguous.
C．They are positive. D．They are believable.
4．How is the passage organized
A．Problem—solution. B．Cause—effect.
C．Phenomenon—analysis. D．Claim—counterclaim.
【文章大意】这是一篇说明文。文章提出了“很多人相信占卜和性格测试等”这一现象并分析了其原因。
1．推理判断题。根据文章第二段“We discovered that we’ve all been falling victim to the Barnum effect. The Barnum Effect is the phenomenon that occurs when individuals believe that personality descriptions apply specifically to them, despite the fact that the description is actually filled with information that applies to everyone. It was named after P.T. Barnum, a famous 19th century showman, who would famously say, “There’s a fool born every minute.”(我们发现我们都成了巴纳姆效应的受害者。巴纳姆效应是一种现象，当人们认为性格描述只适用于他们时，尽管事实上这些描述中充满了适用于所有人的信息。它是以19世纪著名的表演家P.T.巴纳姆的名字命名的，他有句名言：“每分钟都有一个傻瓜出生。”)”可知，文章第二段主要解释了巴纳姆效应的概念。由此推知，第二段的目的是给“巴纳姆效应”这一专业术语下定义。故选D项。
2．主旨大意题。根据文章第三段最后一句“Don’t believe us Well, late psychology professor Bertram Forer offered some proof.(不相信我们？嗯，已故的心理学教授Bertram Forer提供了一些证据)”和第四段“In a historic study, Forer conducted a personality test to his students. Forer copied statements such as “You have a great need for other people to like and admire you.” and “You have a tendency to be critical of yourself” from the newspaper’s horoscope column and gave a test to every student, Forer asked his students to rate the accuracy of the test from one to five, with “one” being the least accurate and “five” being the most accurate. The average rating was 4.26. The universally high ratings from students on the personality test supported the Barnum effect.(在一项历史研究中，弗莱尔对他的学生进行了性格测试。永远复制这样的话：“你非常需要别人喜欢和钦佩你。”和“你有挑剔自己的倾向”，然后给每个学生做了一个测试，让他的学生给测试的准确性打分，从1到5，“1”是最不准确的，“5”是最准确的。平均评分为4.26分。学生们在性格测试中普遍获得的高分支持了巴纳姆效应)”可知，文章第四段通过Forer对学生的性格测试，为巴纳姆效应提供论据。故选C项。
3．推理判断题。根据文章第二段“We discovered that we’ve all been falling victim to the Barnum effect. The Barnum Effect is the phenomenon that occurs when individuals believe that personality descriptions apply specifically to them, despite the fact that the description is actually filled with information that applies to everyone.(我们发现我们都成了巴纳姆效应的受害者。巴纳姆效应是一种现象，当人们认为性格描述只适用于他们时，尽管事实上这些描述中充满了适用于所有人的信息)”以及倒数第二段“One of the most important factors when reproducing this study is to keep the statements as vague as possible, with a mix of mostly positive and some negative content.(在复制这项研究时，最重要的因素之一是让陈述尽可能模糊，主要是积极的内容和一些消极的内容)”可推知，很多人相信占卜和性格描述，是因为这些描述中充满了适用于所有人的信息，也就是说这些描述其实是很模棱两可的。故选B项。
4．推理判断题。阅读文章可知，文章第一段提出了“很多人相信占卜和性格测试等”这一现象，而后面几个段落都在分析其原因。由此可知，本文的篇章结构为“现象——分析”。故选C项。
6.【2023届重庆市巴蜀中学校高考适应性模拟预测5月】
“I know when to go out, and when to stay in.”, English rock star David Bowie once confidently sang in his hit single. When it comes to consuming food, the decisiveness claimed by the singer-songwriter is hard to achieve. I disagree with the statement and argue it’s better to eat out than to order home delivery.
To begin with, when setting foot in a restaurant, we’re immediately greeted not only by a server ready to seat us, but by a flood of physical feelings—the eyes take in the internal decoration of the place, the nose breathes in the pleasant smell of expertly plated food and the ears pick up on competing sounds of customer chatter and attractive in-store music. To eat out is to experience an atmosphere unique to each restaurant. Something as special as that simply can’t be reproduced by ordering home delivery. Eating out is, without doubt, the more exciting and thus better choice.
Eating out becomes even more appealing when staying home proves too painful. Whether it is because we need a temporary fight from our family or that we simply want to spend some quality time outside with loved ones, going out for a meal can be a break from the hard labour of domestic living.
We could take it as an opportunity for self-care—to treat ourselves by dressing up, arriving in style at a fancy restaurant and ordering a slightly more luxurious meal to refresh our weary soul. Ordering home delivery would only contribute to feelings of being penned in while; eating out is an escape for the trapped individual. Food delivery app users reason it’s a trouble and less convenient to dress up and eat out.
However, it’s worth noting we may not always get our food in the most satisfactory condition when opting for home delivery. There’s a risk of receiving food orders with missing items or even entirely wrong orders that can’t be sent back. What we sacrifice for convenience might just wind up being inconvenient. Consequently, it makes more sense to eat out rather than risk disappointment by ordering home delivery.
1．What does the author mainly talk about
A．Dining options. B．Cuisine culture.
C．Consumption level. D．Food categories.
2．What advantage of eating out is highlighted in paragraph 2
A．Quality service. B．Comfort and convenience.
C．Sensory enjoyment. D．A reasonable mix of nutrition.
3．What does the author think of ordering home delivery
A．It’s quite pricey. B．It may let consumers down.
C．It may cause food waste. D．It’s not environmental-friendly.
4．How is the text developed
A．By providing examples. B．By following space order.
C．By making comparisons. D．By analyzing mental processes.
【文章大意】这是一篇议论文。作者将“在外面吃饭”和“点外卖送到家”两种就餐方式进行了比较，告诉读者“在外面吃饭”是更好的选择。
1．推理判断题。根据第一段关键句“I disagree with the statement and argue it’s better to eat out than to order home delivery.”（我不同意这种说法，并认为在外面吃饭比点外卖送到家要好。）和最后一段关键句“Consequently, it makes more sense to eat out rather than risk disappointment by ordering home delivery.”（因此，在外就餐更有意义，而不是冒着失望的风险点外卖送到家。）可知，作者在文章中把“在外面吃饭”和“点外卖送到家”两种就餐方式进行了比较，认为在外就餐更有意义。由此可知，作者主要谈论了用餐选择问题。故选A项。
2．推理判断题。根据第二段关键句“To begin with, when setting foot in a restaurant, we’re immediately greeted not only by a server ready to seat us, but by a flood of physical feelings—the eyes take in the internal decoration of the place, the nose breathes in the pleasant smell of expertly plated food and the ears pick up on competing sounds of customer chatter and attractive in-store music.”（首先，当我们走进一家餐厅时，迎接我们的不仅是一位准备让我们就座的服务员，还有一种洪流般的身体感觉——眼睛注视着餐厅的内部装饰，鼻子呼吸着精心烹制的食物的怡人气味，耳朵听到顾客相互竞争的聊天声和吸引人的店内音乐。）可知，第二段强调了外出就餐可以让眼睛、鼻子和耳朵等感官都获得享受。由此可知，第二段强调了外出就餐的好处是可以获得感官上的享受。故选C项。
3．推理判断题。根据最后一段关键句“There’s a risk of receiving food orders with missing items or even entirely wrong orders that can’t be sent back. What we sacrifice for convenience might just wind up being inconvenient. Consequently, it makes more sense to eat out rather than risk disappointment by ordering home delivery.”（收到的食品订单有丢失的风险，甚至是无法退回的完全错误的订单。我们为了方便而牺牲的东西最终可能会变得不方便。因此，在外就餐更有意义，而不是冒着失望的风险点外卖送到家。）可知，作者认为点外卖面临着订单丢失或订单错误的风险，这会让我们感到失望。由此可知，作者认为点外卖送到家可能会让消费者失望。故选B项。
4．推理判断题。根据第二段关键句“To eat out is to experience an atmosphere unique to each restaurant. Something as special as that simply can’t be reproduced by ordering home delivery.”（外出就餐是为了体验每一家餐厅特有的氛围。像这样特别的东西根本无法通过点外卖送到家来复制。）和第三段关键句“Eating out becomes even more appealing when staying home proves too painful.”（当待在家里太痛苦时，外出就餐变得更有吸引力。）可知，作者将“在外面吃饭”和“点外卖送到家”两种就餐方式进行了比较，告诉读者“在外面吃饭”的好处。由此可知，文章是通过比较发展起来的。故选C项。
真题感知
1.D【2021·北京卷】
Early fifth-century philosopher St．Augustine famously wrote that he knew what time was unless someone asked him．Albert Einstein added another wrinkle when he theorized that time varies depending on where you measure it．Today's state-of-the-art atomic（原子的） clocks have proven Einstein right．Even advanced physics can't decisively tell us what time is, because the answer depends on the question you're asking．
Forget about time as an absolute．What if，instead of considering time in terms of astronomy,we related time to ecology？What if we allowed environmental conditions to set the tempo（节奏） of human life？We're increasingly aware of the fact that we can't control Earth systems with engineering alone，and realizing that we need to moderate（调节）our actions if we hope to live in balance．What if our definition of time reflected that？
Recently，I conceptualized a new approach to timekeeping that's connected to circumstances on our planet，conditions that might change as a result of global warming．We're now building a clock at the Anchorage Museum that reflects the total flow of several major Alaskan rivers，which are sensitive to local and global environmental changes．We've programmed it to match an atomic clock if the waterways continue to flow at their present rate．If the rivers run faster in the future on average，the clock will get ahead of standard time．If they run slower，you'll see the opposite effect．
The clock registers both short-term irregularities and long-term trends in river dynamics．It's a sort of observatory that reveals how the rivers are behaving from their own temporal frame（时间框架），and allows us to witness those changes on our smartwatches or phones．Anyone who opts to go on Alaska Mean River Time will live in harmony with the planet．Anyone who considers river time in relation to atomic time will encounter a major imbalance and may be motivated to counteract it by consuming less fuel or supporting greener policies．
Even if this method of timekeeping is novel in its particulars，early agricultural societies also connected time to natural phenomena．In pre-Classical Greece，for instance，people“corrected”official calendars by shifting dates forward or backward to reflect the change of season．Temporal connection to the environment was vital to their survival．Likewise，river time and other timekeeping systems we're developing may encourage environmental awareness．
When St．Augustine admitted his inability to define time， he highlighted one of time 's most noticeable qualities：Time becomes meaningful only in a defined context．Any timekeeping system is valid，and each is as praiseworthy as its purpose．
32．The author raises three questions in Paragraph 2 mainly to________．
A．present an assumption B．evaluate an argument
C．highlight an experiment D．introduce an approach
【答案】32．D
【解析】本文是议论文。文章通过讨论时间的定义，讲述了人们应该和大自然和谐相处，保护环境。
32．推理判断题。根据第二段的“We're increasingly aware of the fact that we can't control Earth systems with engineering alone，and realizing that we need to moderate（调节）our actions if we hope to live in balance．(我们越来越意识到，我们不能只是用工程学来控制地球系统，意识到，如果我们希望保持平衡，我们就需要调节我们的行动。)”进而提出问题“What if our definition of time reflected that？(如果时间的定义反映那些会怎么样呢)”，结合前两个问题“What if，instead of considering time in terms of astronomy, we related time to ecology？What if we allowed environmental conditions to set the tempo（节奏） of human life？(如果我们不考虑天文学方面的时间，而是将时间与生态学联系起来呢？如果我们允许环境条件来设定人类生活的节奏呢)”可推断，第二段提出的三个问题是为了介绍方法。故选D项。
2.【2020·全国新课标III】
We are the products of evolution, and not just evolution that occurred billions of years ago. As scientists look deeper into our genes (基因), they are finding examples of human evolution in just the past few thousand years. People in Ethiopian highlands have adapted to living at high altitudes. Cattle -raising people in East Africa and northern Europe have gained a mutation (突变) that helps them digest milk as adults.
On Thursday in an article published in Cell, a team of researchers reported a new kind of adaptation - not to air or to food, but to the ocean. A group of sea-dwelling people in Southeast Asia have evolved into better divers. The Bajau, as these people are known, number in the hundreds of thousands in Indonesia, Malaysia and the Philippines. They have traditionally lived on houseboats; in recent times, they've also built houses on stilts (支柱) in coastal waters. “They are simply a stranger to the land," said Redney C. Jubilado, a University of Hawaii researcher who studies the Bajau.
Dr. Jubilado first met the Bajau while growing up on Samal Island in the Philippines. They made a living as divers, spearfishing or harvesting shellfish. "We were so amazed that they could stay underwater much longer than us local islanders," Dr. Jubilado said. “I could see them actually walking under the sea."
In201, Melissa Ilardo, then a graduate student in genetics at the University of Copenhagen, heard about the Bajau. She wondered if centuries of diving could have led to the evolution of physical characteristics that made the task easier for them. “it seemed like the perfect chance for natural selection to act on a population," said Dr. Ilardo. She also said there were likely a number of other genes that help the Bajau dive.299
32. What does the author want to tell us by the examples in paragraph 1
A. Environmental adaptation of cattle raisers. B. New knowledge of human evolution.
C. Recent findings of human origin. D. Significance of food selection.
【答案】32.B
【文章大意】本文是一篇说明文。最近一项对人类基因的研究发现，人类的进化不仅仅发生在数十亿年前，而且最近几千年也有。Bajau人因为靠海为生，他们的身体已经进化成更能适应海洋生活。
32.推理判断题。根据第一段的we are the products of evolution, and not just evolution that occurred billions of years ago. As scientists look deeper into our genes, they are finding examples of human evolution in just the past few thousand years.(我们是进化的产物，而且不仅仅是数十亿年前的产物。当科学家更深入的研究我们的基因时，他们发现了人类在过去几千年进化的例子)可知，作者列举第一段的例子是为了告诉我们关于人类进化的一个新信息，那就是人类在最近几千年也在进化。B. New knowledge of human evolution.(人类进化的新知识)符合以上说法，故选B项。
3.D【2019·天津】
Would you BET on the future of this man？He is 53 years old. Most of his adult life has been a losing struggle against debt and misfortune. A war injury has made his left hand stop functioning，and he has often been in prison. Driven by heaven-knows-what motives，he determines to write a book.
The book turns out to be one that has appealed to the world for more than 350 years. That former prisoner was Cervantes，and the book was Don Quixote（《堂吉诃德》）. And the story poses an interesting question: why do some people discover new vitality and creativity to the end of their days，while others go to seed long before？
We've all known people who run out of steam before they reach life's halfway mark. I'm not talking about those who fail to get to the top. We can't all get there. I'm talking about people who have stopped learning on growing because they have adopted the fixed attitudes and opinions that all too often come with passing years.
Most of us，in fact，progressively narrow the variety of our lives. We succeed in our field of specialization and then become trapped in it. Nothing surprises us. We lose our sense of wonder. But，if we are willing to lean，the opportunities are everywhere.
The things we learn in maturity seldom involve information and skills We learn to bear with the things we can't change. We learn to avoid self-pity. We learn that however much we try to please，some people are never going to love us-an idea that troubles at first but is eventually relaxing.
With high motivation and enthusiasm，we can keep on learning. Then we will know how important it is to have meaning in our life. However，we can achieve meaning only if we have made a commitment to something larger than our own little egos（自我），whether to loved ones，to fellow humans，to work，or to some moral concept.
Many of us equate（视……等同于）“commitment” with such “caring” occupations as teaching and nursing. But doing any ordinary job as well as one can is in itself an admirable commitment. People who work toward such excellence whether they are driving a truck，or running a store-make the world better just by being the kind of people they are. They've learned life's most valuable lesson.
51. The passage starts with the story of Cervantes to show that_________.
A. loss of freedom stimulates one's creativity
B. age is not a barrier to achieving one's goal
C. misery inspires a man to fight against his fate
D. disability cannot stop a man's pursuit of success
52. What does the underlined part in Paragraph 3 probably mean？
A. End one's struggle for liberty.
B. Waste one's energy taking risks.
C. Miss the opportunity to succeed.
D. Lose the interest to continue learning.
53. What could be inferred from Paragraph 4？
A. Those who dare to try often get themselves trapped.
B. Those who tend to think back can hardly go ahead.
C. Opportunity favors those with a curious mind.
D. Opportunity awaits those with a cautious mind.
54. What does the author intend to tell us in Paragraph 5？
A. A tough man can tolerate suffering.
B. A wise man can live without self-pity.
C. A man should try to satisfy people around him.
D. A man should learn suitable ways to deal with life.
55. What is the author's purpose in writing the passage？
A. To provide guidance on leading a meaningful adult life.
B. To stress the need of shouldering responsibilities at work.
C. To state the importance of generating motivation for learning.
D. To suggest a way of pursuing excellence in our lifelong career.
【答案】51. B 52. D 53. C 54. D 55. A
【文章大意】本文是一篇议论文，主要论述了如何过一种有意义的成人的生活。
51. B 推理判断题。根据第一段中此人53岁，有债务，生活不幸，身上还有伤，但他下决心写一本，而且此书还获得了成功，350年依旧受欢迎，可知作者通过Cervantes的故事来表明年龄不是一个人实现目标的障碍，故答案为B。
52. D 词义猜测题。根据划线单词下的作者说我要讨论的是那些停止学习的人的成长，他们在流逝的岁月里采用的是固定的态度和观点，不想通过学习进步，可知划线短语的意思是“无兴趣学习的人”，故答案为D。
53. C 推理判断题。根据第四段中我们在自己专业的领域里取得成功，然后深陷其中，没有什么使我们吃惊，我们也没有惊奇的意识，即指我们失去了好奇心。但后一句说，如果我们愿意学习的话，我们还有机会成功。暗含的意思就是如果我们有好奇心的话，我们就有机会获得成功，故答案为C。
54. D 推理判断题。作者在文中告诉我们要学会忍受我们不能改变的事物，要学会避免自怜，要学会不管我们怎么表现，总有人不喜欢我们等等方法，可知第5段的主要意思是告诉我们要用合适的方法去对待生活。故答案为D。
55. A 主旨大意题。根据文章的主要内容，作者通过一个例子引出他的主题：一个人如何过一个有意义的成年人生活。作者为我们提供了一些指导，要有动力，要有好奇心，要用适当的方式去生活等，故答案为A。
4.B【2018·天津卷】
When I was 17, I read a magazine article about a museum called the McNay, once the home of a watercolorist named Marian McNay. She had requested the community to turn it into a museum upon her death. On a sunny Saturday, Sally and I drove over to the museum. She asked, "Do you have the address ""No, but I'll recognize it, there was a picture in the magazine. "
"Oh, stop. There it is!”
The museum was free. We entered, excited. A group of people sitting in the hall stopped talking and stared at us.
"May I help you " a man asked. "No, "I said. "We're fine.” Tour guides got on my nerves. What if they talked a long time about a painting you weren't that interested in Sally had gone upstairs. The people in the hall seemed very nosy(爱窥探的), keeping their eyes on me with curiosity. What was their problem I saw some nice sculptures in one room. Suddenly I sensed a man standing behind me. "Where do you think you are " he asked. I turned sharply. "The McNay Art Museum!" He smiled, shaking his head. "Sorry, the McNay is on New Braunfels Street." "What’s this place ” I asked, still confused. "Well, it's our home." My heart jolted(震颤). I raced to the staircase and called out, "Sally! Come down immediately! "
"There's some really good stuff(艺术作品) up there." She stepped down, looking confused. I pushed her toward the front door, waving at the family, saying, "Sorry, please forgive us, you have a really nice place." Outside, when I told Sally what happened, she covered her mouth, laughing. She couldn't believe how long they let us look around without saying anything.
The real McNay was splendid, but we felt nervous the whole time we were there. Van Gogh, Picasso. This time, we stayed together, in case anything else unusual happened.
Thirty years later, a woman approached me in a public place. "Excuse me, did you ever enter a residence, long ago, thinking it was the McNay Museum "
"Yes. But how do you know We never told anyone."
"That was my home. I was a teenager sitting in the hall. Before you came over, I never realized what a beautiful place I lived in. I never felt lucky before. You thought it was a museum. My feelings about my home changed after that. I've always wanted to thank you."
44. Why did the author describe the real McNay museum in just a few words
A. The real museum lacked enough artwork to interest her.
B. She was too upset to spend much time at the real museum.
C. The McNay was disappointing compared with the house.
D. The event happening in the house was more significant.
【答案】44. D
【解析】本文是一篇记叙文。文章作者和朋友原想参观NcNay博物馆，到了之后，参观的时候，发现很多人奇怪地看着她，最后才发现自己误将一个私人住宅当成NcNay博物馆。30年后，一位女士认出误撞入自己住宅的作者，指出正是因为作者的误撞入才让她意识到自己住的地方有多么美丽。
44.写作方法题。根据全文可知，作者着墨点主要在叙述参观误当成NcNay博物馆的私人住宅上，故这才是文章的重心，所以将真正的NcNay博物馆叙述一带而过。故选D。
5. [2012·全国卷Ⅰ，D]
Grown-ups are often surprised by how well they remember something they learned as children but have never practiced ever since. A man who has not had a chance to go swimming for years can still swim as well as ever when he gets back in the water. He can get on a bicycle after many years and still ride away. He can play catch and hit a ball as well as his son. A mother who has not thought about the words for years can teach her daughter the poem that begins "Twinkle, twinkle, little star" or remember the story of Cinderella or Goldilocks and the Three Bears.
One explanation is the law of overlearning, which can be stated as follows: Once we have learned something, additional learning trials(尝试) increase the length of time we will remember it.
In childhood we usually continue to practice such skills as swimming, bicycle riding, and playing baseball long after we have learned them. We continue to listen to and remind ourselves of words such as "Twinkle, twinkle, little star" and childhood tales such as Cinderella and Goldilocks. We not only learn but overlearn.
The multiplication tables(乘法口诀表) are an exception to the general rule that we forget rather quickly the things that we learn in school, because they are another of the things we overlearn in childhood.
The law of overlearning explains why cramming(突击学习)for an examination, though it may result in a passing grade, is not a satisfactory way to learn a college course. By cramming, a student may learn the subject well enough to get by on the examination, but he is likely soon to forget almost everything he learned. A little overlearning, on the other hand, is really necessary for one's future development.
68.The author explains the law of over learning by_________.
A. presenting research findings
B. setting down general rules
C. making a comparison
D. using examples
【答案】68. D
【文章大意】本文是一篇议论文。成年人常常惊叹他们能很好地记住儿时学过的东西。作者认为这是儿时过度学习的结果，是因为当我们儿时学会一样东西的时候，我们不是就此停止，而是继续学习，才使我们记忆深刻。文章用例证法说明了“过度学习”的概念。最后作者谈到了“过度学习”的好处和突击学习的弊端。
【答案】D
【解析】根据文章的内容可知：作者采用了举例子的说明方法。比如：practice such skills as swimming, bicycle riding, and playing baseball long after we have learned them和The multiplication tables(乘法口诀表) are an exception to the general rule that we forget rather quickly the things that we learn in school, because they are another of the things we overlearn in childhood.
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