资源简介

1．determine vt. 确定；决心；支配 vi.决心→ determination n. 决定，决心
2．describe vt. 描述，描写→ description n. 描述，说明，形容
3．reflect vt.&vi. 反映，显示；映出(影像)；反射(声、光、热等)；沉思→ reflection n. 反映；映射；沉思
4．significant adj. 有重要意义的，显著的 →significantly adv. 有重大意义地；显著地；明显地
5．devote vt.致力于，专心致志于，献身于→devotion n．挚爱；奉献；专心
6．contain vt.包含，含有，容纳→container n．容器；集装箱
1．appeal vi. 有吸引力；申诉；呼吁 n. 吸引力；申诉；呼吁
①The prospect of living in a city holds little appeal for me. n.吸引力
②The child's mother made an emotional appeal on TV for his return. n.呼吁，恳请
③The design has to appeal to all ages and social groups. vi.有吸引力
2．reflect vt.&vi. 反映，显示；映出(影像)；反射(声、光、热等)；沉思
①She could see herself reflected in his eyes. 反映，映出(影像)
②The windows reflected the bright afternoon sunlight. 反射(声、光、热等)
③On the way home he reflected that the interview had gone well. 沉思
3．contain vt. 容纳，包含，含有；抑制；克制
①I received a letter containing some important information about the project. 包含
②Warm air can contain more water vapor than cold air. 容纳
③Hearing the amusing story, John couldn't contain his amusement any more. 抑制；克制
　devote oneself to 献身，致力，专心
[例1]Devoting herself to the research，the woman has little time to go home.
由于致力于研究工作，这位妇女几乎没有时间回家。
[例2]The professor devoted all his life to researching the treatment of AIDS.　
这位教授毕生致力于研究艾滋病的治疗方法。
[知识拓展]
(1)devote vt. 献身于，专心致志于
devote... to (doing)... 把……用在/献给(做)某事上
(2)devoted adj. 忠实的；深爱的
be devoted to 致力于，献身于；忠诚于
(3)devotion n. 奉献
[即学即练]　单句语法填空/完成句子
①Neighbors devoted their spare time to helping (help) others rebuild homes.
②She got the prize for her devotion (devote) to the poor children.
③I have personally been devoted to this cause for many years.
④If I am chosen，I will devote myself to becoming a qualified volunteer．Hope you can take my application into consideration.
如果我被选中，我将努力使自己成为一名合格的志愿者。希望您能考虑我的申请。
　appeal to (对某人)有吸引力；(使某人)感兴趣；(向某人)呼吁
[例1]The government is appealing to everyone to save water.
政府正在呼吁每个人节约用水。
[例2]If you appeal to me for help，I will give you a hand without hesitation.
如果你向我求助，我会毫不犹豫地帮助你。
[知识拓展]
(1)appeal to sb. for sth. 为某事向某人呼吁或请求
appeal to sb. to do sth. 恳求/呼吁某人做某事
appeal for 恳求；呼吁
(2)make an appeal to sb. for sth.
为某事向某人呼吁或请求
make an appeal to sb. to do sth.
恳求/呼吁某人做某事
(3)appealing adj. 有吸引力的，有感染力的
[即学即练]　单句语法填空/一句多译
①We made an appeal to the villagers for money to build the bridge.
②The Prime Minister appealed to young people to use (use) their vote.
③While this sounds highly appealing(appeal)，it does not work.
④警方呼吁公众保持镇静。
→The police appealed to the public to remain calm. (appeal vi.)
→The police made an appeal to the public to remain calm. (appeal n．)
　determine vt.确定；支配；决心 vi.决心
[例]Our school determines to organize some meaningful activities in honour of those killed in the war.
我们学校决定组织一些有意义的活动来纪念那些在战争中牺牲的人。
[知识拓展]
(1)determine to do sth. 决定做……(表示动作)
(2)determined adj. 坚决的，决定了的
be determined to do sth. 决心做……(表示状态)
(3)determination n. 决心
with determination 坚决地，果断地
[即学即练]　单句语法填空/完成句子
①From his determined (determine) look, we can know his confidence.
②There were many diving spots in the area and Larry was determined to visit (visit) all of them.
③Chinese players have the determination (determine) to win more gold medals in the next Olympic Games.
④No matter what happens，she has determined to/has been determined to tell the truth.
无论发生什么事，她都已经决定把真相说出来。
　significant adj. 有重要意义的，显著的
[例]There are no significant differences between the two groups of students.
这两组学生没有明显差别。
[知识拓展]
(1)It is significant that ... 很明显……
(2)significance n. 意义，意思，重要性
be of significance to ... 对……有重要意义
attach significance to ... 认为……重要(to为介词)
be of no significance 无意义；无关紧要
be of great significance ＝ be very significant
非常重要；有重大意义的
(3)significantly adv. 显著地；重大地
[即学即练]　单句语法填空/一句多译
①In my view, practicing handwriting is of great significance to the students' growth.
②As time goes by, I attach greater significance to doing(do) what I am doing now.
③The two sets of figures are not significantly (significant) different.
④对于毕业生来说，找到一份合适的工作是非常重要的。
→It's very significant for a graduate to find a proper job. (significant)
→It is of great significance for a graduate to find a proper job. (significance)
　sensitive adj. 感觉敏锐的；体贴的；敏感的；灵敏的
[例]The classroom teacher must be sensitive to a child's needs.
课堂教师必须对孩子的需求要敏感。
[知识拓展]
(1)be sensitive to ... 对……敏感
(2)sense n. 感觉，官能；观念
a sense of humour/justice 一种幽默感/正义感
(3)sensible adj. 明智的，意识到的
[即学即练]　单句语法填空/完成句子
①I am not in favor of her.She is too sensitive to what people think of her.
②Being admitted into a key university will give you a sense of achievement.
被一所重点大学录取会给你一种成就感。
③She is very sensitive to other people's feelings.
她很能体谅他人的感情。
　reflect vt.& vi.反映，显示；映出(影像)；反射(声、光、热等)；沉思
[例]A newspaper report seems to reflect the view of most members of Congress.
报纸的一篇报道似乎反映了国会多数议员的观点。
[知识拓展]
(1)reflect ... in ... 在……中映出……的影像
be reflected in 倒映在；反映在
reflect on/upon sth. 反省/认真思考某事
(2)reflection n. 反射；反照；反映；映像；沉思
on reflection 再三考虑
[即学即练]　单句语法填空/完成句子
①On reflection (reflect)，we decided to buy that house.　
②She could see her face reflected(reflect) in the car's windshield.
③I reflect on/upon myself well, trying to find my own shortcomings.
我好好地反省了自己，努力寻找自身的不足。
　capable adj. 有能力，有才能；能力强的
[例]The kitchen is capable of catering for several hundred people.
这间厨房可为数百人提供饮食。
[知识拓展]
(1)be capable of... 有能力……
(2)capability n. 才能，能力；容量
(3)“能够做某事”的表达：
be capable of doing sth. (人或物)能够做某事
be able to do sth. (人)能够做某事
enable sb. to do sth. 能使人做某事
[即学即练]　单句语法填空/完成句子
①People experience differences in physical and mental capability (capable) depending on the time of day.
②Every student in the class is capable of passing (pass) the exam.
③I'm perfectly capable of doing/able to do it myself, thank you.　
谢谢你，我完全有能力自己做。
　contain vt.包含，含有，容纳；容忍；克制(强烈的感情等)
[例]The stadium is large enough to contain 10，000 audience.
这个体育场足够大，能容纳1万名观众。
[知识拓展]
contain oneself 克制自己；自制
container n. 容器
[明辨异同]　contain, include
contain 通常用来指某容器中盛有某物、装有某物；还可指某种物质中含有某种成分或含有其他物质，指作为组成部分而被包含或容纳在内
include 通常表示把某事物作为其中的一部分包含在内，在句中常构成分词短语sth. included或including sth.
[即学即练]　单句语法填空/完成句子
①She could hardly contain herself(her) when she saw him arrive.
②At weekends，I have to prepare food for seven people including (include) me.
③He was so excited that he could hardly contain himself.
他太激动了，以至于无法控制自己。
　be doing ...　when ... 句式
(教材P44)A child and a man were walking on the beach when the child found a shell and held it to his ear.
一个孩子和一个男子正在海滩上散步，这时孩子突然发现了一个贝壳，便把它拿起来放在耳边。
句式分析：be doing ... when ... “(某人)正在做……这时……”，when为并列连词，表示“这时”，相当于and at this/that time。
[例]Last Monday, I was walking in the street when I suddenly saw an old man fall off his bicycle.
上周一，我正在街上散步，突然看到一位老人从自行车上摔了下来。
[知识拓展]
be about to do ... when ... 正要做……这时(突然)……
be on the point of doing ... when ... 正要做……这时(突然)……
had just done ... when ... 刚做完……这时(突然)……
[即学即练]　单句语法填空/完成句子
①I was about to give (give) up when my best friend encouraged me to go on.
②She was on the point of opening (open) the window when someone knocked at the door.
③I had just finished my exam paper when the bell rang.
④I was sitting in the waiting room when a young man entered.
我正在候诊室里面坐着，这时一个年轻人走了进来。
　关系副词where引导的定语从句
(教材P44)In a word, we have now reached a point where we wish to enjoy and understand literature.
总之，我们现在已经到了希望了解并欣赏文学的地步。
句式分析：where we wish to enjoy and understand literature是定语从句，修饰先行词point。当point作先行词时，若定语从句中缺少状语，用关系副词where引导定语从句。
[例]At that time we had reached a point where we had more black readers than white ones.
那时候我们已到了黑人读者比白人读者还要多的阶段。
[知识拓展]
当先行词是stage, point, case, situation, position, job, business, scene等表示抽象地点的名词，并且定语从句缺状语时，常用关系副词where引导定语从句。
[即学即练]　单句语法填空/完成句子
①He gets into a situation where it is hard to decide what is right and wrong.
②After graduation she reached a stage where she needed to decide what to do.
③She wanted to find a job where her skills could be put to good use.
她想找一份能将她的技能充分派上用场的工作。
④We have reached a point where a change is needed．
我们到了必须改一改的地步。
1．(教材P44)Then the man explained that the child heard nothing strange, and that the shell caught a range of sounds too faint for human ears.
[分析]　此句为主从复合句。其中有两个that引导的宾语从句，作动词explain的宾语。第一个that可以省略，但第二个that不能省略。
[译文]　随后男子解释说其实孩子听到的声音并没有什么奇怪的，只不过是贝壳捕捉到了各种对人的耳朵来说太微弱的声音而已。
2．(教材P44)What amazed the child was not a new world，but the unnoticed music of the old.
[分析]　本句的主语为what 引导的主语从句，what在从句中作主语。not...but...意为“不是……， 而是……”。
[译文]　令孩子惊讶的不是一个新的世界，而是不为人注意的古老音乐。
3．(教材P45)Some truth and beauty remain unnoticed until a sensitive human soul brings them to our attention, just as the shell reflects the unnoticed sounds.
[分析]　此句为主从复合句。其中until 引导时间状语从句；as 引导方式状语从句，翻译为“正如……，如同……一样”。
[译文]　有些真与美一直不为人所察觉，直到一个敏锐的人类灵魂让它们引起我们的注意，这就正如贝壳把那些被人忽视的声音呈现出来一样。
教材 高考
1.To achieve this, it should contain two elements: universal interest and personal style. (2021·浙江1月卷)The vagueness of the gesture meanings suggests either that the chimps have little to communicate, or we are still missing a lot of the information contained in their gestures and actions.
2.The first step is to determine some of its significant qualities. (2021·浙江1月卷)Unfortunately we forgot to weigh them before taking out their insides, but I was determined to prove my point.
(2021·全国乙卷)But since the results at 70 decibels were significant, the study also suggests that the right level of background noise—not too loud and not total silence—may actually improve one's creative thinking ability.
3.In a word, we have now reached a point where we wish to enjoy and understand literature. (2021·浙江6月卷)A couple of years ago，film maker David Bond realised that his children，then aged five and three，were attached to screens to the point where he was able to say “chocolate” into his three year old son's ear without getting a response．
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．Equipped with arms，the soldiers determined to fight (fight) against the terrorists.
2．The president was devoted to creating (create) a peaceful world.
3．Tony, you should reflect on/upon what you did during your English class.
4．See how many minutes you devote to each type of media.
5．Young people are very sensitive (sense) about their appearance.
6．I believe my son is capable of being admitted to Zhejiang University.
7．Determined (determine) to look after his parents well, he moved to live with them.
8．During the discussion he drew upon/on historical evidence to support his point of view.
9．He appealed to voters to go to the polls(投票处) tomorrow.
10．It is of great significance (significant) that he changed his will only days before his death.
Ⅱ.短语填空
devote oneself to; in store for sb.; in summary; draw on; be capable of; appeal to; take on; in the presence of; lie in; no doubt
1．He will appeal to the state for an extension of unemployment benefits.
2．The machine is capable of improvement.
3．In summary, this was a disappointing performance.
4．If she had known what lay in store for her, she would never have agreed to go.
5．No other organization was able or willing to take on the job.
6．If we devote ourselves to a task, we have every reason to do it well.
7．He drew on his experience as a monitor to communicate with all the teachers.
8．The document was signed in the presence of two witnesses.
9．No doubt she'll call us when she gets there.
10．The problem lies in deciding when to leave for Shanghai.
Ⅲ.课文语法填空
We can get a lot of benefits 1.from reading literature，as reading literature 2.creates(create) a world of dreams and magic for us.3.To enjoy(enjoy) and understand literature，we should know some of its 4.significant(significance) qualities.The first is its description of truth and beauty 5.which/that will remain unnoticed 6.unless some sensitive human souls bring them to our attention.The second quality is 7.its(it) appeal to our feelings and imagination.The third is its permanence，which contains two elements: universal interest and 8.personal(person) style.In summary，literature is the 9.expression(express) of life in forms of truth and beauty，the 10.written(write) record of man's thoughts and feelings，and the history of the human soul.[分析]　 本句是一个简单句。standing in the street是动词 ing形式短语作宾语补足语。 see sb．doing sth．意为 “看到某人正在做某事”。
[译文]　我可以看到大约20名身着奇装异服的一群巴西舞蹈演员和一个乐队站在大街上。
教材 高考
1.According to tradition, the bride was wearing an eye catching red silk sari. (2021·浙江1月卷)Pumpkin (南瓜)carving at Halloween is a family tradition.
2.I did not understand all of the traditional customs, but a few made a deep impression on me. (2021·浙江6月卷)If you ever get the impression that your dog can “tell” whether you look content or annoyed, you may be onto something.
3.The wedding ceremony took place in a brightly decorated hotel room. (2020·全国卷Ⅰ) In another，employees were shown to be 15% more productive when their workplaces were decorated with houseplants.
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．The entrance to the meeting room has already been closed.
2．Later the girl entered a room decorated(decorate) with jewels.
3．Do not be so caught up in a goal which you know won't work.
4．My teacher often reminds us to do(do) our homework on time.
5．Williams was impressed(impress) with Benjamin and gave him two classic books on painting to take home.
6．The mother asked her children to behave themselves on that occasion.
7．If both sides agree, the contract can be renewed annually (annual).
8．My travelling plan is still up in the air but half a year has already past.
9．The men danced and the women clapped(clap).
10．If we leave now, we can catch the earlier flight (fly).
Ⅱ.短语填空
anything but; in the air; be caught up in; take place; remind...of...; no wonder; take...off; take one's place; pick up; draw attention to
1．I can feel his love in the air．
2．Many citizens were caught up in the local events.
3．Customers who come in say it is anything but ordinary.
4．We were able to pick up the BBC World Service.
5．The meeting should take place on the fifth of May.
6．She reminds me of the wife of the pilot who used to work for you.
7．No wonder you're tired, you've been walking for hours.
8．Mitchel's schedule had not permitted him to take time off.
9．I tried not to draw attention to the weak points in my argument.
10．She couldn't attend the meeting so her assistant took her place．
Ⅲ.课文语法填空
The wedding ceremony in India was anything 1.but ordinary.The bride was led by her father through the rows of seats to the bridegroom 2.who entered the hotel room on a white horse.This custom made a deep 3.impression(impress)on me.Joining their hands，the new couple 4.walked(walk) around a small fire four times and took seven steps together 5.to make(make) promises about their happy lives in the future.How romantic it was!
The Carnival in Rio is such a popular occasion that people there take a week off for it.There were dancers and a band 6.standing(stand)in the street and the crowd waited with excitement.Soon the crowd 7.jumped(jump) into action.They marched down the street through the sea of people，8.dancing(dance)，singing and cheering.Time flew 9.by so quickly that it was time for sleeping.However，the bright colours and lively music of the Carnival still appeared in my mind.How 10.amazing(amaze) the day was!1．congratulate vt.祝贺，恭喜 → congratulation n．祝贺，恭喜；贺辞；恭贺
2．tend vi.往往会；趋向 vt.照看→ tendency n．倾向，趋势
3．energy n．能，能量；精力；能源→ energetic adj.精力充沛的；积极的
4．injure vt.&vi.伤害，损伤→injury n．伤害，损伤
5．equip vt.装备，配备→ equipment n．设备；配备，装备
1．assume vt.假定，认为；承担(责任)，就(职)；呈现，显露
①Let us assume for a moment that the plan succeeds. 假定
②She would，he assumed，be home at the usual time. 认为
③The court assumed responsibility for the girl's welfare. 承担
④This matter has assumed very importance. 呈现
2．tend vi.往往会；趋向 vt.照看
①When I'm tired，I tend to make mistakes. vi.往往会
②Prices have tended downwards over recent years. vi.趋向
③Doctors and nurses tended the injured. vt.照看
3．average n．平均水平，平均数；一般水准 adj.平均的；普通的，一般的；典型的
①The average price of goods rose by just 2.2%. adj.平均的
②It takes an average of ten weeks for a house sale to be completed. n.平均数
③I was just an average sort of student. adj.一般的，普通的
④Forty hours is a fairly average working week for most people. adj.典型的
　congratulation n．祝贺，恭喜；贺辞；恭贺
[例]An old couple was celebrating their 20th wedding anniversary. I thought I should offer my congratulations to them，so I came up and congratulated them on their happy marriage. Much to my joy，they accepted my sincere congratulations happily.
一对老夫妇正在庆祝他们结婚二十周年纪念日。我想我应该向他们表示祝贺，所以我走上前祝贺他们幸福的婚姻。使我很高兴的是，他们愉快地接受了我诚挚的祝贺。
[知识拓展]
(1)a letter of congratulation 贺信
Congratulations! 祝贺/恭喜！
offer/express one's congratulations to sb. on sth.
为某事向某人表示祝贺
(2)congratulate vt. 祝贺
congratulate sb. on sth. 为某事向某人祝贺
[名师点津]
congratulation 常用复数形式，表示祝贺，其后接事时用介词on，接人时用介词to。
[即学即练]　单句语法填空/完成句子
①Congratulate you on passing (pass) the driving exam.
②I am writing to offer my congratulations(congratulate) on your success.
③He has passed the exam and I'll express my congratulations to him.
④Congratulations to you on your winning first prize in the speech contest.
恭喜你获得演讲比赛一等奖。
[明辨异同]　congratulate，celebrate
congratulate 意为“祝贺”，是用语言表达祝贺之意，其宾语是人；若要表明所祝贺的事情，后面用介词on连接，即congratulate sb. on sth. 。
celebrate 意为“庆祝，庆贺”，指举行盛大、隆重的仪式来庆祝或纪念有意义的日子或事件。常用表示节日、胜利、成功等的名词作宾语。
　assume vt.假定，认为；承担(责任)，就(职)；呈现，显露
[例]In art criticism，you must assume the artist has a secret message hidden within the work.
在艺术评论中，你得假设艺术家有一个秘密的信息隐藏在作品中。
[知识拓展]
(1)assume sb. /sth. (to be)＋adj. /n. 假定/认为某人/某事(为)……
It is assumed that... 人们认为……
assuming (that)... 假设……
(2)assumption n. 假定，假设
on the assumption that... 假定……
[即学即练]　单句语法填空/ 完成句子
①Assuming/Assume(assume) that there are no other approaches，what should we do
②They assumed her to be (be) the best female singer of their time.
③Your argument is based on a completely false assumption (assume).
④It is assumed that this is the best possible solution.
人们认为这可能是最佳的解决办法。
　tend vi.往往会，趋向 vt.照看
[例]I'm writing to express my sincere thanks to the nurse who tended (to) my mother in hospital.
我写信向在医院照顾过我母亲的那位护士表示诚挚的谢意。
[知识拓展]
(1)tend to do... 　　　 倾向于做……
tend towards sth. 趋于，倾向于
(2)tendency n. 趋势，倾向性
have a tendency to do... 倾向于做……
(3)tend (to) sb. 照料，照管
[即学即练]　单句语法填空/一句多译
①There is an increasing tendency(tend) for women to have children later in life.
②Actually，people always tend to judge(judge) a person by his/her appearance initially.
③Julia was tending to her sick mother at home. That was why she was absent from work.
④当人们处于压力之下时，他们往往会感到焦虑。
→When people are under pressure，they tend to feel anxious. (tend)
→When people are under pressure，they have a tendency to feel anxious. (tendency)
　average n．平均水平，一般水准 adj. 平均的；典型的
[例]There were 90 students getting full marks in the exam，an average of 18 students in each class. Tom's was above average，while John's was below average.
有90名学生在考试中获得满分，每班平均18名。汤姆的分数高于平均水平而约翰的低于平均水平。
[知识拓展]
on average　　　　　 平均起来
above/below (the) average 在平均水平以上/以下
up to (the) average 达到平均水平
an average of... 平均有(后跟数词)
[即学即练]　单句语法填空/完成句子
①He is working hard，so his grade is above the average in his class.
②On average，men smoke more cigarettes than women.
③The age of the candidates ranged from 20 to 45 with an average age of 37.
④An average of four in ten students tend to play with the mobile phone for a long time at home.
平均每十个学生中就有四个倾向于在家里长时间玩手机。
　make up for弥补，补偿
[例]As a result，people will eat more food to try to make up for something missing.
结果，人们将会吃更多的食物来弥补缺失。
[知识拓展]
make up　　　 构成；占；整理，铺床；化妆；
弥补；和解；编造
be made up of 由……组成
make it 准时到达，获得成功
make up one's mind to do sth. 下定决心做某事
[即学即练]　单句语法填空/完成句子
①Leave this notice hanging on your door, asking the servant to make up your room.
②You're brave and courageous. You can make it．
③A good documentary should be made (make) up of many facts and information around one subject.
④The worker has made up his mind to make up for the lost time.
这位工人已经下定决心弥补失去的时间。
　 prevent vt.阻止，阻碍
[例]We recognized the possibility and took steps to prevent it (from) happening.
我们认识到了这种可能性，并且采取了一些预防措施。
[知识拓展]
(1)prevent... (from) doing sth. 　 阻止……做某事
与这种结构相似的有：
stop... from (doing)... 制止……
keep... from (doing)... 阻止……
protect... from/against (doing)... 保护……免受……伤害
(2)prevention n. 阻止，预防
[名师点津]
短语prevent/stop/protect... from...中的from可以省略，keep... from... 中的from不能省略。但在被动结构中，from均不可省略。
[即学即练]　单句语法填空/完成句子
①No one can prevent this plan from being carried(carry) out.
②Prevention(prevent) of a disease is always easier than trying to cure it.
③They were prevented from going on holiday by their lack of money.
④It's high time that we did something to prevent/stop/keep the environment from being polluted.
到了我们采取措施阻止环境受污染的时候了。
　equipment n．设备；配备，装备
[例]The course is designed to equip students for going camping，so the boys equipped themselves with food and water and then set off. Equipped with some modern equipment，the boys headed for the forest happily.
这门课的目的是让学生们为去露营做好准备，所以男孩们先准备好食物和水，然后出发了。 带着一些现代化的装备，男孩们高兴地向森林进发了。
[知识拓展]
(1)a piece of equipment 一件设备
(2)equip vt. 装备；使有能力
equip... with... 用……装备……
be equipped with 配备有……，装备有……
equip sb. for (doing) sth. 使某人为(做)某事而准备，
使某人具备(做)某事的条件
(3)be well/badly equipped 装备精良的/较差的
[即学即练]　单句语法填空/完成句子
①You must try to equip yourself with enough knowledge.
②Every classroom is equipped(equip) with a computer，through which we can look up the information on different websites.
③Equipped (equip) with some tools，the farmers walked into the mountain.
④As we all know，parents all hope their children will be better equipped for their future careers.
众所周知，父母们都希望他们的孩子能为未来的职业生涯做好准备。
　lack n．缺乏，匮乏，短缺 vt.&vi.没有，缺乏，不足，短缺
[例]Some experts fear that technology can affect family relationship for lack of face to face communication.
一些专家担心，由于缺乏面对面的交流，科技会影响家庭关系。
[知识拓展]
(1)for lack of　　 由于缺少……
(2) lacking adj. 缺乏的；缺少的
be lacking in 缺少……
(3)lack (for) sth. 没有……，缺少……
[即学即练]　单句语法填空/一句多译
①He failed to adapt himself to the hard life for lack of determination and willpower.
②Though he was lacking(lack) in experience，he soon got a higher pay by working hard.
③Despite his lack of experience，Jack made up for it with great efforts.
④那男孩因为缺钱而辍学了。
→The boy dropped out of school because he lacked money. (lack vt.)
→The boy dropped out of school for lack of money. (lack n．)
→The boy dropped out of school because he was lacking in money. (lacking)
　to do... 作后置定语
(教材P17)When you plan an exercise routine，the first thing to consider is what you expect to improve: heart and lung efficiency，muscle strength or flexibility.
制订锻炼计划时，首先要考虑的是你期望在哪些方面有所改善，是心肺功能，肌肉力量还是柔韧性。
句式分析：句中不定式to consider作定语，修饰the first thing，与the first thing之间存在逻辑上的主谓关系。被修饰词为序数词、形容词最高级或被序数词、形容词最高级修饰时，常用不定式作后置定语。
[例1]Tu Youyou is the first Chinese woman to win the Nobel Prize.
屠呦呦是第一个获得诺贝尔奖的中国女性。
[例2]He is among the best students to do the experiment.
他是做这个实验最好的学生之一。
[知识拓展]
(1)当中心词是序数词、形容词最高级或被序数词、形容词最高级等修饰时或前有the next，the only，the last等时，常用不定式作后置定语。
(2)英语中常用不定式作后置定语的情况还有：
①被修饰词前有the only，the very，the next等词时。
②抽象名词time，way，ability，reason，chance，courage，opportunity等后常用不定式作定语。
③不定代词something，nothing，little等后常用不定式作定语。
[即学即练]　单句语法填空/完成句子
①If I have any further news，you will be the first person to know (know).
②The ability to express (express) an idea is as important as the idea itself.
③I had a chance to visit (visit) the Great Wall last month.
④It was the first play to win all three of these major awards.
它是赢得所有这三项大奖的第一部戏剧。
⑤He is always the last one to come every day.
他每天总是最后一个来。
⑥The next thing to do is to relax yourself completely.
下一步要做的事情是完全放松你自己。
　of＋抽象名词
(教材P17)When to eat is also of great importance.
何时吃饭也很重要。
句式分析：“of ＋抽象名词＝形容词”可用于说明主语的性质。常见的有use，value，help，importance等。
[例1]I regard this as of great importance.
我认为这个具有重要意义。
[例2]The work I am doing is not of much value.
我做的工作没有什么价值。
[知识拓展]
(1)为了强调某种抽象的含义，在抽象名词前面可用little，some，no，great，much等修饰。
(2)of后可接age，color，size，height，opinion等名词，表示主语的类别特征，名词前一般加不定冠词或the same。
[即学即练]　单句语法填空/完成句子
①This invention is of great value to mankind.
②His speech is of little significance (significant).
③I don't want to hear what you are saying. It is of no interest to me.
④They are of great help/very helpful to learners of English.
他们对英语学习者有很大帮助。
⑤The Nobel Prize is of great importance/very important to Chinese medicine.
诺贝尔奖对中国医学很重要。
⑥The two boxes are of a/the same size.
这两个箱子一般大。
1．(教材P16)Some studies even show that exercise improves certain brain functions，meaning you could actually exercise your way to better performance at school!
[分析]　 此句为主从复合句。句中show后面的that引导宾语从句，其中meaning you could actually exercise your way to better performance at school为动词 ing形式短语作状语， 而且meaning后也是省略了连词that的宾语从句。
[译文]　一些研究甚至表明锻炼会改善大脑的某些功能，这意味着你确实可以通过锻炼来提高学业成绩！
2．(教材P17)When you plan an exercise routine，the first thing to consider is what you expect to improve: heart and lung efficiency，muscle strength or flexibility.
[分析]　此句为主从复合句。其中，when引导时间状语从句；what引导表语从句。
[译文]　制订锻炼计划时，首先要考虑的是你期望在哪些方面有所改善，是心肺功能，肌肉力量还是柔韧性。
教材 高考
1.It has also been proven that active people tend to have better immune systems and are at lower risk of diseases. (2021·全国乙卷)Even soccer fans tend to have a seat each; gone are the days of thousands standing to watch the match.
2.In general，you should have your meal an average of 1.5 to 2.5 hours before exercising. (2021·浙江6月卷)Today's children spend an average of four and a half hours a day looking at screens, split between watching television and using the Internet.
3.To prevent soft tissue injury，make sure that you wear proper clothes and equipment when exercising. (2021·浙江1月卷)At first I got jammed just above my eyes and then, as I went on with my task, unwilling to quit, my nose briefly prevented entry.
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．It is assumed (assume) that stress is caused by too much work.
2．The club also offers its congratulations (congratulation) to Dr.Brown on her appointment as president.
3．There is a tendency (tend) for this disease to run in families.
4．Keeping a proper balance between study and rest keeps us energetic (energy).
5．Try stretching (stretch) your legs and pulling your toes upwards.
6．We don't find anything of value in your information.
7．We should try our best to make up for our loss.
8．She felt nervous，lacking (lack) in confidence about herself.
9．She has had a number of different jobs，ranging(range) from chef to swimming instructor.
10．The situation in that country should be prevented(prevent) from becoming worse.
Ⅱ.短语填空
do wonders; stick with; on average; make up for; over the long term; to start with; in general; above all; keep up; play a role in
1．English plays a role in the international communication.
2．The sleeping time for Senior 3 students is about six hours or so per day on average．
3．Work harder to make up for the time wasted in the past.
4．Eight glasses of water per day can do wonders．
5．If the tool works well，then stick with it.
6．But anyway，we should make efforts to start with．
7．Never waste anything，and above all never waste time.
8．If they were positive，congratulate yourself and keep up the good work.
9．Over the long term，this policy will benefit the common people.
10．I think we need to improve our educational system in general．
Ⅲ.课文语法填空
Regular exercise 1.does(do) wonders for people's physical and mental health.It can increase the 2.efficiency(efficient) of your heart and lungs.It tends 3.to improve(improve) your immune systems.4.Moreover，it helps you reduce stress and negative feelings.When planning an exercise routine，it is wise of you to consider first 5.what you'd like to improve，such as heart and lung efficiency，muscle strength or flexibility.Then choose activities you enjoy and stick with them.However，that's not enough.You should eat right and prevent 6.injury(injure).Eat foods 7.containing(contain) carbohydrates to keep up your energy.Eat foods rich in protein to help to recover and repair your muscles.But don't eat 8.immediately(immediate) after exercise.You should drink throughout exercise to make up 9.for water lost to sweat.Last but not least，10.wearing(wear) proper clothes and equipment is necessary for exercise.You should also start small and slowly form your regular exercise routine.1．actual adj.实际的，真实的 → actually adv.实际上，事实上
2．frequent adj.频繁的→frequently adv.频繁地，经常
3．able adj.有能力的，能干的 → enable vt.使能够，使可行
4．create vt.创造，创作 → creative adj.创作的，创造性的；有创造力的
5．revise vt.改变，修改；修订；复习→revision n．修订；复习
6．sure adj.确信；有把握→ensure vt.保证，确保
1．attach vt.认为有重要性，重视；把……固定，附上；(有时不受欢迎或未受邀请而)参加，和……在一起，缠着
①I attach a copy of my notes for your information. 附上
②I attach great importance to this research. 认为有重要性，重视
③He attached himself to me at the party and I couldn't get rid of him. 和……在一起，缠着
2．approach n．方法；接近，靠近 vt.接近，靠近；处理
①As you approach the town，you'll see the college on the left.
vt. 接近，靠近
②At their approach the little boy ran away and hid. n.接近，靠近
③She took the wrong approach in her dealings with them.
n.方法，途径
④What's the best way of approaching this problem
vt.处理，对付
　scene n．场面，镜头；现场；景色
[例]The unjust peace agreement set the scene for another war.
这项不公平的和约为另一场战争埋下了祸根。
[知识拓展]
behind the scenes　　　　 在后台，在幕后
on the scene 在场；出现；到场
set the scene 为……做好准备
[即学即练]　单句语法填空/完成句子
①Her voice was suddenly heard behind the scenes(scene)，which made all of us confused.
②The police were on the scene，searching for clues.
③Our reporter was the first person on the scene when the accident happened.
事故发生时，我们的记者最先到达事故现场。
　familiar adj.熟悉的，常见的
[例]He is a familiar figure in the town. That is to say，he is familiar with the town or the town is familiar to him.
他是镇上的常客，也就是说他熟悉这个城镇或者这个城镇为他所熟悉。
[知识拓展]
(1)be/get familiar with　 熟悉……；与……熟悉起来
(其主语通常是指人的名词)
(2)be familiar to 为……所熟悉(其主语通常是人们
所通晓的事物)
[即学即练]　单句语法填空/一句多译
①To reduce the risk of being attacked，netizens should never attempt to go to a website they are not familiar with.
②The Great Wall，one of the most significant Chinese elements，is familiar to everyone all over the world.
③尽管他去过那里很多次，他仍然不熟悉那个城市。
→He is still not familiar with the city，though he has been there many times.
→The city is still not familiar to him，though he has been there many times.
　attach vt.认为有重要性，重视；把……固定，附上
[例]A teacher in the Middle School Attached to Shandong University attaches great importance to the habit of learning. He says nowadays most students in their school are attached to the teachers and their parents，which makes them lacking in self directed learning.
山东大学附属中学的一位老师非常重视学习习惯。他说，现在他们学校的大多数学生依附于老师和父母，这使得他们缺乏自主学习。　
[知识拓展]
(1)attach ... to　　 ……认为有(重要性、意义)；附上；连接
attach importance/significance/value to (doing) sth.
认为(做)某事有重要性/意义/价值
attach oneself to 将某人自己依附/缠着……
attach A to B 把A连接到/附在B上
(2)attached adj. 依恋；附属于
be attached to 附属于；依恋
[即学即练]　单句语法填空/完成句子
①To be honest，a lot of people attach great importance to becoming(become) rich and famous.
②One day，when I opened my book，I found a beautiful card attached (attach) to the first page，giving me best wishes.
③In addition to those above，attach a recent photograph to your application form.
④It is high time that the country should attach/attached importance to energy saving and environmental protection.
现在是国家应该重视节能和环保的时候了。
　aid n．，vt. & vi.帮助；援助
[例]The moment he saw the poor little boy on TV，he determined to aid him in continuing his study.
当他在电视上看到那个可怜的小男孩时，他决心帮助他继续他的学业。
[知识拓展]
(1)come (go) to one's aid 来(去)帮助某人
with the aid of sb.＝ with sb.'s aid
借助某人的帮助
(2)aid sb. with sth. 帮助某人做某事
aid sb. in (doing) sth. 在……(某方面)帮助某人
aid sb. to do sth. 帮助某人去做某事
[即学即练]　单句语法填空/完成句子
①They all came to my aid when I met with difficulties.
②They aided me to finish (finish) my task.
③With the aid of a local artist，the pupils created the wall painting.
在当地一位画家的帮助下，学生们创作了这幅壁画。
　prefer vt.较喜欢，更喜欢
[例]I prefer to play football rather than watch TV at home.
我宁愿踢足球也不愿在家看电视。
[知识拓展]
(1)prefer sth. to sth. 喜欢某物胜过某物
prefer doing sth. to doing sth. 宁愿做某事而不愿做某事
(2)prefer to do sth. rather than do sth. ＝would do sth. rather than do sth.
＝would rather do sth. than do sth. 　 宁愿做某事而不愿做某事
(3)preference n. 偏爱
have a preference for 对……偏爱
[即学即练]　单句语法填空/一句多译
①She preferred to go (go) with us rather than stay behind.
②They prefer the city to the village because their jobs are there.
③The girl has a preference(prefer) for music and she wishes to be aided by a famous musician.
④比起和你一起外出，我更喜欢待在家里。
→I prefer staying at home to going out with you.
→I prefer to stay at home rather than go out with you.
→I would stay at home rather than go out with you.
→I would rather stay at home than go out with you.
　approach n．方法；接近，靠近 vt.接近，靠近；处理
[例]As Teachers' Day is approaching，we decide to hold a party to celebrate the important day.
随着教师节的临近，我们决定举办一个聚会来庆祝这个重要的日子。
[知识拓展]
(1)an approach to ... ……的方法/通道/途径(to为介词)
an approach to doing sth. 做某事的方法
with the approach of 随着……的临近
(2)approach sb. /sth. 靠近/接近某人/某物
... be approaching ……快到了
[即学即练]　单句语法填空/一句多译
①All the approaches to the mountain were blocked by the branches of the trees.
②With the approach of the exam，some students worked deep into the night every day.
③I prefer her approach to learning (learn) classic literature，which is highly thought of by her Chinese teacher.
④随着秋季的来临，天气变得凉爽起来。
→As autumn is approaching，the weather becomes cool. (approach v. )
→With autumn approaching，the weather becomes cool. (approach v. )
→With the approach of autumn，the weather becomes cool. (approach n. )
　award n．奖，奖品，奖金 vt.授予，给予
[例]The girl received an award for her creative works.
这个女孩因其富有创造力的作品而获奖。
[知识拓展]
award sth. to sb. ＝award sb. sth. 把某物颁发给某人
be awarded for 因……而受奖
win/receive/get an award for sth. 因某事赢得/得到/获得奖项
[即学即练]　单句语法填空/一句多译
①The boy was awarded (award) for bringing back the lost dog last week.
②The judge awarded a lot of money to those injured in the fire.
③He won an award for his wonderful performance in the show.
④因为做好事，政府给予他一大笔钱。
→The government awarded him a large sum of money for his good deeds.
→The government awarded a large sum of money to him for his good deeds.
　perform vi. 表演；工作，运转 vt.表演；做，履行
[例]Some people performed well in the tests, but others were affected badly and overall, performance dropped.
有些人在测试中表现得很好，但其他人则严重受影响，总体上成绩下降了。
[知识拓展]
(1)perform one's duty/promise/task 履行职责/履行诺言/执行任务
perform an operation 做手术
perform well/badly 表现好/不好
(2)performance n. 演出，表演；表现；履行
(3)performer n. 执行者；表演者
[即学即练]　单句语法填空/完成句子
①When asked to put on a performance (perform)，she refused.
②Performed (perform) so frequently，the play was familiar to a lot of people.
③The doctor performed the operation very successfully.
那位医生很成功地做了那台手术。
　whatever引导让步状语从句
(教材P2)Whatever your answer is，there's always a lot more to it than first meets the eye.
无论你的答案是什么，它(电影)都远比你最初表面看到的更为复杂。
句式分析：“疑问词＋ever” 相当于“no matter＋疑问词”，引导让步状语从句，意为“不管……，无论……”。
[例1]Whatever your job is，you must do it well.
无论你做什么样的工作，你必须把它做好。
[例2]Whatever she says will not make any difference to our arrangements.
无论她说什么都不会对我们的安排有影响。
[知识拓展]
(1)wherever＝no matter where，whenever＝no matter when，however＝no matter how引导让步状语从句。
(2)whatever，whichever，who(m)ever既可引导让步状语从句，又可引导名词性从句。
(3)no matter what，no matter which，no matter who(m)只引导让步状语从句。
[即学即练]　单句语法填空/完成句子
①No matter which of them you may choose，the quality will be the same.
②He tried his best to solve the problem，however(how) difficult it was.
③Whichever(which) road you take，it will lead you to the station.
④Whatever/No matter what you do，you can't go against nature.
无论你做什么，你都不能违背自然规律。
　介词＋关系代词(which)引导定语从句
(教材P2)Actually，the film you see on the screen is the product of a huge amount of hard work，most of which takes place behind the scenes.
事实上，你在银幕上看到的电影是大量辛勤工作的成果，其中大部分是在幕后进行的。
句式分析：本句中用了“介词＋关系代词(which/ whom)”引导的定语从句。
[例1]The person to whom I spoke just now is the manager of our company.
刚才与我说话的那个人就是我们公司的经理。
[例2]He has three uncles，all of whom are doctors.
他有三个叔叔，他们全都是医生。
[知识拓展]
(1)当关系代词在定语从句中作介词宾语时，我们通常用“介词＋关系代词”引导定语从句。如果指“人”，用“介词＋whom”；如果指“物”，用“介词＋which”。
(2)“介词＋关系代词”前有some, any, none, neither, both, all, most, each, few等代词或者数词时，可构成由“名词(代词、数词)＋ of ＋ which / whom”来引导的定语从句。
(3)关系副词where和when之前一般不加介词，比较特殊的有from where，since when。
[即学即练]　单句语法填空/完成句子
① He is just the student with whom I want to make friends.
②There are many websites online，from where almost all the necessary information can be found.
③The girl，of whom her parents are proud，has gone to the USA．
④He wrote many children's books，nearly half of which were published in the 1990s.
他写了很多儿童读物，其中近一半是在20世纪90年代出版的。
1．(教材P3)Peter Jackson，director of The Lord of the Rings films，took a creative approach —he used clever camera angles to make characters seem bigger or smaller than they really were.
[分析]　此句中的名词director是前面Peter Jackson的同位语，说明主语Peter Jackson的身份。破折号后面的句子为主从复合句，其中连词than引导比较状语从句。
[译文]　《指环王》系列电影的导演彼得·杰克逊采用了一种创造性的方法——他巧妙地利用摄像机的角度使剧中角色看上去比实际大或小。
2．(教材P3)Just as the poor passengers on the real Titanic saw the tip of the iceberg，what we see on the cinema screen is just the tip of the huge iceberg of film making.
[分析]　此句为主从复合句。其中，as引导非限制性定语从句，翻译为“正如……”；在主句中what引导主语从句。
[译文]　正如真正的“泰坦尼克号”上那些可怜的乘客们所看到的冰山一角一样，我们在影院银幕上看到的也只是电影制作这座巨大冰山的一角而已。
教材 高考
1.Today，I'll give you a brief introduction to some aspects of film making you might not be familiar with. (2021·浙江1月卷)He spent years searching for his hometown in the program's satellite pictures. In 2011, he came across something familiar.
2.Another aspect I attach great importance to is visual special effects. (2021·新高考Ⅰ卷)Place cakes on a moving belt.Attach icing(糖霜) ears.Apply icing eyes and nose.
3.However，the aid of computers isn't always preferred. (2021·新高考Ⅰ卷)We prefer to describe emotional intelligence as a specific set of skills that can be used for either good or bad purposes.
4. Peter Jackson，director of The Lord of the Rings films，took a creative approach―he used clever camera angles to make characters seem bigger or smaller than they really were. (2021·浙江1月卷)With three registers, this method is much faster than the traditional approach.
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．Dry hair can be damaged by washing it too frequently(frequent).
2．The teachers often give preference (prefer) to the relatively little pupils.
3．As far as I know，the middle school is attached (attach) to a famous university.
4．He succeeded with the aid of a completely new approach he discovered.
5．The prize will be awarded(award) to whoever finds the location of the buried treasure first.
6．I am very familiar with the song，but I can't remember when and where I heard it.
7．His success was a long history，but in brief，he succeeded after a lot of failure.
8．Approaching(approach) the burning church，they saw that a woman was about to jump down.
9．In addition(add) to reading for knowledge，we read for fun and inspiration.
10．Your performance(perform) as a student will be excellent if you develop a good habit of learning.
Ⅱ.短语填空
to begin with; a huge amount of; attach great importance to; be separated from; contribute to; in addition to; not to mention; behind the scenes; do justice to; for oneself
1．Seeing a thing for oneself is better than hearing about it.
2．You cannot do justice to such a complex situation in just a few pages.
3．We should contribute to the development of the country.
4．In addition to the quiz，we have tests once every month.
5．He has a huge amount of mail to answer every day.
6．To begin with，the price of the goods is reasonable.
7．A lot of what we are doing is behind the scenes．
8．With so much work to do，he has a little time to have meals，not to mention going out for a walk.
9．Whatever I do，I always seize the hour and attach great importance to efficiency.
10．By no means can theory be separated from practice.
Ⅲ.课文语法填空
Most of us are not familiar 1.with how a film is made.In fact，it needs 2.a huge amount of hard work，most of 3.which takes place behind the scenes.First of all，sound effects are often added after a scene has been shot.Sometimes，different sounds may 4.be mixed(mix) by a computer to make a certain sound.5.To make(make) a film more attractive to the eyes，some directors usually use visual special effects.For example，CGI has been 6.frequently(frequent) used in film making.Props are another factor that 7.contributes(contribute) to a film's success.To make a film look real，great effort must be made 8.to research(research)，find and build objects.In 9.conclusion(conclude)，we must spare a thought for those 10.talented(talent) people who have worked hard behind the scenes.

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