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【疾病健康类/饮食类】话题阅读练习
高频话题01 疾病健康类
Passage 1
A US man has become the first person in the world to receive a heart transplant from a genetically modified pig.
Surgeons say the experimental procedures was the only available option for the patient David Bennett, a 57-year-old from Maryland in the US, who was living with heart disease.
Bennett is currently being carefully monitored while specialists at the University of Maryland Medical Center, where the procedure was carried out, determine whether the transplant can keep him alive in the long term. “It was either to die, or do this transplant. I want to live. I know it’s a shot in the dark, but it’s my last choice,” said Bennett. “I look forward to getting out of bed after I recover.”
While full heart transplants are more controversial, pig heart valves (瓣膜) have been successfully used for replacements in humans for years.
“This was a breakthrough surgery and brings us one step closer to solving the organ shortage crisis. There are simply not enough donor human hearts available to meet the long list of potential recipients,” said Bartley Griffith, the heart surgeon who performed the operation. “We are doing cautiously, but we are also optimistic that this first-in-the-world surgery will provide an important new option for patients in the future.”
In the donor pig, three genes that would have led to the repaid rejection of the pig’s heart were knocked out. Six human genes responsible for immune acceptance of the pig heart were then inserted into the genome. Finally, one gene in the pig was removed to prevent excessive growth of the heart tissue once it had been implanted.
“This is truly a historic, monumental step forward. While we have long been at the forefront of research driving progress toward the promise of xenotransplantation (异种器官移植) as a practical solution to the organ crisis, many believed this breakthrough would be well into the future,” said Bert O’Malley, president and CEO of the University of Maryland Medical Center.
1．Why did David Bennett have heart transplant surgery
A．Because it is the last way for him to survive.
B．Because he is the volunteer of the experiment.
C．Because the genetically modified pig needs him.
D．Because getting out of bed is what he expects.
2．What can we know about the pig’s full heart transplant surgery
A．It has been successful for decades. B．It is an optional method to help the pig.
C．It can cause the heart patient to stay in bed. D．It makes an advance in dealing with organ crisis.
3．Which of the following can replace the underlined phrase
A．a definite failure B．a desperate attempt
C．a great hope D．a wise option
4．What is paragraph 6 mainly about
A．The result of the operation. B．The effect of the operation.
C．The process of the operation. D．The method of the operation.
【答案】1．A 2．D 3．B 4．C
【导语】这是一篇新闻报道。文章主要介绍了一名美国男子成为世界上第一个接受转基因猪心脏移植的人，文章介绍了该男子的情况以及猪的心脏移植手术取得的突破。
1．细节理解题。根据第二段“Surgeons say the experimental procedures was the only available option for the patient David Bennett, a 57-year-old from Maryland in the US, who was living with heart disease.(外科医生表示，对于患有心脏病的57岁美国马里兰州患者大卫·贝内特来说，实验性手术是唯一可行的选择)”和第三段大卫·贝内特说的话“It was either to die, or do this transplant. I want to live.(要么死，要么做移植手术。我想活下去)”可知，大卫·贝内特要做心脏移植手术是因为这是他生存的最后一条路。故选A。
2．细节理解题。根据第四段“While full heart transplants are more controversial, pig heart valves (瓣膜) have been successfully used for replacements in humans for years.(虽然完整的心脏移植更具争议，但猪心脏瓣膜多年来已成功用于人体移植)”以及第五段“This was a breakthrough surgery and brings us one step closer to solving the organ shortage crisis.(这是一次突破性的手术，使我们离解决器官短缺危机又近了一步)”可知，猪的心脏移植手术在处理器官危机方面取得了进步。故选D。
3．词句猜测题。根据划线词后文“but it’s my last choice(但它是我最后的选择)”以及“I look forward to getting out of bed after I recover.(我期待着康复后能下床)”可知，大卫·贝内特说进行移植手术是自己最后的选择，他想要康复后活动，说明这是一次不顾一切的尝试，故划线词意思是“不顾一切的尝试”。故选B。
4．主旨大意题。根据第六段“In the donor pig, three genes that would have led to the repaid rejection of the pig’s heart were knocked out. Six human genes responsible for immune acceptance of the pig heart were then inserted into the genome. Finally, one gene in the pig was removed to prevent excessive growth of the heart tissue once it had been implanted.(在供体猪身上，三个可能导致猪心脏报复性排斥的基因被敲除。6个负责猪心脏免疫接受的人类基因随后被插入到基因组中。最后，为了防止心脏组织在植入后过度生长，猪体内的一个基因被移除)”可知，第六段的主要内容是手术过程。故选C。
Passage 2
Posture(姿势)plays an important part in health. Long-time poor posture can lead to pain and discomfort. It has also been shown that poor posture can increase the risk of disease. Solutions are needed to help people, especially students and office workers, change their posture to prevent these problems and improve their health. As a result, researchers have developed a smart fabric(织物).
People often sit in various poor postures in their daily life. This could be reduced if people were able to observe their real-time sitting posture by wearing the smart fabric. With the sitting position monitoring (监测)，users can watch their posture on the screen and make necessary changes.
The fabric was developed using TENGS, which can use movement of the wearer to collect the energy to power the posture monitoring sensor(传感器). The data collected by the sensors can provide immediate advice, warning the wearer when they need to change their posture. The fabric stretches easily and is washable and breathable. These factors are important for how people use the smart fabric, affecting the comfort of the wearable sensors and how well the fabric works.
In addition to the comfort of the fabric, another important aspect is the effectiveness of the posture monitoring. The sensors are fixed into the fabric in positions along the spines(脊椎), which can help collect data on the most common poor positions. The data is then sent to a machine, which processes key information telling how the wearer is sitting, classifying their sitting position, and monitoring how they correct their posture. This system is able to correctly recognizing the wearer’s posture most of the time.
With all these features, this monitoring clothing will help people avoid pain, discomfort, and long-term health problems. And it is believed this clothing will offer a reliable healthcare solution for long-term monitoring.
5．Why is the smart fabric developed
A．To treat some spine diseases.
B．To change people’s working habits.
C．To help people correct their poor postures.
D．To start a new trend in the fashion industry.
6．What can we know about the monitoring system
A．It is self-powered.
B．It can be used as a charger.
C．It adapts to body movements.
D．It prevents people from sitting for long.
7．What’s Paragraph 4 mainly about
A．The advantages of the smart fabric.
B．The working process of the smart fabric.
C．The function of sensors in the smart fabric.
D．The ways of collecting data within the smart fabric.
8．What is the author’s attitude towards the monitoring system
A．Doubtful. B．Surprised, C．Uncertain. D．Supportive.
【答案】5．C 6．A 7．A 8．D
【导语】这是一篇说明文。主要介绍了开发智能面料的目的是帮助人们纠正不良姿势。
5．推理判断题。根据第一段中“Solutions are needed to help people, especially students and office workers, change their posture to prevent these problems and improve their health. As a result, researchers have developed a smart fabric(织物).”（需要解决方案来帮助人们，特别是学生和上班族，改变他们的姿势，以预防这些问题，改善他们的健康。因此，研究人员开发了一种智能织物。）可推知，开发智能织物的目的是帮助人们纠正不良的姿势。故选C项。
6．推理判断题。根据第三段中“The fabric was developed using TENGS, which can use movement of the wearer to collect the energy to power the posture monitoring sensor(传感器).”（这种面料是用TENGS技术开发的，它可以利用穿戴者的运动来收集能量，为姿势监测传感器供电。）可推知，关于监控系统，我们知道它是自供电的。故选A项。
7．主旨大意题。根据第四段中“In addition to the comfort of the fabric, another important aspect is the effectiveness of the posture monitoring.”（除了面料的舒适度，另一个重要的方面是姿势监测的有效性。）可知，第四段的主要内容是智能织物的优势。故选A项。
8．推理判断题。根据最后一段“With all these features, this monitoring clothing will help people avoid pain, discomfort, and long-term health problems. And it is believed this clothing will offer a reliable healthcare solution for long-term monitoring.”（有了这些功能，这种监测服将帮助人们避免疼痛、不适和长期的健康问题。人们相信，这种衣服将为长期监测提供可靠的医疗解决方案。）可推知，作者对监控系统的态度是积极的，支持的。故选D项。
Passage 3
Hundreds of millions have rolled up their sleeves for the COVID-19 vaccine, but why haven’t they taken down their pants instead What’s the science behind why we get most vaccines in our arm and does the injection site matter
Muscles make an excellent vaccine injection site because muscle tissue contains important immune cells. The immune cells recognize the antigen (抗原), a tiny piece of a virus or bacterium introduced by the vaccine that stimulates an immune response. In the case of the COVID-19 vaccine, the immune cells in the muscle tissue pick up these antigens and take them to the lymph nodes (淋巴结). Injecting the vaccine into muscle tissue keeps the vaccine localized (局部的), allowing the immune cells there to sound the alarm to other immune cells and get to work. Once a vaccine is recognized by the immune cells in the muscle, these cells carry the antigens to lymph vessels, which transport the antigen-carrying immune cells into the lymph nodes. Lymph nodes, important part of our immune system, contain more immune cells that recognize the antigens from vaccines and start the immune process of creating antibodies.
Muscle tissue also tends to keep vaccine reactions localized. Injecting a vaccine into the muscle may result in local inflammation (红肿) or soreness at the injection site. If certain vaccines are injected into fat tissue, the chance of vaccine reactions increases because fat tissue has poor blood supply, leading to poor absorption of the antigens in the vaccines.
Yet another deciding factor in the vaccine injection site is the size of the muscle. Adults and children aged three and older tend to receive vaccines in their upper arm. Younger children receive vaccines in their thighs (大腿) because their arm muscles are smaller and less developed.
Another consideration during vaccine injection is convenience and patients’ acceptability. Can you imagine taking down your pants at a clinic with strangers around Rolling up your sleeve is much easier and more preferred.
All things considered, when it comes to the COVID-19 vaccine, for most adults and kids, the arm is the preferred injection site.
9．How many reasons for the vaccines given into the muscle are mentioned
A．2. B．3. C．4. D．5.
10．What does the underlined expression “pick up” in the second paragraph probably mean
A．Recognize. B．Collect. C．Clean up. D．Lift up.
11．According to the passage, which of the following is the preferred vaccine injection site for most people
A．The arm. B．The hand. C．The thigh. D．The foot.
12．What may be the best title for the passage
A．Don’t be afraid of injection B．Why do we get injection in the arm
C．An interesting secret to injection D．How vaccines are given into the muscle
【答案】9．C 10．A 11．A 12．B
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了为什么在手臂肌肉注射疫苗的原因。
9．细节理解题。根据文章第二段中的“Muscles make an excellent vaccine injection site because muscle tissue contains important immune cells（肌肉是一个很好的疫苗注射部位，因为肌肉组织含有重要的免疫细胞）”第三段中的“Muscle tissue also tends to keep vaccine reactions localized（肌肉组织也倾向于保持疫苗在局部反应）”第四段“Yet another deciding factor in the vaccine injection site is the size of the muscle.（疫苗注射部位的另一个决定因素是肌肉的大小。）”和第五段“Another consideration during vaccine injection is convenience and patients’ acceptability.（疫苗注射过程中的另一个考虑因素是方便性和患者的可接受性。）”可知，疫苗注射在肌肉上有四个原因。故选择C项。
10．词句猜测题。根据上文中的“The immune cells recognize the antigen(免疫细胞识别抗原)”可知，画线词组pickup与recognize对应，表示“认识，辨认出”。肌肉组织中的免疫细胞识别出这些疫苗中的抗原，然后将其传送给淋巴结。故选择A项。
11．细节理解。根据文章最后一段内容“All things considered, when it comes to the COVID-19 vaccine, for most adults and kids, the arm is the preferred injection site.（综合考虑，就新冠肺炎疫苗而言，对于大多数成年人和儿童来说，手臂是首选注射部位。）”可知，大多数人更乐意在胳膊上注射疫苗。故选择A项。
12．主旨大意题。通读全文可知，文章第一段首先提出“What’s the science behind why we get most vaccines in our arm and does the injection site matter （为什么我们的手臂上接种了大多数疫苗，注射部位重要吗？）”，下文详细分析了在胳膊上注射疫苗的原因，所以用B项“Why do we get injection in the arm ”作为本文题目与文章主题项符合。故选择B项。
Passage 4
Over the last two decades, humankind has created a vast mobile network enabling people to share information at unprecedented(前所未有的)rates, discovered water on Mars, engineered cars that run on hydrogen(氢), etc. So many achievements have there been, in fact, that most go unnoticed by the general population. It is only when a family member needs a heart transplant that you come to learn about the possibility of someone building a heart for them.
In September, British mathematician Sir Michael Atiyah claimed to have solved the Riemann Hypothesis, a complex mathematical equation(数学方程式)that has puzzled some of the world’s brightest minds for 160 years. ”What is the Riemann Hypothesis and why should I care “ you ask. Frankly speaking, I don’t understand it, and I don’t think I ever will. But I am sure that its applications for advancement in science and technology will be significant. The fact of the matter is that individuals or teams can spend years or even decades working on maths problems that they may never solve. They do so not only because of the rewards that might be available, but also because it is a worthy goal. Most of the world will not understand what these individuals do, but our lives would be very different if nobody ever sought to challenge themselves and take on crazy projects.
I admire a man named Jiro Ono, owner and chef of arguably the most famous sushi restaurant in Japan. Jiro became a qualified sushi chef in 1951, nearly 70 years ago. Today, at the age of 92, he is still looking for ways to improve upon his craft. Many would think that after doing something for that long, they have nothing else to learn, but Jiro puts that notion to shame. Every day, he stands behind the counter and experiments with food in his pursuit of perfection.
In life, just about every corner you turn, you can find areas to improve upon. Medical researchers look for ways to cure cancer; basketball players practice hard to become the next Michael Jordan; scientists experiment with alternative fuels to help the environment. Most of us have not been tasked with progressing in a certain way yet, but what all of us should be doing is seeking to improve ourselves for the good of ourselves or for the good of others.
13．Why did the author mention Sir Michael Atiyah in Paragraph 2
A．To emphasize that his contribution is unprecedented.
B．To argue that proving maths problem is profitable.
C．To identify the essential ingredients that lead to his success.
D．To prove that we need pioneers like him in today’s world.
14．Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage
A．An artificial heart isn’t available for one with heart disease.
B．Jiro Ono considers seeking improvement as a shame.
C．Everyone should try to impose themselves merely for his own sake.
D．Michael Atiyah is similar to Jiro Ono in terms of their pursuit.
15．Which of the following is the best title for the passage
A．Proving Riemann Hypothesis B．The Never-ending Journey
C．Challenging Ourselves D．Achieving Success
【答案】13．D 14．D 15．B
【导语】这是一篇议论文。文章通过列举了英国数学家Sir Michael Atiyah一直努力证明黎曼猜想以及日本厨师Jiro Ono一生追求做出完美的寿司食品的例子，旨在说明任何事情就像一场没有终点的旅行，你需要一直努力。
13．推理判断题。根据第二段最后一句“Most of the world will not understand what these individuals do, but our lives would be very different if nobody ever sought to challenge themselves and take on crazy projects.”（世界上大多数人都不会理解这些人在做什么，但如果没有人试图挑战自己，接受疯狂的项目，我们的生活会非常不同。）可知，正是因为有那些试图挑战自己，不断接受疯狂的项目的人们，才有了我们如今的生活。可推知，作者本段列举英国数学家Sir Michael Atiyah的例子，就是为了证明我们需要这样的先驱。故选D。
14．细节理解题。根据第一段最后一句“It is only when a family member needs a heart transplant that you come to learn about the possibility of someone building a heart for them.”（只有当一个家庭成员需要心脏移植时，你才会了解到有人为他们建造心脏的可能性。）可知，一个人工心脏能给一个有心脏病的人使用。选项A与文意不符；根据第三段中“Today, at the age of 92, he is still looking for ways to improve upon his craft. ”（如今，92岁的他仍在寻找提高技艺的方法。）可知，Jiro 在92岁仍在追求进步，说明寻求进步并非耻辱。选项B与文意不符；根据最后一段最后一句中“what all of us should be doing is seeking to improve ourselves for the good of ourselves or for the good of others.”（我们所有人都应该做的是为了自己的利益或他人的利益而提高自己。）所以，每个人都不应该仅仅是为了自己的原因。选项C错误。根据第二段中“The fact of the matter is that individuals or teams can spend years or even decades working on maths problems that they may never solve. They do so not only because of the rewards that might be available, but also because it is a worthy goal. ”（事实是，个人或团队可能花费数年甚至数十年的时间研究他们可能永远无法解决的数学问题。他们这么做不仅是因为可能获得奖励，还因为这是一个有价值的目标。）可知，英国数学家Sir Michael Atiyah一直努力证明黎曼猜想，是因为他认为这是有价值的。倒数第二段中“Jiro became a qualified sushi chef in 1951, nearly 70 years ago. Today, at the age of 92, he is still looking for ways to improve upon his craft. ”（1951年，也就是近70年前，Jiro成为了一名合格的寿司厨师。如今，92岁的他仍在寻找提高技艺的方法。）可知，Jiro倾其一生追求提高技艺的方法。所以，Michael Atiyah和Jiro两人一生都是追求自己的目标。故选D。
15．主旨大意题。通读全文，根据第二段和第三段中分别列举英国数学家Sir Michael Atiyah和日本厨师Jiro Ono两人的事例，可知，两人毕生都在追求着自己的目标，说明任何事情就像一场没有终点的旅行，你需要一直努力。选项B与文意相符，符合文章主题。故选B。
Passage 5
Mounting evidence suggests that longtime sitting — a main part of modern-day life — is risky to your health, even if you exercise regularly. Based on these findings, doctors advise all adults to sit less and move more. But how often do we need to get up from our chairs And for how long
Few studies have compared multiple options to come up with the answer most office workers want: What is the least amount of activity needed to counteract the health effects of a workday filled with sitting
Now a study by Columbia University exercise physiologists has an answer. Unlike other studies that test one or two activity options, the study tested five different exercise “snacks”, or short bursts of activity after a period of time’s sitting: one minute of walking after every 30 minutes of sitting, one minute after 60 minutes, five minutes every 30, five minutes every 60 and no walking.
The proper amount of movement, the researchers found, was five minutes of walking every 30 minutes. This was the only amount that greatly lowered both blood sugar and blood pressure. In addition, this walking routine had an impressive effect on how the participants responded to large meals, reducing blood sugar spikes (峰值) by 58% compared with sitting all day. Taking a walking break every 30 minutes for one minute also provided modest benefits for blood sugar levels throughout the day, while walking every 60 minutes, either for one minute or five minutes, provided no benefit.
What we know now is that for best health, you need to move regularly at work, in addition to a daily exercise routine. While that may sound impractical, the findings show that even small amounts of walking spread through the work day can greatly lower your risk of heart disease and other chronic (慢性的) illnesses.
16．What does the study by Columbia University focus on
A．What adults should do to keep exercising regularly.
B．When and where we need to sit less and move more.
C．Why longtime sitting every day is risky to our health.
D．How often and how long we need to walk from our chairs.
17．What does the underlined word “counteract” in paragraph 2 mean
A．Cancel out. B．Give up. C．Add to. D．Benefit from.
18．Which walking pattern is the most useful for health according to the text
A．One minute of walking after every 30 minutes of sitting.
B．Five minutes of walking after every 30 minutes of sitting.
C．One minute of walking after every 60 minutes of sitting.
D．Five minutes of walking after every 60 minutes of sitting.
19．What does the last paragraph show
A．The risks of heart disease and other illnesses.
B．The daily exercise routine suitable for everyone.
C．The suggestions on the health of the office staff.
D．The ways of moving regularly at work every day.
【答案】16．D 17．A 18．B 19．C
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了久坐对健康的产生的危害，但一项小研究表明，每坐30分钟，就进行5分钟的步行，有助于抵消这种危害。
16．细节理解题。根据第一段“But how often do we need to get up from our chairs And for how long ”（但是我们需要多久从椅子上站一次？持续多久？）可知，哥伦比亚大学关注的是我们需要多久从椅子上走开一次并且要走多久。故选D项。
17．词句猜测题。根据第一段“Mounting evidence suggests that longtime sitting — a main part of modern-day life — is risky to your health。”（越来越多的证据表明，即使你经常锻炼，长期久坐——现代生活的主要部分——对你的健康也是有风险的。）及第二段划线单词的句子“Few studies have compared multiple options to come up with the answer most office workers want: What is the least amount of activity needed to counteract the health effects of a workday filled with sitting ”（很少有研究对多种选择进行比较，以得出大多数上班族想要的答案：为了counteract久坐的工作日对健康的影响，最少的活动量是多少？）可知，前文提到久坐对健康有影响，推断出上班族关心的对于抵消工作日久坐对健康的影响最少的活动量是多少，counteract和A项“抵消”意思一致。故选A项。
18．细节理解题。根据第四段“The proper amount of movement, the researchers found, was five minutes of walking every 30 minutes.”（研究人员发现，适当的运动量是每30分钟步行5分钟。）可知，根据文章可知对于健康最有用的行走模式是每30分钟步行5分钟。故选B项。
19．推理判断题。根据最后一段“What we know now is that for best health, you need to move regularly at work, in addition to a daily exercise routine.”（我们现在所知道的是，为了获得最佳健康，除了日常锻炼外，你还需要在工作中定期运动。）可知，最后一段展示出这是关于办公室工作人员健康的建议。故选C项。
Passage 6
People have grown taller over, the last, century, with South Korean women shooting up by more than 20 cm on average, and Iranian men gaining 16.5 cm. A global study looked at the average height of 18-year-olds in 200 countries between 1914 and 2014. The results show that while Swedes were the tallest people in the world in 1914, Dutch men have risen from 12th place to the top spot with an average height of 182.5 cm. Latvian women, meanwhile, rose from 28th place in 1914 to become the tallest in the world a century later, with an average height of 169.8 cm. James Bentham, a co-author of the research, says the global trend is likely but “once you average over whole populations, genetics plays a less key role,” he added.
A little extra height brings a number of advantages says Elio Riboli of Imperial College. “Being taller is associated with longer life expectancy,” he said. “This is largely due to a lower risk of dying of cardiovascular (心血管的) disease among taller people.”
But while height has increased around the world, the trend in many African countries causes concern, says Riboli. While height increased in Uganda and Niger during the early 20th century, the trend has reversed in recent years, with height decreasing among 18-year-olds.
“One reason for these decreases in height is the economic situation in the 1980s,” said Alexander Moradi of the University of Sussex. The nutritional and health crises led to many children and teenagers failing to their full potential in terms of height.
Bentham believes the global trend of increasing height is of great importance. “How tall we are now is strongly influenced by the environment we grew up in” he said “If we give children the best possible start in life now, they will be healthier and more productive for decades to come.”
20．What does the global study tell us about people’s height
A．The last century has seen a great increase in people’s height in most countries.
B．Genetics plays a key role in the increase of people’s height in the last: century.
C．The increase in women’s height is much bigger than men’s in the last century.
D．Dutch and Swedes are ranked first and second in height in’ the world nowadays.
21．What does Elio Riboli say about taller people
A．They generally risk fewer diseases. B．They tend to live longer.
C．They enjoy an easier life. D．They have greater expectations in life.
22．The underlined word “reversed” in Paragraph 3 can be replaced by ________.
A．slowed down. B．remained stable.
C．come to life again. D．changed to the contrary.
23．According to the text, James Bentham suggests that ________.
A．environment protection should be attached great importance to
B．the global trend of increasing height should be closely watched
C．children’s proper nutrition and healthcare should be guaranteed
D．the economic situation of some countries should be improved
【答案】20．A 21．B 22．D 23．C
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了一项全球研究的结果显示上个世纪人们平均身高有所增加。身高很大程度上受到成长环境的影响，如果想要孩子们在未来几十年里更健康、更年富力强，我们要确保孩子们的营养和医疗保健。
20．细节理解题。根据第一段“People have grown taller over, the last, century, with South Korean women shooting up by more than 20 cm on average, and Iranian men gaining 16.5 cm. A global study looked at the average height of 18-year-olds in 200 countries between 1914 and 2014.(在过去的一个世纪里，人们长高了，韩国女性的平均身高增加了超过20厘米，伊朗男性的平均身高增加了16.5厘米。一项全球研究调查了1914年至2014年间200个国家18岁青少年的平均身高)”可知，这项全球研究调查了1914年到2014年200个国家18岁青少年人的平均身高，得出结论，过去的一个世纪里，人们的平均身高增长了。故选A项。
21．细节理解题。根据第二段““Being taller is associated with longer life expectancy,” he said.(他说：“个子越高，预期寿命越长。”)”可知，Elio Riboli表示个子更高的人往往活得时间更长。故选B项。
22．词句猜测题。根据第三段“While height increased in Uganda and Niger during the early 20th century, the trend has reversed in recent years, with height decreasing among 18-year-olds.(虽然乌干达和尼日尔的身高在20世纪初有所增加，但近年来这一趋势reversed，18岁人群的身高有所下降)”可知，20世纪初，乌干达和尼日尔的身高有所增加，但近年来18岁人群的身高有所下降，即身高增加这一趋势反转了，推测划线单词表示“颠倒，反转”，即“changed to the contrary (与此相反)”。故选D项。
23．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“The nutritional and health crises led to many children and teenagers failing to their full potential in terms of height.(营养和健康危机导致许多儿童和青少年在身高方面未能充分发挥潜力)”以及最后一段“If we give children the best possible start in life now, they will be healthier and more productive for decades to come.(如果我们现在给孩子们最好的人生开端，他们在未来几十年里会更健康、更年富力强)”可知，James Bentham建议给孩子们最好的人生开端，确保孩子们的营养和医疗保健。故选C项。
Passage 7
How Did Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart Die
On November 20th, 1791, Mozart suddenly came down with fever and was wracked with pain. His arms and legs were severely swollen. In the following days his health significantly deteriorated. He died on December 5 after lapsing into a coma. The death certificate states he died of “severe miliary fever”. Exactly which disease led to Mozart’s death has been a mystery for the last 200 years.
Speculations
Many myths —some more plausible than others — entwine (缠绕) Mozart’s early demise. One of the most popular myths — that Mozart was poisoned by his rival Antonio Salieri — rose to prominence due to the popularity of the film Amadeus. This theory is supported by the fact that Mozart had been living through a phase of depression before his death, suffering from paranoia and existential fear. Mozart himself suspected that the cause of his deteriorating health was being poisoned over a long time. However, it is highly likely that this was just his subjective view of reality.
Many other speculations circulate. Syphilis and trichinellosis are frequently mentioned. In 1905, a French physician assumed uric acid poisoning due to a never fully healed nephritis. In 1961, lead poisoning was suggested as a possible cause of death.
Scientific attempts to explain Mozart’s death
In 2000, a group of American scientists proposed rheumatic fever caused by a strep infection after conducting meticulous detective work. The symptoms stated in literature and the reports of Mozart’s contemporaries yielded the clues. Without antibiotics, such an infection would inevitably lead to death. Rheumatic fever causes a weakening of the heart, which could explain Mozart’s swollen limbs.
In 2009, the Dutch scientist Richard Zegers extensively studied surviving documents and concluded that Mozart had been suffering from pharyngitis, a throat infection with symptoms including cramps, fever, rashes and a swollen neck. Mozart’s sister-in-law Sophie Haibel had described these symptoms. The death registry of Vienna for winter 1791 lists several deaths caused by this disease.
Whatever the cause of Mozart’s death, it came far too early. Let us thank him for his manic urge to create art and remember him on December 5th!
24．Which of the following is similar in meaning to the underlined word “deteriorate” (Paragraph 1)
A．To become worse. B．To change greatly.
C．To recover quickly. D．To be harmed rapidly.
25．Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the passage
A．It is generally believed that Mozart was poisoned by his friend.
B．Mozart’s depression paranoia and existential fear led to his death.
C．Mozart had been poisoned sustainably for a long time before he died.
D．Mozart once got a nephritis and it was never healed.
26．What can we infer from Paragraph 4
A．Mozart’s disease was recorded in contemporary literature and reports.
B．Antibiotics were not discovered at that time.
C．Rheumatic fever can only be caused by strep infection.
D．Mozart’s illness cannot be cured even today.
27．What is the author’s purpose mentioning Mozart’s sister-in-law’s words
A．To back up the Dutchman’s study.
B．To prove they were common symptoms causing death in 1791.
C．To prove Mozart did have such symptoms before his death.
D．To emphasize her special identify as a witness to Mozart’s death.
【答案】24．A 25．D 26．B 27．C
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了对世界音乐家莫扎特死因的种种猜测。
24．词义猜测题。根据第一段“On November 20th, 1791, Mozart suddenly came down with fever and was wracked with pain. His arms and legs were severely swollen. In the following days his health significantly deteriorated. He died on December 5 after lapsing into a coma. （1791年11月20日，莫扎特突然发烧，疼痛难当。他的胳膊和腿严重肿胀。在随后的几天里，他的健康状况严重deteriorated。他在昏迷后于12月5日去世。）”可知，前面说莫扎特严重肿胀，后来去世，可以推断是健康严重恶化，然后去世，所以，划线单词deteriorated的意义为“恶化”。故选A。
25．细节理解题。根据第三段“In 1905, a French physician assumed uric acid poisoning due to a never fully healed nephritis.（1905年，一位法国医生认为尿酸中毒是由于从未完全愈合的肾炎。）”可知，莫扎特有一次得了肾炎，一直没有痊愈。故选D。
26．推理判断题。根据第四段“In 2000, a group of American scientists proposed rheumatic fever caused by a strep infection after conducting meticulous detective work. The symptoms stated in literature and the reports of Mozart’s contemporaries yielded the clues. Without antibiotics, such an infection would inevitably lead to death. Rheumatic fever causes a weakening of the heart, which could explain Mozart’s swollen limbs.（2000年，一组美国科学家在进行了细致的侦查工作后，提出了由链球菌感染引起的风湿热。文学作品中描述的症状和莫扎特同时代人的报告提供了线索。如果没有抗生素，这种感染将不可避免地导致死亡。风湿热会导致心脏衰弱，这可以解释莫扎特四肢肿胀的原因。）”可知，当时还没有发现抗生素，导致莫扎特四肢肿胀去世。故选B。
27．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“In 2009, the Dutch scientist Richard Zegers extensively studied surviving documents and concluded that Mozart had been suffering from pharyngitis, a throat infection with symptoms including cramps, fever, rashes and a swollen neck. Mozart’s sister-in-law Sophie Haibel had described these symptoms. The death registry of Vienna for winter 1791 lists several deaths caused by this disease.（2009年，荷兰科学家理查德·齐格斯(Richard Zegers)广泛研究了现存的文献，得出结论认为莫扎特患有咽炎，这是一种喉咙感染，症状包括痉挛、发烧、皮疹和颈部肿胀。莫扎特的嫂子索菲·海贝尔描述了这些症状。1791年冬季维也纳的死亡登记处列出了由这种疾病造成的几起死亡。）”可知，作者提到莫扎特嫂子的话的目的为了证明莫扎特生前确实有这种症状。故选C。
Passage 8
You may be surprised to learn that one of the best steps you can take to protect your health is to step outside and spend some time in the grass, dirt and water. Our ancestors enjoyed the healing power of nature, and now scientists are starting to catch up. Researchers have documented how contact with nature can decrease mental tiredness, and enhance moods,concentration and problem-solving.Just having a view of nature has been shown to improve hospital patients’ recovery and reduce illness rates. Exposure to the open air, horseback riding, hiking,camping can be helpful for a variety of health conditions in adults and children.Much of this type of research is focusing on children,and in fact an entire movement has quickly developed to connect kids with the healing power of nature.
Obesity. Rates of childhood, adult obesity and related conditions including diabetes(糖尿病) and heart disease have grown greatly in recent years, partly because of reducing the time of outdoor activities. This problem can be partly addressed by increasing the time students spend learning about nature, both in and outside the classroom. Such lessons are often more engaging to students and often lead them to become more active outside.
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder(ADHD)(注意力缺失症). An exposure to ordinary natural settings in the course of common after school and weekend activities may be widely effective in reducing attention shortness symptoms(症状) in children. Participation in green activities helps ADHD patients keep focused and complete tasks.
Stress. Access to nature,even houseplants,can help children deal with stress. Depression and seasonal emotional disorder. Major depression requires medical treatment,but physical activity,especially those done outdoors, can help ease symptoms. Staying in the sunshine for just a few minutes can also help supply bone-building vitamin D．Experts say that simply walking in a city park can enjoy nature’s benefits.
28．According to the passage, which of the following is the most important for you to keep healthy
A．Healthy diet. B．Exercises.
C．Outdoor activities . D．No smoking.
29．The underlined word “enhance” in Paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to
A．improve B．add C．destroy D．control
30．From the first paragraph, what do we know
A．People didn’t enjoy the healing power of nature until recent years.
B．Having a view of nature is the only way to improve health conditions.
C．Outdoor activities are good for people’s health.
D．Researchers have found out what causes people’s mental tiredness and illness.
31．The effects of outdoor activities include FXCEPT_________.
A．Helping people to control stress
B．helping children to increase the vitamin D level
C．helping people to reduce the symptoms of ADHD
D．helping scientists to believe the rates of adult obesity and the healing power of the open air
【答案】28．C 29．A 30．C 31．D
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍的是研究人员已经证明，与大自然接触可以减少精神疲劳，提高情绪、注意力和解决问题的能力。
28．细节理解题。根据文章第一段“You may be surprised to learn that one of the best steps you can take to protect your health is to step outside and spend some time in the grass, dirt and water.(你可能会惊讶地发现，保护健康的最佳方法之一就是走到户外，花点时间在草地、泥土和水中。)”可知，根据本文，保持健康的最佳方法就是走到户外。故选C。
29．词句猜测题。根据划线单词上文“You may be surprised to learn that one of the best steps you can take to protect your health is to step outside and spend some time in the grass, dirt and water.(你可能会惊讶地发现，保护健康的最佳方法之一就是走到户外，花点时间在草地、泥土和水中。)”可知，走到户外对我们的健康有好处。再根据划线单词上一句“Researchers have documented how contact with nature can decrease mental tiredness(研究人员已经证明，与大自然接触可以减少精神疲劳)”，而划线单词后的宾语“moods, concentration and problem-solving(情绪、注意力和解决问题的能力)”可推断，与大自然接触可以减少精神疲劳，所以划线单词enhance的意思和“提高”相关。选项A“improve (提高)”；选项B“add (增加)”；选项C“destroy (毁灭)”；选项D“control (控制)”。故选A。
30．推理判断题。根据文章第一段“You may be surprised to learn that one of the best steps you can take to protect your health is to step outside and spend some time in the grass, dirt and water. Our ancestors enjoyed the healing power of nature, and now scientists are starting to catch up. Researchers have documented how contact with nature can decrease mental tiredness, and enhance moods, concentration and problem-solving. Just having a view of nature has been shown to improve hospital patients’ recovery and reduce illness rates. Exposure to the open air, horseback riding, hiking, camping can be helpful for a variety of health conditions in adults and children. Much of this type of research is focusing on children, and in fact an entire movement has quickly developed to connect kids with the healing power of nature.(你可能会惊讶地发现，保护健康的最佳方法之一就是走到户外，花点时间在草地、泥土和水中。我们的祖先曾享受过大自然的治愈力量，现在科学家们开始迎头赶上。研究人员已经证明，与大自然接触可以减少精神疲劳，提高情绪、注意力和解决问题的能力。只要看看大自然就能改善医院病人的康复，降低发病率。暴露在户外、骑马、徒步旅行、露营对成人和儿童的各种健康状况都有帮助。这类研究大多集中在儿童身上，事实上，一场将儿童与自然的治愈力量联系起来的运动已经迅速发展起来。)”可知，从第一段中，我们可知户外运动对我们的健康有好处。故选C。
31．细节理解题。根据文章最后一段“Access to nature, even houseplants, can help children deal with stress. Depression and seasonal emotional disorder. Major depression requires medical treatment, but physical activity, especially those done outdoors, can help ease symptoms. Staying in the sunshine for just a few minutes can also help supply bone-building vitamin D. Experts say that simply walking in a city park can enjoy nature’s benefits.(亲近大自然，甚至室内植物，都能帮助孩子们应对压力。抑郁症和季节性情绪障碍。重度抑郁症需要药物治疗，但体育活动，尤其是户外活动，可以帮助缓解症状。在阳光下晒几分钟也可以帮助补充骨骼所需的维生素D。专家说，在城市公园散步也可以享受大自然的好处。)”可推断，户外运动可以帮助人们应对压力，以及补充骨骼所需的维生素D。因此，选项A、B是户外活动带来的好处；再根据文章第三段“An exposure to ordinary natural settings in the course of common after school and weekend activities may be widely effective in reducing attention shortness symptoms(症状) in children. Participation in green activities helps ADHD patients keep focused and complete tasks.(在普通的放学后和周末活动过程中，暴露在普通的自然环境中，可能对减轻儿童注意力缺失症状广泛有效。参与绿色活动有助于多动症患者保持注意力集中并完成任务。)”可知，户外活动可以帮助减轻儿童注意力缺失症状。因此选项C也是户外活动带来的好处。故选D。
Passage 9
Imagine a future where science has created your twin. Not a flesh-and-blood twin, but one that recreates your flesh and blood, your bones, your heart, your brain — your whole body, in fact — as an extremely complicated computer model.
Your doctors can use this digital twin to work out how you will respond to a particular drug or medical procedure. They can even look further into the future, creating a “healthcast”, to forecast what diseases might happen to you or how your lifestyle will affect your health as you age. It is the ultimate in personalized medicine. This is the bold vision set out in Virtual You: How building your digital twin will revolutionize medicine and change your life by Peter Coveney, director of the Centre for Computational Science, and Roger Highfield, science director of the Science Museum Group, UK.
Digital twins are already in widespread use in industries such as civil engineering. But these model systems are much simpler than the complex human body. Imagine all the parts that come together to make you work: from the 3 billion letters of your genome (基因组), the numerous molecules (分子) that make up your cells, the trillions of cells building your tissues and organs, and the environment having its input too. Now, imagine trying to create a model of this that is made to each unique individual and that predicts the changes that will take place over a lifetime. This is easier said than done. Changes in the systems biologists want to describe are usually different from what mathematicians describe as “non-linear” (非线性的). Another complication is “emergence”: where the whole of a system is greater than the sum of its parts. This complexity challenges mathematics and pushes computing to the limit too.
But getting to the next level — a whole human individual — is going to require yet more data and a revolution in computing technology far beyond what is currently possible. Whether we will get there is an open question, but Virtual You shows us what scientists from different fields can achieve when they all work together.
32．What be learned about your science-made twin according to Paragraph 1
A．Your twin looks just like you.
B．Your twin knows your thoughts.
C．Your twin exists on the computer.
D．Your twin is created out of your DNA．
33．Why is it difficult to build a digital twin
A．Human body is more complicated than models.
B．Digital twins are not widely used in industries.
C．Scientists lack enough data in building it.
D．Mathematicians and biologists hold different opinions.
34．What’s the author’s attitude towards the idea of a digital twin
A．Optimistic.
B．Uncertain.
C．Unconcerned.
D．Skeptical.
35．What is the purpose of this text
A．To stress the necessity of digital twins.
B．To show the effects of digital twins on future health.
C．To explain the building of digital twins in health.
D．To introduce new treatments for diseases in the future.
【答案】32．C 33．A 34．A 35．C
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了健康领域的数字双胞胎模型，包括其概念、发挥的作用、建模的难点和未来的发展趋势。
32．细节理解题。根据第一段中“Not a flesh-and-blood twin, but one that recreates your flesh and blood, your bones, your heart, your brain — your whole body, in fact — as an extremely complicated computer model.（不是血肉之躯的双胞胎，而是将你的血肉之躯、骨骼、心脏、大脑——实际上是你的整个身体——复制成一个极其复杂的计算机模型。）”可知，你的科学双胞胎存在于电脑中。故选C项。
33．细节理解题。根据第三段中“Changes in the systems biologists want to describe are usually different from what mathematicians describe as “non-linear” (非线性的). Another complication is “emergence”: where the whole of a system is greater than the sum of its parts. This complexity challenges mathematics and pushes computing to the limit too.（生物学家想要描述的系统变化通常不同于数学家所描述的“非线性”。另一个复杂的问题是“涌现”：一个系统的整体大于其各部分的总和。这种复杂性对数学提出了挑战，也将计算推向了极限。）”可知，建立数字双胞胎的困难在于人体远比模型复杂，其中的系统变化和涌现问题非常难以解决。故选A项。
34．推理判断题。根据最后一段“But getting to the next level — a whole human individual — is going to require yet more data and a revolution in computing technology far beyond what is currently possible. Whether we will get there is an open question, but Virtual You shows us what scientists from different fields can achieve when they all work together.（但要达到下一个阶段——一个完整的人类个体——将需要更多的数据和一场远远超出目前可能的计算技术革命。我们是否能实现这一目标是一个悬而未决的问题，但《虚拟的你》向我们展示了来自不同领域的科学家在共同努力时所能取得的成就。）”可知，作者认为虽然能否创造一个完整的人类个体仍然未知，但是《虚拟的你》这本书已经展示了科学家们在共同努力方面的成就。由此推知，作者对数字双胞胎的想法是积极乐观的。故选A项。
35．推理判断题。通读全文可知，文章为读者介绍了健康领域的数字双胞胎模型，包括其概念、发挥的作用、建模的难点和未来的发展趋势。因此，文章的目的在于解释健康领域数字双胞胎的构建。故选C项。
Passage 10
Can getting a dog help people live longer Dog ownership is associated with a reduced risk for heart related disease and death, finds a new Swedish study published in the journal Scientific Reports.
For people living alone, owning a dog can decrease their risk of death by 33% and their risk of heart related death by 36%, when compared to single individuals without a pet, according to the study. Chances of a heart attack were also found to be 11% lower. Multi-person household owners also saw benefits, though to a lesser extent. Risk of death among these dog owners fell by 11% and their chances of heart-related death were 15% lower. But their risk of a heart attack was not reduced by owning a dog.
As a single dog owner, an individual is the only person walking and interacting with their pet, which may contribute to greater protection from heart-related disease and death, said the study. “We know that dog owners in general have a higher level of physical activity. which could be one explanation to the observe results,” said Fall, author of the study. The findings also suggest increased social well-being and immune system development as additional reasons why dog ownership offers protection against heart-related disease and death.
Fall believes that while their study provides strong evidence for the health benefits of dogs, their work is not done yet, since it does not answer why dogs achieve these results. There are also other factors that still need to be considered, such as the owner’s personality and general physical health and activity.
While the research was carried out in Sweden. Fall does believe it may also apply to other countries including the US, since people’s attitudes toward dog care are similar. However, some factors that may affect the results are the differences in climate and socioeconomic backgrounds. “We have a colder climate so we have indoor dogs where owners take their dogs out for a walk, In warmer climates, they could keep them in the yard and won’t have to actively take them for a walk. I think it would be hard to take the data from Sweden and apply it to the US since we have a more different population. More studies should be obtained in the United States,” said Fall.
36．Why does the writer ask a question at the beginning of the passage
A．To express his doubt. B．To get the correct answer.
C．To test readers’ knowledge. D．To introduce the topic.
37．What is the main idea of Paragraph 2
A．The benefits of raising dogs for single people.
B．The disadvantages of raising animals for their owners.
C．The figures the writer provides to support the research.
D．The importance of owning pets for all kinds of people.
38．What is the finding of the new study
A．Walking and interacting with pets contributes to their owners’ health.
B．Single individuals without a pet have a lower risk of heart-related death.
C．The pet owner’s personality and activity have little to do with his/her health.
D．Keeping dogs can help owners free from cancer and heart-related disease.
39．What can we know from Fall’s words
A．The research carried out in Sweden may apply to all countries.
B．Warmer climates make it unnecessary for dog owners to walk them.
C．There is no need to do more research in the United States.
D．Climate and socioeconomic backgrounds may influence the research.
【答案】36．D 37．C 38．A 39．D
【导语】本文是说明文。讲述了瑞典发表在《科学报告》杂志上的一项新研究发现，养狗与降低患心脏病和死亡的风险有关。
36．推理判断题。根据第一段“Can getting a dog help people live longer Dog ownership is associated with a reduced risk for heart related disease and death, finds a new Swedish study published in the journal Scientific Reports.(养狗能让人长寿吗 瑞典发表在《科学报告》杂志上的一项新研究发现，养狗与降低患心脏病和死亡的风险有关)”结合下文对这项研究结果的阐述可知，作者在文章的开头问了一个问题，是为了通过设问的方式，提出本文主题——养狗与降低患心脏病和死亡的风险有关。故选D项。
37．主旨大意题。根据第二段“For people living alone, owning a dog can decrease their risk of death by 33% and their risk of heart related death by 36%, when compared to single individuals without a pet, according to the study. Chances of a heart attack were also found to be 11% lower. Multi-person household owners also saw benefits, though to a lesser extent. Risk of death among these dog owners fell by 11% and their chances of heart-related death were 15% lower. But their risk of a heart attack was not reduced by owning a dog.(根据这项研究，与没有宠物的单身人士相比，独居人士养狗可以将他们的死亡风险降低33%，心脏相关死亡风险降低36%。心脏病发作的几率也降低了11%。多口之家的户主也从中受益，尽管受益程度较低。这些狗主人的死亡风险降低了11%，与心脏相关的死亡风险降低了15%。但他们患心脏病的风险并没有因为养狗而降低)”可知，本段的主题是作者提供一些数据来支持这项研究成果。故选C项。
38．细节理解题。根据第三段“As a single dog owner, an individual is the only person walking and interacting with their pet, which may contribute to greater protection from heart-related disease and death, said the study. “We know that dog owners in general have a higher level of physical activity. which could be one explanation to the observe results, ” said Fall, author of the study. (研究称，作为一个单身的狗主人，只有一个人在和他们的宠物散步和互动，这可能有助于更好地防止与心脏相关的疾病和死亡。“我们知道，养狗的人一般都有更高水平的体育锻炼。这可能是对观察结果的一种解释，”该研究的作者福尔说。)”可知，这项新研究的发现，养狗的人一般都有更多体育锻炼，与宠物散步和互动提高有助于防止与心脏相关的疾病和死亡，这对主人的健康有益。故选A项。
39．推理判断题。根据最后一段“However, some factors that may affect the results are the differences in climate and socioeconomic backgrounds. “We have a colder climate so we have indoor dogs where owners take their dogs out for a walk, In warmer climates, they could keep them in the yard and won’t have to actively take them for a walk. I think it would be hard to take the data from Sweden and apply it to the US since we have a more different population. More studies should be obtained in the United States, ” said Fall.(然而，一些可能影响结果的因素是气候和社会经济背景的差异。“我们的气候较冷，所以我们有室内狗，主人带他们的狗出去散步。在温暖的气候下，他们可以把它们放在院子里，不需要主动带它们出去散步。我认为很难把瑞典的数据应用到美国，因为我们的人口更不同。应该在美国进行更多的研究。”)”可知，从Fall的话中我们可以知道气候和社会经济背景可能会影响研究。故选D项。
高频话题02 饮食习惯类
Passage 1
①What does it say about the future of meat when the country’s largest processor of chicken, pork, and beef buys a stake (股份) in a start-up that aims to “perfectly replace animal protein with plant protein”
②Tyson Foods announced this week that it purchased a 5 percent stake in Beyond Meat, the Southern California-based food-tech start-up that made headlines earlier this year with its veggie burger that reportedly cooks and tastes like real beef.
③To be sure, Beyond Meat’s meatless creations have yet to take the country by storm. Although the 100 percent plant-based burgers have achieved plenty of positive press since they appeared for the first time in May, so far they’re only available at Whole Foods stores in seven states. Even though the company’s “chicken” strips, “beef” pies, and meatless frozen dinners are available nationwide, Beyond Meat is hardly a household name.
④That may be what makes the news of Tyson’s investment all the more noteworthy. While the two companies declined to give details about the deal, it’s doubtful that Tyson’s 5 percent stake made much of dent (凹陷) in the meat giant’s coffers (金库). The company posted $41.4 billion in sales last year; prior to the deal with Tyson, Beyond Meat had reportedly raised $64 million in project capital funding — about what Tyson earns before lunch on any given day.
⑤Tyson is doing pretty great. The company reported record third-quarter earnings per share in August and says that it expects overall meat production to increase 2 to 3 percent during the next financial year. But like a big oil company shelling out cash to invest in wind power, Tyson’s toe-in-the-water move to team up with a start-up devoted to bringing more plant-based protein to American dinner tables seems to suggest the meat industry is starting to see which way the winds are blowing.
⑥Sales of plant-based protein, which totaled an estimated $5 billion last year, continue to pale compared with the market for meat in America — but vegetarian alternatives to meat are booming, with sales growing at more than double the rate for food products overall. The steady drumbeat of news about the negative health impacts, environmental problems, and animal welfare concerns associated with meat consumption appears to be sinking in. According to a survey released in April, more than half of Americans surveyed said they plan to eat more plant-based foods in the coming year.
40．Beyond Meat’s veggie burger made headlines probably because ________.
A．it makes perfect use of animal protein
B．it uses high tech in the making process
C．it tastes as good as a genuine beef burger
D．it represents the diet trend in South California
41．Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding the state of Beyond Meat
A．It is the creator of the country’s first 100 percent plant-based burgers.
B．It has been well received as its products are available nationwide.
C．It is far from being a match to real food processing giants like Tyson.
D．It provides high-quality dining experience in selected Whole Foods stores.
42．What can we infer from paragraph 4
A．The purchase of the stake barely costs a thing for Tyson.
B．The 5 percent stake in Beyond Meat means a lot to Tyson.
C．Tyson’s investment hasn’t caught the attention of the media as expected.
D．Tyson is relying on this investment to raise more project capital funding.
43．What does the passage mainly talk about
A．Meat will still take over the market in spite of other alternatives.
B．A major American meat company is betting on plant-based protein.
C．Tyson and Beyond Meat work together to build a global meat giant.
D．Plants have been found to contain protein that does more good to human beings.
【答案】40．C 41．C 42．A 43．B
【导语】本文是一篇新闻报道。文章讲述美国最大的肉类加工商Tyson Foods加盟了一家叫做Beyond Meat的初创公司，Beyond Meat旨在用植物蛋白完美替代动物蛋白为大家生产无肉产品，以及这家公司产品目前的经营情况。
40．细节理解题。根据第二段“Tyson Foods announced this week that it purchased a 5 percent stake in Beyond Meat, the Southern California-based food-tech start-up that made headlines earlier this year with its veggie burger that reportedly cooks and tastes like real beef.(泰森食品公司本周宣布，它收购了Beyond Meat公司5%的股份。Beyond Meat是一家总部位于南加州的食品科技初创公司，今年早些时候，这家公司因其素食汉堡而登上头条，据报道，这款汉堡的烹饪和味道都像真正的牛肉)”可知，Beyond Meat的素食汉堡成为头条是因为这款汉堡的味道和真正的牛肉汉堡一样。故选C。
41．细节理解题。根据第四段“prior to the deal with Tyson, Beyond Meat had reportedly raised $64 million in project capital funding — about what Tyson earns before lunch on any given day.(据报道，在与泰森食品达成交易之前，Beyond Meat已经筹集了6400万美元的项目资本资金——这相当于泰森食品在任何一天午餐前的收入)”可知，Beyond Meat筹集的项目资金6400万美元仅仅是泰森食品一天午餐前的收入，由此可知Beyond Meat的规模远远不及Tyson Foods，即Beyond Meat不能与Beyond Foods相提并论。故选C。
42．推理判断题。根据第四段“it’s doubtful that Tyson’s 5 percent stake made much of dent in the meat giant’s coffers(但令人怀疑的是，泰森食品持有的5%股份是否为这家肉类巨头财务带来很大的财务空缺)”和“prior to the deal with Tyson, Beyond Meat had reportedly raised $64 million in project capital funding — about what Tyson earns before lunch on any given day.(据报道，在与泰森食品达成交易之前，Beyond Meat已经筹集了6400万美元的项目资本资金——这相当于泰森食品在任何一天午餐前的收入)”可知，Beyond Meat筹集的项目资金6400万美元仅仅是泰森食品一天午餐前的收入，可得出泰森食品持有的5%股份不会造成很大的财务亏空，即对于泰森食品公司来说，收购Beyond Meat并未花费很多钱。故选A。
43．主旨大意题。根据第一段“What does it say about the future of meat when the country’s largest processor of chicken, pork, and beef buys a stake (股份) in a start-up that aims to “perfectly replace animal protein with plant protein” (当中国最大的鸡肉、猪肉和牛肉加工商入股一家旨在“用植物蛋白完美替代动物蛋白”的初创企业时，这说明了肉类的未来是什么)”可知，最大的肉类加工公司Tyson Foods入股生产无肉产品的初创企业Beyond Meat意味着Tyson要重点投资植物蛋白这种无肉产品。故选B。
Passage 2
If you want to achieve more of your goals in life, one of the most important things you can do is to take care of your mitting to a healthy and balanced diet can be a gamechanger when it comes to productivity and success.
As a saying goes, “An apple a day keeps a doctor away.” But did you know that an apple a day does not only keep the doctor away but can even possibly improve your productivity Actually, people who eat more fruits and vegetables can be happier, more creative and, yes, even more productive. Fruits and vegetables seem to help elevate a person’s level of curiosity and general wellbeing. Actually, not only does a healthy diet improve a person’s wellbeing, it also seems to prevent potentially harmful conditions.
To start with, a healthy diet provides your body with the nutrients you need to function properly. The foods you eat are changed into glucose (葡萄糖), which then transforms it into the energy that powers your body and brain. When your body is running low on glucose, you will probably experience some trouble when trying to focus and concentrate.
On top of that, a healthy diet is linked to healthier mental health. When you eat a balanced diet, you are essentially giving your body the fuel it needs to work efficiently and effectively. A healthier version of you, physically and mentally, allows you to focus on your goals and on what you really want to be doing.
All in all, if you want to be more productive and reach your personal goals, work goals and any other dreams you have, please put your health at the top of your priority list. By eating a balanced and healthy diet, you can give your body the nutrients it needs to function at its best.
44．What does Paragraph 1 tell us
A．Eating right can improve overall wellbeing.
B．Everyone should have their personal goals.
C．Success lies in looking after one’s own health.
D．Productivity and success come from change.
45．What does the underlined word “elevate” in Paragraph 2 probably mean
A．Decline. B．Limit. C．Satisfy. D．Improve.
46．What may cause you to fail to concentrate
A．Too many nutrients in the diet. B．Any troublesome experiences.
C．Lack of glucose in your body. D．Lack of power in your brain.
47．What is the author’s suggestion
A．Putting your own health on the list. B．Eating a balanced and healthy diet.
C．Achieving your personal dreams. D．Giving your mind enough nutrients.
【答案】44．C 45．D 46．C 47．B
【导语】本文为一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了保持健康对于实现人生目标的重要性。
44．主旨大意题。根据第一段“If you want to achieve more of your goals in life, one of the most important things you can do is to take care of your mitting to a healthy and balanced diet can be a gamechanger when it comes to productivity and success. (如果你想实现更多的人生目标，你能做的最重要的事情之一就是照顾好你的健康。当谈到工作效率和成功时，坚持健康均衡的饮食可以改变游戏规则。)”可知，第一段主要介绍了成功在于照顾自己的健康。故选C项。
45．词句猜测题。根据第二段“Fruits and vegetables seem to help elevate a person’s level of curiosity and general wellbeing. Actually, not only does a healthy diet improve a person’s wellbeing, it also seems to prevent potentially harmful conditions. (水果和蔬菜似乎有助于elevate一个人的好奇心和总体幸福感。实际上，健康的饮食不仅能改善一个人的健康，似乎还能预防潜在的有害疾病。)”可知，elevate与下文中的improve意思相近，故选D项。
46．细节理解题。根据第三段最后一句“When your body is running low on glucose, you will probably experience some trouble when trying to focus and concentrate. (当你的身体葡萄糖不足时，你可能会在集中注意力时遇到一些麻烦。)”可知，体内缺乏葡萄糖会导致无法集中注意力。故选C项。
47．细节理解题。根据最后一段“All in all, if you want to be more productive and reach your personal goals, work goals and any other dreams you have, please put your health at the top of your priority list. By eating a balanced and healthy diet, you can give your body the nutrients it needs to function at its best. (总而言之，如果你想提高工作效率，实现你的个人目标、工作目标和任何其他梦想，请把你的健康放在首要位置。通过均衡健康的饮食，你可以给你的身体所需的营养，使其处于最佳状态。)”可知，作者建议吃均衡的健康的饮食。故选B项。
Passage 3
Exposure to extreme heat increases malnutrition (营养不良) among babies and young children in low-income countries, threatening to change decades of progress, Cornell research finds.
Linking survey and weather data over more than 20 years, a study of more than 32,000 West African children aged 3 to 36 months found that average heat exposure had increased the occurrence of slow growth from malnutrition by 12%, and of low weight by 29%.
The researchers estimate that if the average global temperature rises 2 degrees, which scientists warn is likely without significant reductions in carbon emissions (碳排放), the average bad effect of heat exposure on growth would nearly double, erasing gains recorded during the study period (1993 to 2014).
The findings are worrying, the researchers said, because temperatures in West Africa are rising and expected to continue to do so for several decades. And the effects of malnutrition in early childhood, which are linked to higher death rates and to lower education and incomes in adulthood, are irreversible.
“We’re talking about children at a very young age that will have changes for the rest of their lives, so this is permanently affecting their potential,” said Ariel Ortiz-Bobea, associate professor in the Cornell Jeb E. Brooks School of Public Policy. “What we are doing to reduce global poverty is being gradually destroyed by our lack of action on climate.”
More research is needed to discover the drivers of those effects exactly, which are most evident between 6 and 15 months, but they are likely not physiological (生理的) responses to direct heat, the researchers predicted. Rather, they suggest, a combination of factors may be at work as children transition away from breastfeeding (母乳喂养), including a higher risk of contracting pathogens (病原体) from food and water, and lower consumption of protein from animal sources, possibly due to extreme heat hurting agricultural productivity.
48．What is the final result of the malnutrition caused by extreme heat
A．Slow growth of babies.
B．Low weight of children.
C．Social decline.
D．Less agricultural productivity.
49．What does the underlined word “irreversible” in Paragraph 4 mean
A．Impossible to change. B．Happening quickly.
C．Not special in any way. D．Difficult to believe.
50．What can we learn from the last paragraph
A．A research of 6 to 15 months is the most effective.
B．Malnutrition is a direct physiological response to extreme heat.
C．The reasons for 【疾病健康类/饮食类】话题阅读练习
高频话题01 疾病健康类
Passage 1
A US man has become the first person in the world to receive a heart transplant from a genetically modified pig.
Surgeons say the experimental procedures was the only available option for the patient David Bennett, a 57-year-old from Maryland in the US, who was living with heart disease.
Bennett is currently being carefully monitored while specialists at the University of Maryland Medical Center, where the procedure was carried out, determine whether the transplant can keep him alive in the long term. “It was either to die, or do this transplant. I want to live. I know it’s a shot in the dark, but it’s my last choice,” said Bennett. “I look forward to getting out of bed after I recover.”
While full heart transplants are more controversial, pig heart valves (瓣膜) have been successfully used for replacements in humans for years.
“This was a breakthrough surgery and brings us one step closer to solving the organ shortage crisis. There are simply not enough donor human hearts available to meet the long list of potential recipients,” said Bartley Griffith, the heart surgeon who performed the operation. “We are doing cautiously, but we are also optimistic that this first-in-the-world surgery will provide an important new option for patients in the future.”
In the donor pig, three genes that would have led to the repaid rejection of the pig’s heart were knocked out. Six human genes responsible for immune acceptance of the pig heart were then inserted into the genome. Finally, one gene in the pig was removed to prevent excessive growth of the heart tissue once it had been implanted.
“This is truly a historic, monumental step forward. While we have long been at the forefront of research driving progress toward the promise of xenotransplantation (异种器官移植) as a practical solution to the organ crisis, many believed this breakthrough would be well into the future,” said Bert O’Malley, president and CEO of the University of Maryland Medical Center.
1．Why did David Bennett have heart transplant surgery
A．Because it is the last way for him to survive.
B．Because he is the volunteer of the experiment.
C．Because the genetically modified pig needs him.
D．Because getting out of bed is what he expects.
2．What can we know about the pig’s full heart transplant surgery
A．It has been successful for decades. B．It is an optional method to help the pig.
C．It can cause the heart patient to stay in bed. D．It makes an advance in dealing with organ crisis.
3．Which of the following can replace the underlined phrase
A．a definite failure B．a desperate attempt
C．a great hope D．a wise option
4．What is paragraph 6 mainly about
A．The result of the operation. B．The effect of the operation.
C．The process of the operation. D．The method of the operation.
Passage 2
Posture(姿势)plays an important part in health. Long-time poor posture can lead to pain and discomfort. It has also been shown that poor posture can increase the risk of disease. Solutions are needed to help people, especially students and office workers, change their posture to prevent these problems and improve their health. As a result, researchers have developed a smart fabric(织物).
People often sit in various poor postures in their daily life. This could be reduced if people were able to observe their real-time sitting posture by wearing the smart fabric. With the sitting position monitoring (监测)，users can watch their posture on the screen and make necessary changes.
The fabric was developed using TENGS, which can use movement of the wearer to collect the energy to power the posture monitoring sensor(传感器). The data collected by the sensors can provide immediate advice, warning the wearer when they need to change their posture. The fabric stretches easily and is washable and breathable. These factors are important for how people use the smart fabric, affecting the comfort of the wearable sensors and how well the fabric works.
In addition to the comfort of the fabric, another important aspect is the effectiveness of the posture monitoring. The sensors are fixed into the fabric in positions along the spines(脊椎), which can help collect data on the most common poor positions. The data is then sent to a machine, which processes key information telling how the wearer is sitting, classifying their sitting position, and monitoring how they correct their posture. This system is able to correctly recognizing the wearer’s posture most of the time.
With all these features, this monitoring clothing will help people avoid pain, discomfort, and long-term health problems. And it is believed this clothing will offer a reliable healthcare solution for long-term monitoring.
5．Why is the smart fabric developed
A．To treat some spine diseases.
B．To change people’s working habits.
C．To help people correct their poor postures.
D．To start a new trend in the fashion industry.
6．What can we know about the monitoring system
A．It is self-powered.
B．It can be used as a charger.
C．It adapts to body movements.
D．It prevents people from sitting for long.
7．What’s Paragraph 4 mainly about
A．The advantages of the smart fabric.
B．The working process of the smart fabric.
C．The function of sensors in the smart fabric.
D．The ways of collecting data within the smart fabric.
8．What is the author’s attitude towards the monitoring system
A．Doubtful. B．Surprised, C．Uncertain. D．Supportive.
Passage 3
Hundreds of millions have rolled up their sleeves for the COVID-19 vaccine, but why haven’t they taken down their pants instead What’s the science behind why we get most vaccines in our arm and does the injection site matter
Muscles make an excellent vaccine injection site because muscle tissue contains important immune cells. The immune cells recognize the antigen (抗原), a tiny piece of a virus or bacterium introduced by the vaccine that stimulates an immune response. In the case of the COVID-19 vaccine, the immune cells in the muscle tissue pick up these antigens and take them to the lymph nodes (淋巴结). Injecting the vaccine into muscle tissue keeps the vaccine localized (局部的), allowing the immune cells there to sound the alarm to other immune cells and get to work. Once a vaccine is recognized by the immune cells in the muscle, these cells carry the antigens to lymph vessels, which transport the antigen-carrying immune cells into the lymph nodes. Lymph nodes, important part of our immune system, contain more immune cells that recognize the antigens from vaccines and start the immune process of creating antibodies.
Muscle tissue also tends to keep vaccine reactions localized. Injecting a vaccine into the muscle may result in local inflammation (红肿) or soreness at the injection site. If certain vaccines are injected into fat tissue, the chance of vaccine reactions increases because fat tissue has poor blood supply, leading to poor absorption of the antigens in the vaccines.
Yet another deciding factor in the vaccine injection site is the size of the muscle. Adults and children aged three and older tend to receive vaccines in their upper arm. Younger children receive vaccines in their thighs (大腿) because their arm muscles are smaller and less developed.
Another consideration during vaccine injection is convenience and patients’ acceptability. Can you imagine taking down your pants at a clinic with strangers around Rolling up your sleeve is much easier and more preferred.
All things considered, when it comes to the COVID-19 vaccine, for most adults and kids, the arm is the preferred injection site.
9．How many reasons for the vaccines given into the muscle are mentioned
A．2. B．3. C．4. D．5.
10．What does the underlined expression “pick up” in the second paragraph probably mean
A．Recognize. B．Collect. C．Clean up. D．Lift up.
11．According to the passage, which of the following is the preferred vaccine injection site for most people
A．The arm. B．The hand. C．The thigh. D．The foot.
12．What may be the best title for the passage
A．Don’t be afraid of injection B．Why do we get injection in the arm
C．An interesting secret to injection D．How vaccines are given into the muscle
Passage 4
Over the last two decades, humankind has created a vast mobile network enabling people to share information at unprecedented(前所未有的)rates, discovered water on Mars, engineered cars that run on hydrogen(氢), etc. So many achievements have there been, in fact, that most go unnoticed by the general population. It is only when a family member needs a heart transplant that you come to learn about the possibility of someone building a heart for them.
In September, British mathematician Sir Michael Atiyah claimed to have solved the Riemann Hypothesis, a complex mathematical equation(数学方程式)that has puzzled some of the world’s brightest minds for 160 years. ”What is the Riemann Hypothesis and why should I care “ you ask. Frankly speaking, I don’t understand it, and I don’t think I ever will. But I am sure that its applications for advancement in science and technology will be significant. The fact of the matter is that individuals or teams can spend years or even decades working on maths problems that they may never solve. They do so not only because of the rewards that might be available, but also because it is a worthy goal. Most of the world will not understand what these individuals do, but our lives would be very different if nobody ever sought to challenge themselves and take on crazy projects.
I admire a man named Jiro Ono, owner and chef of arguably the most famous sushi restaurant in Japan. Jiro became a qualified sushi chef in 1951, nearly 70 years ago. Today, at the age of 92, he is still looking for ways to improve upon his craft. Many would think that after doing something for that long, they have nothing else to learn, but Jiro puts that notion to shame. Every day, he stands behind the counter and experiments with food in his pursuit of perfection.
In life, just about every corner you turn, you can find areas to improve upon. Medical researchers look for ways to cure cancer; basketball players practice hard to become the next Michael Jordan; scientists experiment with alternative fuels to help the environment. Most of us have not been tasked with progressing in a certain way yet, but what all of us should be doing is seeking to improve ourselves for the good of ourselves or for the good of others.
13．Why did the author mention Sir Michael Atiyah in Paragraph 2
A．To emphasize that his contribution is unprecedented.
B．To argue that proving maths problem is profitable.
C．To identify the essential ingredients that lead to his success.
D．To prove that we need pioneers like him in today’s world.
14．Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage
A．An artificial heart isn’t available for one with heart disease.
B．Jiro Ono considers seeking improvement as a shame.
C．Everyone should try to impose themselves merely for his own sake.
D．Michael Atiyah is similar to Jiro Ono in terms of their pursuit.
15．Which of the following is the best title for the passage
A．Proving Riemann Hypothesis B．The Never-ending Journey
C．Challenging Ourselves D．Achieving Success
Passage 5
Mounting evidence suggests that longtime sitting — a main part of modern-day life — is risky to your health, even if you exercise regularly. Based on these findings, doctors advise all adults to sit less and move more. But how often do we need to get up from our chairs And for how long
Few studies have compared multiple options to come up with the answer most office workers want: What is the least amount of activity needed to counteract the health effects of a workday filled with sitting
Now a study by Columbia University exercise physiologists has an answer. Unlike other studies that test one or two activity options, the study tested five different exercise “snacks”, or short bursts of activity after a period of time’s sitting: one minute of walking after every 30 minutes of sitting, one minute after 60 minutes, five minutes every 30, five minutes every 60 and no walking.
The proper amount of movement, the researchers found, was five minutes of walking every 30 minutes. This was the only amount that greatly lowered both blood sugar and blood pressure. In addition, this walking routine had an impressive effect on how the participants responded to large meals, reducing blood sugar spikes (峰值) by 58% compared with sitting all day. Taking a walking break every 30 minutes for one minute also provided modest benefits for blood sugar levels throughout the day, while walking every 60 minutes, either for one minute or five minutes, provided no benefit.
What we know now is that for best health, you need to move regularly at work, in addition to a daily exercise routine. While that may sound impractical, the findings show that even small amounts of walking spread through the work day can greatly lower your risk of heart disease and other chronic (慢性的) illnesses.
16．What does the study by Columbia University focus on
A．What adults should do to keep exercising regularly.
B．When and where we need to sit less and move more.
C．Why longtime sitting every day is risky to our health.
D．How often and how long we need to walk from our chairs.
17．What does the underlined word “counteract” in paragraph 2 mean
A．Cancel out. B．Give up. C．Add to. D．Benefit from.
18．Which walking pattern is the most useful for health according to the text
A．One minute of walking after every 30 minutes of sitting.
B．Five minutes of walking after every 30 minutes of sitting.
C．One minute of walking after every 60 minutes of sitting.
D．Five minutes of walking after every 60 minutes of sitting.
19．What does the last paragraph show
A．The risks of heart disease and other illnesses.
B．The daily exercise routine suitable for everyone.
C．The suggestions on the health of the office staff.
D．The ways of moving regularly at work every day.
Passage 6
People have grown taller over, the last, century, with South Korean women shooting up by more than 20 cm on average, and Iranian men gaining 16.5 cm. A global study looked at the average height of 18-year-olds in 200 countries between 1914 and 2014. The results show that while Swedes were the tallest people in the world in 1914, Dutch men have risen from 12th place to the top spot with an average height of 182.5 cm. Latvian women, meanwhile, rose from 28th place in 1914 to become the tallest in the world a century later, with an average height of 169.8 cm. James Bentham, a co-author of the research, says the global trend is likely but “once you average over whole populations, genetics plays a less key role,” he added.
A little extra height brings a number of advantages says Elio Riboli of Imperial College. “Being taller is associated with longer life expectancy,” he said. “This is largely due to a lower risk of dying of cardiovascular (心血管的) disease among taller people.”
But while height has increased around the world, the trend in many African countries causes concern, says Riboli. While height increased in Uganda and Niger during the early 20th century, the trend has reversed in recent years, with height decreasing among 18-year-olds.
“One reason for these decreases in height is the economic situation in the 1980s,” said Alexander Moradi of the University of Sussex. The nutritional and health crises led to many children and teenagers failing to their full potential in terms of height.
Bentham believes the global trend of increasing height is of great importance. “How tall we are now is strongly influenced by the environment we grew up in” he said “If we give children the best possible start in life now, they will be healthier and more productive for decades to come.”
20．What does the global study tell us about people’s height
A．The last century has seen a great increase in people’s height in most countries.
B．Genetics plays a key role in the increase of people’s height in the last: century.
C．The increase in women’s height is much bigger than men’s in the last century.
D．Dutch and Swedes are ranked first and second in height in’ the world nowadays.
21．What does Elio Riboli say about taller people
A．They generally risk fewer diseases. B．They tend to live longer.
C．They enjoy an easier life. D．They have greater expectations in life.
22．The underlined word “reversed” in Paragraph 3 can be replaced by ________.
A．slowed down. B．remained stable.
C．come to life again. D．changed to the contrary.
23．According to the text, James Bentham suggests that ________.
A．environment protection should be attached great importance to
B．the global trend of increasing height should be closely watched
C．children’s proper nutrition and healthcare should be guaranteed
D．the economic situation of some countries should be improved
Passage 7
How Did Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart Die
On November 20th, 1791, Mozart suddenly came down with fever and was wracked with pain. His arms and legs were severely swollen. In the following days his health significantly deteriorated. He died on December 5 after lapsing into a coma. The death certificate states he died of “severe miliary fever”. Exactly which disease led to Mozart’s death has been a mystery for the last 200 years.
Speculations
Many myths —some more plausible than others — entwine (缠绕) Mozart’s early demise. One of the most popular myths — that Mozart was poisoned by his rival Antonio Salieri — rose to prominence due to the popularity of the film Amadeus. This theory is supported by the fact that Mozart had been living through a phase of depression before his death, suffering from paranoia and existential fear. Mozart himself suspected that the cause of his deteriorating health was being poisoned over a long time. However, it is highly likely that this was just his subjective view of reality.
Many other speculations circulate. Syphilis and trichinellosis are frequently mentioned. In 1905, a French physician assumed uric acid poisoning due to a never fully healed nephritis. In 1961, lead poisoning was suggested as a possible cause of death.
Scientific attempts to explain Mozart’s death
In 2000, a group of American scientists proposed rheumatic fever caused by a strep infection after conducting meticulous detective work. The symptoms stated in literature and the reports of Mozart’s contemporaries yielded the clues. Without antibiotics, such an infection would inevitably lead to death. Rheumatic fever causes a weakening of the heart, which could explain Mozart’s swollen limbs.
In 2009, the Dutch scientist Richard Zegers extensively studied surviving documents and concluded that Mozart had been suffering from pharyngitis, a throat infection with symptoms including cramps, fever, rashes and a swollen neck. Mozart’s sister-in-law Sophie Haibel had described these symptoms. The death registry of Vienna for winter 1791 lists several deaths caused by this disease.
Whatever the cause of Mozart’s death, it came far too early. Let us thank him for his manic urge to create art and remember him on December 5th!
24．Which of the following is similar in meaning to the underlined word “deteriorate” (Paragraph 1)
A．To become worse. B．To change greatly.
C．To recover quickly. D．To be harmed rapidly.
25．Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the passage
A．It is generally believed that Mozart was poisoned by his friend.
B．Mozart’s depression paranoia and existential fear led to his death.
C．Mozart had been poisoned sustainably for a long time before he died.
D．Mozart once got a nephritis and it was never healed.
26．What can we infer from Paragraph 4
A．Mozart’s disease was recorded in contemporary literature and reports.
B．Antibiotics were not discovered at that time.
C．Rheumatic fever can only be caused by strep infection.
D．Mozart’s illness cannot be cured even today.
27．What is the author’s purpose mentioning Mozart’s sister-in-law’s words
A．To back up the Dutchman’s study.
B．To prove they were common symptoms causing death in 1791.
C．To prove Mozart did have such symptoms before his death.
D．To emphasize her special identify as a witness to Mozart’s death.
Passage 8
You may be surprised to learn that one of the best steps you can take to protect your health is to step outside and spend some time in the grass, dirt and water. Our ancestors enjoyed the healing power of nature, and now scientists are starting to catch up. Researchers have documented how contact with nature can decrease mental tiredness, and enhance moods,concentration and problem-solving.Just having a view of nature has been shown to improve hospital patients’ recovery and reduce illness rates. Exposure to the open air, horseback riding, hiking,camping can be helpful for a variety of health conditions in adults and children.Much of this type of research is focusing on children,and in fact an entire movement has quickly developed to connect kids with the healing power of nature.
Obesity. Rates of childhood, adult obesity and related conditions including diabetes(糖尿病) and heart disease have grown greatly in recent years, partly because of reducing the time of outdoor activities. This problem can be partly addressed by increasing the time students spend learning about nature, both in and outside the classroom. Such lessons are often more engaging to students and often lead them to become more active outside.
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder(ADHD)(注意力缺失症). An exposure to ordinary natural settings in the course of common after school and weekend activities may be widely effective in reducing attention shortness symptoms(症状) in children. Participation in green activities helps ADHD patients keep focused and complete tasks.
Stress. Access to nature,even houseplants,can help children deal with stress. Depression and seasonal emotional disorder. Major depression requires medical treatment,but physical activity,especially those done outdoors, can help ease symptoms. Staying in the sunshine for just a few minutes can also help supply bone-building vitamin D．Experts say that simply walking in a city park can enjoy nature’s benefits.
28．According to the passage, which of the following is the most important for you to keep healthy
A．Healthy diet. B．Exercises.
C．Outdoor activities . D．No smoking.
29．The underlined word “enhance” in Paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to
A．improve B．add C．destroy D．control
30．From the first paragraph, what do we know
A．People didn’t enjoy the healing power of nature until recent years.
B．Having a view of nature is the only way to improve health conditions.
C．Outdoor activities are good for people’s health.
D．Researchers have found out what causes people’s mental tiredness and illness.
31．The effects of outdoor activities include FXCEPT_________.
A．Helping people to control stress
B．helping children to increase the vitamin D level
C．helping people to reduce the symptoms of ADHD
D．helping scientists to believe the rates of adult obesity and the healing power of the open air
Passage 9
Imagine a future where science has created your twin. Not a flesh-and-blood twin, but one that recreates your flesh and blood, your bones, your heart, your brain — your whole body, in fact — as an extremely complicated computer model.
Your doctors can use this digital twin to work out how you will respond to a particular drug or medical procedure. They can even look further into the future, creating a “healthcast”, to forecast what diseases might happen to you or how your lifestyle will affect your health as you age. It is the ultimate in personalized medicine. This is the bold vision set out in Virtual You: How building your digital twin will revolutionize medicine and change your life by Peter Coveney, director of the Centre for Computational Science, and Roger Highfield, science director of the Science Museum Group, UK.
Digital twins are already in widespread use in industries such as civil engineering. But these model systems are much simpler than the complex human body. Imagine all the parts that come together to make you work: from the 3 billion letters of your genome (基因组), the numerous molecules (分子) that make up your cells, the trillions of cells building your tissues and organs, and the environment having its input too. Now, imagine trying to create a model of this that is made to each unique individual and that predicts the changes that will take place over a lifetime. This is easier said than done. Changes in the systems biologists want to describe are usually different from what mathematicians describe as “non-linear” (非线性的). Another complication is “emergence”: where the whole of a system is greater than the sum of its parts. This complexity challenges mathematics and pushes computing to the limit too.
But getting to the next level — a whole human individual — is going to require yet more data and a revolution in computing technology far beyond what is currently possible. Whether we will get there is an open question, but Virtual You shows us what scientists from different fields can achieve when they all work together.
32．What be learned about your science-made twin according to Paragraph 1
A．Your twin looks just like you.
B．Your twin knows your thoughts.
C．Your twin exists on the computer.
D．Your twin is created out of your DNA．
33．Why is it difficult to build a digital twin
A．Human body is more complicated than models.
B．Digital twins are not widely used in industries.
C．Scientists lack enough data in building it.
D．Mathematicians and biologists hold different opinions.
34．What’s the author’s attitude towards the idea of a digital twin
A．Optimistic.
B．Uncertain.
C．Unconcerned.
D．Skeptical.
35．What is the purpose of this text
A．To stress the necessity of digital twins.
B．To show the effects of digital twins on future health.
C．To explain the building of digital twins in health.
D．To introduce new treatments for diseases in the future.
Passage 10
Can getting a dog help people live longer Dog ownership is associated with a reduced risk for heart related disease and death, finds a new Swedish study published in the journal Scientific Reports.
For people living alone, owning a dog can decrease their risk of death by 33% and their risk of heart related death by 36%, when compared to single individuals without a pet, according to the study. Chances of a heart attack were also found to be 11% lower. Multi-person household owners also saw benefits, though to a lesser extent. Risk of death among these dog owners fell by 11% and their chances of heart-related death were 15% lower. But their risk of a heart attack was not reduced by owning a dog.
As a single dog owner, an individual is the only person walking and interacting with their pet, which may contribute to greater protection from heart-related disease and death, said the study. “We know that dog owners in general have a higher level of physical activity. which could be one explanation to the observe results,” said Fall, author of the study. The findings also suggest increased social well-being and immune system development as additional reasons why dog ownership offers protection against heart-related disease and death.
Fall believes that while their study provides strong evidence for the health benefits of dogs, their work is not done yet, since it does not answer why dogs achieve these results. There are also other factors that still need to be considered, such as the owner’s personality and general physical health and activity.
While the research was carried out in Sweden. Fall does believe it may also apply to other countries including the US, since people’s attitudes toward dog care are similar. However, some factors that may affect the results are the differences in climate and socioeconomic backgrounds. “We have a colder climate so we have indoor dogs where owners take their dogs out for a walk, In warmer climates, they could keep them in the yard and won’t have to actively take them for a walk. I think it would be hard to take the data from Sweden and apply it to the US since we have a more different population. More studies should be obtained in the United States,” said Fall.
36．Why does the writer ask a question at the beginning of the passage
A．To express his doubt. B．To get the correct answer.
C．To test readers’ knowledge. D．To introduce the topic.
37．What is the main idea of Paragraph 2
A．The benefits of raising dogs for single people.
B．The disadvantages of raising animals for their owners.
C．The figures the writer provides to support the research.
D．The importance of owning pets for all kinds of people.
38．What is the finding of the new study
A．Walking and interacting with pets contributes to their owners’ health.
B．Single individuals without a pet have a lower risk of heart-related death.
C．The pet owner’s personality and activity have little to do with his/her health.
D．Keeping dogs can help owners free from cancer and heart-related disease.
39．What can we know from Fall’s words
A．The research carried out in Sweden may apply to all countries.
B．Warmer climates make it unnecessary for dog owners to walk them.
C．There is no need to do more research in the United States.
D．Climate and socioeconomic backgrounds may influence the research.
高频话题02 饮食习惯类
Passage 1
①What does it say about the future of meat when the country’s largest processor of chicken, pork, and beef buys a stake (股份) in a start-up that aims to “perfectly replace animal protein with plant protein”
②Tyson Foods announced this week that it purchased a 5 percent stake in Beyond Meat, the Southern California-based food-tech start-up that made headlines earlier this year with its veggie burger that reportedly cooks and tastes like real beef.
③To be sure, Beyond Meat’s meatless creations have yet to take the country by storm. Although the 100 percent plant-based burgers have achieved plenty of positive press since they appeared for the first time in May, so far they’re only available at Whole Foods stores in seven states. Even though the company’s “chicken” strips, “beef” pies, and meatless frozen dinners are available nationwide, Beyond Meat is hardly a household name.
④That may be what makes the news of Tyson’s investment all the more noteworthy. While the two companies declined to give details about the deal, it’s doubtful that Tyson’s 5 percent stake made much of dent (凹陷) in the meat giant’s coffers (金库). The company posted $41.4 billion in sales last year; prior to the deal with Tyson, Beyond Meat had reportedly raised $64 million in project capital funding — about what Tyson earns before lunch on any given day.
⑤Tyson is doing pretty great. The company reported record third-quarter earnings per share in August and says that it expects overall meat production to increase 2 to 3 percent during the next financial year. But like a big oil company shelling out cash to invest in wind power, Tyson’s toe-in-the-water move to team up with a start-up devoted to bringing more plant-based protein to American dinner tables seems to suggest the meat industry is starting to see which way the winds are blowing.
⑥Sales of plant-based protein, which totaled an estimated $5 billion last year, continue to pale compared with the market for meat in America — but vegetarian alternatives to meat are booming, with sales growing at more than double the rate for food products overall. The steady drumbeat of news about the negative health impacts, environmental problems, and animal welfare concerns associated with meat consumption appears to be sinking in. According to a survey released in April, more than half of Americans surveyed said they plan to eat more plant-based foods in the coming year.
40．Beyond Meat’s veggie burger made headlines probably because ________.
A．it makes perfect use of animal protein
B．it uses high tech in the making process
C．it tastes as good as a genuine beef burger
D．it represents the diet trend in South California
41．Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding the state of Beyond Meat
A．It is the creator of the country’s first 100 percent plant-based burgers.
B．It has been well received as its products are available nationwide.
C．It is far from being a match to real food processing giants like Tyson.
D．It provides high-quality dining experience in selected Whole Foods stores.
42．What can we infer from paragraph 4
A．The purchase of the stake barely costs a thing for Tyson.
B．The 5 percent stake in Beyond Meat means a lot to Tyson.
C．Tyson’s investment hasn’t caught the attention of the media as expected.
D．Tyson is relying on this investment to raise more project capital funding.
43．What does the passage mainly talk about
A．Meat will still take over the market in spite of other alternatives.
B．A major American meat company is betting on plant-based protein.
C．Tyson and Beyond Meat work together to build a global meat giant.
D．Plants have been found to contain protein that does more good to human beings.
Passage 2
If you want to achieve more of your goals in life, one of the most important things you can do is to take care of your mitting to a healthy and balanced diet can be a gamechanger when it comes to productivity and success.
As a saying goes, “An apple a day keeps a doctor away.” But did you know that an apple a day does not only keep the doctor away but can even possibly improve your productivity Actually, people who eat more fruits and vegetables can be happier, more creative and, yes, even more productive. Fruits and vegetables seem to help elevate a person’s level of curiosity and general wellbeing. Actually, not only does a healthy diet improve a person’s wellbeing, it also seems to prevent potentially harmful conditions.
To start with, a healthy diet provides your body with the nutrients you need to function properly. The foods you eat are changed into glucose (葡萄糖), which then transforms it into the energy that powers your body and brain. When your body is running low on glucose, you will probably experience some trouble when trying to focus and concentrate.
On top of that, a healthy diet is linked to healthier mental health. When you eat a balanced diet, you are essentially giving your body the fuel it needs to work efficiently and effectively. A healthier version of you, physically and mentally, allows you to focus on your goals and on what you really want to be doing.
All in all, if you want to be more productive and reach your personal goals, work goals and any other dreams you have, please put your health at the top of your priority list. By eating a balanced and healthy diet, you can give your body the nutrients it needs to function at its best.
44．What does Paragraph 1 tell us
A．Eating right can improve overall wellbeing.
B．Everyone should have their personal goals.
C．Success lies in looking after one’s own health.
D．Productivity and success come from change.
45．What does the underlined word “elevate” in Paragraph 2 probably mean
A．Decline. B．Limit. C．Satisfy. D．Improve.
46．What may cause you to fail to concentrate
A．Too many nutrients in the diet. B．Any troublesome experiences.
C．Lack of glucose in your body. D．Lack of power in your brain.
47．What is the author’s suggestion
A．Putting your own health on the list. B．Eating a balanced and healthy diet.
C．Achieving your personal dreams. D．Giving your mind enough nutrients.
Passage 3
Exposure to extreme heat increases malnutrition (营养不良) among babies and young children in low-income countries, threatening to change decades of progress, Cornell research finds.
Linking survey and weather data over more than 20 years, a study of more than 32,000 West African children aged 3 to 36 months found that average heat exposure had increased the occurrence of slow growth from malnutrition by 12%, and of low weight by 29%.
The researchers estimate that if the average global temperature rises 2 degrees, which scientists warn is likely without significant reductions in carbon emissions (碳排放), the average bad effect of heat exposure on growth would nearly double, erasing gains recorded during the study period (1993 to 2014).
The findings are worrying, the researchers said, because temperatures in West Africa are rising and expected to continue to do so for several decades. And the effects of malnutrition in early childhood, which are linked to higher death rates and to lower education and incomes in adulthood, are irreversible.
“We’re talking about children at a very young age that will have changes for the rest of their lives, so this is permanently affecting their potential,” said Ariel Ortiz-Bobea, associate professor in the Cornell Jeb E. Brooks School of Public Policy. “What we are doing to reduce global poverty is being gradually destroyed by our lack of action on climate.”
More research is needed to discover the drivers of those effects exactly, which are most evident between 6 and 15 months, but they are likely not physiological (生理的) responses to direct heat, the researchers predicted. Rather, they suggest, a combination of factors may be at work as children transition away from breastfeeding (母乳喂养), including a higher risk of contracting pathogens (病原体) from food and water, and lower consumption of protein from animal sources, possibly due to extreme heat hurting agricultural productivity.
48．What is the final result of the malnutrition caused by extreme heat
A．Slow growth of babies.
B．Low weight of children.
C．Social decline.
D．Less agricultural productivity.
49．What does the underlined word “irreversible” in Paragraph 4 mean
A．Impossible to change. B．Happening quickly.
C．Not special in any way. D．Difficult to believe.
50．What can we learn from the last paragraph
A．A research of 6 to 15 months is the most effective.
B．Malnutrition is a direct physiological response to extreme heat.
C．The reasons for the malnutrition caused by extreme heat are clear.
D．Many aspects may account for the malnutrition caused by extreme heat.
51．In which section of a magazine can we find the text
A．Health. B．Society. C．Education. D．Technology.
Passage 4
Eating a healthy diet is not about strict limitations, staying abnormally thin, or rid yourself of the foods you love. Rather, it’s about feeling great, having more energy, improving your health, and raising your mood. So healthy eating doesn’t mean you have to cook tough food.
If you feel confused by all the conflicting nutrition and diet advice out there, you’re not alone. It seems that for every expert who tells you a certain food is good for you, you’ll find another saying exactly the opposite. So think more when facing that. The truth is that while some specific foods or nutrients have been shown to have a beneficial effect on mood, it’s your overall eating pattern that is most important. The cornerstone of a healthy diet should be to replace processed food with real food whenever possible. Eating food that is as close as possible to the way nature made it can make a huge difference to the way you think, look, and feel.
While some extreme diets may suggest otherwise, we all need a balance of protein, fat, fiber, vitamins, and minerals in our diets to remain a healthy body. You don’t need to eliminate certain food from your diet, but rather select the healthiest options from each category. Besides, you should change your dieting habit.
Switching to a healthy diet doesn’t have to be an all or nothing proposition. You don’t have to be perfect and you don’t have to change everything all at once. A better approach is to make a few small changes at a time, Think of planning a healthy diet as a number of small, manageable steps-like adding a salad to your diet once a day. As your small changes become habits, you can continue to add more healthy choices.
52．Which of the following is a real healthy diet
A．One that helps you stay thin. B．One full of most nutrition.
C．One with strict cooking rules. D．One that makes you energetic.
53．What should you do when facing the masters’ advice on health
A．Be careful about it. B．Try it with your family.
C．Follow it completely. D．See if it satisfies you.
54．What does the underlined word “eliminate” in Paragraph 3 mean
A．Pick. B．Benefit. C．Remove. D．Improve.
55．What may help you become a healthy eater
A．Trying to seek for perfection. B．Learning from an expert at cooking.
C．Changing your eating habit gradually. D．Cooking with only vegetables and fruit.
Passage 5
Nearly 40 percent of Americans over the age of 65 take five or more different drugs, and doctors often simply have to monitor patients to see if any of those drugs combine to createnegative side effects. When a doctor prescribes(给……开药)a patient more than one drug atthe same time, they currently have no way to predict whether that combination of these drugswill have a negative side effect. A new system from a team of computer scientists at Stanford University presents a novel solution—an AI-driven computer system that can predict theconsequences of combining two drugs.
Drug combinations are a remarkably unstudied area, but as Marinka Zitnik explains, “It’spractically impossible to test a new drug in combination with all other drugs, because just forone drug that would be five thousand new experiments.” Besides, to maintain accuracy alsoneeds strict research procedures.
So Zitnik and her Stanford colleagues set out to find a solution to the problem. They created a massive deep learning system trained on data encompassing(包含)over l9,00 oproteins and how different drugs interact with those proteins. The system is called Decagon, and it can effectively predict the consequences of combining any two different drugs.
To test out Decagon’s predictive abilities the team examined 10 of the systems predicted drug pair interactions that didn’t have clearly known unfavourable interactions. The researchers found new supporting case study evidence backing up 8 of those 10 predictions. For example, one prediction from Decagon suggested muscle inflammation(炎症) would be caused by combining a certain cholesterol(胆固醇) drug with a blood pressure medication. This negative side effect of combining those two drugs was only recently confirmed by a casestudy published in 2017.
The next stage in the project is to try to turn Decagon into a more user-friendly tool thatdoctors can easily navigate(导航) for information when prescribing combinations of drugs, benefiting more people. At this stage, the system only evaluates(评估) drug pairs but there searchers hope to expand that into more complex combinations of drugs in the future.
56．What problem faces doctors when prescribing several drugs together
A．They can’t prevent side effects of drugs.
B．They don’t know the bad influences of the combination.
C．They have to monitor whether patients will take drugs.
D．They must predict the effects of drugs with an Al system.
57．Why is the area of drug combinations almost unstudied
A．They require numerous experiments.
B．They are not that important to people.
C．It’s rather expensive to do the research.
D．It’s impossible to keep results accurate.
58．What can we know about Decagon
A．It can predict influences of combining three drugs.
B．It wouldn’t contribute to people’s deep learning.
C．It can tell the results of combining two drugs.
D．It analyses how proteins interact with each other.
59．Which aspect will researchers work on in the future
A．Making the system availa ble to more people.
B．Improving some critical functions of the system.
C．Enhancing people’s recognition on its accuracy.
D．Adopting a more friendly attitude toward patients.
Passage 6
While rice and wheat are the two most commonly consumed cereal grains worldwide, a study covering more than 100,000 people in Northwest China has revealed that choosing rice as a main food may result in a lower risk of obesity.
Researchers from Xi’an Jiaotong University collected data from participants aged 35 to 74 who are residents of five northwestern provincial-level regions. They divided the participants into three groups. The first group eats rice as their main food, consuming it either daily or four to six times per week, while consuming wheat less than four to six times per week. The second group’s main food is wheat, and the third group consumes both rice and wheat as their main food, with similar frequency.
Then the researchers compared results and found out that rice preference might be associated with a lower risk of certain obesity types in the population of Northwest China. Higher wheat intake was associated with higher risks of excessive body fat and central obesity (stomach fat) in men and central obesity in women, according to the study findings published in the journal Nutrients.
According to the researchers, previous animal studies shows that wheat gluten (谷蛋白) promoted weight gain by reducing heat production and energy consumption, while rice protein shows the potential for anti-obesity and triglyceride-lowering (抗肥胖和降低甘油三酯) effects. Meanwhile, rice-based dietary patterns often have more fresh vegetables, meat and fish servings. People with wheat preference in Northwest China tend to eat large bowls of noodles with fewer vegetables or less meat, and sometimes even with a large amount of oil.
However, researchers noted that given the vast territory and diverse ethnic groups present in Northwest China, further studies might be necessary to fully understand the regional specificity and potential hidden reasons for the observed links.
60．What do you know about the study in Northwest China
A．People can eat rice to lose weight. B．Eating rice will help you live longer.
C．Rice is the perfect choice for people who are fat. D．Eating rice may reduce people’s risk of being fat.
61．How did the researchers figure out the findings of the study
A．By offering examples. B．By referring to some data.
C．By making a comparison. D．By quoting an expert’s opinion.
62．What does the previous animal study show
A．Wheat gluten reduced weight gain by reducing heat and energy.
B．Rice protein has the potential to fight obesity and lower triglyceride.
C．People often eat noodles with more fresh vegetables, meat and fish servings.
D．People who prefer wheat in Northwest China tend to cat small bowls of noodles.
63．What will the researchers probably do next
A．They will carry out further studies.
B．They will change their research methods.
C．They will promote rice as the main food.
D．They will figure out the number of ethnic groups in China.
Passage 7
Some people are allergic (过敏的) to tree nuts. Would it be safe for a nut-allergic person to eat baked goods with coconut or coconut oil Here are the views of Dr. Scott Sicherer.
Despite its name, coconut is not actually a nut, but a fruit. Regardless, the Food and Drug Administration considers it a tree nut, which is why it’s included in U.S. labeling laws.
It is difficult to assess the risk of coconut allergy among those with tree-nut allergies because allergic individuals may avoid it on purpose. Still, coconut allergy appears rare, and uncommon even among those with tree-nut allergies.
In a national registry of 5,149 people with peanut or tree-nut allergies, only four self-reported an allergy to coconut. And a more recent study of 40 children with positive tests or known allergy to peanuts or tree nuts showed no increased risks for having positive tests or allergy to coconut.
Your allergist would consider your personal allergy history in deciding whether to add coconut to your diet or to perform any testing. However, be aware that tests are often positive to coconut in people who could actually tolerate it, so a physician-supervised feeding test may be necessary for a conclusive answer.
When it comes to coconut oil, there is almost no medical literature on allergic reactions to it, which may reflect the likelihood that the processed forms of coconut oil contain little or no protein, although this has not been studied. Still, for those with coconut allergy, avoidance of coconut oil should be considered because it may still have a little protein.
Finally, it’s important to note that people with peanut or tree-nut allergies who choose to eat coconut must be careful to avoid cross-contact with tree nuts or peanut being avoided.
64．What do you know about coconut from this passage
A．It is really a nut. B．Most people are allergic to it.
C．It is actually a fruit. D．It is forbidden by American laws.
65．Why is it difficult to assess the risk of coconut allergy among those with tree-nut allergies
A．They are cautious about it and avoid it. B．They eat coconut as a kind of fruit.
C．Coconuts are becoming rarer and rarer. D．Coconut allergy is too common.
66．What is the probable meaning of the underlined part “medical literature” in paragraph 6
A．Stories about medicine. B．Documents on medicine.
C．Novels for physicians. D．Description of coconut oil.
67．Which may be a suggestion Dr. Scott Sicherer gives to nut-allergic individuals
A．Having a feeding test regularly. B．Trying to tolerate mild allergies.
C．Avoiding eating any coconuts. D．Following allergists’ instructions.
Passage 8
Think energetic exercise is just for the young Think again. Contrary to the common belief, a new study finds seniors should stay physically active. The study reveals that physical activity shifts energy away from biological processes that cause disease and moves it towards systems throughout the body which extend (延长) life.
Researchers used apes (类人猿) — the distant cousins of humans —in their research. They theorize that humans separated themselves from apes during evolution (进化) by developing the ability to make themselves fitter through physical exercise.
Typically, apes live only 35 to 40 years. However, apes are also much less active than most humans. This suggests that humans reached a point in their evolution where people developed a way to stay alive longer through more activity. The behavior of apes stands in sharp contrast to that of ancient hunter-gatherers, who the team says averaged around 135 minutes of moderate-to-energetic physical activity a day. Study authors believe this level of activity, up to 10 times more than the average American, is the reason hunter-gatherers lived to around 70 years old.
The team finds humans also use energy from physical activity to repair and maintain the body. Along with burning calories, exercise actually causes widespread damage to the body by causing damage on a cellular(细胞的), molecular (分子的), and tissue level. However, this damage is essential so the body can build itself back even stronger. Through exercise, the body starts repairing muscle fibers, broken bones, and other minor injuries. When people are less active, these processes are also less active, putting people at higher risk of disease.
We humans evolved to be active throughout our lives and our bodies need physical activity to age well. In the past, daily physical activity was necessary in order to survive, but today we choose to do voluntary physical activity for health and fitness. The good news is that you don’t need to be as active as a hunter-gatherer to reduce the effects of aging.
68．What does the new study find out in the first paragraph
A．Seniors should keep exercising. B．Sports make people look young.
C．Energetic exercise helps live longer. D．Only young people benefit from exercise.
69．What does the data in the text intend to tell us
A．The history of human evolution. B．The living habits of apes and hunters.
C．The link between exercise and longer life. D．The amount of exercise of ancient humans.
70．What is the fourth paragraph mainly about
A．How the human body repairs itself. B．How exercise benefits the human body.
C．Why physical activity produces energy. D．Why sports do harm to the human body.
71．What is the author’s purpose in writing the text
A．To present a scientific study. B．To persuade people to exercise more.
C．To recommend some health knowledge. D．To draw attention to the health of the elderly.
Passage 9
Most people find sugar hard to resist. Our brains need lots of energy and sugary foods provide plenty of it. But when calories are too readily available, it is easy to overdo it. There has been no shortage of research on sugar replacements without the calories, but evidence from animal and human studies has linked some to weight gain. One promising alternative is found in the fruit of Synsepalum dulcificum (奇迹果), a plant native to West Africa. These so-called miracle berries don’t taste sugary themselves, but if you try something sour afterwards it will taste unusually sweet.
In Benin, the fruit is eaten fresh and is mostly used as a sweetener to have with sour foods and drinks, says Dedeou from a university in Benin. The berry with miraculin(奇迹果蛋白)is very appreciated by local consumers, especially the kids and people with diabetes (糖尿病).
Despite the miracle berry’s promise as a sugar replacement, it is only produced on a limited scale and isn’t available worldwide. The berries don’t travel well and the plant is slow to grow.
To create an alternative source of miraculin, researchers at the University of Tsukuba in Japan have genetically engineered tomatoes to produce the protein, but this isn’t necessary, says Tchokponhoue whose team is working to help enlarge the production of miracle berries in West Africa. Earlier this year, a team at Hainan University in China published the genome(基因图谱)of Synsepalum dulcificum, which may help.
Spanish start-up Baia Food has plans to promote sustainable growth of the plant in Ghana and market the dried berries. You can order tablets of freeze-dried miracle berries online but they are pricey, costing around 18 for a pack of 10. If you can afford it, the berry’s taste-twisting power is fun to try at home. Let the tablet melt on your tongue, then try tasting acidic foods such as lemons. The effect should last between 15 and 60 minutes.
72．What do we know about Synsepalum dulcificum
A．It contains high calories.
B．It is related to weight gain.
C．It tastes unusually sweet.
D．It serves as a sugar replacement
73．What is paragraph 4 mainly about
A．Efforts made to obtain more miraculin.
B．Genome published to help do the research
C．Creation advocated to produce miracle berries.
D．Transformations performed to engineer tomatoes
74．What can we say about tablets of freeze-dried miracle berries
A．They are sour. B．They are inexpensive
C．They are accessible D．They are productive.
75．What is the author’s attitude to getting the sugar alternative
A．Doubtful. B．Optimistic. C．Defensive. D．Conservative.
Passage 10
Breakfast is food for the brain and for the rest of your body. And downing those morning calories is worth it, even for people worried about their weight, a new study finds.
The study was led by Marlene Schwartz, a psychologists (心理学家) who studies obesity (肥胖). Her group studied some 600 middle-school students. Over three years, students from 12 different schools were asked about their breakfasts. Throughout the study about 34%-44% of all students said that they regularly ate breakfast at home. Up to 17%, or almost one in every six kids, regularly ate breakfast at school. Overall (总的来说), about one in every 10 kids reported eating breakfasts both at home and at school. Eating habits changed somewhat as the kids got older. For example, fifth graders were more likely to regularly eat breakfast at home. But by seventh grade, 22% of the studied kids often skipped breakfast.
Surprisingly, at every age, kids who ate breakfast were less possible to be overweight. This was true even for those who ate breakfast at home and at school. It also found that students who skipped breakfast most often were those most likely to be overweight. These findings may seem puzzling. Yet Schwartz’s team can think of several possible explanations.
Skipping breakfast may set people to be “over-hungry” later in the day, she says. Then someone may eat more food than their body needs. What’s more, not eating regularly in the morning stops our brains and bodies from working properly. It’s very difficult for kids to stay concentrated in class without having breakfast.
But why should eating two breakfasts not lead to weight gain One explanation may be that school breakfasts are very healthy and controlled in size. Also, most of the double-breakfast eaters are boys. These kids are so active and actively growing up that they need more calories. They often eat twice as much as other people.
76．The example underlined in the second paragraph is meant to tell us ______.
A．having breakfast is of no use at all
B．skipping breakfast is rather harmful to kids’ health
C．kids will change their eating habits as they grow older
D．it is important to have breakfast regularly
77．According to the passage, which one of the following statements is NOT true
A．The study was carried out among middle-school students.
B．The study was going on for over three years.
C．Skipping breakfast will possibly lead to weight gain.
D．We can never eat too much in the morning.
78．Based on the passage, what may happen to a boy who eats breakfast regularly
A．He may put on weight. B．His brain and body will work well and properly.
C．He will be in perfect health. D．He will be absent-minded in class.
79．What can we infer (推断) from the last paragraph
A．Kids who are growing up more actively need more energy.
B．All the kids should eat more to stay healthy.
C．Eating two breakfasts will lead to weight gain.
D．Schools must provide healthy breakfasts.

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