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介词和介词短语
介词和介词短语
介词不在句中独立作成分，其后一般接名词、代词或动词
-ing形式，还可接不定式（如except, but）或从句，有时也可接一个介词短语（如from among the trees）。
一、介词的分类
1. 从结构上看，介词可分为：
1）简单介词，如at, by, for, in, of, on, over, up。
2）合成介词，如inside, into, throughout, within。
3）以-ing结尾的介词，如concerning, following, including, regarding。
4）短语介词，如according to, because of, in regard to, instead of。
2. 从词义看，常见的介词有下列几种：
1）表示时间，如at, before, between, during, on, since, until。
2）表示地点，如across, behind, near, off, towards, under, up。
3）表示原因，如due to, for, with。
4）表示让步，如despite, in spite of。
5）表示条件，如but for, in case of, without。
6）表示手段、方式，如by, in, with。
7）表示比较，如as, like, over, than。
8）其它，如against, as for, of。
二、介词与动词、名词和形容词的搭配
1. 动词+介词，如come across, consist of, look after, result from, stick to, wait for。
2. 名词+介词，如devotion to, doubt about, interest in, struggle against。
3. 介词+名词，如by chance, in debt, on purpose。
4. 介词+名词+介词，如by means of, on behalf of, in spite of, in terms of。
5. 形容词+介词，如confident in, different from, fond of, good at, satisfied with。
一、方位介词
1. between, among
介词 用法 例句
between 在两者之间 There was a fight between the two boys.
among 在三者或三者以上之间 They hid themselves among the trees.
2. in, on, to, off
介词 用法 例句
in 一般指在较大的地方或某一范围内；打击某人的脸、眼、嘴、胸、腹等部位时常用介词in Shandong Province is in the east of China.
Tom hit him in the left eye.
on 侧重于表面接触或毗邻、接壤；打击头、额、鼻、耳、颈、肩、腿等部位时常用介词on Russia is on the north-east of China.
He hit me on the nose.
介词 用法 例句
to 表示在某范围外且不接壤 Shandong Province is to the northeast of Hubei Province.
off 强调两地间隔着一小段距离 Lily lives in a flat just off Park Avenue.
3. across, through
介词 用法 例句
across 与介词on有关，表示“从……的表面穿过，从一边到另一边”；与静态动词连用时表示“在(街、河等)……对面”或“在(身体某部位)上” He walked across the fields.
There is a flower shop across the street.
He has a giant scar across his chest.
among 与介词in有关，表示“从……内部透过，穿过” He walked through the door.
4. over, above
介词 用法 例句
over 表示“在……的正上方”，其反义词为under；表示“(部分或全部覆盖)在……上面”或“控制、掌握”；与数目、金钱和时间连用，表示“多于” There is a bridge over the river.
You can’t wear a blue jacket over that shirt.
He has no control over his emotions.
介词 用法 例句
above 表示“在……上方”，其反义词为below; above还可表示“级别、地位、重要性、水平等高于……” There is a picture above the table.
He always put his students above everything.
5. to, for, toward(s)
介词 用法 例句
to ①用于go, come, walk, run, dash, rush, move, fly, return, lead, take等表示来往行动的动词后，等于toward(s)，意为“朝” ② 等于as far as, 意为“到，达” The garden extends to the riverbank.
Turn to the left and you can’t miss it.
介词 用法 例句
for 用于表示“起程”“出发”“离开”的动词(词组)如leave, set off, start之后，表示“去某地” After the soldiers got well prepared, they set off for the front.
toward(s) 表示“朝，向” It is reported that the sandstorm is moving toward(s) the south.
二、时间介词
1. at, on, in
介词 用法 例句
at ① 表示时间的一点、时刻等 ②表示在某段时间、与节日连用，表示节日前后数天的时间 ③ 在习惯表达中 at 12:00, at noon, at night, at midnight, at dawn, at dusk, at sunrise/ sunset, at Christmas, at the beginning, at the end
介词 用法 例句
on ① 表示具体的日子或一个特定的时间 (如：某日、某节日、星期几) ② 用于表示特定的上午、下午或晚上 ③ 准时，按时： on time on October the first, on a rainy day, on National Day, on Christmas Eve, on the morning of January the third, on the afternoon of his arrival
介词 用法 例句
in ① 表示在某段较长的时间内(如：世纪、朝代、年代、月份及泛指的上午、下午和傍晚等) ② 及时：in time in the 1980’s, in the Qing Dynasty, in October, in the morning/ afternoon/ evening
2. in, after, within
介词 用法 例句
in in表示时间，常表示“在……之内”，有时in还有“在……之后”的意思，但表示此意时，必须具备两个条件：① 所在句子的谓语动词必须表将来；② 后面必须是一段时间。 My father will be back in three days.
介词 用法 例句
after after表示“在……之后”的意思 My father will be back after three o’clock.
within within表示“在……之内”，强调事情发生的全过程不超出某一段时间，没有时态的限制 I can finish it within 3 days.
3. for, from, since
介词 用法 例句
for 后接时间段，表示行为或状态持续了多久 Mr. Brown enjoyed the country life and lived there for almost fifteen years after his retirement.
from 后接时间点，表示行为或状态的起始点，而不涉及其持续时间的长短 My younger sister began to learn dancing from the age of five.
介词 用法 例句
since 后接时间点，不仅表示行为或状态的起始点，还强调该行为或状态从起始点一直持续到说话的时刻，因而常与延续性动词的完成时连用 Tom has been doing his homework since seven o’clock.
4. during, through, over
介词 用法 例句
during 指某个动作在某个时间段里或整个过程中断断续续发生过多次，或在整个时间段里的某一点发生过，起止时间比较明显 He often falls asleep during the class.
介词 用法 例句
through 在……期间；从……开头到结尾；一直到(所指时间包括在内)。 Tom was brave through his father’s illness.
over ① 在……期间 ② 贯穿(一段时间)，相当于during We had a pleasant chat over a cup of tea.
He will stay in Wales over/ during Christmas and New Year.
5. before, by, till, until
介词 用法 例句
before 早于；在……之前 The new road will be completed before the end of the year.
by ① 表示“不迟于……，在……之前” ② 表示“在……期间” All of you have to arrive at school by seven o’clock.
He worked by night and slept by day.
介词 用法 例句
till ① until比较正式。在肯定句中和延续性动词连用，表示动作一直持续到until后面的时间为止；在否定句中和非延续性动词连用，表示该动作直到until后面的时间才开始 ② till意义与until相同 I shall wait until ten o’clock.
I didn’t go to sleep until midnight.
He works from morning till night, day after day.
until
三、表工具、手段、方式的介词
1. 表示出行方式的by, in, on
介词 用法 例句
by ① 与不涉及交通工具的名词连用且名词前不带冠词、物主代词 ② 与涉及交通工具的单数名词连用且该名词前不加冠词等修饰语 ① by sea, by water, by land, by air
② by bike, by taxi, by plane, by ship/ boat, by train, by spaceship
介词 用法 例句
in, on ① 当出行方式涉及特指的交通工具时，用on或in，名词前应有冠词、物主代词、指示代词等修饰语 ② 步行、骑马、骑骆驼均用on ① travel to New York on this plane, go to school in my car
② on foot, on horseback/ on a horse, on a camel
2. 表示“用”的介词
介词 用法 例句
with 用于有形的工具或身体某些器官之前，其后的名词多被冠词、物主代词等修饰 They are digging with a pick/ spade.
We see with our eyes, hear with our ears, and walk with our legs.
in 用于原料、语言、钢笔、铅笔等前 Please answer me in English.
Please write in capital letters.
四、表示原因、理由的介词
1. 表示出行方式的by, in, on
介词 用法 例句
with 常与表示某种感情或身体状况的名词连用 His face went red with anger.
for 常与表示闻名、奖罚等意义的形容词或动词连用，如famous, known, praise, punish等 The West Lake is famous for its scenery.
介词 用法 例句
at 常于表示“喜、怒、哀、乐”等的形容词或过去分词(如happy, angry, delighted, surprised等)连用，表示产生这种情感的原因 I am surprised at the news.
over 常用于带有感彩的动词，如cry, quarrel, laugh, sigh等之后，叙述所发生事情的原因 She would not cry over spilt milk.
介词 用法 例句
from/of 常于die连用，表示死亡原因 Around fifty people died of hunger every day in the camp.
Tom died from the traffic accident.
五、表示支持、反对的介词
介词 用法 例句
against 意为“反对”，指在观点或主张等方面与某人采取对立的态度。此外，against还有“倚靠，逆着，在……的衬托下，(在比赛中)与……对抗”等意思。 She was forced to marry against her will.
That’s against the law.
The skier’s red clothes stood out clearly against the snow.
介词 用法 例句
for 在观点或主张等方面与某人采取一致的态度，意思是“支持，赞成”，与in favor of同义 Are you for or against the new road scheme
六、其他常考介词
介词 用法 例句
besides 意为“除……以外(还有)”，与in addition to同义 People choose jobs for other factors besides money.
except 意为“除了……以外(没有)，”可接名词、代词、副词、介词短语和从句，其前常有all, any, every, no及复合不定代词 I know nothing about Tom except that he comes from Beijing.
1. besides, except, but, except for
介词 用法 例句
but 相当于except，可接名词、代词和动词不定式(but前有实义动词 do及其各种形式时，省略不定式中的to) There is nothing but a book on the table.
I could do nothing but wait at that time.
except for 意为“除了……”，用以补充说明或修正 Your article is excellent except for a few grammatical mistakes.
2. for与to接后置的间接宾语
(1) buy/ cook/ fetch/find/ get/ make/ order/ save/ … + sth. + for + sb.
(2) bring/ give/ lend/ offer/ pay/ pass/ promise/ read/ return/ send/ show/ tell/ throw/ write/…+ sth. + to + sb.
3. 形容词后的for与to
(1) 当形容词被副词too或enough修饰时，其后用for。
e.g. The shirt is too large for me.
(2) 当侧重于与别人比较，有“对于……而言”之意时，常用for。
e.g. Chinese is very difficult for me. I can’t learn it.
(3) 当侧重于主观看法或感觉，有“在……看来”之意时，常用for。
e.g. Chinese is very difficult to me, but I’ll try my best to learn it.
4. with的用法
用法 例句
和……在一起，和，同，跟 Mr. and Mrs. Smith were there, with their three little
children.
表示两种事物之意的相应关系或齐头并进，意为“随着” With time passing by, they have grown into big boys.
用法 例句
表示“带有”，表伴随 The waiter arrived with a cup of coffee.
表示某人的行为方式或某事的发生方式 The stranger spoke with a foreign accent.
指原因或理由 She was shivering with cold.
5. by的用法
用法 例句
表示触及或抓住人体或物体的某一部分 He seized me by the arm.
表示“由于……；凭借……” He succeeded by hard work.
含有“以……的幅度，差……”的意思 This one is shorter than the other by three inches.
We lost the match by one goal.
用法 例句
表示买卖东西所按以计算的数或量，或付酬所按以计算的时间 Milk is sold by the pint, butter by the pound, and eggs by the dozen.
表示“按照……”或“从……看” By my watch it is half past eleven.
By the expression on his face, he seemed to be displeased.
6. beyond的用法
用法 例句
表示“(时间)过了，比……晚，迟于” They arrived beyond nine o’clock.
He delayed the matter beyond the fixed time.
表示“(位置)在……那边” The small village is 20 miles beyond the town.
用法 例句
表示“(范围)、水平超过，为……所不及” This book is beyond me.
He is living beyond his income.
Her work is beyond praise.
Good health is beyond price.
It was a case beyond the doctor’s skill.
7. 表示“关于”的介词：about, on, of
介词 用法 例句
about ① 指泛泛地或非正式地谈论某事，其谈论的内容也较为普通 ② 在与tell, read, know, think等动词连用时，about涉及的情况详细得多 He wrote about the school.
It is a book about birds.
介词 用法 例句
on 则指比较有系统地或理论性较强地论述某事，其论述的内容较为正式或严肃 It is a book on brides.
of 在与tell, read, know, think等动词连用时，of侧重于粗略涉及 I know of him.
8. 表示所用的原料的介词：of, from (常与be made连用)
介词 用法 例句
of 表示从成品中仍可看出原材料 The house is made of glass.
from 表示从成品中已看不出原材料 Steel is made from iron.
9. because of, owing to, due to, thanks to
介词 用法 例句
because of 一般作状语，不作表语，位于句首或句尾 He walked slowly because of his bad leg.
owing to 通常作状语，一般不作表语 The game was cancelled owing to bad weather.
due to 通常作表语或状语，一般不放于句首 The team’s success was largely due to her efforts.
thanks to “因为，幸亏”，只能作状语，多表示正面的意义，有时也表示讽剌的含义 It was all a great success thanks to a lot of hard work.
10.名词与介词的固定搭配
(1)常与to 搭配的名词：access, approach, attention, key, answer, apology introduction, attitude, monument, devotion, journey, entrance, visit等。
(2) 常与in搭配的名词：interest, pride等。
(3) 常与on搭配的名词：congratulations, effect, influence等。
(4)其他名词与介词的常见搭配：prize (for), respect (for), excuse (for)等。
(5) to与情感名词连用，表示“某种行动后产生的感觉”。
delight
surprise
horror
sorrow
joy
regret
to + one’s+
delight
surprise
horror
sorrow
joy
regret
=to the
of sb.
在高考中，语篇型填空对介词（短语）的考查重点：1. 考查形式为非提示型，主要考查常见介词的基本用法；2. 在特定语境中结合固定搭配考查介词。
一、考查介词的基本用法
常考介词有：
about, across, against, without, among, at, by, beyond, for, from, in, into, of, on, over, through, to, with等。
1. 介词与名词的常用搭配：
1) at + n. 表示状态
at a loss 不知所措 at breakfast 早餐时
at peace 处于和平中 at rest 静止，不动
at sea 在海上，在航海 at war 在战争中
at work 在工作
二、介词与其它词的习惯搭配。
2) 以at开头的短语
at the beginning of 在……的开始
at the cost of 以……的代价
at the end of 在……的尽头
at the foot of 在……脚下
at the mercy of 在……支配下； 任由……摆布
at the price of 以……的价格
at the risk of 冒……的危险
at the sight of 一看到……就……
3) on + n. 表示状态
on a trip/ journey/tour 在旅行
on display 陈列 on exhibition 在展出
on show 在展出 on fire 着火
on duty / guard 在旅行 on holiday/ vacation 在度假
on line 在工作(或运行) on sale 出售，打折
on the decrease 在减少 on the increase 在增加
on the go 在忙碌中 on the march 在行进中
on the way 在途中 on trial 在受审
4) 以on开头的介词短语
on account of 因为
on behalf of 代表
on condition that 在……的条件下，如果
on no account/ condition/occasion 决不
on the basis of 以……为基础
on the occasion of 在……时
5) by + n. 表示方式
by accident 偶然 by chance 偶然
by accident by air/plane 乘飞机 by coincidence 碰巧
by force 用暴力 by hand 用手工
by mistake 错误地 by the day 按天算
by nature 天生地 by radio 通过收音机
6) in + n. 表示方式、方面
in cash 用现金付款 in detail 详细地
in width 在宽度上 in depth 在深度上
in English 用英语 in height 在海拔上
in length 在长度上 in ink 用墨水
in shape 在外形上 in size 在大小上
7) in + n. 表示状态
in anger 生气地 in battle 在战斗中
in comfort 舒适地 in danger 处于危险中
in debt 负债 in delight 高兴地
in despair 绝望 in difficulty 处于困难中
in doubt 不确定，拿不准 in fear 在恐惧中
in need 需要帮助的 in high spirits 情绪高昂地
in order 就绪 in practice 在实践中
in peace 平静地，平安地 in print 已出版
in prison 在狱中 in wonder 惊奇地
in public 公开地 in ruins 成为废墟
in rags 穿着破烂 in silence 沉默着
in secret 秘密地 in space 在太空中
in surprise 惊奇地 in use 使用中
in trouble 在困难中 in view 看得见
8) 以in开头的短语
in the face of 面对 in addition to 另外
in case of 万一； 如果；假如 in celebration of 为庆祝……
in charge of 掌管…… in fear of 害怕
in consequence of 由于…… in contrast to 与……相比
in exchange for 作为交换 in favor of 支持，赞成
in control of 管理； 控制；操纵
in need of 需要 in no time 立刻
in no case 决不 in no way 决不
in place of 代替 in praise of 表扬
in possession of 拥有，占有 in memory of 为了纪念……
in respect of 关于 in response to 作为回应
in preparation of 为……做准备
in honour of 为向……表示敬意
in return 作为回报 in spite of 尽管
in support of 为支持…… in the middle of 在……中间
in the direction of 在……方向 in the habit of 有……习惯
in the hope of 抱着……的希望
in the charge of 在……的管理下
9) of + n. 表示特征(等于相应的形容词)
of benefit 有益处的 of help 有帮助的
of importance 重要的 of interest 有趣的
of significance 有意义的 of use 有用的
of value 有价值的
10) out of + n. 表示状态
out of balance 失去平衡 out of breath 上气不接下气
out of luck 不走运 out of control 不受控制
out of danger 脱离危险 out of date 过期
out of debt 不欠债 out of fashion 不流行
out of business 停业，歇业 our of work 失业
out of mind 发狂 out of order 出故障
out of patience 不耐烦 out of season 过季
out of shape 走样，不成形 out of sight 看不到
out of the question 毫无疑问 out of trouble 摆脱困难
11) under + n. 表示被动
under attack 遭到袭击 under consideration 在考虑中
under construction 在建造中 under discussion 在讨论中
under pressure 在压力下 under repair 在修理中
under treatment 在治理中 under way 在进行中
under control 处于控制之中
12) 以under 开头的短语
under the care of 在……的看护下
under the command of 在……的统帅之下
under the control of 在……控制下
under the direction of 在……指导下
under the influence of 在……影响下
under the protection of 在……的庇护下
under the treatment of 由……治疗
under the leadership of 在……的领导下
13) with + n. 表示方式
with anger 生气地 with interest 有兴趣地
with confidence 有信心地 with courage 英勇地
with pride 骄傲地 with kindness 亲切地
with fear 害怕地 with delight/joy 高兴地
with difficulty 困难地 with ease 轻而易举地
with pleasure 乐意地 with satisfaction 满意地
with successes 成功地
2. 形容词与介词的常用搭配
1) adj. + about
be anxious about 忧虑……
be careful about 小心……
be sorry about 对……感到抱歉
be sure about 对……有把握
be upset about 对……感觉不高兴
be worried about 对……担心
be concerned about 担心……
be curious about 对……好奇
be excited about 对……感到兴奋
be particular about 对……讲究/挑剔
be serious about 对……认真
2) adj. + at
be angry at 恼怒于 be astonished at 对……吃惊
be bad at 不擅长 be good at 擅长
be present at 出席 be skilled at 在……方面很熟练
be surprised at 对……吃惊
be delighted at 因……而高兴
be disappointed at 对……失望
3) adj. + in
be absorbed in 专注于 be active in 积极于
be confident in 对……有信心 be diligent in 勤于
be dressed in 穿着…… be engaged in 忙于……
be excellent in 在……方面优秀
be experienced in 在……方面有经验
be lacking in 缺乏 be occupied in 忙于……
be rich in 富有…… be slow in 迟迟不……
be strong in 擅长 be expert in 擅长
be weak in 不擅长 be successful in 在……成功
be interested in 对……感兴趣
be involved in 包括在……中，被卷入
4) adj. + for
be anxious for 急切盼望，渴望 be eager for 渴望
be hungry for 渴望 be famous for以……著名
be fit for 适合，胜任 be unfit for 不合适，不胜任
be good for 对……有益 be late for 迟到
be prepared for 为……做好准备 be ready for 准备好……
be sorry for 对……感到抱歉
be thankful for 因……而感激
5) adj. + from
be absent from 缺席
be different from 不同于
be far from 远离
be free from 不受……影响
be safe from 免受……的伤害
6) adj. + to
be blind to 对……是盲目的 be close to 接近
be deaf to 不愿意听 be contrary to 与……相反
be devoted to 致力于…… be equal to 等于……
be fair to 对……公平 be familiar to 对……来说熟悉
be friendly to 对……友好 be good to 对……好
be grateful to 对……心存感激 be harmful to 对……有危害
be important to 对……重要 be kind to 对……友好
be known to 为……熟知 be married to 与……结婚
be necessary to 对……有必要 be opposed to 反对
be polite to 对……有礼貌 be rude to 对……无礼
be second to 次于 be similar to 与……相似
be thankful to 感激 be useful to 对……有用
be/get used to 习惯于
7) adj. + of
be afraid of 害怕 be ashamed of 为……感到羞耻
be aware of 意识到 be capable of 能够
be composed of 由……组成 be fond of 喜欢
be full of 充满 be proud of 因……而自豪
be short of 短缺 be sure/certain of 坚信，确信
be tired of 厌烦 be worthy of 值得
be/get rid of 除去，摆脱
8) adj. + with
be angry with 对(某人)发怒 be busy with 忙于
be combined with 与……结合
be concerned with 与……有关； 涉及，关心，关注
be connected with 与……有关
be content with 对……满意
be covered with 被……覆盖
be crowded with 充满…… be filled with 充满
be satisfied with 对……满意 be sick with 患……病
be familiar with 对……熟悉
be patient with 对……有耐心
be pleased with 对……感到满意
be popular with 受……的欢迎
3. 其他常用短语
according to 根据 along with 随着
together with 连同 but for 要不是
because of 因为 owing to 因为
next to 在……隔壁 up to 直到； 由……而定
be means of 借助于
by way of 经由，经过(某地)； 作为
for fear of 唯恐 for the good of 为了……的利益
for lack of 因为缺乏 for the purpose of 为了……目的
for the sake of 为了……缘故 for life 一生，终身
Different from traditional fables, Carson’s story ends with an accusation instead of a moral. She warns of the environmental dangers facing society, and she teaches that people must take responsibility __________ saving their environment.
(2023年全国甲卷)
用适当的介词填空。
for
2. From Buddhist temples to museums, narrow hutong __________ royal palaces, it is home to more than 3,000 years of glorious history even down to its layout, with the city keeping its carefully built system of ring roads.
(2023全国乙卷)
3. There you will find them prepared differently — more dumpling and less soup, and the wrappers are pressed __________ hand rather than rolled.
(2023新课标I卷)
from
by
4. Since June 2017, right before the arrival of the two new pandas, Meng Meng and Jiao Qing, I have been helping the panda keepers at the zoo to feel more comfortable confident speaking English. And who do they speak English __________ (2023新课标Ⅱ卷)
5. Hutongs represent an important cultural element of the city of Beijing. Thanks to Beijing’s long history __________ capital of China, almost every hutong has its stories, and some are even associated with historic events.
(2023浙江1月卷)
with
as
6. While riding his bike home __________ a cold night, he came across a sad-looking elderly woman wandering the streets by herself. （北京2021）
7. Ecotourism has its origin with the environmental movement of the 1970s. It was not widely accepted as a travel concept __________ the late 1980s.
（2021年全国乙卷）
on
until
8. It was built originally to protect the city __________ the
Tang dynasty and has now been completely restored ( 修
复). （2021年全国甲卷）
9. In 1844 they bought it __________ $1, 200 and some land from Charles Dresser, who performed their marriage ceremony in 1842. （浙江2021）
10. A company representative wrote back and told me the airline was switching over __________ plastic to paper cups on all of its 1,200 daily flights.
（2021年新高考全国卷II）
in/during
for
from
用适当的介词完成下面短文。
The Parker Solar Probe has become the first human spacecraft to “touch” the Sun. It was named 1. __________ Eugene Parker, the scientist who first suggested that the Sun sent out a stream of tiny, invisible particles ( 粒子). Mr. Parker called this stream of particles “solar wind”. 2. __________ first, very few people took Mr. Parker's idea seriously, but he turned out to be right.
for/ after
At
NASA launched the Parker Solar Probe 3. __________ August 2018 to learn more about what goes on in the Sun's corona, which is the outer atmosphere of the Sun. If you imagine a simple drawing of the Sun as a yellow ball 4. __________ lines coming out of it, the corona is the part where the lines are.
Solar storms happen in the corona. Studying the corona is important because solar storms can affect satellites, GPS, and other important systems back 5. __________ Earth.
in
with
on
The corona is far hotter 6. __________ the surface of the Sun itself. In order to work so close to the Sun, the probe is protected 7. __________ special, thick foam ( 泡沫材料), which allows it to keep cool inside.
On its eighth trip around the Sun, the probe actually entered the Sun's corona. It flew through the corona 8. __________ about five hours, recording information on the solar winds and magnetic fields around it. Later, the probe flew 9. __________ and out of the corona several more times.
by
than
for
in
Scientists are looking forward to learning more as the probe enters the corona 10. __________ the future.
in

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