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说明文阅读理解07----篇医疗健康（解析版）
1.（2024·湖北武汉·一模）新一代减肥药
Many think 2024 could be the year more people have the tools to follow through on New Year’s resolutions about weight loss. If they can afford them and manage to stick with them, people can turn to a new generation of remarkably effective weight-loss drugs, also called GLP-1s, which offer the potential for substantial weight loss.
Wegovy, which was approved in 2021, and Zepbound, which got the nod from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration in 2023, are the most effective publicly available weight-loss drugs ever made. Wegovy has been shown to help people shed as much as 16% of their body weight, in combination with exercise and diet. Zepbound’s highest dose, along with lifestyle changes, has helped people lose as much as 27% of their body weight over 18 months.
Although long-term data isn’t available, these drugs appear to be the safest to date. A large number of people suffer from gastrointestinal distress (肠胃不适) on the medications, including vomiting, nausea and diarrhea; but more serious side effects, like those previous weight-loss drugs, have been rare. Wegovy also appears to reduce the risk of a repeating heart attack or stroke for people with pre-existing disease.
So far, both drugs have been hard for patients to access. Suppliers have had trouble making enough of the medicines to meet the skyrocketing demand. And insurance companies haven’t covered the cost of the drugs, which can run from about $1,000 to over $1,300 a month.
Paying for them should become easier in 2024, as supplies rise up and insurance companies could bow to market pressure and cover more of the cost.
Also in the new year, there are more GLP-1 drugs on the way and in more forms. Both Wegovy and Zepbound are delivered as weekly shots. Pill versions are under development as are other medications, some of which could help people lose even more weight.
There’s a major unknown factor with these drugs, which could become better understood in the coming years. Experts can’t say if people will be able to keep the weight off if they don’t make lifestyle changes and stop taking the drugs.
1．What is Paragraph 3 mainly about
A．The side effects of the two drugs. B．The safety of the two drugs.
C．The advantages of the two drugs. D．The doubt about the two drugs.
2．Which is the reason for the shortage of the two drugs
A．The technology to make the medicines is not mature.
B．They are expensive, sold at around $1,000 for each shot.
C．They are not currently included in the medical insurance.
D．There are no pill versions of the two drugs on the market.
3．Which statement about GLP-1 drugs is correct
A．They are mainly injected into patients at present.
B．They can effectively reduce weight by 27% per year.
C．The doubt about the drugs will be cleared in the coming year.
D．The drugs will substantially solve the weight issue once and for all.
4．What is the author’s attitude towards the development of GLP-1 drugs
A．Doubtful. B．Critical. C．Objective. D．Hopeful.
文章概要英文关键词摘抄
- **GLP-1类药物**：
- **Wegovy和Zepbound**：
- **减肥效果**：
- **安全性**：
- **健康益处**：
- **获取难度和成本**：
- **2024年预期**：
- **新形式药物**：
- **未知因素**：

2.（2024高三全国模拟）吃红肉与2型糖尿病
People who eat just two servings of red meat per week may have an increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes (糖尿病) compared to people who eat fewer servings, and the risk increases with greater consumption, according to a new study led by researchers from Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health.
While previous studies have found a link between red meat consumption and type 2 diabetes risk, this study, which analyzed a large number of type 2 diabetes cases among participants being followed for an extended period of years, adds a greater level of certainty about the association.
Type 2 diabetes rates are increasing rapidly in the U.S. and worldwide. The disease is not only a serious burden, but also a major risk factor for kidney disease, cancer, and dementia.
For this study, the researchers analyzed health data from 216,695 participants from the Nurses' Health Study, and Health Professionals Follow-up Study. Diet was assessed with food frequency questionnaires every two to four years, for up to 36 years. During this time, more than 22,000 participants developed type 2 diabetes.
The researchers found that consumption of red meat, including processed and unprocessed red meat, was strongly associated with increased risk of type 2 diabetes.
Participants who ate the most red meat had a 62% higher risk of developing type 2 diabetes compared to those who ate the least. Every additional daily serving of processed red meat was associated with a 46% greater risk of developing type 2 diabetes and every additional daily serving of unprocessed red meat was associated with a 24% greater risk.
The researchers also assessed the potential effects of substituting one daily serving of red meat for another protein source. They found that substituting with a serving of nuts was associated with a 30% lower risk of type 2 diabetes, and substituting with a serving of dairy products was associated with a 22% lower risk.
In addition to health benefits, substituting red meat for healthy plant protein sources would help reduce greenhouse gas emissions: and climate change, and provide other environmental benefits, according to the researchers.
5．What sets the new study apart from previous research
A．Different focus areas.
B．Scientists from Harvard.
C．Unique research methods and findings.
D．More participants and longer follow-up period:
6．How is Paragraph 4 mainly organized
A．By describing the research process. B．By presenting the data of health risk.
C．By providing background information. D．By comparing different kinds of meat.
7．What does the underlined word “substituting” in Paragraph 6 probably mean
A．Adding. B．Decreasing. C．Swapping. D．Ignoring.
8．Where is this text most probably taken from
A．A medical journal. B．A cook book. C．A science fiction. D．A fashion magazine.
文章概要英文关键词摘抄
- 红肉消费
- 2型糖尿病风险
- 哈佛公共卫生学院研究
- 以往研究
- 2型糖尿病发病率
- 健康数据分析
- 护士健康研究
- 健康专业人员随访研究
- 饮食评估方法
- 研究时长
- 2型糖尿病发展
- 红肉与风险关联
- 高消费与低消费风险比较
- 加工红肉与未加工红肉风险
- 替代效果评估
- 替代与坚果
- 替代与乳制品
- 环境效益替代
3.（23-24高三全国专项练习）使用虚拟现实技术锻炼
Businesses are finding more uses for virtual reality (VR) as the technology develops.
VR is no longer only for gaming or enjoyment. An American company called Blue Goji is using VR to improve one’s health by making exercise more fun.
Blue Goji has offices in Austin, the capital of Texas. The company showed its workout machine called the Infinity treadmill (跑步机) at the South by Southwest festival. A person using the treadmill wears a virtual reality headset when exercising. Before starting, the user is connected to a belt to prevent falls. Then, the user plays a VR game while running on the machine. The game can transport the user into the virtual world, where he or she can be racing against virtual people.
The cost of the hardware and the computer software program is $12,000. That means much for most people. But Kyra Constam of Blue Goji says the virtual reality treadmill is ideal for places where people go to exercise, like high-end gyms or recreation centers.
Recently, Leonardo Mattiazzi tested the Infinity treadmill. Mattiazzi said he had a strong feeling to actually get running and do something that pushed his limits. He said the experience was more interesting than running inside the gym without actually going anywhere.
Constam noted that a lot of VR experiences cause motion sickness (晕动病) because people are in motion during the game, but not moving in real life. But when the user is moving on the treadmill and in the game, the chances of motion sickness are reduced. She said there is generally a learning curve for VR. The first time users feel lost, but the more you do it, the more you get used to it.
After carefully studying the users experiences, Blue Goji plans to begin selling the Infinity treadmill to the public.
9．What are users most likely to do after running on the Infinity treadmill
A．Make more new friends. B．Gain more useful skills.
C．Be fonder of exercising. D．Prefer playing computer games.
10．What do we know about the Infinity treadmill
A．Users can not run on it. B．It is too expensive for most people.
C．Users can race against anyone. D．It can be bought in high-end gyms.
11．How did Leonardo Mattiazzi feel about the Infinity treadmill
A．Satisfied B．Disappointed. C．Doubtful. D．Indifferent.
12．What is the main purpose of the text
A．To promote a new company.
B．To call on people to take more exercise.
C．To introduce a new application of virtual reality.
D．To discuss the relationship between life and modern technology.
4.（2024·河北·二模）锻炼肌肉与降低血压
When it comes to lowering blood pressure, studies have typically shown that aerobic (有氧的) exercises are best. Recent research suggests another type of physical activity is worth including as an effective tool to prevent and treat high blood pressure.
Exercises that engage muscles without movement, such as wall squats and planks, may be best for lowering blood pressure, according to a large study published in July, 2023 in the British Journal of Sports Medicine.
This type of training is known as isometric exercise, according to the Mayo Clinic. Isometric muscle action happens when muscles contract but do not visibly change length, and the joints involved don’t move, facilitating stability of the body. Isometric exercises can be done with weights or without, just relying on the body’s own weight.
“These findings provide a comprehensive data-driven framework to support the development of new exercise guideline recommendations for the prevention and treatment of high blood pressure,” said study coauthor Dr. Jamie O’Driscoll in a news release.
The researchers looked into randomized controlled trials that had reported the effects of exercise interventions, lasting two or more weeks, on blood pressure between 1990 and February 2023. From a review of 270 trials with 15,827 participants, the researchers found that among HIIT (high intensity interval training), isometric exercise, aerobic exercise, dynamic resistance training and a combination of the latter two, isometric exercise led to the greatest reductions in blood pressure.
It’s also important to note that there are other lifestyle changes as well as exercise that can benefit your blood pressure. These include keeping to a healthy weight, eating a balanced diet, cutting down on salt, not drinking too much alcohol and ensuring that you continue to take any prescribed medication.
More research is needed to determine exactly why isometric exercises might be better for lowering blood pressure than other types of training, the authors said.
13．What does the underlined part “isometric exercise” in paragraph 3 refer to
A．Exercise that is done with extra weights.
B．Exercise that involves visible muscle contraction.
C．Exercise that focuses on stability of the body.
D．Exercise that engages muscles without movement.
14．How did the researchers carry out the study
A．By providing statistics. B．By interviewing experts.
C．By doing experiments. D．By making comparisons.
15．What does the author suggest the future studies about isometric exercise focus on
A．Exploring the reasons for its effectiveness.
B．Demonstrating its influences on mental health.
C．Assessing its suitability for different populations.
D．Determining its long-term impacts on blood pressure.
16．What is the text mainly about
A．The benefits of aerobic exercises.
B．The best exercise for blood pressure.
C．The effects of various types of exercises.
D．The importance of keeping a healthy lifestyle.
5.（23-24·浙江·阶段练习）世界首例眼部移植手术
New York University (NYU) surgeons have performed the world’s first transplant of an entire human eye, an extraordinary addition to a face transplant, although it’s far too soon to know if the man will ever see through his new left eye.
An accident had destroyed most of Aaron James’ face and one eye. His right eye still works. But the surgeons hoped replacing the missing one would produce better cosmetic (整容的) results for his new face. The NYU team is doing just that. James is recovering well from the dual (双重的) transplant last May and the donated eye looks remarkably healthy.
Today, transplants of the cornea (眼角膜) are common to treat certain types of vision loss. But transplanting the whole eye—the eyeball, its blood supply, and the critical optic nerve (视神经) that must connect it to the brain—is considered a moonshot in the search to cure blindness.
Whatever will happen next, James’ surgery offers scientists a window into how the human eye tries to heal. “We’re not claiming that we are going to restore sight,” said Dr. Eduardo Rodriguez, who led the transplant. “But there’s no doubt that we are one step closer.”
Some specialists had feared the eye would quickly become dry and wrinkled. However, when Rodriguez opened James’ left eyelid, the donated eye was fat and full of liquid. Doctors see good blood flow and no sign of rejection.
Now researchers have begun analyzing scans of James’ brain that detected some puzzling signals from that all-important but injured optic nerve. Dr. Jeffrey Goldberg, who has long studied how to make eye transplants a reality, called the surgery exciting. “It’s an amazing confirmation of animal experiments that have kept transplanted eyes alive,” he said. “The difficulty now is how to regrow the optic nerve, although animal studies are making progress.” He praised the NYU team’s “boldness” in even aiming for optic nerve repair and hopes the transplant will promote more research.
17．What can be learnt from the first two paragraphs
A．James is fully content with the surgery result.
B．The surgery to replace James’ missing eye is underway.
C．James can see through his transplanted eye pretty soon.
D．The surgeons have transplanted the face and an eye to James.
18．What does the underlined word “moonshot” in paragraph 3 probably mean
A．A task impossible to complete.
B．A fantasy existing in the virtual world.
C．A project extremely tough to accomplish.
D．A mission probable to be complete without effort.
19．What challenge are the researchers facing now
A．How to obtain better cosmetic results.
B．How to make further progress in animal studies.
C．How to stop the transplanted eye from being infected.
D．How to grow the optic nerve of the transplanted eye again.
20．What can be a suitable title for the text
A．James Received Transplanted Eye Perfectly
B．NYU Doctors Perform World’s First Eye Transplant
C．Various Methods to Treat Different Types of Vision Loss
D．Advances Made in Eye Transplant and Optic Nerve Repair
6.（23-24·河南·阶段练习）运动为何有益身心健康
Scientists are now digging into precisely why exercise holds so many benefits for our mental health and memory. The answer, studies say, lies in our brain chemistry.
Each time you work up a sweat, your body releases feel-good happy hormones (荷尔蒙), including endorphins, dopamine and endocannabinoids, the latter being responsible for the so-called runner’s high. Now researchers are also pointing to myokines (肌肉因子) as an important contributor to the mental health benefits of exercise. When our muscles contract, myokines are released into the bloodstream, helping your muscles and organs communicate. They think this communication increases resilience to stress, reduces symptoms of mental suffering and anxiety and has a direct effect on depression.
A 2021 scientific report published in Neuropharmacology showed evidence that myokines boost brain function, like improving memory and mood. “Myokines reduce systemic inflammation (炎症), which is especially beneficial for people with drug-resistant depression whose low mood is linked to high inflammation,” explains Dr Jennifer Heisz, an expert in brain health and associate professor in the department of kinesiology at McMaster University in Canada.
A recent study published in the British Journal of Sports Medicine showed that treatment for depression can be much more effective when physical activity is added to the usual care. Participants found benefits after 12 weeks of exercising for 30 to 60 minutes a day. “While exercise is not a replacement for professional mental health treatment, physical activity can complement and enhance the effects of the treatment,” says lead researcher Ben Singh, a research fellow at the University of South Australia.
“It is amazing to consider how moving our bodies can heal our minds,” says Heisz. Whether you’re cycling, walking around your neighbourhood or doing yoga, getting sweaty is good for your body and mind. To get the biggest overall health boost, the key is to zero in on sports and activities you enjoy, so you’ll keep going back to them.
21．How do myokines boost our mental health
A．By bonding muscles with organs.
B．By slowing down our bloodstream.
C．By contracting muscles through the body.
D．By releasing happy hormones in our brain.
22．What is Ben Singh’s attitude towards physical activity in treatment for depression
A．Doubtful. B．Negative. C．Uncertain D．Approving.
23．What does the underlined phrase “zero in on” in the last paragraph mean
A．Adapt to. B．Give up. C．Focus on. D．Put off.
24．How does the author develop the text
A．By making comparisons. B．By presenting research findings.
C．By offering suggestions. D．By conducting some experiments.
答案解析
【答案】1．B 2．A 3．A 4．D
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了GLP-1这种新一代非常有效的减肥药，主要包括其作用、安全性、当前面临的挑战，以及未来发展的趋势。
1．主旨大意题。根据第三段“Although long-term data isn’t available, these drugs appear to be the safest to date. A large number of people suffer from gastrointestinal distress (肠胃不适) on the medications, including vomiting, nausea and diarrhea; but more serious side effects, like those previous weight-loss drugs, have been rare. Wegovy also appears to reduce the risk of a repeating heart attack or stroke for people with pre-existing disease. (虽然没有长期数据，但这些药物似乎是迄今为止最安全的。许多人在服药后出现肠胃不适，包括呕吐、恶心和腹泻；但像之前的减肥药那样，更严重的副作用很少出现。Wegovy似乎还能降低已有疾病的人再次心脏病发作或中风的风险)”可知，本段主要从服药后的副作用减少以及药物疗效两个方面介绍了这两种药的安全性。
2．细节理解题。根据第四段中“Suppliers have had trouble making enough of the medicines to meet the skyrocketing demand. (供应商在生产足够的药品以满足飙升的需求方面遇到了困难)”可知，这两种药物短缺的原因是制造药物的技术不成熟，无法生产大量的药物。
3．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中“Both Wegovy and Zepbound are delivered as weekly shots. Pill versions are under development as are other medications (Wegovy和Zepbound都是每周注射一次。药丸版本正在开发中，其他药物也在开发中)”可知，这类药物目前主要是注射到病人体内。
4．推理判断题。根据倒数第三段“Paying for them should become easier in 2024, as supplies rise up and insurance companies could bow to market pressure and cover more of the cost. (2024年，随着供应量的增加，保险公司可能会屈服于市场压力，承担更多的成本，支付这些费用应该会变得更容易)”、倒数第二段中“Also in the new year, there are more GLP-1 drugs on the way and in more forms. (同样在新的一年里，将会有更多的GLP-1药物以更多的形式出现)”和最后一段中“There’s a major unknown factor with these drugs, which could become better understood in the coming years. (这些药物有一个主要的未知因素，在未来几年可能会得到更好的理解)”可知，作者介绍了这类药物的支付将更容易，形式会更多样，其未知因素将会得到更明确的理解。由此推知，作者对其发展抱有希望。

【答案】5．D 6．B 7．C 8．A
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了哈佛大学T. H. Chan公共卫生学院的研究人员领导的一项新研究表明，每周只吃两份红肉的人患2型糖尿病的风险可能比少吃红肉的人高，而且吃得越多，风险就越高。
5．细节理解题。根据第二段“While previous studies have found a link between red meat consumption and type 2 diabetes risk, this study, which analyzed a large number of type 2 diabetes cases among participants being followed for an extended period of years, adds a greater level of certainty about the association.(虽然之前的研究发现了红肉消费与2型糖尿病风险之间的联系，但这项研究分析了参与者中大量2型糖尿病病例，并对其进行了长时间的跟踪调查，为这种联系增加了更大的确定性)”可知，这项新研究与之前的研究相比，参与者更多，随访时间更长。
6．推理判断题。根据第四段“For this study, the researchers analyzed health data from 216,695 participants from the Nurses' Health Study, and Health Professionals Follow-up Study. Diet was assessed with food frequency questionnaires every two to four years, for up to 36 years. During this time, more than 22,000 participants developed type 2 diabetes.(在这项研究中，研究人员分析了来自护士健康研究和卫生专业人员随访研究的216695名参与者的健康数据。研究人员每隔两到四年用食物频率问卷对饮食进行评估，持续时间长达36年在此期间，超过22000名参与者患上了2型糖尿病)”可推推知，第4段主要是通过提供健康风险数据来组织的。
7．词义猜测题。根据第六段中“They found that substituting with a serving of nuts was associated with a 30% lower risk of type 2 diabetes, and substituting with a serving of dairy products was associated with a 22% lower risk.(他们发现，用坚果代替的2型糖尿病风险降低30%，用乳制品代替的2型糖尿病风险降低22%)”可知，此处为研究人员还评估了用另一种蛋白质来源代替每日一份红肉的潜在影响。故可猜测，划线单词substituting为“代替”的意思，与C项Swapping“交换，代替”意思一致。
8．推理判断题。根据文章大意以及第一段“People who eat just two servings of red meat per week may have an increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes compared to people who eat fewer servings, and the risk increases with greater consumption, according to a new study led by researchers from Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health.(哈佛大学T. H. Chan公共卫生学院的研究人员领导的一项新研究表明，每周只吃两份红肉的人患2型糖尿病的风险可能比少吃红肉的人高，而且吃得越多，风险就越高)”可知，文章主要讲的是一项新研究表明，每周只吃两份红肉的人患2型糖尿病的风险可能比少吃红肉的人高，而且吃得越多，风险就越高。由此推知，这篇文章最有可能来自一本医学杂志。

【答案】9．C 10．B 11．A 12．C
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章指出虚拟现实技术不再仅限于游戏或娱乐。一家名为Blue Goji的美国公司通过虚拟现实技术使锻炼更加有趣来吸引人们锻炼身体、改善健康状况。
9．推理判断题。由第二段中“An American company called Blue Goji is using VR to improve one’s health by making exercise more fun. (一家名为Blue Goji的美国公司正在使用VR，通过让锻炼变得更有趣来改善健康)”和第三段中“The company showed its workout machine called the Infinity treadmill (跑步机) at the South by Southwest festival. (该公司在西南西艺术节上展示了其名为“Infinity跑步机”的健身机)”可知，这款名为Infinity的跑步机会让运动更加有趣，由此推断，使用了这款跑步机后，用户可能会爱上运动。
10．细节理解题。由第四段中“The cost of the hardware and the computer software program is $12,000. That means much for most people. (硬件和计算机软件程序的费用是12000美元。这对大多数人来说是一大笔钱)”可知，这些硬件和软件费用为1.2万美元，这对大多数人来说都太贵。
11．推理判断题。由第五段中“He said the experience was more interesting than running inside the gym without actually going anywhere. (他说，这种体验比在健身房里跑步而不真正跑去任何地方更有趣)”可知，Leonardo Mattiazzi对这款名为Infinity的跑步机非常满意。
12．推理判断题。由第一段“Businesses are finding more uses for virtual reality (VR) as the technology develops. (随着技术的发展，企业正在寻找虚拟现实的更多用途)”和第二段中“An American company called Blue Goji is using VR to improve one’s health by making exercise more fun. (一家名为Blue Goji的美国公司正在使用VR，通过让锻炼变得更有趣来改善健康)”可知，本文主要讲述的利用虚拟现实技术开发出新的跑步机，让用户爱上运动，因此，本文写作目的是介绍虚拟现实技术的新应用。

【答案】13．D 14．D 15．A 16．B
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍的是一项新的研究表明在没有运动的情况下锻炼肌肉可能最适合降低血压。
13．词义猜测题。根据第二段中的“Exercises that engage muscles without movement, such as wall squats and planks, may be best for lowering blood pressure, according to a large study published in July, 2023 in the British Journal of Sports Medicine.(2023年7月发表在《英国运动医学杂志》(British Journal of Sports Medicine)上的一项大型研究表明，不动的肌肉锻炼，比如蹲墙和平板支撑，可能是降血压的最佳方式。)”可知，不动的肌肉锻炼可能是降血压的最佳方式，结合划线短语“This type of training”可知，这种类型的训练指的是上文中提到的“不动的肌肉锻炼”，由此可知，划线短语应与“不动的肌肉锻炼”意义相。
14．推理判断题。根据第五段中的“From a review of 270 trials with 15,827 participants, the researchers found that among HIIT (high intensity interval training), isometric exercise, aerobic exercise, dynamic resistance training and a combination of the latter two, isometric exercise led to the greatest reductions in blood pressure.(研究人员对15827名参与者的270项试验进行了回顾，发现在HIIT(高强度间歇训练)、等长运动、有氧运动、动态阻力训练以及后两者的结合中，等长运动能最大程度地降低血压。)”可知，此项研究是对以前的研究数据进行分析，通过比较得出的研究结论——等长运动能最大程度地降低血压，由此可知，该项实验是通过对比进行的。
15．细节理解题。根据尾段中的“More research is needed to determine exactly why isometric exercises might be better for lowering blood pressure than other types of training, the authors said.(作者说，需要更多的研究来确定为什么等长运动比其他类型的训练更能降低血压。)”可知，接下来需要更多的研究确定为什么等长运动比其他运动更能降低血压，由此可知，作者建议未来关于等长运动的研究重点是探究其有效性的原因。
16．主旨大意题。根据首段中的“Recent research suggests another type of physical activity is worth including as an effective tool to prevent and treat high blood pressure.(最近的研究表明，另一种类型的体育活动值得作为预防和治疗高血压的有效工具。)”以及下文中介绍的该项研究的研究过程和分析可知，新的研究发现一种体育活动值得作为预防和治疗高血压的有效工具，由此可知，本文主要讲述的是一项对降血压最好的运动。

【答案】17．D 18．C 19．D 20．B
【导语】本文为篇说明文，介绍了纽约大学的医生完成世界首例眼部移植手术的科学案例。
17．推理判断题。根据文章第一段“New York University(NYU)surgeons have performed the world’s first transplant of an entire human eye, an extraordinary addition to a face transplant, although it’s far too soon to know if the man will ever see through his new left eye.(纽约大学(NYU)的外科医生完成了世界首例整只人眼的移植手术，这是继面部移植手术之后的又一项非凡成就，尽管现在知道这名男子是否能通过他的新左眼看东西还为时过早)”及第二段“An accident had destroyed most of Aaron James’ face and one eye. His right eye still works.But the surgeons hoped replacing the missing one would produce better cosmetic(整容的)results for his new face. The NYU team is doing just that. James is recovering well from the dual(双重的)transplant last May and the donated eye looks remarkably healthy.(一场事故毁坏了亚伦·詹姆斯的大半张脸和一只眼睛。他的右眼还能用。但外科医生希望替换掉一只眼睛能让他的新脸有更好的美容效果。纽约大学的研究小组正在这样做。詹姆斯从去年五月的双重移植手术中恢复得很好，移植的眼睛看起来非常健康)”可知，James脸部受伤，文章中提到了new face和dual transplant可推知，他接受了脸部和眼球双重移植手术。
18．词义猜测题。根据划线词前文“Today, transplants of the cornea(眼角膜)are common to treat certain types of vision loss. But transplanting the whole eye—the eyeball, its blood supply, and the critical optic nerve(视神经)that must connect it to the brain(今天，角膜移植通常用于治疗某些类型的视力丧失。但是移植整只眼睛——眼球，它的血液供应，以及连接它和大脑的关键视神经)”及后文“in the search to cure blindness(为了治疗失明)”可知，虽然眼角膜移植术是成熟的，但是移植一整只眼睛及附属神经和血流供应等还是比较难以完成的，But引出转折，划线词意思为：一项极其难以完成的工程。
19．细节理解题。根据文章最后一段““The difficulty now is how to regrow the optic nerve, although animal studies are making progress.” He praised the NYU team’s “boldness” in even aiming for optic nerve repair and hopes the transplant will promote more research.(“现在的困难是如何再生视神经，尽管动物研究正在取得进展。”他赞扬了纽约大学研究小组的“大胆”，甚至瞄准了视神经修复，并希望移植手术能促进更多的研究)”可知，研究者进行眼球移植面对的挑战是移植眼的视神经如何再长出来。
20．主旨大意题。根据文章第一段“New York University(NYU)surgeons have performed the world’s first transplant of an entire human eye, an extraordinary addition to a face transplant, although it’s far too soon to know if the man will ever see through his new left eye.(纽约大学(NYU)的外科医生完成了世界首例整只人眼的移植手术，这是继面部移植手术之后的又一项非凡成就，尽管现在知道这名男子是否能通过他的新左眼看东西还为时过早)”及全文内容可知，本文介绍了纽约大学的医生完成世界首例眼部移植手术的事迹，B选项“纽约大学医生完成世界首例眼部移植手术”适合最为最佳标题。

【答案】21．A 22．D 23．C 24．B
【导语】这是一篇说明文，文章主要讲的是研究发现运动有利于我们身心健康的原因在于运动时大脑里面所产生的化学发应。
21．细节理解题。根据文章第二段“When our muscles contract, myokines are released into the bloodstream, helping your muscles and organs communicate. They think this communication increases resilience to stress, reduces symptoms of mental suffering and anxiety and has a direct effect on depression.(当我们的肌肉收缩时，肌肉因子被释放到血液中，帮助你的肌肉和器官进行交流。他们认为，这种交流增加了对压力的弹性，减少了精神痛苦和焦虑的症状，并对抑郁有直接影响。)”可知肌肉因子通过将肌肉与器官结合来促进我们的心理健康。
22．推理判断题。根据文章第四段““While exercise is not a replacement for professional mental health treatment, physical activity can complement and enhance the effects of the treatment,”(“虽然运动不能替代专业的心理健康治疗，但体育活动可以补充和增强治疗的效果，”)”可知Ben Singh’s认为体育活动可以补充和增强治疗抑郁效果，所以Ben Singh’s对于治疗抑郁的体育活动的态度是赞同的。
23．词句猜测题。根据文章最后一段划线短语之前““It is amazing to consider how moving our bodies can heal our minds,” says Heisz. Whether you’re cycling, walking around your neighbourhood or doing yoga, getting sweaty is good for your body and mind. To get the biggest overall health boost, the key is to(海兹说：“考虑到移动我们的身体如何治愈我们的大脑，这令人惊讶。”无论你是骑自行车，在附近散步还是做瑜伽，出汗对你的身心都有好处。要获得最大的整体健康提升，关键是)”以及划线短语之后“sports and activities you enjoy, so you’ll keep going back to them.(你喜欢的运动和活动，所以你会继续回到它们身边。)”可知运动有助于我们的身心健康，所以要想获得最大程度的健康提升我们必须把注意力集中到自己喜欢的运动上，所以划线短语的意思应为“集中注意力”与C项focus on(集中)意思相近。
24．推理判断题。通读全文可知文章前四段集中列举了研究结果，所以作者是通过列举研究结果的方式展开文章的。说明文阅读理解07----篇医疗健康（原卷版）
1.（2024·湖北武汉·一模）新一代减肥药
Many think 2024 could be the year more people have the tools to follow through on New Year’s resolutions about weight loss. If they can afford them and manage to stick with them, people can turn to a new generation of remarkably effective weight-loss drugs, also called GLP-1s, which offer the potential for substantial weight loss.
Wegovy, which was approved in 2021, and Zepbound, which got the nod from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration in 2023, are the most effective publicly available weight-loss drugs ever made. Wegovy has been shown to help people shed as much as 16% of their body weight, in combination with exercise and diet. Zepbound’s highest dose, along with lifestyle changes, has helped people lose as much as 27% of their body weight over 18 months.
Although long-term data isn’t available, these drugs appear to be the safest to date. A large number of people suffer from gastrointestinal distress (肠胃不适) on the medications, including vomiting, nausea and diarrhea; but more serious side effects, like those previous weight-loss drugs, have been rare. Wegovy also appears to reduce the risk of a repeating heart attack or stroke for people with pre-existing disease.
So far, both drugs have been hard for patients to access. Suppliers have had trouble making enough of the medicines to meet the skyrocketing demand. And insurance companies haven’t covered the cost of the drugs, which can run from about $1,000 to over $1,300 a month.
Paying for them should become easier in 2024, as supplies rise up and insurance companies could bow to market pressure and cover more of the cost.
Also in the new year, there are more GLP-1 drugs on the way and in more forms. Both Wegovy and Zepbound are delivered as weekly shots. Pill versions are under development as are other medications, some of which could help people lose even more weight.
There’s a major unknown factor with these drugs, which could become better understood in the coming years. Experts can’t say if people will be able to keep the weight off if they don’t make lifestyle changes and stop taking the drugs.
1．What is Paragraph 3 mainly about
A．The side effects of the two drugs. B．The safety of the two drugs.
C．The advantages of the two drugs. D．The doubt about the two drugs.
2．Which is the reason for the shortage of the two drugs
A．The technology to make the medicines is not mature.
B．They are expensive, sold at around $1,000 for each shot.
C．They are not currently included in the medical insurance.
D．There are no pill versions of the two drugs on the market.
3．Which statement about GLP-1 drugs is correct
A．They are mainly injected into patients at present.
B．They can effectively reduce weight by 27% per year.
C．The doubt about the drugs will be cleared in the coming year.
D．The drugs will substantially solve the weight issue once and for all.
4．What is the author’s attitude towards the development of GLP-1 drugs
A．Doubtful. B．Critical. C．Objective. D．Hopeful.
文章概要英文关键词摘抄
- **GLP-1类药物**：
- **Wegovy和Zepbound**：
- **减肥效果**：
- **安全性**：
- **健康益处**：
- **获取难度和成本**：
- **2024年预期**：
- **新形式药物**：
- **未知因素**：

2.（2024高三全国模拟）吃红肉与2型糖尿病
People who eat just two servings of red meat per week may have an increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes (糖尿病) compared to people who eat fewer servings, and the risk increases with greater consumption, according to a new study led by researchers from Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health.
While previous studies have found a link between red meat consumption and type 2 diabetes risk, this study, which analyzed a large number of type 2 diabetes cases among participants being followed for an extended period of years, adds a greater level of certainty about the association.
Type 2 diabetes rates are increasing rapidly in the U.S. and worldwide. The disease is not only a serious burden, but also a major risk factor for kidney disease, cancer, and dementia.
For this study, the researchers analyzed health data from 216,695 participants from the Nurses' Health Study, and Health Professionals Follow-up Study. Diet was assessed with food frequency questionnaires every two to four years, for up to 36 years. During this time, more than 22,000 participants developed type 2 diabetes.
The researchers found that consumption of red meat, including processed and unprocessed red meat, was strongly associated with increased risk of type 2 diabetes.
Participants who ate the most red meat had a 62% higher risk of developing type 2 diabetes compared to those who ate the least. Every additional daily serving of processed red meat was associated with a 46% greater risk of developing type 2 diabetes and every additional daily serving of unprocessed red meat was associated with a 24% greater risk.
The researchers also assessed the potential effects of substituting one daily serving of red meat for another protein source. They found that substituting with a serving of nuts was associated with a 30% lower risk of type 2 diabetes, and substituting with a serving of dairy products was associated with a 22% lower risk.
In addition to health benefits, substituting red meat for healthy plant protein sources would help reduce greenhouse gas emissions: and climate change, and provide other environmental benefits, according to the researchers.
5．What sets the new study apart from previous research
A．Different focus areas.
B．Scientists from Harvard.
C．Unique research methods and findings.
D．More participants and longer follow-up period:
6．How is Paragraph 4 mainly organized
A．By describing the research process. B．By presenting the data of health risk.
C．By providing background information. D．By comparing different kinds of meat.
7．What does the underlined word “substituting” in Paragraph 6 probably mean
A．Adding. B．Decreasing. C．Swapping. D．Ignoring.
8．Where is this text most probably taken from
A．A medical journal. B．A cook book. C．A science fiction. D．A fashion magazine.
文章概要英文关键词摘抄
- 红肉消费
- 2型糖尿病风险
- 哈佛公共卫生学院研究
- 以往研究
- 2型糖尿病发病率
- 健康数据分析
- 护士健康研究
- 健康专业人员随访研究
- 饮食评估方法
- 研究时长
- 2型糖尿病发展
- 红肉与风险关联
- 高消费与低消费风险比较
- 加工红肉与未加工红肉风险
- 替代效果评估
- 替代与坚果
- 替代与乳制品
- 环境效益替代
3.（23-24高三全国专项练习）使用虚拟现实技术锻炼
Businesses are finding more uses for virtual reality (VR) as the technology develops.
VR is no longer only for gaming or enjoyment. An American company called Blue Goji is using VR to improve one’s health by making exercise more fun.
Blue Goji has offices in Austin, the capital of Texas. The company showed its workout machine called the Infinity treadmill (跑步机) at the South by Southwest festival. A person using the treadmill wears a virtual reality headset when exercising. Before starting, the user is connected to a belt to prevent falls. Then, the user plays a VR game while running on the machine. The game can transport the user into the virtual world, where he or she can be racing against virtual people.
The cost of the hardware and the computer software program is $12,000. That means much for most people. But Kyra Constam of Blue Goji says the virtual reality treadmill is ideal for places where people go to exercise, like high-end gyms or recreation centers.
Recently, Leonardo Mattiazzi tested the Infinity treadmill. Mattiazzi said he had a strong feeling to actually get running and do something that pushed his limits. He said the experience was more interesting than running inside the gym without actually going anywhere.
Constam noted that a lot of VR experiences cause motion sickness (晕动病) because people are in motion during the game, but not moving in real life. But when the user is moving on the treadmill and in the game, the chances of motion sickness are reduced. She said there is generally a learning curve for VR. The first time users feel lost, but the more you do it, the more you get used to it.
After carefully studying the users experiences, Blue Goji plans to begin selling the Infinity treadmill to the public.
9．What are users most likely to do after running on the Infinity treadmill
A．Make more new friends. B．Gain more useful skills.
C．Be fonder of exercising. D．Prefer playing computer games.
10．What do we know about the Infinity treadmill
A．Users can not run on it. B．It is too expensive for most people.
C．Users can race against anyone. D．It can be bought in high-end gyms.
11．How did Leonardo Mattiazzi feel about the Infinity treadmill
A．Satisfied B．Disappointed. C．Doubtful. D．Indifferent.
12．What is the main purpose of the text
A．To promote a new company.
B．To call on people to take more exercise.
C．To introduce a new application of virtual reality.
D．To discuss the relationship between life and modern technology.
4.（2024·河北·二模）锻炼肌肉与降低血压
When it comes to lowering blood pressure, studies have typically shown that aerobic (有氧的) exercises are best. Recent research suggests another type of physical activity is worth including as an effective tool to prevent and treat high blood pressure.
Exercises that engage muscles without movement, such as wall squats and planks, may be best for lowering blood pressure, according to a large study published in July, 2023 in the British Journal of Sports Medicine.
This type of training is known as isometric exercise, according to the Mayo Clinic. Isometric muscle action happens when muscles contract but do not visibly change length, and the joints involved don’t move, facilitating stability of the body. Isometric exercises can be done with weights or without, just relying on the body’s own weight.
“These findings provide a comprehensive data-driven framework to support the development of new exercise guideline recommendations for the prevention and treatment of high blood pressure,” said study coauthor Dr. Jamie O’Driscoll in a news release.
The researchers looked into randomized controlled trials that had reported the effects of exercise interventions, lasting two or more weeks, on blood pressure between 1990 and February 2023. From a review of 270 trials with 15,827 participants, the researchers found that among HIIT (high intensity interval training), isometric exercise, aerobic exercise, dynamic resistance training and a combination of the latter two, isometric exercise led to the greatest reductions in blood pressure.
It’s also important to note that there are other lifestyle changes as well as exercise that can benefit your blood pressure. These include keeping to a healthy weight, eating a balanced diet, cutting down on salt, not drinking too much alcohol and ensuring that you continue to take any prescribed medication.
More research is needed to determine exactly why isometric exercises might be better for lowering blood pressure than other types of training, the authors said.
13．What does the underlined part “isometric exercise” in paragraph 3 refer to
A．Exercise that is done with extra weights.
B．Exercise that involves visible muscle contraction.
C．Exercise that focuses on stability of the body.
D．Exercise that engages muscles without movement.
14．How did the researchers carry out the study
A．By providing statistics. B．By interviewing experts.
C．By doing experiments. D．By making comparisons.
15．What does the author suggest the future studies about isometric exercise focus on
A．Exploring the reasons for its effectiveness.
B．Demonstrating its influences on mental health.
C．Assessing its suitability for different populations.
D．Determining its long-term impacts on blood pressure.
16．What is the text mainly about
A．The benefits of aerobic exercises.
B．The best exercise for blood pressure.
C．The effects of various types of exercises.
D．The importance of keeping a healthy lifestyle.
5.（23-24·浙江·阶段练习）世界首例眼部移植手术
New York University (NYU) surgeons have performed the world’s first transplant of an entire human eye, an extraordinary addition to a face transplant, although it’s far too soon to know if the man will ever see through his new left eye.
An accident had destroyed most of Aaron James’ face and one eye. His right eye still works. But the surgeons hoped replacing the missing one would produce better cosmetic (整容的) results for his new face. The NYU team is doing just that. James is recovering well from the dual (双重的) transplant last May and the donated eye looks remarkably healthy.
Today, transplants of the cornea (眼角膜) are common to treat certain types of vision loss. But transplanting the whole eye—the eyeball, its blood supply, and the critical optic nerve (视神经) that must connect it to the brain—is considered a moonshot in the search to cure blindness.
Whatever will happen next, James’ surgery offers scientists a window into how the human eye tries to heal. “We’re not claiming that we are going to restore sight,” said Dr. Eduardo Rodriguez, who led the transplant. “But there’s no doubt that we are one step closer.”
Some specialists had feared the eye would quickly become dry and wrinkled. However, when Rodriguez opened James’ left eyelid, the donated eye was fat and full of liquid. Doctors see good blood flow and no sign of rejection.
Now researchers have begun analyzing scans of James’ brain that detected some puzzling signals from that all-important but injured optic nerve. Dr. Jeffrey Goldberg, who has long studied how to make eye transplants a reality, called the surgery exciting. “It’s an amazing confirmation of animal experiments that have kept transplanted eyes alive,” he said. “The difficulty now is how to regrow the optic nerve, although animal studies are making progress.” He praised the NYU team’s “boldness” in even aiming for optic nerve repair and hopes the transplant will promote more research.
17．What can be learnt from the first two paragraphs
A．James is fully content with the surgery result.
B．The surgery to replace James’ missing eye is underway.
C．James can see through his transplanted eye pretty soon.
D．The surgeons have transplanted the face and an eye to James.
18．What does the underlined word “moonshot” in paragraph 3 probably mean
A．A task impossible to complete.
B．A fantasy existing in the virtual world.
C．A project extremely tough to accomplish.
D．A mission probable to be complete without effort.
19．What challenge are the researchers facing now
A．How to obtain better cosmetic results.
B．How to make further progress in animal studies.
C．How to stop the transplanted eye from being infected.
D．How to grow the optic nerve of the transplanted eye again.
20．What can be a suitable title for the text
A．James Received Transplanted Eye Perfectly
B．NYU Doctors Perform World’s First Eye Transplant
C．Various Methods to Treat Different Types of Vision Loss
D．Advances Made in Eye Transplant and Optic Nerve Repair
6.（23-24·河南·阶段练习）运动为何有益身心健康
Scientists are now digging into precisely why exercise holds so many benefits for our mental health and memory. The answer, studies say, lies in our brain chemistry.
Each time you work up a sweat, your body releases feel-good happy hormones (荷尔蒙), including endorphins, dopamine and endocannabinoids, the latter being responsible for the so-called runner’s high. Now researchers are also pointing to myokines (肌肉因子) as an important contributor to the mental health benefits of exercise. When our muscles contract, myokines are released into the bloodstream, helping your muscles and organs communicate. They think this communication increases resilience to stress, reduces symptoms of mental suffering and anxiety and has a direct effect on depression.
A 2021 scientific report published in Neuropharmacology showed evidence that myokines boost brain function, like improving memory and mood. “Myokines reduce systemic inflammation (炎症), which is especially beneficial for people with drug-resistant depression whose low mood is linked to high inflammation,” explains Dr Jennifer Heisz, an expert in brain health and associate professor in the department of kinesiology at McMaster University in Canada.
A recent study published in the British Journal of Sports Medicine showed that treatment for depression can be much more effective when physical activity is added to the usual care. Participants found benefits after 12 weeks of exercising for 30 to 60 minutes a day. “While exercise is not a replacement for professional mental health treatment, physical activity can complement and enhance the effects of the treatment,” says lead researcher Ben Singh, a research fellow at the University of South Australia.
“It is amazing to consider how moving our bodies can heal our minds,” says Heisz. Whether you’re cycling, walking around your neighbourhood or doing yoga, getting sweaty is good for your body and mind. To get the biggest overall health boost, the key is to zero in on sports and activities you enjoy, so you’ll keep going back to them.
21．How do myokines boost our mental health
A．By bonding muscles with organs.
B．By slowing down our bloodstream.
C．By contracting muscles through the body.
D．By releasing happy hormones in our brain.
22．What is Ben Singh’s attitude towards physical activity in treatment for depression
A．Doubtful. B．Negative. C．Uncertain D．Approving.
23．What does the underlined phrase “zero in on” in the last paragraph mean
A．Adapt to. B．Give up. C．Focus on. D．Put off.
24．How does the author develop the text
A．By making comparisons. B．By presenting research findings.
C．By offering suggestions. D．By conducting some experiments.

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