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高考英语阅读理解高频词汇超详细梳理
“新三样”专题
一、专题介绍
“新三样”：中国制造的新名片
你可能听说过中国制造的“老三样”：服装、家电、家具。它们曾风靡全球，是物美价廉的代名词。但随着时代发展，中国制造也在不断升级转型，如今，“新三样”横空出世，成为中国制造的新名片，它们是：
电动汽车 (Electric Vehicles): 比亚迪、蔚来、小鹏等中国品牌在新能源汽车领域异军突起，以其先进的技术、时尚的设计和亲民的价格，赢得了国内外消费者的青睐。
锂电池 (Lithium Batteries): 宁德时代、比亚迪等中国企业在锂电池领域占据全球领先地位，为电动汽车、手机、笔记本电脑等提供强劲动力。
光伏产品 (Photovoltaic Products): 隆基绿能、晶科能源等中国企业在光伏领域不断突破，生产的太阳能电池板为全球提供清洁能源，助力绿色发展。
“新三样”不仅是中国制造转型升级的象征，也是中国积极应对气候变化、推动可持续发展的体现。它们出口的快速增长，彰显了中国制造的创新实力和国际竞争力，也为全球经济发展注入了新的活力。
二、单词详解
“新三样”必备词汇学习资料
为了帮助同学们更好地学习和掌握“新三样”相关的英语词汇，我们整理了以下词汇学习资料，包含拼写、音标、词性、释义、例句、同义词、反义词以及拓展词组和易错点拨等。希望这些资料能够帮助大家提高英语水平，更好地理解“新三样”相关话题。
1. 电动汽车 Electric Vehicle (EV)
(1) electric [ lektr k] adj. 电的，电动的
例句: Electric cars are becoming increasingly popular. (电动汽车越来越受欢迎。)
搭配: electric car (电动汽车), electric motor (电动机), electric power (电力)
近义词: powered, electrical
反义词: manual, gasoline-powered
(2) automobile [' t m bi l] n. 汽车 (正式)
例句: The automobile industry is undergoing a major transformation. (汽车行业正在经历重大转型。)
同义词: car, motor vehicle, auto
拓展词组: automobile industry (汽车工业), automobile manufacturing (汽车制造)
易错点拨: automobile 是正式用语，日常生活中更常用 car。
(3) vehicle ['vi kl] n. 车辆，交通工具
例句: Electric vehicles are considered a key solution to reducing air pollution. (电动车辆被认为是减少空气污染的关键解决方案。)
搭配: motor vehicle (机动车), passenger vehicle (客车), commercial vehicle (商用车)
近义词: conveyance, transportation, car
拓展词组: vehicle emissions (车辆排放), autonomous vehicles (自动驾驶汽车)
(4) motor ['m t (r)] n. 发动机，马达
例句: Electric motors are more efficient than gasoline engines. (电动机比汽油发动机效率更高。)
搭配: electric motor (电动机), motor vehicle (机动车)
拓展词组: motor skills (运动技能), motorway (高速公路)
易错点拨: motor 指的是提供动力的机器，engine 则特指内燃机。
(5) battery ['b t ri] n. 电池
例句: The battery of an electric car needs to be recharged regularly. (电动汽车的电池需要定期充电。)
搭配: lithium battery (锂电池), battery life (电池寿命), battery pack (电池组)
拓展词组: recharge the battery (给电池充电), battery capacity (电池容量)
近义词: cell
(6) charge [t ɑ rd ] v. 充电
例句: It takes about 8 hours to fully charge an electric car. (给电动汽车充满电大约需要8个小时。)
搭配: charge the battery (给电池充电), charging station (充电站)
拓展词组: quick charge (快速充电), wireless charging (无线充电)
近义词: power, energize
(7) engine ['en n] n. 发动机 (尤指内燃机)
例句: Electric cars don't have traditional engines. (电动汽车没有传统的发动机。)
搭配: gasoline engine (汽油发动机), diesel engine (柴油发动机)
拓展词组: engine power (发动机功率), engine failure (发动机故障)
易错点拨: engine 特指内燃机，而 motor 指的是提供动力的机器。
(8) brake [bre k] n. 刹车 v. 刹车
例句: Electric cars use regenerative braking to recover energy. (电动汽车使用再生制动来回收能量。)
搭配: apply the brakes (踩刹车), brake system (刹车系统)
拓展词组: brake pedal (刹车踏板), emergency brake (紧急刹车)
2. 锂电池 Lithium Battery
(9) lithium ['l θi m] n. 锂
例句: Lithium is a key component of electric car batteries. (锂是电动汽车电池的关键组成部分。)
搭配: lithium battery (锂电池), lithium ion (锂离子)
拓展词组: lithium mining (锂矿开采), lithium reserves (锂储量)
(10) cell [sel] n. 电池
例句: A lithium-ion battery consists of many individual cells. (锂离子电池由许多单独的电池组成。)
搭配: fuel cell (燃料电池), solar cell (太阳能电池)
拓展词组: cell phone (手机), cell division (细胞分裂)
近义词: battery
(11) energy ['en d i] n. 能量，能源
例句: Lithium batteries store a large amount of energy. (锂电池储存大量的能量。)
搭配: renewable energy (可再生能源), solar energy (太阳能), wind energy (风能)
拓展词组: energy conservation (节约能源), energy consumption (能源消耗)
(12) power ['pa (r)] n. 电力，功率
例句: Lithium batteries provide the power for electric vehicles. (锂电池为电动汽车提供动力。)
搭配: electric power (电力), power plant (发电厂)
拓展词组: power supply (电源), power outage (停电)
近似词辨析: power 指的是提供能量的能力， energy 指的是能量本身。
(13) material [m 't ri l] n. 材料
例句: Scientists are developing new materials for lithium batteries. (科学家们正在开发用于锂电池的新材料。)
搭配: raw material (原材料), building material (建筑材料)
拓展词组: material science (材料科学), material properties (材料特性)
(14) metal ['metl] n. 金属
例句: Lithium is a light and reactive metal. (锂是一种轻而活泼的金属。)
搭配: precious metals (贵金属), heavy metals (重金属)
拓展词组: metal industry (金属工业), metal detector (金属探测器)
3. 光伏产品 Photovoltaic Products
(15) solar ['s l ] adj. 太阳的，太阳能的
例句: Solar energy is a clean and sustainable source of power. (太阳能是一种清洁且可持续的能源。)
搭配: solar panel (太阳能电池板), solar cell (太阳能电池), solar power (太阳能)
拓展词组: solar system (太阳系), solar eclipse (日食)
(16) panel ['p nl] n. 板，面板
例句: Solar panels convert sunlight into electricity. (太阳能电池板将阳光转化为电能。)
搭配: solar panel (太阳能电池板), control panel (控制面板)
拓展词组: panel discussion (小组讨论), expert panel (专家小组)
(17) light [la t] n. 光 v. 点亮 adj. 轻的
例句: Sunlight is a form of electromagnetic radiation. (阳光是一种电磁辐射。)
搭配: sunlight (阳光), daylight (日光), artificial light (人造光)
拓展词组: light bulb (灯泡), traffic lights (交通灯), light up (点亮)
易错点拨: light 作形容词时，比较级是 lighter，最高级是 lightest.
(18) ray [re ] n. 光线，射线
例句: Solar rays can be harmful to skin if you are not careful. (如果不注意，太阳光线会对皮肤有害。)
搭配: sun rays (太阳光线), light rays (光线), X-rays (X 射线)
拓展词组: a ray of hope (一线希望)
(19) electricity [ lek'tr s ti] n. 电，电流
例句: Photovoltaic cells generate electricity from sunlight. (光伏电池利用阳光发电。)
搭配: electric current (电流), electric power (电力), static electricity (静电)
拓展词组: power outage (停电), electricity bill (电费账单)
(20) silicon ['s l k n] n. 硅
例句: Silicon is the primary material used in solar cells. (硅是太阳能电池的主要材料。)
搭配: silicon chip (硅片), silicon valley (硅谷)
拓展词组: silicone (硅酮)
(21) technology [tek'n l d i] n. 技术，科技
例句: Photovoltaic technology is constantly improving. (光伏技术在不断进步。)
搭配: high technology (高科技), information technology (信息技术)
拓展词组: tech company (科技公司), technological advancement (技术进步)
4. 相关重要词汇
(22) industry [' nd stri] n. 工业，产业
例句: The "New Three" are driving growth in many industries. ("新三样"正在推动许多行业的增长。)
搭配: heavy industry (重工业), light industry (轻工业), manufacturing industry (制造业)
拓展词组: industrial revolution (工业革命), industrial park (工业园区)
(23) trade [tre d] n. 贸易 v. 做买卖
例句: China is a major exporter of "New Three" products. (中国是“新三样”产品的主要出口国。)
搭配: international trade (国际贸易), free trade (自由贸易)
拓展词组: trade deficit (贸易逆差), trade war (贸易战)
(24) export [ k'sp t] v. 出口 n. 出口(物)
例句: The export of "New Three" products is booming. (“新三样”产品的出口正在蓬勃发展。)
搭配: export market (出口市场), export volume (出口量)
反义词: import
拓展词组: export restrictions (出口限制), export promotion (出口促进)
(25) import [ m'p t] v. 进口 n. 进口(物)
例句: China needs to import some key materials for "New Three" production. (中国需要进口一些“新三样”生产的关键材料。)
搭配: import tariffs (进口关税), import quotas (进口配额)
反义词: export
拓展词组: import substitution (进口替代)
(26) market ['mɑ k t] n. 市场 v. 推销
例句: The global market for "New Three" products is expanding rapidly. (“新三样”产品的全球市场正在迅速扩张。)
搭配: domestic market (国内市场), overseas market (海外市场)
拓展词组: market share (市场份额), market research (市场调研)
(27) competition [ k mp 't n] n. 竞争
例句: There is fierce competition in the "New Three" market. (“新三样”市场竞争激烈。)
搭配: international competition (国际竞争), fair competition (公平竞争)
拓展词组: competitive advantage (竞争优势), competitive edge (竞争优势)
(28) price [pra s] n. 价格 v. 定价
例句: The price of lithium batteries has been falling in recent years. (近年来，锂电池的价格一直在下降。)
搭配: high price (高价), low price (低价), reasonable price (合理价格)
拓展词组: price war (价格战), price increase (涨价)
(29) cost [k st] n. 成本，代价 v. 花费
例句: The production cost of solar panels has decreased significantly. (太阳能电池板的生产成本已大幅下降。)
搭配: labor cost (人工成本), material cost (材料成本), production cost (生产成本)
拓展词组: cost-effective (划算的), cost reduction (降低成本)
近似词辨析: cost 指的是生产或获取某物所需的费用， price 指的是商品的售价。
(30) discount ['d ska nt] n. 折扣 v. 打折
例句: Many electric car manufacturers are offering discounts to attract customers. (许多电动汽车制造商正在提供折扣以吸引顾客。)
搭配: at a discount (打折), offer a discount (提供折扣)
拓展词组: discount rate (折扣率), volume discount (批量折扣)
(31) profit ['pr f t] n. 利润 v. 获利
例句: "New Three" companies are making huge profits. (“新三样”公司正在赚取巨额利润。)
搭配: gross profit (毛利), net profit (净利润), profit margin (利润率)
拓展词组: profit sharing (利润分享), profit and loss (损益)
(32) growth [ɡr θ] n. 增长，发展
例句: The "New Three" are driving economic growth. ("新三样"正在推动经济增长。)
搭配: economic growth (经济增长), population growth (人口增长)
拓展词组: growth rate (增长率), growth potential (增长潜力)
(33) develop [d 'vel p] v. 发展，开发，研制
例句: China is developing its own electric vehicle industry. (中国正在发展自己的电动汽车工业。)
搭配: develop new technologies (开发新技术), develop a plan (制定计划)
拓展词组: sustainable development (可持续发展), developing country (发展中国家)
(34) advance [ d'vɑ ns] v. 推进，促进 n. 进展
例句: Technological advances are driving the "New Three" revolution. (科技进步正在推动“新三样”革命。)
搭配: technological advance (技术进步), scientific advance (科学进步)
拓展词组: in advance (提前), advance payment (预付款)
(35) progress ['pr ɡres] n. 进步，进展 v. 进展
例句: China has made significant progress in developing its "New Three" industries. (中国在发展“新三样”产业方面取得了重大进展。)
搭配: make progress (取得进展), in progress (正在进行)
拓展词组: progress report (进度报告)
(36) technology [tek'n l d i] n. 技术，科技
例句: "New Three" companies are investing heavily in research and development. (“新三样”公司正在大力投资研发。)
搭配: high technology (高科技), cutting-edge technology (尖端技术)
拓展词组: technology transfer (技术转让), technological innovation (技术创新)
(37) innovation [ n 've n] n. 创新，革新
例句: Innovation is essential for the success of the "New Three" industries. (创新对“新三样”产业的成功至关重要。)
搭配: technological innovation (技术创新), product innovation (产品创新)
拓展词组: innovative ideas (创新理念), innovative solutions (创新解决方案)
(38) policy ['p l si] n. 政策，方针
例句: The government has implemented policies to support the "New Three" industries. (政府已经实施政策支持“新三样”产业。)
搭配: government policy (政府政策), economic policy (经济政策), environmental policy (环境政策)
拓展词组: policy maker (政策制定者)
(39) environment [ n'va r nm nt] n. 环境
例句: The "New Three" are helping to create a cleaner environment. (“新三样”正在帮助创造更清洁的环境。)
搭配: natural environment (自然环境), urban environment (城市环境), global environment (全球环境)
拓展词组: environmental protection (环境保护), environmental pollution (环境污染)
(40) conservation [ k ns 've n] n. (对自然资源的)保护，避免浪费
例句: The development of "New Three" technologies needs to go hand in hand with resource conservation. (“新三样”技术的发展需要与资源节约并行。)
搭配: energy conservation (能源节约), water conservation (水资源保护)
拓展词组: conservation efforts (环保工作), conservation area (自然保护区)
(41) pollution [p 'lu n] n. 污染
例句: The "New Three" are helping to reduce air pollution. (“新三样”正在帮助减少空气污染。)
搭配: air pollution (空气污染), water pollution (水污染), noise pollution (噪音污染)
拓展词组: pollution control (污染控制), environmental pollution (环境污染)
(42) green [ɡri n] adj. 绿色的，环保的
例句: The "New Three" are part of the transition to a greener economy. (“新三样”是向更环保经济转型的一部分。)
搭配: green energy (绿色能源), green technology (绿色科技)
拓展词组: greenhouse effect (温室效应), greenhouse gases (温室气体)
(43) sustainable [s 'ste n bl] adj. 可持续的
例句: The "New Three" are promoting sustainable development. (“新三样”正在促进可持续发展。)
搭配: sustainable development (可持续发展), sustainable energy (可持续能源)
拓展词组: sustainability (可持续性)
(44) transport ['tr nsp t] n. 运输 v. 运输
例句: Electric vehicles are transforming the transportation industry. (电动汽车正在改变交通运输行业。)
搭配: public transport (公共交通), air transport (航空运输)
拓展词组: transport system (运输系统), transportation costs (运输成本)
(45) invest [ n'vest] v. 投资
例句: Governments are investing heavily in "New Three" infrastructure. (政府正在大力投资“新三样”基础设施。)
搭配: invest in (投资于), foreign investment (外国投资)
拓展词组: investment banking (投资银行业务), return on investment (投资回报率)
(46) capital ['k p tl] n. 资本，资金
例句: "New Three" companies need access to capital to grow. (“新三样”公司需要获得资金才能发展。)
搭配: venture capital (风险投资), capital market (资本市场)
拓展词组: capital gains (资本收益), capital expenditure (资本支出)
(47) finance ['fa n ns] n. 金融 v. 提供资金
例句: The "New Three" are attracting significant financial investment. (“新三样”正在吸引大量金融投资。)
搭配: financial market (金融市场), financial institution (金融机构)
拓展词组: finance a project (为项目提供资金), financial crisis (金融危机)
(48) brand [br nd] n. 品牌 v. 加商标于
例句: Chinese "New Three" brands are gaining global recognition. (中国“新三样”品牌正在获得全球认可。)
搭配: brand name (品牌名称), brand image (品牌形象)
拓展词组: brand loyalty (品牌忠诚度), brand awareness (品牌知名度)
(49) quality ['kw l ti] n. 质量
例句: Chinese "New Three" products are known for their high quality. (中国“新三样”产品以其高质量而闻名。)
搭配: high quality (高质量), low quality (低质量), product quality (产品质量)
拓展词组: quality control (质量控制)
三、练习
（一）语法填空 (共10小题; 每小题1.5分, 满分15分)
1.阅读下面短文，在空白处填入 1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
The "New Three" industries are rapidly 1.____________ (transform) the global economy. Electric vehicles (EVs) powered by 2. ____________ (lithium) batteries are replacing gasoline-powered cars, reducing our 3. ____________ (depend) on fossil fuels. Solar panels, made from 4. ____________ (silicon), are becoming more 5. ____________ (afford) and efficient, providing clean energy for homes and businesses. This growth is being driven by 6. ____________ (innovate) in technology and 7. ____________ (support) government policies.
However, the 8. ____________ (expand) of these industries also presents challenges. The demand for raw 9. ____________ (material) like lithium and silicon is increasing, leading to concerns about 10. ____________ (sustain) and environmental impact.
（二） 单句改错 (共10小题; 每小题2分, 满分20分)
下列句子中各有一处错误，请找出并改正。
1.The automobile industry are facing a period of rapid change.
2.The price of electric cars are still too high for many consumers.
3.China has become a lead player in the global electric vehicle market.
4.The government is providing financial supported for renewable energy projects.
5.The demand of lithium batteries is growing exponentially.
6.Solar panel produce clean energy from sunlight.
7.Scientists are searching for new materials that can storage more energy.
8.The use of solar energy can help reduce carbon emission.
9.The "New Three" are having a positive impact on the environment.
10.Sustainable develop is key to ensuring a healthy planet for future generations.
（三）句子翻译 (共5小题; 每小题3分, 满分15分)
根据括号内的要求和提示翻译下列句子。
1.中国正在大力投资电动汽车充电站的建设。(infrastructure)
2.随着技术的进步，太阳能电池板的成本一直在下降。(advance)
3.政府出台了鼓励消费者购买电动汽车的政策。(implement)
4.“新三样”产业对环境保护做出了重要贡献。(contribution)
5.发展“新三样”产业必须考虑到资源的可持续性。(sustainability)
（四）阅读理解
Passage 1
Electric Vehicles: Shifting Gears Towards a Sustainable Future
The roar of the combustion engine, a sound synonymous with personal transportation for over a century, is facing a formidable challenger: the silent hum of the electric vehicle (EV). As concerns about climate change, air pollution, and dwindling fossil fuel reserves intensify, the automotive world is undergoing a seismic shift, with EVs emerging as the vanguard of a more sustainable future.
This transformation is not merely driven by environmental imperatives; a confluence of technological advancements, economic incentives, and evolving consumer preferences is propelling the EV revolution. Battery technology, the Achilles' heel of early EVs, has witnessed remarkable progress. Lithium-ion batteries, now ubiquitous in EVs, boast significantly higher energy densities, longer lifespans, and reduced costs compared to their predecessors. These advancements have extended the range of EVs, alleviated range anxiety, and made them more economically viable.
Governments worldwide are also playing a pivotal role in fostering EV adoption. Financial incentives, tax breaks, and subsidies are making EVs increasingly attractive to consumers. In some countries, policies are being implemented to phase out gasoline-powered vehicles altogether, signaling a definitive shift towards electrification.
Moreover, charging infrastructure is rapidly expanding, making it easier for EV owners to "refuel" their vehicles. Public charging stations are proliferating, and many workplaces and residential complexes now offer charging facilities. The development of fast-charging technologies further reduces the time required to replenish an EV's battery, making them even more convenient for everyday use.
The EV revolution is not without its challenges, however. The availability of charging infrastructure still lags behind the demand in many regions, particularly in developing countries. The extraction of raw materials like lithium, cobalt, and nickel for EV batteries raises environmental and ethical concerns, requiring responsible sourcing and recycling practices.
Despite these challenges, the momentum behind EVs is undeniable. Major automakers are investing heavily in EV research and development, bringing new models to market with improved range, performance, and features. As battery technology continues to evolve and costs continue to decline, EVs are poised to become the dominant mode of personal transportation in the coming decades, ushering in a new era of cleaner, more sustainable mobility.
Questions:
1.What is the main idea of the passage
a) Electric vehicles are facing numerous challenges that hinder their widespread adoption.
b) Technological advancements and government policies are driving the rapid growth of the electric vehicle market.
c) The future of personal transportation is uncertain, with electric vehicles and gasoline-powered cars competing for dominance.
d) Electric vehicles are a promising solution to environmental problems, but more research is needed to improve battery technology.
2.What has been a significant advancement in battery technology for electric vehicles
a) The development of lead-acid batteries with extended lifespans.
b) The discovery of new materials that eliminate the need for lithium.
c) The increased energy density and reduced cost of lithium-ion batteries.
d) The invention of solar-powered batteries that require no external charging.
3.How are governments promoting the adoption of electric vehicles
a) By investing in research to develop alternative fuels for gasoline-powered cars.
b) By imposing stricter regulations on the production of electric vehicle batteries.
c) By offering financial incentives, tax breaks, and subsidies to electric vehicle buyers.
d) By mandating the use of electric vehicles for all government transportation needs.
4.What is a remaining challenge for the widespread adoption of electric vehicles
a) The high cost of electric vehicles compared to gasoline-powered cars.
b) The lack of public awareness about the benefits of electric vehicles.
c) The limited range of electric vehicles, making them unsuitable for long journeys.
d) The insufficient availability of charging infrastructure in many regions.
5.What is the author's overall tone in the passage
a) Skeptical about the potential of electric vehicles to replace gasoline-powered cars.
b) Optimistic about the future of electric vehicles and their role in sustainable transportation.
c) Neutral, presenting both the benefits and challenges of electric vehicle adoption.
d) Critical of government policies that favor electric vehicles over other transportation options.
Passage 2
The Power of the Sun: Harnessing Solar Energy for a Brighter Future
The sun, a celestial furnace that has sustained life on Earth for billions of years, is now being harnessed as a potent source of clean, renewable energy. Solar energy, once a niche technology, is rapidly becoming mainstream, transforming the way we power our homes, businesses, and even entire cities.
At the heart of this solar revolution lies the photovoltaic (PV) cell, a marvel of modern engineering that converts sunlight directly into electricity. Made primarily from silicon, a material abundant in the Earth's crust, PV cells are assembled into solar panels, which can be installed on rooftops, integrated into building facades, or deployed in vast solar farms.
The appeal of solar energy is multifold. First and foremost, it is a clean and sustainable source of power. Unlike fossil fuels, solar energy does not emit greenhouse gases, contributing to a healthier environment and mitigating climate change. Moreover, solar energy is readily available in most parts of the world, reducing reliance on imported fuels and enhancing energy security.
The cost of solar energy has also plummeted in recent years, making it increasingly competitive with traditional fossil fuels. Technological advancements, economies of scale, and government incentives have driven down the price of solar panels, making them more affordable for consumers and businesses alike.
As the economics of solar energy become more favorable, its adoption is accelerating worldwide. From individual homeowners installing rooftop solar systems to utility companies building massive solar farms, the transition to solar power is gaining momentum. In some countries, solar energy is already the cheapest source of electricity, displacing coal and natural gas as the primary energy sources.
The rise of solar energy is not without its challenges, however. The intermittency of solar power, dependent on the availability of sunlight, requires innovative storage solutions to ensure a reliable supply of electricity. Integrating solar energy into existing power grids requires careful planning and infrastructure upgrades.
Despite these challenges, the future of solar energy is bright. Research and development are constantly improving the efficiency and affordability of solar panels, while new technologies are emerging to address the storage and grid integration challenges. As the world seeks cleaner and more sustainable energy solutions, solar power is poised to play a leading role in powering our future.
Questions:
1.What is the primary focus of the passage
a) The historical development of solar energy technology.
b) The environmental benefits of solar energy compared to fossil fuels.
c) The economic factors that are driving the adoption of solar energy.
d) The technological advancements that are making solar energy more efficient.
2.What is a photovoltaic (PV) cell
a) A device that stores solar energy for use during nighttime hours.
b) A component of a solar panel that converts sunlight into electricity.
c) A material that absorbs sunlight and releases heat for energy production.
d) A system that uses mirrors to concentrate sunlight for industrial applications.
3.What is one of the main advantages of solar energy over fossil fuels
a) Solar energy is more readily available in all regions of the world.
b) Solar energy does not emit greenhouse gases, contributing to a cleaner environment.
c) Solar energy is less expensive to produce and distribute than fossil fuels.
d) Solar energy requires less land area for energy production than fossil fuels.
4.What has contributed to the declining cost of solar energy in recent years
a) Increased government subsidies for fossil fuel industries.
b) Reduced demand for solar energy due to its intermittency.
c) Technological advancements and economies of scale in solar panel production.
d) The discovery of new, more efficient materials for solar cell manufacturing.
5.What is a challenge associated with the integration of solar energy into existing power grids
a) The high cost of building new transmission lines to connect solar farms to the grid.
b) The opposition from fossil fuel companies that are threatened by solar energy adoption.
c) The lack of skilled workers to install and maintain solar energy systems.
d) The need for innovative storage solutions to address the intermittency of solar power.
Passage 3
Lithium: The Powerhouse Behind the Battery Revolution
From powering our smartphones to propelling electric vehicles, lithium-ion batteries have become ubiquitous in modern life, fueling a technological revolution that is transforming the way we live, work, and move. At the heart of this battery boom lies lithium, a light and highly reactive metal that plays a crucial role in enabling the high energy densities and long lifespans of these batteries.
Lithium, the lightest metal on the periodic table, is found in various minerals and brine deposits around the world. Extracting lithium from these sources involves complex and often energy-intensive processes, requiring careful consideration of environmental and social impacts.
The demand for lithium has surged in recent years, driven by the exponential growth of electric vehicles, portable electronics, and grid-scale energy storage systems. As the world electrifies its transportation systems and shifts towards renewable energy sources, the need for lithium-ion batteries, and hence lithium, is projected to skyrocket.
This surge in demand has spurred a global race to secure lithium supplies, with countries and companies vying for access to this critical resource. Australia, Chile, and China are among the leading producers of lithium, with vast reserves that are being actively mined and processed.
However, the extraction of lithium raises concerns about its environmental footprint. Mining operations can disrupt ecosystems, consume large amounts of water, and generate waste products that require responsible management. Moreover, ethical concerns have been raised about working conditions and community impacts in some lithium mining regions.
Recognizing these challenges, the industry is exploring more sustainable approaches to lithium extraction and production. Direct lithium extraction (DLE) technologies are being developed to extract lithium from brine resources more efficiently and with a lower environmental impact. Recycling of lithium-ion batteries is also gaining traction, recovering valuable materials and reducing the need for new mining.
As the battery revolution gathers pace, lithium is poised to remain a critical resource for the foreseeable future. Balancing the growing demand for lithium with responsible sourcing, production, and recycling practices will be essential to ensuring a sustainable future for this powerful metal and the technologies it enables.
Questions:
1.What is the primary function of lithium in lithium-ion batteries
a) To provide structural support for the battery components.
b) To act as a catalyst for the chemical reactions within the battery.
c) To enable the high energy densities and long lifespans of the batteries.
d) To regulate the temperature of the battery during charging and discharging.
2.What is a concern associated with the extraction of lithium from brine resources
a) The high cost of transporting brine to processing facilities.
b) The limited availability of brine resources in most parts of the world.
c) The potential for brine extraction to contaminate groundwater supplies.
d) The difficulty of separating lithium from other minerals found in brine.
3.Why is the demand for lithium expected to increase significantly in the coming years
a) The increasing use of lithium in traditional industries like glass and ceramics.
b) The development of new applications for lithium in aerospace and defense industries.
c) The growing adoption of lithium-ion batteries in electric vehicles and energy storage systems.
d) The discovery of vast new lithium reserves in previously unexplored regions of the world.
4.What is a sustainable approach to lithium production being explored by the industry
a) The development of synthetic lithium substitutes to reduce reliance on natural resources.
b) The implementation of stricter environmental regulations for lithium mining operations.
c) The exploration of new lithium mining sites in environmentally sensitive areas.
d) The development of direct lithium extraction (DLE) technologies to reduce environmental impact.
5.What is the author's perspective on the future of lithium as a critical resource
a) Lithium is likely to become increasingly scarce and expensive in the near future.
b) Lithium will continue to be an essential resource, requiring responsible sourcing and recycling.
c) Technological advancements will soon eliminate the need for lithium in battery production.
d) Alternative materials will quickly replace lithium as the primary component of batteries.
答案
（一）语法填空
transforming 2. lithium 3. dependence 4. silicon 5. affordable 6. innovation 7. supportive 8. expansion 9. materials 10. sustainability
（二）单句改错
are → is
are → is
lead → leading
supported → support
of → for
panel → panels
storage → store
emission → emissions
are having → are having a
develop → development
（三）句子翻译
China is investing heavily in the infrastructure of electric vehicle charging stations.
With technological advances, the cost of solar panels has been declining.
The government has implemented policies to encourage consumers to purchase electric vehicles.
The "New Three" industries have made significant contributions to environmental protection.
The development of the "New Three" industries must take into account the sustainability of resources.
（四）阅读理解
Passage 1: Electric Vehicles
1. b) Technological advancements and government policies are driving the rapid growth of the electric vehicle market.
解析: 文章第一段指出电动汽车正在挑战传统燃油车，第二段开始阐述推动电动汽车革命的因素包括技术进步、经济激励和消费者偏好变化。第三、四段具体说明了政府政策和充电基础设施建设对电动汽车市场增长的推动作用，因此选项 b) 正确。
原文定位:
英文: "This transformation is not merely driven by environmental imperatives; a confluence of technological advancements, economic incentives, and evolving consumer preferences is propelling the EV revolution." (Paragraph 2)
中文: “这种转变不仅仅是由环境的必要性所驱动的；技术进步、经济激励和不断变化的消费者偏好共同推动了电动汽车革命。” （第二段）
2. c) The increased energy density and reduced cost of lithium-ion batteries.
解析: 文章第二段提到，电池技术是早期电动汽车的致命弱点，但锂离子电池技术取得了显著进步，能量密度更高，寿命更长，成本更低。
原文定位:
英文: "Lithium-ion batteries, now ubiquitous in EVs, boast significantly higher energy densities, longer lifespans, and reduced costs compared to their predecessors." (Paragraph 2)
中文: “现在普遍应用于电动汽车的锂离子电池，与之前的电池相比，拥有更高的能量密度、更长的使用寿命和更低的成本。” （第二段）
3. c) By offering financial incentives, tax breaks, and subsidies to electric vehicle buyers.
解析: 文章第三段指出，世界各国政府在促进电动汽车普及方面发挥着关键作用，通过提供经济激励、税收减免和补贴等方式，使电动汽车对消费者更具吸引力。
原文定位:
英文: "Governments worldwide are also playing a pivotal role in fostering EV adoption. Financial incentives, tax breaks, and subsidies are making EVs increasingly attractive to consumers." (Paragraph 3)
中文: “世界各国政府也在促进电动汽车的普及方面发挥着关键作用。经济激励、税收减免和补贴等方式，使电动汽车对消费者更具吸引力。” （第三段）
4. d) The insufficient availability of charging infrastructure in many regions.
解析: 文章第五段提到，电动汽车革命也面临着挑战，充电基础设施的供应仍然落后于许多地区的需要，特别是在发展中国家。
原文定位:
英文: "The availability of charging infrastructure still lags behind the demand in many regions, particularly in developing countries." (Paragraph 5)
中文: “充电基础设施的供应仍然落后于许多地区的需要，特别是在发展中国家。” （第五段）
5. b) Optimistic about the future of electric vehicles and their role in sustainable transportation.
解析: 文章通篇都在强调电动汽车的优势以及其发展潜力，例如清洁能源、技术进步、政府支持等，并在最后一段指出电动汽车有望在未来几十年成为个人交通的主要模式，因此作者的总体语气是乐观的。
原文定位:
英文: "As battery technology continues to evolve and costs continue to decline, EVs are poised to become the dominant mode of personal transportation in the coming decades, ushering in a new era of cleaner, more sustainable mobility." (Paragraph 6)
中文: “随着电池技术的不断发展和成本的持续下降，电动汽车有望在未来几十年成为个人交通的主要模式， ushering in a new era of cleaner, more sustainable mobility. ” （第六段）
Passage 2: Solar Energy
1. c) The economic factors that are driving the adoption of solar energy.
解析: 文章第二段介绍了太阳能发电的核心技术——光伏电池，第三段开始阐述太阳能的优势，包括清洁可持续、易获取、安全可靠等，而第四段着重强调了太阳能成本的下降以及与传统化石能源相比的经济竞争力，因此选项 c) 正确。
原文定位:
英文: "The cost of solar energy has also plummeted in recent years, making it increasingly competitive with traditional fossil fuels." (Paragraph 4)
中文: “近年来，太阳能的成本也大幅下降，使其与传统的化石燃料相比越来越具有竞争力。” （第四段）
2. b) A component of a solar panel that converts sunlight into electricity.
解析: 文章第二段明确指出，光伏电池是现代工程的奇迹，可以将阳光直接转化为电能，并被组装成太阳能电池板。
原文定位:
英文: "At the heart of this solar revolution lies the photovoltaic (PV) cell, a marvel of modern engineering that converts sunlight directly into electricity." (Paragraph 2)
中文: “这场太阳能革命的核心是光伏 (PV) 电池，这是一种现代工程的奇迹，可以将阳光直接转化为电能。” （第二段）
3. b) Solar energy does not emit greenhouse gases, contributing to a cleaner environment.
解析: 文章第三段列举了太阳能的诸多优势，其中明确提到与化石能源不同，太阳能不会排放温室气体，有利于改善环境和缓解气候变化。
原文定位:
英文: "Unlike fossil fuels, solar energy does not emit greenhouse gases, contributing to a healthier environment and mitigating climate change." (Paragraph 3)
中文: “与化石燃料不同，太阳能不会排放温室气体，有利于改善环境和缓解气候变化。” （第三段）
4. c) Technological advancements and economies of scale in solar panel production.
解析: 文章第四段指出，太阳能成本下降的原因是技术进步、规模经济和政府激励措施，这些因素共同降低了太阳能电池板的价格。
原文定位:
英文: "Technological advancements, economies of scale, and government incentives have driven down the price of solar panels, making them more affordable for consumers and businesses alike." (Paragraph 4)
中文: “技术进步、规模经济和政府激励措施，降低了太阳能电池板的价格，使其对消费者和企业来说都更加负担得起。” （第四段）
5. d) The need for innovative storage solutions to address the intermittency of solar power.
解析: 文章第六段提到，太阳能发电的间歇性，即依赖于日照条件，需要创新的存储解决方案来确保可靠的电力供应。将太阳能并入现有电网需要仔细规划和基础设施升级。
原文定位:
英文: "The intermittency of solar power, dependent on the availability of sunlight, requires innovative storage solutions to ensure a reliable supply of electricity." (Paragraph 6)
中文: “太阳能发电的间歇性，即依赖于日照条件，需要创新的存储解决方案来确保可靠的电力供应。” （第六段）
Passage 3: Lithium
1. c) To enable the high energy densities and long lifespans of the batteries.
解析: 文章第一段指出，锂离子电池在现代生活中无处不在，而轻质且高活性的金属锂在实现这些电池的高能量密度和长寿命方面发挥着关键作用。
原文定位:
英文: "At the heart of this battery boom lies lithium, a light and highly reactive metal that plays a crucial role in enabling the high energy densities and long lifespans of these batteries." (Paragraph 1)
中文: “这场电池繁荣的核心是锂，这是一种轻质且高活性的金属，在实现这些电池的高能量密度和长寿命方面发挥着关键作用。” （第一段）
2. c) The potential for brine extraction to contaminate groundwater supplies.
解析: 文章第五段提到，锂的提取引发了对其环境足迹的担忧。采矿作业会破坏生态系统，消耗大量水资源，并产生需要负责任管理的废弃物。此外，人们还对一些锂矿区的工况和社区影响提出了道德方面的担忧。
原文定位:
英文: "Mining operations can disrupt ecosystems, consume large amounts of water, and generate waste products that require responsible management. Moreover, ethical concerns have been raised about working conditions and community impacts in some lithium mining regions." (Paragraph 5)
中文: “采矿作业会破坏生态系统，消耗大量水资源，并产生需要负责任管理的废弃物。此外，人们还对一些锂矿区的工况和社区影响提出了道德方面的担忧。” （第五段）
3. c) The growing adoption of lithium-ion batteries in electric vehicles and energy storage systems.
解析: 文章第三段指出，近年来，受电动汽车、便携式电子产品和电网规模储能系统指数级增长的推动，对锂的需求激增。随着世界交通系统电气化和向可再生能源的转型，对锂离子电池，进而对锂的需求预计将急剧上升。
原文定位:
英文: "The demand for lithium has surged in recent years, driven by the exponential growth of electric vehicles, portable electronics, and grid-scale energy storage systems." (Paragraph 3)
中文: “近年来，受电动汽车、便携式电子产品和电网规模储能系统指数级增长的推动，对锂的需求激增。” （第三段）
4. d) The development of direct lithium extraction (DLE) technologies to reduce environmental impact.
解析: 文章第六段指出，认识到这些挑战，业界正在探索更可持续的锂提取和生产方法。人们正在开发直接提锂 (DLE) 技术，以更高效、更低环境影响的方式从卤水资源中提取锂。
原文定位:
英文: "Recognizing these challenges, the industry is exploring more sustainable approaches to lithium extraction and production. Direct lithium extraction (DLE) technologies are being developed to extract lithium from brine resources more efficiently and with a lower environmental impact." (Paragraph 6)
中文: “认识到这些挑战，业界正在探索更可持续的锂提取和生产方法。人们正在开发直接提锂 (DLE) 技术，以更高效、更低环境影响的方式从卤水资源中提取锂。” （第六段）
5. b) Lithium will continue to be an essential resource, requiring responsible sourcing and recycling.
解析: 文章最后一段指出，随着电池革命的加速发展，在可预见的未来，锂将继续是一种关键资源。将不断增长的锂需求与负责任的采购、生产和回收实践相结合，对于确保这种强大金属及其所支持的技术的可持续未来至关重要。
原文定位:
英文: "As the battery revolution gathers pace, lithium is poised to remain a critical resource for the foreseeable future. Balancing the growing demand for lithium with responsible sourcing, production, and recycling practices will be essential to ensuring a sustainable future for this powerful metal and the technologies it enables." (Paragraph 7)
中文: “随着电池革命的加速发展，在可预见的未来，锂将继续是一种关键资源。将不断增长的锂需求与负责任的采购、生产和回收实践相结合，对于确保这种强大金属及其所支持的技术的可持续未来至关重要。” （第七段）

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