资源简介

A
a couple （of） 一对，一对夫妇
a little 一点；少量；稍微
a good time to do sth 做某事的好时间
a pair of black socks 一双黑袜子
a picture of my family 一张我的全家福
a quarter past three 三点一刻
a set of keys 一串钥匙
a symbol of good luck 好运的象征
according to 依据
across from 在......对面
advise sb. to do sth 建议某人做某事
after all 毕竟
all in all 总的来说
all kinds of 各种各样的
all the time 频繁；反复
all year round 全年
another three hours 另外三个小时
around the world 世界各地
arrive in/at 到达
art festival 艺术节
as far as I know 据我所知
as for 至于
as long as 只要；既然
as soon as 一......就
ask for 请求
at birth 出生时
at least 至少
at the beginning of 在……开始
at the same time 同时
avoid doing 避免做某事
B
be able to do 能够做某事
be afraid to do sth 害怕做某事
be born with 天生；具有
be covered with 被……覆盖
be different from 不同于
be due to do... 预定要做某事
be friends with 成为某人的朋友
be good at 擅长于
be good for 利于
be good to sb. 对某人好
be good with 善于应付……的
be harmful to 对……有害
be in (great) danger 处于（极大)危险中
be in control of 掌管
be in danger 处于危险之中
be interested in 对.....感兴趣
be invented by 由……发明
be known/famous for 以……出名
be responsible for 对……有责任；负责任
be late for work 上班迟到
be made from 由……制成（看不出原材料）
be made of 由......制成
be made of 由……制成（看得出原材料）
be of medium height 中等身高
be patient with 对……有耐心
be proud of 为……骄傲；感到自豪
be ready for 准备好；愿意（做某事）
be serious about 对…严肃 认真
be similar to 与……相像的
be strict with sb. 对某人要求严格
be sure about 确信；对……有把握
be thirsty for 渴望
be used for doing sth./
be used to do sth. 被用于做……
be/get used to (doing) sth. 习惯于......；适应于.....
because of 因为
believe in 信任
belong to 属于
between … and 在……和……之间
blow out 吹灭
bring back 使想起
bring good luck to 给.....带来好运
bring out 使显现
by accident 意外的
by mistake 错误的
by the end of 在（某时间点）以前，为止
by the time 在……以前
C
call in 召来；叫来
call up 打电话给（某人）；征召
call(sb.)back （给某人）回话
care about 关心；在意
care for 照顾；喜欢
check out 察看
cheer up 振作起来
Children’s Day 儿童节
clean up 打扫干净
clean…off 把……擦掉
clear out 清理
close to 几乎；接近
come out （书）出版
come on 加油
come over 过来；顺便拜访
come true 实现
come up with 想出；提出
compare with 与......比较
connect … with 连接
consider doing sth. 考虑做某事
costume party 化装舞会
cut down 砍倒
cut off 切除
cut out 删除；删去
cut up 切碎
D
deal with 处理
decide to do 决定做
depend on 依靠
die down 逐渐消失，逐渐变弱
dinning hall 餐厅
divide… into… 把……分开
do a good job 干得好
do one's homework 做作业
do the dishes 清洗餐具
dress up 装扮；乔装打扮
dress up as 打扮成
drink tea 喝茶
drop by 顺便访问；随便进入
E
each other 互相
eat out 出去吃饭
eating habits 饮食习惯
either … or 或者……或者……
encourage sb. to do sth. 鼓励某人做某事
end up 最终成为；最后处于
enjoy reading 喜欢阅读
enough money 足够的钱
even though 即使,虽然
ever since 自从
every day 每天
Excuse me 劳驾；请原谅
F
fall asleep 进入梦乡，睡着
fall down 突然倒下；跌倒
fall in love with 爱上，喜欢上
fall over 绊倒
fear to do sth. 惧怕做某事
feed chickens 喂鸡
feel free to do sth 随便做某事
feel like 感觉像
fill…with… 用……装满……
find out 查明；弄清
first of all 首先
fix up 修理；装饰
fly a kite 放风筝
for example/such as 列如
follow the rules 遵守规则
for sure 肯定的
from time to time 时常；有时
from…to… 从……到……
full of 满是....的
G
get lost 迷路
get married 结婚
get a surprise 吃惊
get an education 接受教育
get dressed 穿上衣服
get in the way of 妨碍
get into 陷入；参与
get lost 迷路
get mad 气愤
get off 下车
get on with 和睦相处
get out of 离开
get popular 受欢迎
get up 起床
get used to (doing) 习惯于
get to 到达
get back 返回
get ready for 为……作好准备
get on 上车
give … a lift 捎……一程
give away 赠送；捐赠
give out/hand out 分发
give up 放弃
go off （闹钟）发出响声
go back to/return to 返回到
go out 外出（娱乐）
go out of one's way 特地；格外努力
go to the movies 看电影
grow up 长大；成熟
H
hang out 闲逛
happy birthday 生日快乐
hardly ever 几乎从不
have a cold 感冒
have a good day 玩得开心
have a school trip 郊游
have a yard sale 进行庭院售卖
have problems/a problem with 在......方面有问题
have to do with 关于；与……有光
have...seriously 有相同特征
hear from 接到(某人的）信、电话等
help ...out (帮助......)分担工作、解决难题
help sb. out 帮助某人摆脱困境
help sb.with sth. 在某方面帮助某人
hundreds of 许多；大量
hurry up 赶快,急忙
I
ID card 身份证
in a row 连续几次地
in English 用英语
in fact 事实上
in front of 在......前面
in line with 与……成为一排
in need 需要
in one's free time 在某人空余的时间
in one's opinion 依......看
in order to 为了；目的是
in person 亲自
in public 公开的
in that case 既然那样
in the countryside 在乡下
in the end 最后
in the face of 面对
in the shape of 以……的形象
in total 总共
instead of 代替，返而
J
join in 参加，加入
jump over 跳过
K
keep ... to oneself 保守秘密
keep one's cool 保持冷静
keep…away from 避免接近
kick off 开除某人
kind of 有点；稍微
L
last name 姓
lay out 摆开
leave out 忽略；不提及
less then 少于
let … down 使……失望
listen to 听
living room 客厅
look back at 回首往事
look for 寻找；寻求
look forward to(doing) sth 期待（做）某事
look through 快速查看；浏览
look up 查阅；抬头看
look up to… 仰慕
lots of 大量
M
make a difference 影响；有作用
make a lot of money 赚很多钱
make a wish 许愿
make a mess 弄得一团糟（一塌糊涂）
make an effort 做出努力
make friends 结交朋友
make it 及时到达；成功
make mistakes/a mistake 犯错误
make one's own decision 自己做决定
make one's way 费力地前进
make progress 取得进步
make soup 做汤
make sure 确保；查明
make up 编造（故事，谎言等）
make(one's）bed 铺床
make…feel at hone 使（使人）感到宾至如归
me neither 我也没有/不
milk a caw 给奶牛挤奶
more than 多于
N
National Day 国庆日
neither … nor 既不……也不……
no longer 不再
not only…but also 不仅…而且
O
of course 当然
on the one hand, on the other hand 一方面，另一方面
on the weekend/on weekends 在周末
on time 准时
on (a) vacation 度假
once in a while 偶尔地；间或
one another 互相
one large bowl of 一大碗
or so 大约
over and over again 多次；反复的
P
pardon me 请再说一遍
parking lot 停车场
part with 放弃
pass by 路过；经过
pay attention to 注意
pay for 付费；付出代价
pay phone 付费电话
pick up 接(电话）
play a part 参与；发挥作用
play a role 发挥作用
play a trick on 捉弄某人
play basketball 打篮球
play chess 下国际象棋
play the drum 敲鼓
play the piano 弹钢琴
play the violin 拉小提琴
plenty of 大量
police station 警察局
post office 邮局
prefer…to 比起……更喜欢
prepare for 为......做准备
prevent..from 阻止…做
pull …down 摧毁
pull together 齐心协力
put off 推迟
put on 增加（体重）；上演；穿上
put sth. to good use 好好利用某物
put up 搭起；举起；张贴
Q
quite a few 相当多
quite a lot of 许多
R
rather than 而不是
radio station 广播电台
read a newspaper 看报纸
regard as 把……看作
remember/regret to do sth. 记得、忘记做某事
ride a bike /by bike 骑自行车
ride a horse 骑马
right away 立刻；马上
right now 立刻；马上
rise into… 上升……
run after 追逐
run away 跑开；逃离；逃避
run out (of) 用尽；耗尽
S
search for jobs 搜索工作
sell out 卖光
send out 发送
separate from 分离；隔开
set out 出发；启程
set up 建起；设立
shout at... 冲.....大声叫囔
shout to... 对.....大声喊
show up 赶到
shut off 关闭
so far 到目前为止
South Africa 南非
speak English 说英语
stay up late 熬夜
stick to 坚持；固守
stop… from… 阻止……
T
take a walk 散步
take down 记录，拆除
take a break/take breaks 休息
take a message 捎个口信
take a risk/take risks 冒险
take a shower 洗淋浴
take action 采取行动
take after （外貌或行为）像
take care of 照顾；处理
take in 吸入
take notes 做笔记
take off 脱下；起飞
take one's order 点菜
take one's temperature 量体温
take one's place 代替；替换
take out the rubbish 倒垃圾
take part in 参加
take place 发生
take pride in 为……感到骄傲
take the subway 乘地铁
take up 学着做；开始做
take…seriously 认真对待
talk back 顶嘴
talk on the phone 电话交谈
talk to 跟……说
the more … the more 越……越
the next day 第二天
the same as 和……相同
the secret to ……的秘诀
the Und States of America 美利坚合众国
the United Kingdom 英国（全称）
think about 考虑
think of 认为
thousands of 数以千计的
throw away 扔掉
to be honest 说实在的
to one's surprise 使...惊讶的；出乎...意料
to start with 起初；开始时
travel around/all over the world 周游世界
try out 参加......选拔；试用
turn down 拒绝
turn off 关掉
turn on 接通；打开
turn right 向右拐
turn...into 把....变成
U
under the chair 在椅子下面
up and down 上上下下
used to 曾经......；过去......
V
view......as 把......看待成，认为......是
W
wake...up 把.....弄醒
walk into 走路时撞着
wash away 冲走
watch TV 看电视
without doubt 毫无疑问
word by word 逐个单词
work out 解决
would rather … than 宁愿……而不是
write down 写下；记录下一．英语语法重点与难点
1、 as…as…结构：你和汤姆是一样好的孩子。
You’re a boy as good as Tom.=You’re as good a boy as Tom.
2、 (1)too…to与 so…that sb. can’t…的句型转换：前者为简单句，主语只有一个，而后者为复合句，主语有两个，试比较：
The man was too angry to be able to speak.
The man was so angry that he wasn’t able to speak.
(2) too…to…与 not enough to句型的转换：
He is too young to get married.=He is not old enough to get married.
The book is too difficult for me to read.=
The book is not easy enough for me to read.
3、 形容词原级表示比较级含义：
约翰不象迈克那么苯。John is not so stupid as Mike.
John is less stupid than Mike.
John is cleverer than Mike.
4、 用比较级表示最高级：约翰是班里最高的男生。
John is taller than any other boy in the class.
John is the tallest boy in the class.
5、 the more….. the more….表示“越……越……”:
The more books you read, the wider your knowledge is.
The more food you eat, the fatter you are.
6、 more and more….表示“越来……越……”:
More and more students realized the importance of a foreign language.
Our country is getting stronger and stronger.
二．中考考点—词组
1. after, in 这两个介词都可以表示“……(时间)以后”的意思
after 以过去为起点,表示过去一段时间之后,常用于过去时态的句子中 如:She went after three days. 她是三天以后走的
in 以现在为起点,表将来一段时间以后,常用于将来时态的句子中如:She will go in three days. 她三天以后要走
2. how long, how often, how soon
how long指多长时间,主要用来对一段时间(如three days, four weeks 等)提问 如:How long ago was it 这是多久前的事了
how often指每隔多久,主要用来对频率副词或状语(如once a week等)提问 如:—How often does he come here —Once a month. 他(每隔)多久来一次 每月一次。
how soon指再过多久,主要用来对表示将来的一段时间(in an hour, in two weeks 等)提问 如:How soon can you come 你多快能赶来
3. few, a few, little, a little, several, some
few 和little的意思是否定的,表示“很少”或“几乎没有”;而a few和a little的意思是肯定的,表示“有一些,有一点儿”
few 和 a few修饰可数名词;little 和 a little 修饰不可数名词
several用于修饰可数名词,语意比a few和some更肯定,含有“好几个”的意思
some可修饰可数名词,也可修饰不可数名词,从数量上说,它有时相当于a few 或 a little,有时指更多一些的数量
4. the other, another
the other 指两个人或事物中的“另一个”,表示特指 如:We stood>
another着重于不定数目中的“另外一个”,表示泛指,所以常用来指至少三个中的一个 如:She has taken another of my books. 她已经拿了我的另外一本书
5. spend, take, cost, pay
spend的宾语通常是时间 金钱 在主动语态中,句子的主语必须是人,而且后面不能用动词不定式做它的宾语 如:She spent the whole evening in reading. 她把整个晚上用来读书
take常常用来指“花费”时间,句子的主语通常是表示事物的词语 如:How long will this job take you 你做这项工作要花多长时间
cost 指花费时间 金钱或力气等,只能用表示事物的词做主语,并且不能用于被动语态 如:How much does the jacket cost 这件夹克多少钱
pay 主要指主语(某人)买某物(或为某事)付多少钱(给某人) 如:I pay for my rooms by month. 我按月支付租金
6. among, between
between 的意思是“在……中间,在……之间”,一般指在两者之间 如:There is a table between two windows. 在两扇窗户之间有一张桌子。between 有时也表示在多于两个以上的事物之间,但那是指在每二者之间。如:the relationship between different provinces and municiplities 省市和省市之间的关系(这里是指每两个省市之间的相互关系 )
7. beat, win
这两个词都有“获胜,打败”的意思,但其后宾语不同 beat是“打败,优于”的意思,后面接人或队 如:We beat them. 我们打败了他们。
win指“赢,获胜”,后面接比赛 名次 如:We won the match/game/race/the first place. 我们赢了这场比赛(获得了第一名)。
8. agree with, agree>
agree>
agree with表示“与……意见一致”,后面既可以跟表示人的名词或人称代词,也可以跟表示意见。看法的名词或what引导的从句 。如:I agree with you without reservation.我毫无保留地同意你的意见。We agree with what you said just now.我们同意你刚才所说的意见。
agree to后面不能接人,只能接“提议,计划,方案”等词句 如:I agree to the terms proposed. 我同意拟议的条件。
9. bring, take, carry,fetch
这四个词都是动词,都含有“带”或“拿”的意思,但使用的场合各不相同。
bring作“带来,拿来”解 如:Next time don’t forget to bring me a copy of your work. 下次不要忘了把一份你的作品带给我。
take是bring的对语,作“带去,拿去”解 如:Take the box away, please. 请把盒子拿走。
carry表示“运载,携带”之意,运送的方式很多,可以用车、船,也可以用手甚至用头。如:This bus is licensed to carry 100 passengers. 这辆巴士准载一百人。
fetch则表示“去拿来”的意思。如:Please fetch me the documents in that room. 请到那间房间去把文件拿来给我。
10. each, every
两词都是“每个”的意思,但着重点不同。each着重个别的情况,every着重全体,有“所有的”的意思。如:She knows each student of the class.她认识这个班里的每一个学生。She knows every student of the class.她认识这个班所有的学生。
11. no>
no>
none指“一个也没有(既可指人,也可指物)”,作主语时代替不可数名词,谓语动词用单数形式;代替可数名词,谓语动词用单、复数都可以。但在“主+系+表”结构中,如果表语为复数,则系动词要用复数形式。如:None of us are(is) afraid of difficulties. 我们谁也不怕困难。
12. go>
这三个动词短语都有“继续做某事”的意思,其区别如下:go>
13. too much, much too
二者都有“太,非常”之意,much too为副词词组,修饰形容词 副词,不可修饰动词。如:It’s much too cold.天气实在是太冷了。
too much作“太多”讲,有以下三种用法
(1)作名词词组 如:You have given us too much. 你给我们的太多了。
(2)作形容词词组修饰不可数名词 如:Don’t drink too
much wine. 不要饮太多的酒
(3)作副词词组修饰不及物动词 如:She talks too much. 她说话太多
14. happen, take place与occur
happen有“偶然”的意思,多用于客观事物 情况的发生 。如:Whatever has happened to your arm It’s all swollen. 你的手臂怎么了 肿得好历害！
occur 指有计划地使某些事“发生”，有时强调“呈现”于人的知觉中。如:Did it occur to you to phone them about it 你难道没想到就这事给他们打个电话
事件作主语时,happen和occur可以通用 如:The accident happened/occurred yesterday. 事故是昨天发生的。
take place 指事件发生,但常用来表示“举行”的意思,带有非偶然性 例如:The meeting took place last night.会议昨晚举行。
15. in front of, in the front of
in front of的意思是“在……前面”。如:There is a tree in front of the house.房子前面有一棵树。
in the front of的意思是“在……前部”,指在某个空间范围内的前面。如:There is a blackboard in the front of the classroom. 教室里前部有一块黑板
16. noise, voice, sound
这三个词都作“声音”解,在表示“听到声音”这个意思时,三者可以通用，但它们又各有特定的含义。
sound 作“声音”解,含义最广,指可以听到的任何声音,如:a weak sound 微弱的声
noise作“噪音,嘈杂声,吵闹声”解,指不悦耳,不和谐的声音，它既可作可数名词,也可作不可数名词。如:Another kind of pollution is noise. 另外一种污染是噪音。
voice 作“声音”解时,多指人发出的声音,包括说话声、歌声和笑声。如:He shouted at the top of voice. 他高声呼喊。有时也用于引申意义,作“意见、发言权”解。如:I have no voice in the matter. 对于这件事,我没有发言权。
17. arrive, get, reach
三者均可表示“到达”,arrive后通常接介词at(一般用于较小的地方)或 in(一般用于较大的地方) 如:We arrived at the station five minutes late. 我们晚了5分钟到车站 又如:They will arrive in Paris next Monday. 他们将于下周星期一到达巴黎
get之后通常接介词to。如:When we got to the park, it began to rain. 我们到达公园时,就开始下雨了。
reach是及物动词(较 get更正式),其后可直接跟地点名词做宾语(不能用介词)。如:He reached Beijing yesterday. 他昨天到达北京。
三．情态动词
1.考查情态动词表示“推测”的用法
[考点快忆] 表示肯定推测的情态动词有：must“一定；准是”，may“也许；可能”，might“或许”；表示否定推测的情态动词有：can t“不可能”， couldn t“不会”，may not“也许不”，might not“或许不”；can表示推测时不用于肯定句，may表示推测时不用于疑问句。
2.考查情态动词引起的一般疑问句的答语
[考点快忆] 回答must时，肯定答语用must,否定答语用needn t或don t have to。回答need时，肯定答语用must,否定答语用needn t。回答may时，肯定答语用may，否定答语用mustn t 或can t。
3.考查情态动词的意义
[考点快忆] must “必须”；have to“不得不”；need “必须；需要”；can(could)“能；可能”；may (might) “可以；可能”；shall，will (would)“将；会；愿意；要”；should“应当”。“had better (not) + 动词原形”表示建议；have to / has to ／ had to的否定，疑问形式要借助于助动词do ／ does ／ did。
四． There be 的句子结构
There be是一个“存在”句型，表示“有”的意思，
肯定句的形式为：There be + 名词（单数或复数）+地点状语或时间状语。
be动词单复数的确定，看be后边第一个名词，当所接主语为单数或不可数名词时，be动词形式为is；当所接主语为复数名词时，be动词为are；当be动词后接两个以上主语时，be动词与最临近主语保持数上的一致。意思为“某地有某人或某物”。如：
There is an eraser and two pens>There are two pens and an eraser>
（1）there be的否定句，即在be的后面加上not。
否定形式为：There be + not + （any） + 名词+地点状语。
There is not any cat in the room. 房间里没猫。
There aren t any books>
（2）there be句型的疑问句就是将be提到句首：Be there + （any） +名词+地点状语
肯定回答：Yes, there is / are. 否定回答：No, there isn t / aren t.
-Is there a dog in the picture 画上有一只狗吗
-Yes, there is. 有。
-Are there any boats in the river 河里有船吗
-No, there aren t. 没有。
（3）特殊疑问句：How many . . . are there （+地点状语）
某地有多少人或物回答用There be . . .
There s>
有时直接就用数字来回答。One. / Two . . .
-How many students are there in the classroom 教室里有多少学生
-There s>
（4）如果名词是不可数名词，用：How much + 不可数名词 + is there + 地点状语
How much water is there in the cup 杯中有多少水
五． 中考对定语从句的考查：
1．定语从句的功用和结构在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫做定语从句。被定从句修饰的词叫做先行词。定语从句必须放在先行词之后。引导定语从句的关联词有关系代词和关系副词。例如：
This is the present that he gave me for my birthday
2．关系代词和关系副词的功用关系代词和关系副词用来引导定于从句，在先行词和定语从句之间起纽带作用，使二者联系起来。关系代词和关系副词又在定语从句中充当一个成分。关系待客做主语，宾语，定语，关系副词可作状语。
1. 作主语：关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句的谓语动词的人称和数须和先行词一致。例如：　I don’t like people who talk much but do little.
The cars which are produced in Hubei Province sell very well.
2. 作宾语：She is the person that I met at the school gate yesterday.
The book that my grandmother gave me is called “The Great Escape”.
3. 作定语关系代词whose在定语从句中作定语用。例如：What’s the name of the young man whose sister is a doctor
The girl whose father is a teacher studies very hard.
4. 作状语
I’ll never forget the day when I first came to Beijing.
三. 各个关系代词和关系副词的具体用法
1. who 指人，在定语从句中作主语。例如：
The person who broke the window must pay for it.
The boy who is wearing the black jacket is very clever.
2. whom指人，在定语从句中作宾语。例如：
Do you know the young man (whom) we met at the gate？
Mr Lee (whom) you want to see has come.
3. whose 指人，在定语从句中作定语。例如：The girl whose mother is ill is staying at home today.
I know the boy whose father is a professor.
4. which指物，在定语从中作主语或宾语。例如：
A dictionary is a book which gives the meaning of words.
Here is the book (which) the teacher mentioned yesterday.
5. that多指物，有时也指人，在定语从句中作主语或宾语。例如：
I’ve read the newspaper that(which) carries the important news.
Who is the person that is reading the newspaper over there
6. when 指时间，在定语从句中作状语。例如：I’ll never forget the time when we worked>He arrived in Beijing>
7. where 指地点，在定语从句中作状语。例如：
This is the house where we lived last year.
The factory where his father works is in the east of the city.
四. 关系代词 whom， which 在定语从句中作介词宾语时，可以和介词一起放于先行词与定语从句之间，有时为了关系紧凑也可以将 whom 与 which 与先行词紧挨着书写，而将介词置于定语从句的后面，如：
That was the room in which we had lived for ten years. = That was the room
which we had lived in for ten years.
五. 具体使用时还要注意下列问题：
1. 只能使用that,不用which 的情况：
(1) 先行词是all, few, little, nothing, everything, anything 等不定代词时。例如：
All that he said is true.
(2) 先行词被only, no, any, all,等词修饰时。例如：
He is the>
(3) 先行词是序数词或被序数词修饰的词。例如：
　He was the second (person) that told me the secret.
(4) 先行词是形容词最高级或被形容词最高级修饰的词。
This is the best book (that) I have read this year.
(5) 先行词既包括人又包括物时。例如：
He talked about the people and the things he remembered.
2. 只能用which，不用that 的情况：
(1) 在非限制性定语从中。例如：
The meeting was put off, which was exactly what we wanted.
(2) 定语从句由介词+关系代词引导，先行词是物时。例如：
The thing about which he is talking is of great importance.
考查的主要形式是单项填空、完型填空、短文填空和完成句子。阅读理解和书面表达肯定也要用到定语从句。
六宾语从句
1.宾语从句的含义在整个句子中做宾语的从句叫做宾语从句。She knew that the teacher had seen the film.她知道这位老师看过这部电影。（“that the teacher had seen the film”做knew的宾语，同时又是由连接词that引导的从句，所以它叫做宾语从句。）2.宾语从句的分类（1）动词宾语从句：顾名思义，它是位于动词后面的宾语从句。He asked whose handwriting was the best in our class.他问我们班上谁的书法最好。（2）介词宾语从句：顾名思义，它是位于介词后面的宾语从句。I agree with what you said just now.我同意你刚才说的话。（3）形容词宾语从句：顾名思义，它是位于形容词后面的宾语从句。I am afraid that I will be late.恐怕我要迟到了。3. 引导名词性从句的连接词（1）that：没有含义，在宾语从句中不做成分（2）whether/if：表示是否，在宾语从句中不做成分I don't know if/whether he still lives here after so many years.我不知道这么多年后，他是否还住在这里。（3）连接代词：what, which, who, whom, whose（在宾语从句中做主、宾、表和定语）连接副词：where, when, how, why（在宾语从句中做状语）The small children don't know what is in their stockings.（what 在宾语从句中做主语）这些小孩子不知道什么在他们的长筒袜里。Could you tell me why you were late for the meeting this morning （why 在宾语从句中做原因状语）你能告诉我为什么你今天早上开会迟到吗？4. 在做宾语从句的题目时应注意两点（1）时态①当主句是现在时态时，宾语从句可以根据需要使用任何时态。I don't know when he will come back.我不知道他将何时回来。He tells me that his sister came back yesterday.他告诉我他姐姐昨天回来了。②当主句是过去时态时，宾语从句必须是一种过去的时态。She asked me if I knew whose pen it was.她问我是否知道这是谁的钢笔。He said that he could finish his work before supper.他说他会在晚饭前完成工作。③当表示客观事实或普遍真理的句子做宾语从句时，任何时候都用一般现在时。The teacher said that the earth goes round the sun.老师说过地球绕着太阳转。（2）语序任何从句都使用陈述句语序，宾语从句当然也不例外。
七被动语态
被动语态由助动词be加及物动词的过去分词构成，助动词be有时态，人称和数的变化。被动语态的时态是由be的时态决定的，be是什么时态，全句就是什么时态，be动词后面的过去分词不变。　　1. 各种时态的被动语态结构一般现在时的被动语态：主语＋am/is/are（not）＋过去分词一般过去时的被动语态：主语＋was/were＋过去分词现在完成时的被动语态：主语＋have/has＋been＋过去分词一般将来时的被动语态：主语＋will＋be＋过去分词过去将来时的被动语态：主语＋would/should+be＋过去分词过去进行时的被动语态：主语＋was/were+being＋过去分词过去完成时的被动语态：主语＋had+been+过去分词情态动词的被动语态：情态动词＋be＋过去分词2. 被动语态的用法（1）不知道或没有必要说明动作的执行者是谁，不用by＋动作执行者短语。Football is played widely all over the world.全世界都广泛地踢足球。（2）强调动作的承受者。The bank was robbed yesterday afternoon.昨天下午这家银行遭到抢劫。（3）作客观说明时，常采用一种被动语态句型。It is reported that about twenty children have died of flu in the USA.据报道美国大约二十名儿童死于流感。3. 主动语态的句子变为被动语态的步骤（1）把原句中的宾语变为主语　　（2）动词改为被动形式，即be+过去分词　　（3）原来的主语，如果需要的话，放在by后面；如果没必要，可省略。1. clothes, cloth, clothing
clothes统指各种衣服，谓语动词永远是复数
cloth指布，为不可数名词
clothing服装的总称，指一件衣服用a piece of, an article of
2. incident, accident
incident指小事件, accident指不幸的事故
He was killed in the accident.
3. amount, number
amount后接不可数名词，
number后接可数名词 a number of students
4. sound, voice, noise
sound自然界各种各样的声音，
voice人的嗓音，
noise噪音I hate the loud noise outside.
5. photo, picture, drawing
photo用照相机拍摄的照片，
picture可指相片，图片，电影片，
drawing画的画
Let's go and see a good picture.
6. weather, climate
weather一天内具体的天气状况，
climate长期的气候状况
The climate here is not good for you.
7. road, street, path, way
road具体的公路，马路，
street街道，
path小路，小径，
way道路，途径
take this road; in the street, show me the way to the museum.
8. course, subject
course课程（可包括多门科目），
subject科目（具体的学科）a summer course
9. custom, habit
custom传统风俗，习俗，也可指生活习惯，后接to do，
habit生活习惯，习惯成自然，后接of doing.
I've got the habit of drinking a lot.
10. cause, reason
cause指造成某一事实或现象的直接原因，后接of sth./doing sth，
reason用来解释某种现象或结果的理由，后接for sth./doing sth. the reason for being late
11. exercise, exercises, practice
exercise运动，锻炼（不可数），
exercises练习（可数），
practice（反复做的）练习 Practice makes perfect.
12. class, lesson
作"课"解时,两者可以替换.指课文用lesson.
指班级或全体学生用class. lesson 6; class 5
13. speech, talk, lecture
speech指在公共场所所做的经过准备的较正式的演说，
talk日常生活中的一般的谈话，讲话，
lecture学术性的演讲，讲课 a series of lecture on…
14. work, job
二者均指工作。work不可数，job可数 a good job
15. couple, pair
couple主要指人或动物，
pair多指由两部分组成的东西 a pair of trousers
16. country, nation, state, land
country侧重指版图，疆域，nation指人民，国民，民族，state侧重指政府，政体，land国土，国家
The whole nation was sad at the news.
17. cook, cooker
cook厨师，cooker厨具 He is a good cook.
18. damage, damages
damage不可数名词,损害，损失; damages复数形式,赔偿金 $900 damages
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19. police, policeman
police警察的总称，后接复数谓语动词，policeman指某个具体的警察
The police are questioning everyone in the house.
20. problem, question
problem常和困难连系，前面的动词常为think about, solve, raise，question常和疑问连系，多和ask, answer连用
21. trip, journey, travel
travel是最常用的，trip指短期的旅途，journey指稍长的旅途， a three-day trip
22. sport, game
sport多指户外的游戏或娱乐活动，如打球，游泳，打猎，赛马等；
game指决定胜负的游戏，通常有一套规则 His favorite sport is swimming.
23. price, prize
price价格，prize奖，奖品，奖金
win the first prize The price is high/low.
24. a number of, the number of
a number of许多，谓语动词用复数。
the number of…的数目，谓语动词用单数。
The number of students is increasing.
25. in front of, in the front of
in front of范围外的前面，
in the front of范围内的前面
In the front of the room sits a boy.
26. for a moment, for the moment
for a moment片刻，一会儿，
for the moment暂时，一时
Thinking for a moment, he agreed.
27. next year, the next year
next year将来时间状语，the next year过去将来时间状语
He said he would go abroad the next year.
28. more than a year, more than one year
more than a year一年多，more than one year超过一年（两年或三年等）
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29. take advice, take the(one's) advice
take advice征求意见，take the advice接受忠告
He refused to take the advice and failed again.
30. take air, take the air
take air传播，走漏，take the air到户外去，散步
31. in a word, in words
in a word总之，一句话，
in words口头上 In a word, you are right.
32. in place of, in the place of
in place of代替，in the place of在…地方
A new building is built in the place of the old one.
33. in secret, in the secret
in secret秘密地，暗自地，偷偷地，一般用作状语；in the secret知道内情，知道秘密，一般用作表语 My mother was in the secret from the beginning.
34. go to sea, by sea, by the sea
go to sea当海员，出航，
by sea乘船，由海路，
by the sea在海边
go by sea
35. the doctor and teacher, the doctor and the teacher
the doctor and teacher指一个人，既是医生又是老师，
the doctor and the teacher两个人，一个医生和一个老师
the doctor and teacher is
36. in office, in the office
in office在职的，in the office在办公室里He is in office, not out ofoffice.
37. in bed, on the bed
in bed卧在床上，on the bed在床上The book is on the bed. Heis ill in bed.
38. in charge of, in the charge of
in charge of管理，负责照料，in the charge of由……照料
He is in charge of thematter.
The matter is in the charge of her.
39. in class, in the class
in class在课上，in the class在班级里
He is the best student inthe class.
40. on fire, on the fire
on fire着火,on the fire在火上
Put the food on the fire.
The house is on fire.
41. out of question, out of the question
out of question毫无疑问的，out of the question不可能的
42. a second, the second
a second又一，再一，the second第……
He won the second prize.
43. it, one
it同一物体，one同类不同一
I lost my pen. I have to buy a new one.
44. that, this
that指代上文所提到的，this导出下文所要说的
I was ill. That's why…
45. none, nothing, no one
none强调有多少，nothing, no one强调有没有，nothing指物，no one指人--- How many…/How much…
--- None.
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46. anyone, any one
anyone指人，不能接of，any one指人物均可，可接of any one of you
47. who, what
who指姓名或关系，what指职业或地位
What is your dad He is a teacher.
48. what, which
what的选择基础是无限制的，which在一定范围内进行选择
Which do you prefer, bananas or apples
49. not a little, not a bit
not a little非常，not a bit一点也不I'm not a bit tired.我一点儿也不累。
50. by oneself, for oneself, to oneself, of oneself
by oneself单独的，独自的，for oneself为自己，to oneself供自己用的，of oneself自行的，自动的
The door opened of itself.
51. high, highly
high具体的高，highly抽象的高，高度的think highly of
52. healthy, healthful
healthy健康的，健壮的，healthful有益于健康的healthful exercise
53. sleeping, asleep, sleepy
sleeping正在睡觉，asleep睡着，熟睡，只能做表语，
sleepy困的，有睡意的asleeping baby
The baby is asleep. I'm sleepy.
54. gold, golden
gold指真金制品，golden指金色的，但金鱼用gold fish a gold ring
55. most, mostly
most用于表感受的肯定句中，相当于very，当大部分，大多数解时是形容词或名词，mostly大部分,是副词most people, the people are mostly…
56. real, true
real真的，真实的，指的是事实上存在而不是想象的，true真的，真正的，指的是事实和实际情况相符合real gold, a true story
57. respectful, respectable
respectful尊敬，有礼貌，respectable可敬的，值得尊敬的be respectful to the aged
58.pleasant, pleased, pleasing
pleasant常用作定语，pleased, pleasing常用作表语，
pleased主语常为人，pleasing主语常为物
a pleasant trip The trip ispleasing.
59. understanding, understandable
understanding明白事理的，能体谅的，understandable可理解的，能够懂的
an understanding girl, an understandable mistake
60.close, closely
close接近，靠近，closely紧紧地，紧密地closely connected, standclose
61. ill, sick
ill做表语，sick定，表均可a sick boy
62. good, well
good形容词，well副词，但指身体状况是形容词He is well again.
63. quiet, silent, still
quiet安静的，可以发出小的声音，silent不发出声音，但可以动，still完全不动，完全无声响He stand there still.他站在那儿，一动不动，也不说话。
64. able, capable
able与不定式to do连用，capable有能力的常与of连用
He is capable of cooking…
65. almost, nearly
二者均为"几乎,差不多"和否定词连用almost almost nobody
66. late, lately
late迟，晚，lately最近，近来 还可以做形容词，最新的
I haven't seen him lately(recently).
67. living, alive, live, lively
living, alive, live均为活着的，living定表均可，alive定表均可，定语后置，live只能做定语，lively意为活泼的all the living people=all the people alive
68. deep, deeply
deep具体的深，deeply抽象的深，深深地deeply moved, dig deep
69. worth, worthy
二者均为值得，worth后接doing，worthy后接to be done, of being done
It is worth visiting. = It's worthy to be visited. = It's worthy of being visited.
70. happy, glad
happy高兴，幸福，定表均可，glad高兴，只能做表语a happy girl
71. instead, instead of
instead是副词，放在句首或句末，instead of是介词短语，放在句中
He didn't see a film.Instead he watched TV.
He watched TV instead of seeing a film.
72. raise, rise
raise及物动词，rise不及物动词
The sun rises in the east.
73. bring, take, carry, fetch
bring拿来，take带走，carry随身携带，fetch去回这一往返动作
fetch a box of chalk
74. join, join in, take part in
join加入某个组织，并成为其中的一员；join in参加小型的活动, join sb. in；take part in参加大型的活动
He joined the army fiveyears ago.
75. learn, study
learn学习，侧重学习的结果，study学习，侧重学习的过程，研究
76. want, hope, wish
want打算，想要，want to do, want sb. to do,hope希望（通常可以实现），hope to do/ hope that…
wish希望（通常不能实现）wish (sb.) todo, wish sb/sth. + n. I wish you success.
77. discover, invent, find out
discover发现本来存在但不为人所知的东西，invent发明本来不存在的物体，find out发现，查明At last he found out the truth
78. leave, leave for
leave离开，leave for前往He left Beijing for Shanghai.
79. rob, steal
rob抢劫rob sb. of sth.，steal偷steal sth. from sb.
80. search, search for
search后接地点，search for后接东西He searched his pocket for money
81. win, lose, beat
win后接sth.，反义词为lose, beat后接sb. win the game, beat them
82. live on, live by
live on以…为主食，live by靠…谋生live on fish/ live by fishing
83.beat,hit, strike
beat连续性地击打；hit打中，对准打；strike打一下或若干下
84. be tired of, be tiredwith/from
be tired of厌烦…，be tired with/from因为…而累了be tired with/from running 800 meters
85. care about, care for
care about关心，计较，在乎，一般多用于否定句中；care for关心，照料，喜欢，愿意He doesn't care about his clothes. I don't care formovies.
86. catch a cold, have a cold
catch a cold不能和表示"一段时间"的状语连用，而have a cold可以
She has had a cold for a week.
87. change for, change into
change for调换成，change into变成
Changethe shirt for a bigger one. Water changes into ice.
88. continue, last
二者均为持续，continue主动，被动均可，last只能用主动
The warcontinued/lasted five years. The story is to be continued.
90. feed, raise
feed喂养，养活，饲养(to give food to)，
raise饲养，养育(cause to grow, bring up children) raise the family
91. insist on, stick to
insist on坚持要求，后常接doing, stick to坚持,后常接sth. stick to the plan
92. mean to do, mean doing
mean to do打算，想要做某事，mean doing意思是，意味着
By this I mean giving thestudents more practice.
93. die from, die of
die from表示死于（枪）伤，虚弱，过度劳累，饮食过度等，die of表示死于疾病，饥饿，寒冷，年老，忧愁，失恋等精神因素die of hunger and cold
94. pay for, pay back, pay off
pay for为…付钱，pay back还钱，但不一定还清，
payoff还清payfor the book, pay off the debt(债务)
95. grow, plant
grow使某种植物在某地生长着或使其发展下去，plant移植，移栽已经长成秧苗的植物plant the trees, trees are growing
96. manage, try
manage to do设法做成了某事，try to do尽力去做某事但不一定成功
He tried to pass the exam, but he failed.
97. choose, select
choose凭个人的判断力进行选择，select有目的地仔细认真地选择
choose the best answer
98. build, put up, set up, found
build一般用语，建成，put up临时搭建，set up建成（内部的设施基本齐全），
found国家或组织的建成putup a tent, set up a school
99. be familiar to, be familiar with
be familiar to某物对某人来说是熟悉的，be familiar with某人熟悉某物
Thebook is familiar to me. I'm familiar with the book.
100. receive, accept
receive收到某一东西，但不一定接受，accept接受I received a gift, but I didn't accept it.
101. wear, put on, dress
wear和dress表状态,wear接衣服等,可用进行时，dress接人,be dressed in, put on表动作
It's coldoutside. Put on your warm clothes.
102. listen, hear
listen强调动作，hear强调结果I listened, but I heard nothing.
103. look, see, watch
look看的动作，see看的结果，watch强调所看物体的变化、移动和发展watch TV
104. lie, lay
lie躺，位于(lay, lain),说谎(lied, lied)，lay平放(laid, laid) lay the book
105. work as, act as
work as工作是…，act as充当某种职务或身份，或扮演某种角色
He works as a teacher. He acts as an interpreter.
106. hurt, injure, wound
hurt感情上受伤，injure事故中受伤，wound战争中受伤
He was wounded in the war.
107. turn, get, grow
turn表突变，后常接表颜色的词，get强调变的结果，grow强调过程，逐渐的变化turn yellow,get tired, grow big
108. close, shut, turn off
close和shut当关解时可以通用，用于可开合的物体，
turn off用于指有开关的物体Close/Shut the door. Turn off the TV.
109. set out, set about, set off
指出发，着手时，set out后接to do，set about后接doing, set off后接for sp.
110. at work, in work
at work在工作，在上班，in work有职业，有工作
Both my parents are at work. They are not at home.
111. increase to, increase by
increase to增长到…，increase by增长了…The number increased by 2,000 to 5,000.
112. day after day, day by day
day after day日复一日（无变化）；day by day一天天地（有变化）
Trees grow taller day by day.
113. after, in (表时间)
after接时间点，in接时间段after 7:00, in five minutes
113.either…or…& neither…nor… & not only…but also… & both…and…
[误] Either he or I are right.
[正] Either he or I am right.
前三个连词连接名词、代词等作主语时,谓语动词要与离其最近的主语的单复数一致,both…and…的谓语动词则要用复数1. clothes, cloth, clothing
clothes统指各种衣服，谓语动词永远是复数
cloth指布，为不可数名词
clothing服装的总称，指一件衣服用a piece of, an article of
2. incident, accident
incident指小事件, accident指不幸的事故
He was killed in the accident.
3. amount, number
amount后接不可数名词，
number后接可数名词 a number of students
4. sound, voice, noise
sound自然界各种各样的声音，
voice人的嗓音，
noise噪音I hate the loud noise outside.
5. photo, picture, drawing
photo用照相机拍摄的照片，
picture可指相片，图片，电影片，
drawing画的画
Let's go and see a good picture.
6. weather, climate
weather一天内具体的天气状况，
climate长期的气候状况
The climate here is not good for you.
7. road, street, path, way
road具体的公路，马路，
street街道，
path小路，小径，
way道路，途径
take this road; in the street, show me the way to the museum.
8. course, subject
course课程（可包括多门科目），
subject科目（具体的学科）a summer course
9. custom, habit
custom传统风俗，习俗，也可指生活习惯，后接to do，
habit生活习惯，习惯成自然，后接of doing.
I've got the habit of drinking a lot.
10. cause, reason
cause指造成某一事实或现象的直接原因，后接of sth./doing sth，
reason用来解释某种现象或结果的理由，后接for sth./doing sth. the reason for being late
11. exercise, exercises, practice
exercise运动，锻炼（不可数），
exercises练习（可数），
practice（反复做的）练习 Practice makes perfect.
12. class, lesson
作"课"解时,两者可以替换.指课文用lesson.
指班级或全体学生用class. lesson 6; class 5
13. speech, talk, lecture
speech指在公共场所所做的经过准备的较正式的演说，
talk日常生活中的一般的谈话，讲话，
lecture学术性的演讲，讲课 a series of lecture on…
14. work, job
二者均指工作。work不可数，job可数 a good job
15. couple, pair
couple主要指人或动物，
pair多指由两部分组成的东西 a pair of trousers
16. country, nation, state, land
country侧重指版图，疆域，nation指人民，国民，民族，state侧重指政府，政体，land国土，国家
The whole nation was sad at the news.
17. cook, cooker
cook厨师，cooker厨具 He is a good cook.
18. damage, damages
damage不可数名词,损害，损失; damages复数形式,赔偿金 $900 damages
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19. police, policeman
police警察的总称，后接复数谓语动词，policeman指某个具体的警察
The police are questioning everyone in the house.
20. problem, question
problem常和困难连系，前面的动词常为think about, solve, raise，question常和疑问连系，多和ask, answer连用
21. trip, journey, travel
travel是最常用的，trip指短期的旅途，journey指稍长的旅途， a three-day trip
22. sport, game
sport多指户外的游戏或娱乐活动，如打球，游泳，打猎，赛马等；
game指决定胜负的游戏，通常有一套规则 His favorite sport is swimming.
23. price, prize
price价格，prize奖，奖品，奖金
win the first prize The price is high/low.
24. a number of, the number of
a number of许多，谓语动词用复数。
the number of…的数目，谓语动词用单数。
The number of students is increasing.
25. in front of, in the front of
in front of范围外的前面，
in the front of范围内的前面
In the front of the room sits a boy.
26. for a moment, for the moment
for a moment片刻，一会儿，
for the moment暂时，一时
Thinking for a moment, he agreed.
27. next year, the next year
next year将来时间状语，the next year过去将来时间状语
He said he would go abroad the next year.
28. more than a year, more than one year
more than a year一年多，more than one year超过一年（两年或三年等）
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29. take advice, take the(one's) advice
take advice征求意见，take the advice接受忠告
He refused to take the advice and failed again.
30. take air, take the air
take air传播，走漏，take the air到户外去，散步
31. in a word, in words
in a word总之，一句话，
in words口头上 In a word, you are right.
32. in place of, in the place of
in place of代替，in the place of在…地方
A new building is built in the place of the old one.
33. in secret, in the secret
in secret秘密地，暗自地，偷偷地，一般用作状语；in the secret知道内情，知道秘密，一般用作表语 My mother was in the secret from the beginning.
34. go to sea, by sea, by the sea
go to sea当海员，出航，
by sea乘船，由海路，
by the sea在海边
go by sea
35. the doctor and teacher, the doctor and the teacher
the doctor and teacher指一个人，既是医生又是老师，
the doctor and the teacher两个人，一个医生和一个老师
the doctor and teacher is
36. in office, in the office
in office在职的，in the office在办公室里He is in office, not out ofoffice.
37. in bed, on the bed
in bed卧在床上，on the bed在床上The book is on the bed. Heis ill in bed.
38. in charge of, in the charge of
in charge of管理，负责照料，in the charge of由……照料
He is in charge of thematter.
The matter is in the charge of her.
39. in class, in the class
in class在课上，in the class在班级里
He is the best student inthe class.
40. on fire, on the fire
on fire着火,on the fire在火上
Put the food on the fire.
The house is on fire.
41. out of question, out of the question
out of question毫无疑问的，out of the question不可能的
42. a second, the second
a second又一，再一，the second第……
He won the second prize.
43. it, one
it同一物体，one同类不同一
I lost my pen. I have to buy a new one.
44. that, this
that指代上文所提到的，this导出下文所要说的
I was ill. That's why…
45. none, nothing, no one
none强调有多少，nothing, no one强调有没有，nothing指物，no one指人--- How many…/How much…
--- None.
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46. anyone, any one
anyone指人，不能接of，any one指人物均可，可接of any one of you
47. who, what
who指姓名或关系，what指职业或地位
What is your dad He is a teacher.
48. what, which
what的选择基础是无限制的，which在一定范围内进行选择
Which do you prefer, bananas or apples
49. not a little, not a bit
not a little非常，not a bit一点也不I'm not a bit tired.我一点儿也不累。
50. by oneself, for oneself, to oneself, of oneself
by oneself单独的，独自的，for oneself为自己，to oneself供自己用的，of oneself自行的，自动的
The door opened of itself.
51. high, highly
high具体的高，highly抽象的高，高度的think highly of
52. healthy, healthful
healthy健康的，健壮的，healthful有益于健康的healthful exercise
53. sleeping, asleep, sleepy
sleeping正在睡觉，asleep睡着，熟睡，只能做表语，
sleepy困的，有睡意的asleeping baby
The baby is asleep. I'm sleepy.
54. gold, golden
gold指真金制品，golden指金色的，但金鱼用gold fish a gold ring
55. most, mostly
most用于表感受的肯定句中，相当于very，当大部分，大多数解时是形容词或名词，mostly大部分,是副词most people, the people are mostly…
56. real, true
real真的，真实的，指的是事实上存在而不是想象的，true真的，真正的，指的是事实和实际情况相符合real gold, a true story
57. respectful, respectable
respectful尊敬，有礼貌，respectable可敬的，值得尊敬的be respectful to the aged
58.pleasant, pleased, pleasing
pleasant常用作定语，pleased, pleasing常用作表语，
pleased主语常为人，pleasing主语常为物
a pleasant trip The trip ispleasing.
59. understanding, understandable
understanding明白事理的，能体谅的，understandable可理解的，能够懂的
an understanding girl, an understandable mistake
60.close, closely
close接近，靠近，closely紧紧地，紧密地closely connected, standclose
61. ill, sick
ill做表语，sick定，表均可a sick boy
62. good, well
good形容词，well副词，但指身体状况是形容词He is well again.
63. quiet, silent, still
quiet安静的，可以发出小的声音，silent不发出声音，但可以动，still完全不动，完全无声响He stand there still.他站在那儿，一动不动，也不说话。
64. able, capable
able与不定式to do连用，capable有能力的常与of连用
He is capable of cooking…
65. almost, nearly
二者均为"几乎,差不多"和否定词连用almost almost nobody
66. late, lately
late迟，晚，lately最近，近来 还可以做形容词，最新的
I haven't seen him lately(recently).
67. living, alive, live, lively
living, alive, live均为活着的，living定表均可，alive定表均可，定语后置，live只能做定语，lively意为活泼的all the living people=all the people alive
68. deep, deeply
deep具体的深，deeply抽象的深，深深地deeply moved, dig deep
69. worth, worthy
二者均为值得，worth后接doing，worthy后接to be done, of being done
It is worth visiting. = It's worthy to be visited. = It's worthy of being visited.
70. happy, glad
happy高兴，幸福，定表均可，glad高兴，只能做表语a happy girl
71. instead, instead of
instead是副词，放在句首或句末，instead of是介词短语，放在句中
He didn't see a film.Instead he watched TV.
He watched TV instead of seeing a film.
72. raise, rise
raise及物动词，rise不及物动词
The sun rises in the east.
73. bring, take, carry, fetch
bring拿来，take带走，carry随身携带，fetch去回这一往返动作
fetch a box of chalk
74. join, join in, take part in
join加入某个组织，并成为其中的一员；join in参加小型的活动, join sb. in；take part in参加大型的活动
He joined the army fiveyears ago.
75. learn, study
learn学习，侧重学习的结果，study学习，侧重学习的过程，研究
76. want, hope, wish
want打算，想要，want to do, want sb. to do,hope希望（通常可以实现），hope to do/ hope that…
wish希望（通常不能实现）wish (sb.) todo, wish sb/sth. + n. I wish you success.
77. discover, invent, find out
discover发现本来存在但不为人所知的东西，invent发明本来不存在的物体，find out发现，查明At last he found out the truth
78. leave, leave for
leave离开，leave for前往He left Beijing for Shanghai.
79. rob, steal
rob抢劫rob sb. of sth.，steal偷steal sth. from sb.
80. search, search for
search后接地点，search for后接东西He searched his pocket for money
81. win, lose, beat
win后接sth.，反义词为lose, beat后接sb. win the game, beat them
82. live on, live by
live on以…为主食，live by靠…谋生live on fish/ live by fishing
83.beat,hit, strike
beat连续性地击打；hit打中，对准打；strike打一下或若干下
84. be tired of, be tiredwith/from
be tired of厌烦…，be tired with/from因为…而累了be tired with/from running 800 meters
85. care about, care for
care about关心，计较，在乎，一般多用于否定句中；care for关心，照料，喜欢，愿意He doesn't care about his clothes. I don't care formovies.
86. catch a cold, have a cold
catch a cold不能和表示"一段时间"的状语连用，而have a cold可以
She has had a cold for a week.
87. change for, change into
change for调换成，change into变成
Changethe shirt for a bigger one. Water changes into ice.
88. continue, last
二者均为持续，continue主动，被动均可，last只能用主动
The warcontinued/lasted five years. The story is to be continued.
90. feed, raise
feed喂养，养活，饲养(to give food to)，
raise饲养，养育(cause to grow, bring up children) raise the family
91. insist on, stick to
insist on坚持要求，后常接doing, stick to坚持,后常接sth. stick to the plan
92. mean to do, mean doing
mean to do打算，想要做某事，mean doing意思是，意味着
By this I mean giving thestudents more practice.
93. die from, die of
die from表示死于（枪）伤，虚弱，过度劳累，饮食过度等，die of表示死于疾病，饥饿，寒冷，年老，忧愁，失恋等精神因素die of hunger and cold
94. pay for, pay back, pay off
pay for为…付钱，pay back还钱，但不一定还清，
payoff还清payfor the book, pay off the debt(债务)
95. grow, plant
grow使某种植物在某地生长着或使其发展下去，plant移植，移栽已经长成秧苗的植物plant the trees, trees are growing
96. manage, try
manage to do设法做成了某事，try to do尽力去做某事但不一定成功
He tried to pass the exam, but he failed.
97. choose, select
choose凭个人的判断力进行选择，select有目的地仔细认真地选择
choose the best answer
98. build, put up, set up, found
build一般用语，建成，put up临时搭建，set up建成（内部的设施基本齐全），
found国家或组织的建成putup a tent, set up a school
99. be familiar to, be familiar with
be familiar to某物对某人来说是熟悉的，be familiar with某人熟悉某物
Thebook is familiar to me. I'm familiar with the book.
100. receive, accept
receive收到某一东西，但不一定接受，accept接受I received a gift, but I didn't accept it.
101. wear, put on, dress
wear和dress表状态,wear接衣服等,可用进行时，dress接人,be dressed in, put on表动作
It's coldoutside. Put on your warm clothes.
102. listen, hear
listen强调动作，hear强调结果I listened, but I heard nothing.
103. look, see, watch
look看的动作，see看的结果，watch强调所看物体的变化、移动和发展watch TV
104. lie, lay
lie躺，位于(lay, lain),说谎(lied, lied)，lay平放(laid, laid) lay the book
105. work as, act as
work as工作是…，act as充当某种职务或身份，或扮演某种角色
He works as a teacher. He acts as an interpreter.
106. hurt, injure, wound
hurt感情上受伤，injure事故中受伤，wound战争中受伤
He was wounded in the war.
107. turn, get, grow
turn表突变，后常接表颜色的词，get强调变的结果，grow强调过程，逐渐的变化turn yellow,get tired, grow big
108. close, shut, turn off
close和shut当关解时可以通用，用于可开合的物体，
turn off用于指有开关的物体Close/Shut the door. Turn off the TV.
109. set out, set about, set off
指出发，着手时，set out后接to do，set about后接doing, set off后接for sp.
110. at work, in work
at work在工作，在上班，in work有职业，有工作
Both my parents are at work. They are not at home.
111. increase to, increase by
increase to增长到…，increase by增长了…The number increased by 2,000 to 5,000.
112. day after day, day by day
day after day日复一日（无变化）；day by day一天天地（有变化）
Trees grow taller day by day.
113. after, in (表时间)
after接时间点，in接时间段after 7:00, in five minutes
113.either…or…& neither…nor… & not only…but also… & both…and…
[误] Either he or I are right.
[正] Either he or I am right.
前三个连词连接名词、代词等作主语时,谓语动词要与离其最近的主语的单复数一致,both…and…的谓语动词则要用复数1定语从句概述
在复合句中作定语的从句叫定语从句。被定语从句所修饰的词叫先行词,通常位于定语从句之前。引导定语从句的是关系代词that,which,who,whose,whom和关系副词when,where,why。关系代词或关系副词既起连接作用,又充当从句中的一个成分。
关系词 作用 先行词 例句
that,who, whom(只作 宾语) 主语、宾 语、表语 人 Do you know the old man who/that is standing under the tree 你认识站在树下的那个老人吗
that,which 主语、宾 语、表语 物 She got a computer which/that her parents bought for her.她有一台电脑,这台电脑是她父母买给她的。
whose 定语 人/物 The boy whose father is a doctor studies very hard.这个男孩学习非常刻苦,他爸爸是位医生。 The room whose window is open is mine.开着窗户的那个房间是我的。
when 状语 时间 I still remember the day when you left for Beijing.我仍然记得你前往北京的那一天。
where 状语 地点 This is the school where my mother works.这就是我妈妈工作的那所学校。
why 状语 原因 Could you explain the reason why you were late 你能解释一下你迟到的原因吗
2关系代词的用法
一般情况下,that既可指人又可指物,可以代替who,whom和which,在从句中作主语、表语或宾语;which指物,在从句中作主语、表语或宾语;who在从句中作主语、表语或宾语;whom在从句中作宾语;whose在从句中作定语。
A doctor is a person who looks after a patient.
先行词 主语　 谓语　 　宾语
句意:医生就是照顾病人的人。
1.下列情况下,先行词指物时,只能用that引导,不能用which引导:
(1)当先行词是all,little,much,none,everything,anything,nothing等代词时。
Is there anything that you don’t understand 你有什么不懂的地方吗
Tom told his mother all that had happened.汤姆把发生的一切都告诉了他的妈妈。
(2)当先行词前面有the only,the very,the last等修饰时。
This is the only book that I can find.这是我能找到的唯一的一本书。
(3)当序数词或形容词最高级修饰先行词时。
This is the best book that I have ever read.这是我读过的最好的书。
(4)当主句是以特殊疑问词which开头的特殊疑问句时。
Which is the hotel that you like best 哪个是你最喜欢的旅馆
2.关系代词的省略
一般情况下,关系代词作宾语时可以省略,但关系代词which,whom在从句中作介词的宾语并且介词位于关系代词之前时,不能省略。
I’ll never forget the day on which I joined the club.我永远不会忘记我加入俱乐部的那一天。
注意:that,which,who在从句中作主语时,不能省略。
Who is the boy that is talking with our teacher 正在和我们老师谈话的那个男孩是谁
3关系副词的用法
This is the factory where my father works.
先行词 地点状语 主语 谓语
句意:这就是我爸爸工作的那个工厂。
1.when表示时间,在定语从句中作时间状语。
I still remember the year when you graduated from No.8 Middle School.我依然记得你从八中毕业的那一年。
2.why表示原因,在定语从句中作原因状语,其先行词是表示原因的reason一词。
We don’t know the reason why he was late for school.我们不知道他为什么上学迟到。
3.where表示地点,在定语从句中作地点状语。
That is the school where I studied three years ago.那就是我三年前就读的学校。
4定语从句解题技巧
Running Man is a very relaxing TV program which is popular among the young people.
主句：Running Man is a very relaxing TV program
从句：which is popular among the young people
先行词：TV program
关系代词：which
因此,如果确定是考查定语从句,我们就可以排除不是关系代词或关系副词的选项，如：what。
在此过程中要掌握“三看”原则。
（1）一看指人还是物
先行词指人：that,who, whose, whom
先行词指物：that, which, whose
（2）二看句中作何用
主语 who(人), which（物）, that（人/物）
宾语 who/whom(人), which（物）, that（人/物）
定语 whose（人/物）
状语 where(地点), when（时间）, why（原因）
如：My brother likes the stories ______ were written by Mark Twain because they are often humorous. 先行词(the stories)指物,关系词在从句中作主语,可用关系代词which/that。
如：He is the boy ______ I talked with just now. 先行词（the boy）指人,关系词在从句中作宾语,可用关系代词whom/who/that/不填。
如：What‘s the name of the girl ______ father is a doctor？ 先行词(the girl)指人,关系词在从句中作定语,可用关系代词whose。
如：I still remember the day ________ our new school was built. 从句中不缺成分,先行词（the day）指时间,关系词在从句中作状语,可用关系副词when。
（3）看是否是特殊情况：
关系词只能用that的几种情况
①当先行词是all, little, much, none, everything, anything, nothing等不定代词时。如：
Tom told his mother all that had happened. 汤姆把全部情况告诉了他的妈妈。
②当先行词前面有the only, the very, the last等修饰时。如：
This is the only book that I can find. 这就是我能找到的唯一一本书。
③当序数词或形容词最高级修饰先行词时。如：
The tallest player that plays football for our team is from Shanghai. 为我们足球队踢足球的那个最高的运动员来自上海。
④当先行词既有人又有物时。如：
Let’s talk about the people and the things that we can remember. 让我们谈论我们能够记起的人和事。
关系词只能用which的几种情况:
①关系代词放在介词之后。如：
This is the factory in which we once worked. 这就是我们曾经工作过的工厂。
②非限制性定语从句中。如：
This is a famous book, which was written by Lu Xun. 这是鲁迅写的一本有名的书。
③that， those作主语时。如：
Those which are on the desk are English books. 桌子上的那些是英语书。
用who而不用that的情况:
①当先行词为people和those时，只能用who。如：
Those who want to go there come here please. 那些想去那儿的人请来这边。
②当先行词为one, ones, anyone, everyone, none, all(指人)时，只能用who。如：
Anyone who is against us is our enemy. 任何反对我们的人就是我们的敌人。
③先行词指人，而关系代词在从句中作主语时，一般多用who。如：
The man who came here yesterday said he would come again in a few days. 昨天来这儿的那个人说过几天他会再来。
练一练：
1. —What shall we do next
—Take the advice________ is given by Dr. Bloch.
A. who B. which C. whose
【答案】B
【解析】先行词advice，指物体，关系代词应用which.
2.. Mr. Smith _______ is smoking is looking for______he lost yesterday.
A. whom; which B. who; what
C. that; who D. which; where
【答案】B
【解析】先行词Mr. Smith指人，关系代词应用who; 在寻找他昨天丢失的物体，从选项来看，关系代词应用what.
3.. Steve Jobs is one of the persons founded Apple Computer Company. His death marked the end of an era (时代).
A. who B. whom C. which D. /
【答案】A
【解析】从句子结构来看先行词Steve Jobs，指人，且作主语。关系代词应用who.
4.. ---Do you know the girl ______ is talking to the headmaster over there
---Of course. She is my sister.
A. who B. whom C. which D. what
【答案】A
【解析】选A。考查考查定语从句。先行词是the girl，指人，在定语从句中作主语，因此用关系代词who。
5. Foshan is a city has a very long history.
A whose B. which C. who
【答案】B
【解析】先行词是Foshan，是地方，引导词用which.
6. The Palace Museum is the best place ______ I’ve ever visited.
A. who B. when C. that
【答案】C
【解析】选C。考查定语从句。先行词是The Palace Museum，指物，且在定语从句中做visited的宾语，因此选C。
7. --- Do you know the girl_____ is helping the old woman.
-Oh, that's my sister,
A. whom B. whose C. who D. where
【答案】C
【解析】选C。考查定语从句。先行词是the girl，指人，在定语从句中作主语，因此用关系代词who。
8. —Do you know the lady ______is talking with Mr. Smith
—Yes, she’s our new chemistry teacher, Miss Brown.
A. who B. which C. whom
【答案】A
【解析】选A。先行词是the lady，指人，在定语从句中作主语，因此用关系代词who。
9. I was looking for the pen _____ I bought yesterday when you called me.
A. who B. where C. which D. what
【答案】C
【解析】选C。考查定语从句引导词。前置语为the pen名词，用which代替。what不能作定语从句的引导词。
10. Please pass me the cartoon book ______ has a Mickey Mouse on the cover.
A. whom B. whose C. who D. which
【答案】D
【解析】选D。考查定语从句引导词。前置语为the carton book, 名词，用which代替。
11. I like the friends _____ to do the same things as me so that we can communicate better with each other.
A. who likes B. what like C. who like
【答案】 C
【解析】选C。先行词是the friends，指人，在定语从句中作主语，因此用关系代词who, 由于friends是复数，谓语动词用原形。
12. There will be a flower show in the park____ we visited last week.
A. who B. when C. what D. which
【答案】D
【解析】考查定语从句引导词的用法。定语从句的现行词the park是“物，在定语从句中充当的是visited的宾语，因此用关系代词which或that引导来引导，故选D.
13. Most students like the teachers understand them well
A. who B. when C. what D. which
【答案】A
【解析】考查定语从句引导词的用法。定语从句的现行词the teachers是“人”，在定语从句中充当的是主语，因此用关系代词who或that引导来引导，故选A.
14.. Zhang Lili is considered as the most beautiful teacher gave her love to her students in danger.
A. who B. that C. whom D. which
【答案】B
【解析】考查定语从句引导词的用法。定语从句的现行词the most beautiful teacher是“人”，在定语从句中充当的是主语，因此用关系代词who或that引导来引导，同时先行词受到形容词的最高级修饰，只能用that来引导，故选B.
15.. The English-Chinese dictionary my father bought for me many years ago is still of great value.
A. whose B. when C. who D. that
【答案】D
【解析】考查定语从句引导词的用法。定语从句的现行词dictionary是“物”，在定语从句中充当的是宾语，因此用关系代词which或that引导来引导，故选D.
16. “What do you think of the school uniforms ” “Very good. I like clothes ______ make me feel comfortable.”
A. that B. what C. who
【答案】A
【解析】考查定语从句引导词的用法。定语从句的先行词clothes是“物”，所以，定语从句的引导词用which或that引导。根据句意：你觉得校服怎么样呀？很好，我喜欢让我穿着舒服的衣服。故选A.
17. —What are you looking for
—I'm looking for the ring ______my husband bought me last year.
A. that B. who C. whom D. it
【答案】A
【解析】此题考查引导词的用法。定语从句的先行词是“the ring”表示“物”，故定语从句的引导词用that或which，故选A。
18.. Robert is just one young overseas Chinese ________ has come to visit his ancestor's homeland.
A. who B. where C. when D. which
【答案】A
【解析】此题考查引导词的用法。定语从句修饰的先行词“one young overseas Chinese”表示的是“一个年轻的海外华人”， 所以定语从句的引导词用that或who，故选A.
19. — What are you looking for
— I'm looking for the pen________ my father gave me last week.
A. who B. which C. whose D. whom
【答案】B
【解析】此题考查引导词的用法。定语从句的先行词是“the pen”表示“物”，故引导词用that或which，故选B。
20.—What kind of movies do you like
—I like the move ______ are about Chinese history.
A. who B. whom C. whose D which
【答案】D
【解析】此题考查引导词的用法。定语从句的先行词是“the move”表示“物”，故引导词用that或which，故选D。
21. People often like clothes ______ can make them look young.
A. when B. who C. that
【答案】C
【解析】考查定语从句的引导词。定语从句的先行词clothes是“物”，所以，定语从句的引导词用which或that引导，故选C。
22. I can never forget the stories________ my grandma told me.
A. what B. who C. them D. that
【答案】D
【解析】此题考查定语从句引导词的用法。定语从句的先行词the stories是“物”，所以，定语从句的引导词用which或that引导，故选D。
23. The little boy was wrapping the present _____ would be sent to his teacher.
A. who B. / C. what D. that
【答案】D
【解析】此题考查定语从句引导词的用法。定语从句的先行词the present是“物”，在定语
从句中充当主语，所以，定语从句的引导词用which或that引导，故选D。
24. —There are so many girls over there. Which one is your sister
—The one ______hat is yellow.
A. who B. whose C. that D. which
【答案】B
【解析】此题考查定语从句引导词的用法。定语从句的先行词是the one/girl，在定语从句中充当hat的定语，所以，定语从句的引导词用whose引导，故选B.
25. This is the primary school ______ I studied three years ago.
A. where B. when C. that D. which
【答案】A
【解析】此题考查定语从句引导词的用法。定语从句的先行词the primary school, 在定语从句中充当的是地点状语，所以用关系副词where引导, 故选A.
26. It’s interesting that there are many people speak French in Canada.
A. which B. where C. who
【答案】C
【解析】此题考查定语从句引导词的用法。定语从句的先行词many people是“人”，在定语从句中充当主语，所以，定语从句的引导词用who或that引导，故选C.
27.. Please pass me the cartoon book _________ has a Mickey Mouse on the cover.
A. whom B. whose C. who D. which
【答案】D
【解析】此题考查定语从句引导词的用法。定语从句的先行词the cartoon book是“物”，在定语从句中充当主语，所以，定语从句的引导词用which或that引导，故选D.
28. —I want to find a partner to practice roller skating.
—My friend Fred is a person may help you a lot.
A. which B. so C. who D. and
【答案】C
【解析】此题考查定语从句引导词的用法。定语从句的先行词a person是“人”，在定语从句中充当主语，所以，定语从句的引导词用who或that引导，故选C.
29.. —Now many people smoke and get ill.
—So we should do something ______ can help stop smoking.
A. what B. who C. / D. that
【答案】D
【解析】此题考查定语从句引导词的用法。定语从句的先行词something是不定代词，只能用关系代词that引导，故选D
30.I still remember the time _____we spent together at Xisai Mountain last year.
A. when B. what C. who D. which
【答案】D
【解析】此题考查定语从句引导词的用法。定语从句的先行词the time是“物”，在定语从句中充当宾语，所以，定语从句的引导词用which或that引导，故选D.
31. One of the most delicious drinks _____ I like is orange juice.
A. which B. that C. whose D. whom
【答案】B
【解析】此题考查定语从句引导词的用法。定语从句的先行词是drinks，受到形容词的最高级修饰，只能用that引导，故选B.
32. Success will belong to those ________never say "impossible".
A. whom B. what C. who D. which
【答案】C
【解析】此题考查定语从句引导词的用法。定语从句的先行词those表示的是“人”，在定语从句中充当的是主语，所以用引导词who引导，故选C.
33. —Do you enjoy My heart will go on
—No, I prefer songs loud.
A. that is B. which is C. that are D. what are
【答案】C
【解析】此题考查定语从句引导词的用法。定语从句的先行词songs表示的是“物”，所以用引导词which或that引导，同时表示的是名词复数，系动词应用are, 故选C.1非谓语动词基本形式
动词：He asks me to help him often.
谓语 非谓语
1.谓语动词：时态/被动语态
2.非谓语：do/ to do/ doing/ done
2非谓语动词的判定
非谓语动词一直是英语学习的难点，也是中考的常考点，主要为动词不定式和动名词，在单项填空、词形填空和词组翻译题型中均有涉及。学生在做此类试题时应先分析本题该用谓语动词还是非谓语动词，然后才能确定选用动词的哪种形式或者非谓语的哪种形式。如何确定使用动词的哪种形式具体讲解详见动词的时态，下面列举几种常见的判定非谓语动词形式的方法：
1.如何判定本题该使用谓语动词还是非谓语动词：判断句子是否缺少谓语。
①当句子缺少谓语时，该动词就用谓语动词形式。一般情况下，动词作谓语放在主语之后，如“I love you.”中，love就是谓语动词。
②当句中已有谓语动词又没有并列连词与所填动词并列时，该动词就用非谓语动词形式。非谓语动词可以在句子中作除谓语以外的任何成分，如主语、宾语、宾语补足语、表语、定语、状语及插入语。
3非谓语动词的分类（不定式，动名词）
1）不定式
1.不定式的构成
不定式的基本形式为:to+动词原形,有时可以不用to,这里的to是不定式符号,本身无词义,动词不定式的否定形式是not+to+动词原形。动词不定式没有人称和数的变化。
2.不定式的基本用法
用法 说明 例句
作 主 语 动词不定式作主语时,常用it作形式主语,而将真正的主语放在句末,避免句子头重脚轻。其结构为It+be+adj.+to do sth. To learn English well is useful. =It is useful to learn English well.
如果要说明不定式表示的动作的执行者,可以在不定式前加一个for短语。其结构为It+be+adj.+for sb.+to do sth. It is good for you to go out for a walk.
某些表示人的品质、特征等的形容词(如kind,good,nice,wise,clever,polite等)作表语时,不定式之前可以加一个of短语,用来说明动作的执行者。其结构为It+be+adj.+of sb.+to do sth. It’s not polite of him to speak to old people like that.
两个或两个以上的动词不定式并列时,第一个不定式带to,后面的不定式通常省略to To go to sleep early and get up early is a good habit.
作 宾 语 不定式用在及物动词后作宾语,常见的及物动词有:begin,choose,continue,decide,expect,fail,forget,hate,help,hope,learn,manage,mean,need,offer,plan,prefer,pretend,promise,refuse,try,afford,agree,start,like等 I can’t afford to buy a digital camera at the moment.
在find,think后跟不定式作宾语时,常用it代替,而将真正的宾语放在后面 I find it easy to read English every day.
作 宾 语 补 足 语 常接不定式作宾语补足语的动词有:want,ask,tell,allow,get,would like,advise,encourage等 My mother encourages me to learn Japanese.
一些使役动词和感官动词也用不定式作宾补,这时不定式要省略to。这些动词有:一感(feel)、二听(hear,listen to)、三让(let,make,have)、四看(look at,see,watch,notice)。但变被动语态时必须加上to I often hear Li Ming sing in the next room.
动词help后面的不定式,既可以带to,也可以不带to You must help me(to)do my homework this afternoon.
作 定 语 作定语的不定式,要放在它所修饰的名词或代词之后 I have some clothes to wash.
如果不定式是不及物动词,且与它所修饰的词构成逻辑上的被动关系,则不定式要加上相应的介词 He is looking for a room to live in. We have a lot of things to talk about.
当不定式修饰的名词是time,place或way时,不定式后面习惯上省略介词 My grandma had no place to live(in)in the old days.
不定式修饰 something,anything,nothing时,放在它们的后面,如果something,anything,nothing有形容词修饰,词序是“something/anything/nothing+形容词+不定式” I had something cold to drink.
作 状 语 不定式作目的状语时可放在句首或句尾 To be a good student,one must study hard.
和某些形容词连用构成“be+形容词+不定式”结构,作原因状语 We are sorry to trouble you.
作程度或结果状语时,常与enough(表示肯定)或too(表示否定)连用 He is old enough to go to school. He is too young to go to school.
作表语 表示主语的“职业、职责或性质”等,通常对连系动词前面的名词进行解释说明 His wish is to become a doctor.
和疑问 词连用 不定式常和疑问词what,which,when,where,how连用,在句中担当主语、宾语、表语等成分 He didn't know where to go. =He didn't know where he should go.
动词不定式的特殊句型:
①too…to… “太……而不能……”。
如：The boy is too young to look after himself. 那个男孩太小而不能照顾自己。
②…enough to…“……足够……”。
如：He is old enough to go to school. 他足够大能去上学了。
③Why don’t you +省略to的不定式？=Why not +省略to的不定式？为什么不……呢？
如：Why don't you get her a photo album =Why not get her a photo album 为什么不给她买个相册呢？
④had better+（not）+省略to的不定式。最好（不要）做……
如：You'd better not stay here today. 你今天最好别待在这儿。
⑤Will you please+省略to的不定式 你愿意……吗？
如：Will you please close the door 能请你把门关上吗？
⑥prefer to do sth. rather than do sth. “宁愿做某事而不愿做某事”
如：I prefer to do more work rather than do nothing at home.我宁愿做更多的工作也不愿在家无所事事。
⑦It is+adj.+for/of sb.+to do.“做某事是……的”
如：It is necessary for us to brush our teeth twice a day.一天刷两次牙对我们是有必要的。
It+be+形容词+不定式
It’s hard to say which one is better.很难说哪一个更好。
It+be+名词+不定式
It was great fun to have a picnic there. 在那里野餐很有意思。
It+动词+名词/副词+不定式
It took me 2 hours to finish my homework. 完成作业花了我两个小时的时间。
2).动名词
1作主语
单独作主语时，谓语动词用第三人称单数形式；如果并列的动名词(短语)作主语, 谓语动词用复数形式。如：
Reading in bed is not good for your eyes.在床上看书对你的眼睛不好。
Reading and writing are necessary for us. 读书和写作对我们很有必要。
2作表语
动名词(短语)作表语可以转化为动名词(短语)作主语。如：
His favorite sport is playing ping-pong.＝Playing ping-pong is his favorite sport.他最喜欢的运动是打乒乓球。
3作宾语
动词宾语, 多用来表示习惯性动作。如：
I like playing football very much.我非常喜欢踢足球。
常跟动名词作宾语的动词有：
enjoy喜欢
mind 介意
finish 完成
keep持续
suggest 建议
practice 练习
consider考虑
miss错过
imagine想象
avoid避免
can’t help忍不住
go on 继续
be worth值得
be busy忙于
give up放弃
succeed in成功，设法
look forward to期待
be used to习惯于
end up以……结束
put off推迟
pay attention to注意
be interested in对……感兴趣
注意：含有介词to的固定短语：
make (a) contribution (s) to 为……做贡献
devote oneself to 献身，致力于……
look forward to 期待，盼望
preferto 比起……更喜欢……
be used to 习惯……，适应……
pay attention to注意
某些动词后接不定式和动名词的区别
1.forget doing sth.忘记做过某事
forget to do sth.忘记要做某事（未做）
I forget to bring my homework.我忘记带作业了。
I forget bringing my homework.我忘记已把作业带来了。
2.remember doing sth.记得做过某事
remember to do sth.记得去做某事（未做）
Please remember to post my letter.请记得把我的信寄走。
I remember posting your letter.我记得把你的信寄出去了。
3.try doing sth.尝试做某事
try to do sth.尽力做某事
Please try to do better next time.下次请设法做得更好些。
He tried speaking in English.他试着用英语讲。
4.hear/see sb. doing sth.听见/看见某人正在做某事
hear/see sb. do sth. 听见/看见某人做了某事
I often see him play football 我经常看见他踢球
I saw him playing football went I passed 当我经过的时候，我看见他正在踢球
5.Stop to do sth 停下去做某事
Stop doing sth 停止做某事
Stop to think about it for a moment.停下来想一下这件事。
Stop talking, please.请不要说话。
6.Mean to do sth 打算做某事
Mean doing sth 意味着
I mean to go, but my father would not allow me to.我想去,但我父亲不肯让我去。
Doing that means wasting time.做那件事意味着浪费时间。
现在分词与过去分词的区别
1.在语态上,现在分词表示主动意义,过去分词表示被动意义。
the surprising news令人惊讶的消息
a surprised man一个感到惊讶的人
a moving film一部感人的电影
the moved people被感动的人们
2.在时间上,现在分词表示正在进行的动作,过去分词表示已经完成的动作。
the developing country发展中国家
the developed country发达国家
the rising sun正在升起的太阳
the risen sun升起来的太阳
易混句式have sb.do sth.,have sb.doing sth.和have sth. done的区别
1.have sb. do sth.意为“让某人做某事”,have可以用let,make代替。不定式往往表示一次性的具体动作,且强调动作已经完成或尚未发生。
The soldiers had the boy stand with his back to his father.士兵们让这个男孩背对他的父亲站着。
2.have sb. doing sth.表示“使某人作出某种反应”或“劝说/命令某人做某事”;用于否定句时表示“允许/容忍某人做某事”。
Within minutes he had the whole audience laughing and clapping.短短几分钟内他就令全体观众欢笑、鼓掌。
3.have sth.done意为“让某事被别人做”,即ask sb.else to do sth.,过去分词(done)所表示的动作由他人(非主语本身)来完成。
The driver had his car washed once a week.这个司机一周让人洗一次车。
中考试练
1.To live a low-carbon life, we must remember the lights when we leave the room.
A.to turn off B.turning off C.not to turn off
【答案】A
【解析】句意:为了过低碳生活,我们必须记得要在离开房间的时候关灯。此题考查固定结构用法。remember to do sth.记得要做某事,remember doing sth.记得做过某事,remember not to do sth.记得不要做某事,根据前文“为了过低碳生活”可以判断出,后文是提出的倡议,应该是“记得要关灯”,因此选A。
2.After long years of war, many people in Syria are homeless. I think it important a peaceful world.
A.build B.not build
C.to build D.not to build
【答案】C
【解析】句意:长年战争过后,很多叙利亚人变得无家可归。我认为建设一个和平的世界很重要。本题考查非谓语动词。根据think+it+adj.+to do sth.结构可知此处要用不定式作think的真正的宾语,故答案为C项。
3.My parents don’t allow me late.
A.stay up B.to stay up
C.stays up D.staying up
【答案】B
【解析】句意:我的父母不允许我熬夜。本题考查非谓语动词。allow sb. to do sth.允许某人做某事。
4.Joining a summer camp is a great chance free time with your friends.
A.spend B.spending C.to spend
【答案】C
【解析】句意:参加夏令营是和你的朋友们一起度过空闲时光的好机会。本题考查非谓语动词。a chance to do sth.意为“一个做某事的机会”,故选择C。
5.We have worked so long. Shall we stop a rest
A.have B.to having
C.having D.to have
【答案】D
【解析】句意:我们已经工作了那么长时间了。我们停下来休息一下可以吗 本题考查动词不定式。stop doing sth.停止正在做的事情,stop to do sth.停止正在做的事情去做另一件事。根据句意可知是停止工作去休息,故答案为D项。
6.It’s necessary for us to our parents when we have problems.
A.to talk B.talking C.talk
【答案】A
【解析】句意:当我们遇到问题时和父母谈谈对我们来说是必要的。本题考查非谓语动词。由固定句型It is+adj.+for sb to do sth.“做某事对于某人来说是……”可知答案为A。
7.Mr.Smith told his son the football match because of the exam.
A.not to watch B.to not watch
C.not watching D.doesn’t watch
【答案】A
【解析】句意:因为考试史密斯先生告诉他儿子不要看足球赛。tell sb. not to do sth.让某人不要做某事。所以A项符合题意。
8.Nowadays, it’s convenient and cheap for us a shared-bicycle.
A. ride B. to ride C. flying D. to fly
【答案】B
【解析】考查动词不定式。句意：现如今，____共享单车对我们来说是方便并且便宜的。此处考查it作形式主语，真正的主语为不定式。根据句意和固定短语ride a bicycle可知。故选B。
9.The Smiths have decided a house near the sea.
A. buy B. bought C. buying D. to buy
【答案】D
【解析】考查动词不定式。句意：史密斯一家已经决定在海边____一座房子。“decide to do sth.”是固定搭配，意为“决定做某事”。故选D。
10.The students are used to physical exercises in the morning.
A.do B.doing C.did D.have done
【答案】B
【解析】句意:学生们习惯在早晨进行身体锻炼。固定短语“be used to doing sth.”意为“习惯做某事”,故本题选择B。
11.Smoking is not allowed here. Don’t forget your cigarette.
A.to put out B.putting out
C.to put off D.putting off
【答案】A
【解析】句意:这里不允许吸烟。不要忘记熄灭你的烟。put out意为“扑灭,熄灭”;put off意为“推迟”,根据句意可排除C和D。forget to do sth.意为“忘记要做某事”,故本题选择A。
12.It took my sister three hours reading this interesting story.
A.to finish B.finished C.finishing D.finish
【答案】A
【解析】句意:我姐姐花费了三个小时读完这个有趣的故事。固定句型It takes/took sb. some time to do sth.意为“某人花费多长时间做某事”,故本题应选A。
13.—Why is Li Ming practicing speaking English
— abroad for further study.
A.Go B.Gone C.To go D.Goes
【答案】C
【解析】句意:——李明为什么在练习说英语 ——为了出国深造。本题考查不定式作目的状语的用法。特殊疑问词why用于提问原因,动词不定式可用来表示目的,故本题选择C。
用所给动词的正确形式填空。
1. The girl always _________ (forget) her things everywhere.
2. The bell _________ (ring) . The students _________ (stop) talking and got ready for the class.
3. Look!It _________ (rain) outside. Neither of us _________ (want) to go boating now.
4. Jim _________ (not finish) reading the book yet. But he _________ (return) it the day after tomorrow.
5. The trees must _________ (plant) and the sand can _________ (stop) from moving toward to the rich farmland.
6. Some trees _________ (cut) down in America now.
7. When your work _________ (do) ,you can _________ (go) and play.
8. He ________(go) to college after he ________(finish) school next year.
9. I have tried three times. Let me ________(try) a fourth time.
10. He was made ________(work) for more than nine hours a day.
【答案】1.forgets.
2.rang;stopped.
3.is raining;wants.
4.hasn’t finished;will return.
5.be planted;be stopped.
6.are being cut.
7.is done;go.
8.will go;finishes.
9.try 10.to work.1概念引入
代词是代替名词的一种词类。大多数代词具有名词和形容词的功能。英语中的代词，按其意义、特征及在句中的作用分为：人称代词、物主代词、指示代词、反身代词、相互代词、疑问代词、关系代词、连接代词和不定代词九种。本单元我们主要讲解人称代词、物主代词和指示代词的用法。
2用法讲解
一、 人称代词的用法。
1. 人称代词的意义和分类。
英语中用来表示“你、我、她”这样含义的词叫人称代词。人称代词可以分为主格和宾格，例如：“我”的主格是“I”，宾格是“me”。主格在句子中做主语，宾格在句子中做宾语。
例如：I am a student. 我是个学生。
这句话中的“我”是主语，所以用主格“I ”。
My mother likes me. 我的妈妈喜欢我。
这句话中的“我”是宾语，所以用宾格“me”。
2. 人称代词主格和宾格的进一步区分。
汉语中的人称代词没有主格、宾格的区别，例如“我帮助你”跟“你帮助我”中的“我”和“你”都是同一个字；然而在英语中，它们由于扮演语法成分的不同，使用的是不同的词。例如：
I help you. 我帮助你。
You help me. 你帮助我。
这两句里“我”分别担任主语和宾语，但担任主语时是“I”，担任宾语时是“me”。两句中的“you”虽然形式相同，但实际担任的成分是不同的，只不过因为“you”的主格和宾格“长得一样”罢了。因此代词的主格、宾格内容是英语初学者容易犯错误的地方。需要同学们加以注意。
以下是各人称代词的主格和宾格：
单复数 单　　数 复　　数
人称 I II III I II III
主　　格 I you he，she，it we you they
宾　　格 me you him，her，it us you them
二、 物主代词的用法。
1. 定义和分类。
汉语中“你的、她的、我的……”这样含义的词在英文中翻译为“your, her, my…”;这些表示所属关系的代词称为物主代词。物主代词可以分为形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词。本单元我们重点要掌握的是形容词性物主代词。
2. 具体用法。
1）形容词性物主代词翻译为“……的”，它的用法相当于形容词，后面可以接名词，不可以单独使用。
例如：my book 我的书
her bike 她的自行车
2）在形容词性物主代词和名词之间还可以加入其他的形容词做修饰语。例如：
This is her yellow bike. 这是她的黄色自行车。
That is his blue shirt. 那是他的蓝色衬衫。
3）名词性物主代词既有代词的性质也有名词的性质，后面不可以接名词。形容词性物主代词+名词=名词性物主代词。例如：
This is my book= This is mine.
这是我的书。= 这是我的（书）。
That is your bike= That is yours.
那是你的自行车。= 那是你的（自行车）。
以下是物主代词的列表：
第一人称 第二人称 第三人称
单数 形容词性物主代词 my your his her its
名词性物主代词 mine yours his hers its
复数 形容词性物主代词 our your their
名词性物主代词 ours yours theirs
三、 指示代词的用法。
用来表示“这个”、“那个”、“这些”、“那些”等指示概念的词叫指示代词。
英文中的指示代词有：this（这个）， these（这些），that（那个）， those（那些）。
this（these）一般用来指时间或者空间上较近的事物。例如：
Is this your pencil 这是你的铅笔吗？
These are his brothers. 这些是他的兄弟们。
These yellow socks are good. 这些黄色的袜子很好。
that（those）常用来指时间或者空间上较远的事物。例如：
That dictionary is Helen’s. 那个字典是海伦的。
How much is that white bag 那个白色的包多少钱？
Are those your books 那些是你的书吗？
巩固练习
Ⅰ. 用所给代词的正确形式填空。
1. These are _________brothers. (he)
2. That is ________ sister. (she)
3. These are ________friends. (I)
4. What is __________ name (you)
5. _________ is a good boy. (he)
6._________is Chinese. (his)
7. This is Mark. _______book is here. (he)
8. That’s Lisa. _______pencil is old. (she)
9. _______is my English teacher. (her)
10. This is _______ (I ) backpack. And that is _______. (you)
Ⅱ. 根据句意选择适当的指示代词或者人称填空。
this, those, that, these, it, they
1. I like _____ pants. _______ are red. (这些)
2. I don’t like _____ shoes. _____ are too small.(那些)
3. I want _____(这个) sweater. I don’t want________（那个）one. _____ is too big.
III. 选择填空。
1. Her name _____ Gina.
A. is B. am C. are D. be
2. I ____ a Chinese boy. What about you
A. is B. am C. are D. be
3. This is my good friend(朋友). name is Tony.
A. He B. His C. She D. Her
4. Mum, this is teacher. name is Li Hui.
A. your, My B. his, Your C. you, His D. my, His
5. “I”____ a word (单词) and a letter（字母）.
A. is B. am C. be D. are
6. Nine and one _____ ten.
A. is B. am C. are D. be
7. — What’s name
— name’s Nick.
A. my, My B. your, Your
C. his , His D. her, His
8. —What’s your phone number
— 7284587.
A. He’s B. I’m C. It D. It’s
9. is Chinese, name is Han Mei.
A. She, she B. She, her
C. His, she D. Her, her
10.－Is this dress yours
－ No, it’s ____.
A. she B. her C. hers D. him
【真题链接】
1.— Jane, is this your umbrella
—No, it’s not _____. I didn’t take one this morning.
A. me B.my C. mine
2. —Rose, could you please water the flowers in the garden
—Why ____ You see, my brother is listening to music.
A. me B. I C. mine
3. —Would you like to go swimming with
—Yes, I’d love to.
A. I B. mine C. my D. me
参考答案
I. 用所给代词的正确形式填空。
1. his 2. her 3. my 4. your 5. He
6. He 7. His 8. Her 9. She 10. my, yours
II. 根据句意选择适当的指示代词或者人称填空。
1. these, They 2. those, They 3. this, that, It
III. 选择填空。
1. A。本句考查be动词的用法。句子的主语name可以用代词it代替，是第三人称单数形式，所以be动词用is。
2. B。本句子是考查be动词的用法。在I的后面，be动词用am。
3. B。句意：“这是我的好朋友。他的名字是Tony。”；表示“……的”应该用形容词性物主代词，故排除A,C项；又因为Tony是男孩名，故选B。
4. D。句意：“妈妈，这是我的老师，他的名字叫李辉。”；“我的”是“my”；“他的”是“his”；故本题选D。
5. A。本句中的“I”不是人称代词，而是指“我”这个单词，所以它做主语相当于第三人称单数形式，因此be用is。
6. A。本句的主语“Nine and one”的意思是“九加一”，在数学算术的题目中谓语动词用is。
7. C。本题是询问姓名的问答。因此问句和答语的人称应该对应，并且都是形容词性物主代词；故本题选C。
8. D。由问句可知，这是对电话号码的回答。答语意为：“它是7284587”；故本题选D。
9. B。句意：“她是中国人，她的名字是韩梅。”；因此第一个空是人称代词，第二个空是物主代词，故本题选B。
10. C。句意：“—这是你的裙子吗？— 不，是她的。”；由句意可知，应该选物主代词。又因为此空后面没有名词，故本题选名词性物主代词；因此答案是C。
【真题链接】
1. C。本题考查代词用法，在句中指代“我的雨伞”，故选择名词性物主代词mine。
2. A。句意：——Rose，你可以去浇一下花园里的花吗？——为什么是我？你看，我的哥哥正在听音乐。根据句意可知，这里说话人表示非常惊奇，怎么让我去， Why疑问词，后面应用宾格形式，故选A。
3. D。句意：你愿意和我一起去游泳吗？with后跟物主代词的宾格，所以选D。

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