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2024年高考英语模拟试题分类汇编： 阅读理解：说明文（山东卷）
1.（2024·山东威海·二模）Some people may be picky eaters, but as a species we are not. Birds, bugs and whales, we’ll eat them all. Yet our reliance on wild animals goes far beyond just feeding ourselves. From agricultural feed to medicine to the pet trade, modern society exploits wild animals in a way that beats even the most aggressive wild predator (捕食者). Now, for the first time, researchers have tried to capture the full picture of how we use wildlife, including how many, and for what purposes. The research showcases just how broad our influence on wild animals is.
In the study, researchers have found that humans kill, collect or otherwise use about 15,000 species. That’s up to 300 times more than the next top predator in any ecosystem.
Yet according to Chris Darimont, a co-author of the study, the biggest shock isn’t how many species we affect but why we take them. “The result,” he says, “is that we remove, or essentially prey on, more species of animals for non-food reasons than for food reasons.”And the biggest non-food use is as pets and pet food. “That’s where things have gone off the rails (轨道),” he says. The problem is especially serious for tropical birds. The helmeted hornbill, for example, is captured mainly for the pe trade, or for its beak to be used as medicine or to be carved like ivory. Their disappearance limits seed dispersal and the spread of trees around the forest.
Another big difference between humans’ influence on wild animals and that of other predators is that we tend to favor rare and exotic (外来的) species in a way other animals do not. Most predators target common species, since they are easier to find and catch. Humans, nowever, tend to covet the novel. “The more rare it is,” say scientists, “the more that drives up the price, and therefore it may go into extinction.”
If we want wild species to survive, we need to reestablish our relationship with them, perhaps from predator to caretaker.
1．What role do humans play in their present relationship with wildlife according to the author
A．Picky predators. B．Protectors of biodiversity.
C．Greedy predators. D．Caretakers of the environment.
2．What shocked scientists most according to Chris Darimont
A．More species hunted for non-food use.
B．The impact of pet industries on wildlife.
C．The number of species affected by humans.
D．The consequences caused by species extinction.
3．Which can best explain the underlined “cover the novel” in paragraph 4
A．Long for huge profits.
B．Favor domestic species.
C．Take interest in pet trade.
D．Seek after new and unique things.
4．What is the purpose of the text
A．To promote stricter rules for hunting.
B．To advocate eco-friendly pet choices.
C．To reveal how humans affect biodiversity.
D．To highlight the need for wildlife conservation.
【答案】1．C 2．A 3．D 4．C
【导语】这是一篇说明文。主要介绍了研究人员第一次试图全面了解我们如何利用野生动物，包括有多少野生动物，以及用于什么目的。这项研究显示了我们对野生动物的影响有多广泛。
1．推理判断题。根据第二段“In the study, researchers have found that humans kill, collect or otherwise use about 15,000 species. That’s up to 300 times more than the next top predator in any ecosystem.”（在这项研究中，研究人员发现，人类杀死、收集或以其他方式利用了大约1.5万种动物。这是任何生态系统中排名第二的顶级捕食者的300倍。）可推知，根据作者的观点，人类在目前与野生动物的关系中扮演的角色是贪婪的捕食者。故选C项。
2．细节理解题。根据第三段中“Yet according to Chris Darimont, a co-author of the study, the biggest shock isn’t how many species we affect but why we take them. “The result,” he says, “is that we remove, or essentially prey on, more species of animals for non-food reasons than for food reasons.” And the biggest non-food use is as pets and pet food.”（然而，根据该研究的合著者克里斯·达里蒙特(Chris Darimont)的说法，最大的震惊不是我们影响了多少物种，而是我们为什么要带走它们。“结果是，”他说，“我们为了非食物的原因而不是为了食物的原因而移除或捕食更多的动物物种。”而最大的非食品用途是作为宠物和宠物食品。）可知，根据克里斯·达里蒙特的说法，科学家们最震惊的是更多的物种因非食物用途而被猎杀。故选A项。
3．词义猜测题。根据第四段中“Another big difference between humans’ influence on wild animals and that of other predators is that we tend to favor rare and exotic（外来的）species in a way other animals do not. Most predators target common species, since they are easier to find and catch..”（人类对野生动物和其他捕食者的影响的另一个巨大区别是，我们倾向于偏爱稀有和外来物种，而其他动物则不会。大多数捕食者以普通物种为目标，因为它们更容易被发现和捕获。）以及““The more rare it is,” say scientists, “the more that drives up the price, and therefore it may go into extinction.””（“越是稀有，”科学家们说，“价格就越高，因此它可能会灭绝。”）由此可知，此处划线短语cover the novel为“追求新奇独特的事物”的意思。故选D项。
4．推理判断题。根据文章大意以及第一段中“Now, for the first time, researchers have tried to capture the full picture of how we use wildlife, including how many, and for what purposes. The research showcases just how broad our influence on wild animals is.”（现在，研究人员第一次试图全面了解我们如何利用野生动物，包括有多少野生动物，以及用于什么目的。这项研究显示了我们对野生动物的影响有多广泛。）和最后一段“If we want wild species to survive, we need to reestablish our relationship with them, perhaps from predator to
caretaker.”（如果我们想让野生物种生存下去，我们需要重建我们与它们的关系，也许从捕食者到守护者。）可推知，这篇文章的目的是揭示人类是如何影响生物多样性的。故选C项。
2.（2024·山东·模拟预测）A new report published in the Journal of Sleep Research found no evidence that using the snooze (打盹儿) function on your alarm negatively affects sleep and cognitive (认知) processes. And while learning sleepiness and shorter sleep were more common in those who snoozed, it could even have benefits if used shortly.
The research even found that a brief snooze period could relieve sleep mertia (惯性), the unclearness and performance or mood decline that occurs when waking up, without completely disturbing sleep. It could also improve one’s cognitive function compared to completely waking up after the first alarm goes off.
“The findings indicate that there is no reason to stop snoozing in the morning if you enjoy it, at least not for snooze times around 30 minutes. In fact, it may even help those with morning unclearness to be slightly more awake once they get up,” said the researcher Tina Sundelin of Stockholm University.
The research was based on two studies with the first observing the waking habits of 1,732 adults. Most of the adults (69%) reported using an alarm’s snooze function or occasionally setting multiple alarms. Snoozing ranged from 1 to 180 minutes, according to the study, with the average period being 22 minutes per morning. The second study analyzed 31 confirmed regular snoozers and found that for every 30 minutes they snoozed, they lost six minutes of sleep — for a net gain of 24 minutes. However, researchers did not find any clear effects on mood, stress, tiredness, hormone levels or overnight sleep quality.
The report also found people who snooze tended to be at least six years younger than those who don t, and those who were identified as night owls were almost four times more likely to snooze than early birds. Snoozers also had a slightly shorter sleep time on workdays, 13 minutes less on average, compared to those who never snooze.
Despite these studies finding that a certain amount of snooze time won’t damage your health, it remains key to get enough consistent sleep to avoid serious health consequences.
5．What may a short snooze period result in according to the new research
A．Better sleep inertia. B．Disturbed sleep processes.
C．A good mood. D．A poor cognitive function.
6．What is Tina Sundelin’s attitude to short snoozing in the morning
A．Critical. B．Tolerant. C．Doubtful. D．Favorable.
7．How was the research carried out
A．By consulting different experts. B．By collecting and analyzing data.
C．By reviewing related records online. D．By doing experiments on students.
8．What does the text suggest us do about sleep
A．Try to be an early sleeper. B．Sleep more on weekends.
C．Snooze as much as possible. D．Get enough consistent sleep.
【答案】5．C 6．D 7．B 8．D
【导语】这是一篇说明文。主要介绍了起床前短暂的打盹有利于身体健康。
5．推理判断题。根据第二段“The research even found that a brief snooze period could relieve sleep mertia, the unclearness and performance or mood decline that occurs when waking up, without completely disturbing sleep. It could also improve one’s cognitive function compared to completely waking up after the first alarm goes off.”（研究甚至发现，短暂的小睡可以缓解睡眠紊乱，即醒来时出现的神志不清、表现不佳或情绪下降，而不会完全干扰睡眠。与闹钟一响就完全醒来相比，这样做还能改善人的认知功能。）及第三段最后一句“In fact, it may even help those with morning unclearness to be slightly more awake once they get up,” said the researcher Tina Sundelin of Stockholm University.”（事实上，它甚至可以帮助那些早晨不清醒的人在起床后稍微清醒一点，”斯德哥尔摩大学的研究员蒂娜·桑德琳说。）可知，短暂的打盹可以缓解睡眠紊乱，并不会干扰睡眠，还能改善人的认知功能，可推知，闹钟响后短暂的打盹可以使人起床后心情舒畅。故选C项。
6．推理判断题。根据第三段““The findings indicate that there is no reason to stop snoozing in the morning if you enjoy it, at least not for snooze times around 30 minutes. In fact, it may even help those with morning unclearness to be slightly more awake once they get up,” said the researcher Tina Sundelin of Stockholm University.”（“研究结果表明，如果你喜欢在早上小睡，就没有理由停止小睡，至少在30分钟左右的时间里是这样。事实上，它甚至可以帮助那些早晨不清醒的人在起床后稍微清醒一点，”斯德哥尔摩大学的研究员蒂娜·桑德琳说。）可知，蒂娜·桑德琳认为早上打个小盹有好处，对其持赞成态度。故选D项。
7．推理判断题。根据第四段“The research was based on two studies with the first observing the waking habits of 1,732 adults. Most of the adults (69%) reported using an alarm’s snooze function or occasionally setting multiple alarms. Snoozing ranged from 1 to 180 minutes, according to the study, with the average period being 22 minutes per morning. The second study analyzed 31 confirmed regular snoozers and found that for every 30 minutes they snoozed, they lost six minutes of sleep — for a net gain of 24 minutes.”（这项研究基于两项研究，第一项研究观察了1732名成年人醒着的习惯。大多数成年人(69%)表示使用闹钟的止闹功能或偶尔设置多个闹钟。根据这项研究，打盹的时间从1分钟到180分钟不等，平均每天早上是22分钟。第二项研究分析了31名被证实经常打盹的人，发现他们每打盹30分钟，就会损失6分钟的睡眠时间——净增加24分钟。）可知，这项研究是通过收集和分析数据来进行的。故选B项。
8．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Despite these studies finding that a certain amount of snooze time won’t damage your health, it remains key to get enough consistent sleep to avoid serious health consequences.”（尽管这些研究发现，一定的小睡时间不会损害你的健康，但获得足够的持续睡眠仍然是避免严重健康后果的关键。）可知，虽然短暂的打盹不会损害健康，但获得足够的持续睡眠依然是保证健康的重要因素。可推知，文章建议还是要获得足够的持续睡眠。故选D项。
3.（2024·山东·模拟预测）Historical accounts often described the now-extinct California grizzly bears as huge beasts ready to attack humans and livestock at any time. But according to a new paper, scientists say the truth might have been less dramatic: The bears ate a mostly vegetarian diet and were smaller than previously described.
California grizzly bears once roamed in the Golden State. But European settlers often hunted, poisoned and trapped the creatures. Over time, because of these human activities, the California grizzly population declined. The last reliable sighting of a California grizzly bear occurred 100 years ago in 1924, and the animals disappeared completely sometime after that.
Researchers wanted to get a better understanding of the factors that accelerated the bears’ extinction. They also hoped to gain more insight into the creatures’ behavior, size and diet. To do so, they turned to documents and California grizzly specimens in natural history collections. They measured the animals’ skulls and teeth and analyzed their bones and pelts. The researchers found that California grizzly bears were much smaller than the 2,000 pounds often reported at the time. Historical accounts might not necessarily have been wrong, but they might have only included the largest bears. In addition, analyses of the animals’ bones and skins suggest the bears were primarily eating plants, which stands in contrast to their fear some hyper carnivorous (超级食肉的) reputation. “The bears likely increased meat consumption due to landscape changes coupled with the arrival of livestock,” says study co-author Alexis Mychajliw. However, researchers found the animals still ate a majority vegetarian diet and killed far less livestock than historical accounts suggested.
By digging beyond the bears’ reputation, the researchers gained a more accurate understanding of the California grizzly’s biology and natural history. And since scientists and land managers often rely on historical accounts when reintroducing animals to their former habitats, the study serves as a reminder that those old newspapers and journals do not tell the whole story.
9．What does the underlined word “roamed” in paragraph 1 mean
A．Disappeared. B．Declined. C．Fought. D．Wandered.
10．What did the researchers discover about California grizzly bears
A．They mainly fed on livestock.
B．Their diet consisted mostly of plants.
C．They ate a balanced diet of plants and meat.
D．The absence of livestock changed their dietary habit.
11．What can we learn about historical accounts of animals from the last paragraph
A．They are unique. B．They are one-sided.
C．They are accurate. D．They are comprehensive.
12．What is the text mainly about
A．The natural habitats of California grizzly bears.
B．The extinction process of California grizzly bears.
C．The reveal of the truth of California grizzly bears.
D．The significance of the arrival of California grizzly bears.
【答案】9．D 10．B 11．B 12．C
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍研究揭示了一些关于加州灰熊的真相——主要吃素食，比之前描述的要小，因此对动物的历史纪录有可能是片面的，不完全的。
9．词句猜测题。根据划线词下句“But European settlers often hunted, poisoned and trapped the creatures. Over time, because of these human activities, the California grizzly population declined.(但欧洲殖民者经常猎杀、毒死和诱捕这些生物。随着时间的推移，由于这些人类活动，加州灰熊的数量下降了)”可知，加州灰熊曾经数量很多，随处游荡。由此猜测roamed意为“游荡”，与wandered同义。故选D。
10．细节理解题。根据第二段中“In addition, analyses of the animals’ bones and skins suggest the bears were primarily eating plants, which stands in contrast to their fear some hyper carnivorous (超级食肉的) reputation.(此外，对动物骨骼和皮肤的分析表明，熊主要以植物为食，这与它们可怕的超级食肉动物的名声形成了对比)”可知，研究发现灰熊主要以植物为食。故选B。
11．推理判断题。根据最后一段“By digging beyond the bears’ reputation, the researchers gained a more accurate understanding of the California grizzly’s biology and natural history. And since scientists and land managers often rely on historical accounts when reintroducing animals to their former habitats, the study serves as a reminder that those old newspapers and journals do not tell the whole story.(通过深入研究灰熊的名声，研究人员对加州灰熊的生物学和自然历史有了更准确的了解。由于科学家和土地管理者在将动物重新引入它们以前的栖息地时经常依赖于历史记录，这项研究提醒人们，那些旧报纸和期刊并没有讲述整个故事)”推知，对动物的历史纪录有可能是片面的，并不完整和准确。故选B。
12．主旨大意题。通读全文，并结合第一段中“Historical accounts often described the now-extinct California grizzly bears as huge beasts ready to attack humans and livestock at any time. But according to a new paper, scientists say the truth might have been less dramatic: The bears ate a mostly vegetarian diet and were smaller than previously described.(历史记载经常将现已灭绝的加利福尼亚灰熊描述为随时准备攻击人类和牲畜的巨大野兽。但根据一篇新的论文，科学家们说真相可能没有那么戏剧性：这些熊主要吃素食，比之前描述的要小)”可知，文章主要介绍研究揭示了一些关于加州灰熊的真相——主要吃素食，比之前描述的要小。故选C。
4.（2024·山东·模拟预测）We breathe, eat and drink tiny particles of plastic. But are these in the body harmless. dangerous or somewhere in between A small study published on Wednesday in the New England Journal of Medicine raises more questions than it answers about how these hits might affect the heart.
The study involved 257 people who had surgery to clear blocked blood vessels in their necks. Using two methods, researchers found evidence of plastics-mostly invisible nanoplastics — in 150 patients and no evidence of plastics in 107 patients. They followed these people for three years. During that time, 30 or 20% of those with plastics had a heart attack, stroke or died from any cause, compared to 8 or about 8% of those with no evidence of plastics.
The researchers also found more evidence of inflammation (炎症) in the people with the plastic bits in their blood vessels. Inflammation is the body’s response to injury and is thought to raise the risk of heart attacks and stroke.
“I hope that the alarming message will raise the consciousness of citizens, especially governments, to finally become aware of the importance of the health of our planet.” said Dr. Raffaele Marfella of the University of Campania in Italy.
Nevertheless, the study was very small and looked only at people with narrowed arteries (动脉), who were already at risk for heart attack and stroke. The patients with the plastics had more heart disease, diabetes and high cholesterol (胆固醇) than the patients without plastics. They were more likely to be men and more likely to be smokers. The researchers tried to adjust for these risk factors during their statistical analysis, but they may have missed important differences between the groups that could account for the results. This kind of study cannot prove that the plastics caused their problems.
“More research is needed and it is the first report suggesting a connection between microplastics and nanoplastics with disease in humans,” said Dr. Philip Landrigan of Boston College. Other scientists have found plastic bits in the lungs, liver, blood, and breast milk, “It does not prove cause and effect, but it suggests cause and effect,” he said, “And it needs urgently to be either confirmed or disproven (反驳) by other studies done by other investigators in other populations.”
13．What did the study find about the plastics in blood
A．They are visible and detectable. B．They may raise the risk of serious injuries.
C．They need to be removed by surgery. D．They may account for a higher rate of heart attacks.
14．What did Raffaele Marfella suggest
A．Immediate action should be taken by government.
B．Alarming message should be spread widely and quickly.
C．The awareness of the harm of plastic bits should be enhanced.
D．Joint efforts must be made to keep healthy physically and mentally.
15．What does paragraph 5 mainly talk about regarding the study
A．Limitations. B．Advantages. C．Causes. D．Effects.
16．What did Dr. Philip Landrigan think of the study
A．Helpful but unrealistic. B．Pioneering but impractical.
C．Distinctive but unnecessary. D．Suggestive but inconclusive.
【答案】13．D 14．C 15．A 16．D
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章讲述一项新的研究表明使用塑料可能和心脏病发作率高有关，但还需要更多研究来证明它们之间存在因果关系。
13．细节理解题。根据第二段“The study involved 257 people who had surgery to clear blocked blood vessels in their necks. Using two methods, researchers found evidence of plastics-mostly invisible nanoplastics—in 150 patients and no evidence of plastics in 107 patients. They followed these people for three years. During that time,30 or 20% of those with plastics had a heart attack, stroke or died from any cause, compared to 8 or about 8% of those with no evidence of plastics. (这项研究涉及257名接受手术清除颈部血管阻塞的患者。通过两种方法，研究人员在150名患者身上发现了塑料的证据——大部分是看不见的纳米塑料——107名患者身上没有塑料的证据。他们对这些人进行了三年的跟踪调查。在此期间，30%或20%使用塑料的人心脏病发作、中风或死于任何原因，相比之下，没有使用塑料的人只有8%或8%左右。)”可知，研究发现血液中的塑料可能是心脏
病发作率较高的原因。故选D。
14．推理判断题。根据第四段“ “I hope that the alarming message will raise the consciousness of citizens, especially governments, to finally become aware of the importance of the health of our planet.” said Dr. Raffaele Marfella of the University of Campania in Italy. (“我希望这一令人震惊的信息能够提高公民，特别是政府的意识，最终意识到我们地球健康的重要性。意大利坎帕尼亚大学的拉斐尔·马费拉博士说。)”可推断拉斐尔·马菲拉的建议公民和政府都应该提高对微塑料危害的意识，故选C。
15．主旨大意题。根据第五段“Nevertheless, the study was very small and looked only at people with narrowed arteries(动脉), who were already at risk for heart attack and stroke. The patients with the plastics had more heart disease, diabetes and high cholesterol(胆固醇) than the patients without plastics. They were more likely to be men and more likely to be smokers. The researchers tried to adjust for these risk factors during their statistical analysis, but they may have missed important differences between the groups that could account for the results. This kind of study cannot prove that the plastics caused their problems. (然而，这项研究的规模很小，而且只研究了动脉狭窄的人，这些人已经有心脏病发作和中风的风险。与没有接受整形手术的患者相比，接受整形手术的患者患心脏病、糖尿病和高胆固醇的几率更高。他们更有可能是男性，更有可能是吸烟者。研究人员试图在他们的统计分析中调整这些风险因素，但他们可能错过了可以解释结果的各组之间的重要差异。这种研究不能证明是塑料造成了他们的问题。)”可知本段主要说明了这项研究的一些限制，所以还不能证明塑料就是造成心脏病发作的风险，故选A。
16．细节理解题。根据最后一段““More research is needed and it is the first report suggesting a connection between microplastics and nanoplastics with disease in humans,” said Dr. Philip Landrigan of Boston College. Other scientists have found plastic bits in the lungs, liver, blood, and breast milk, “It does not prove cause and effect, but it suggests cause and effect,” he said, “And it needs urgently to be either confirmed or disproven(反驳) by other studies done by other investigators in other populations.” (波士顿学院的菲利普·兰德里根博士说：“需要进行更多的研究，这是第一份表明微塑料和纳米塑料与人类疾病之间存在联系的报告。”其他科学家在肺部、肝脏、血液和母乳中发现了塑料碎片。“这并不能证明因果关系，但它表明了因果关系，”他说，“其他研究人员在其他人群中进行的其他研究迫切需要证实或反驳。”)”可知菲利普·兰德里根博士认为这项研究表明塑料和人类疾病之间存在联系，但还需要其他研究来证实它们之间的因果关系，所以他认为这项研究是一种提示但是并不能确定，故选D。
5.（2024届山东中学联盟模拟预测）In the 1950s, British historian Northeaster Parkinson came up with a concept which was later known as Parkinson’s Law of Triviality. It states that the amount of time spent discussing an issue in an organization is oppositely associated with its actual importance.
Parkinson’s Law of Triviality is also known as “bike-shedding (车棚)”, after the story Parkinson uses to illustrate it. He asks readers to imagine a financial committee meeting to discuss a three-point agenda. The points are as follows: A proposal for a￡10 million nuclear power plant; A proposal for a￡350 bike shed; A proposal for a￡21 annual coffee budget.
What happens The committee ends up running through the nuclear power plant proposal in little time. It’s too advanced for anyone to really dig into the details. The discussion soon moves to the bike shed. Here, everyone’s an expert. In the end, the committee runs out of time and decides to meet again to complete their analysis.
Bike-shedding happens because the smaller a matter is, the more people will have an opinion on it, even when there is no genuine value to add. When something is outside of our circle of competence, like a nuclear power plant, we don’t even try to express an opinion. But when something is comprehensible, everyone wants to show that they know about the topic at hand.
How can we avoid bike-shedding The main thing you can do is to have a clear purpose. Priya Parker, the author of The Art of Gathering: How We Meet and Why It Matters, says that any successful gathering needs to have a focused purpose. “Specificity,” she says, “is a crucial element.”
When it comes to choosing your list of invitees, Parker writes, “if the purpose of your meeting is to make a decision, you may want to consider having fewer cooks in the kitchen.” Getting the result you want - a thoughtful, educated discussion about that power plant - depends on having the right people in the room.
17．What is Parkinson’s purpose of presenting the imaginary meeting
A．To state a fact. B．To clarify a concept.
C．To make a prediction. D．To make a comparison.
18．What can be inferred from Paragraph 4
A．The more you know, the less you speak.
B．What is simple for you may be tough for others.
C．What requires more work may get less attention.
D．The more you put in, the better your result will be.
19．Which is the author’s suggestion for a successful meeting
A．Planning before the meeting.
B．Getting the right people to the table.
C．Spending less time on the minor issues.
D．Taking different opinions into account.
20．What can be a suitable title for the text
A．Purpose: The Key to an Effective Meeting
B．Talent: A Crucial Element in Organizations
C．The Bike Shed Effect: Avoiding Small Matters
D．Nuclear Power Plant: The Less-known Proposal
【答案】17．B 18．C 19．B 20．C
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了在20世纪50年代，英国历史学家Northeaster Parkinson提出的帕金森琐碎定律。
17．推理判断题。根据第二段的“Parkinson’s Law of Triviality is also known as “bike-shedding (车棚)”, after the story Parkinson uses to illustrate it. He asks readers to imagine a financial committee meeting to discuss a
three-point agenda.(Parkinson的帕金森琐碎定律也被称为bike-shedding，以帕金森用来说明它的故事命名。他让读者想象一个财务委员会开会讨论三点议程。)”可知，Parkinson提出假想会议的目的是澄清一个概念。故选B。
18．推理判断题。根据第四段的“Bike-shedding happens because the smaller a matter is, the more people will have an opinion on it, even when there is no real value to add. When something is outside of our circle of competence, like a nuclear power plant, we don’t even try to express an opinion. But when something is understandable everyone wants to show that they know about the topic at hand.(Bike-shedding会发生，是因为事情越小，就会有越多的人对它发表意见，即使没有什么真正的价值可言。当事情超出我们的能力范围时，比如核电站，我们甚至不会试图表达意见。但是当某件事是可以理解的时候，每个人都想表明他们了解手头的话题。)”可知，需要付出更多努力的事情可能得到的关注更少。故选C。
19．推理判断题。根据最后一段的“Getting the result you want—a thoughtful, educated discussion about that power plant—depends on having the right people in the room.(想要得到你想要的结果——一场关于电厂的深思熟虑的、有知识的讨论——取决于是否有合适的人在场。)”可知，作者对会议成功的建议是把合适的人请到会议桌前。故选B。
20．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是第四段的“Bike-shedding happens because the smaller a matter is, the more people will have an opinion on it, even when there is no real value to add.(Bike-shedding之所以会发生，是因为事情越小，就会有越多的人对它发表意见，即使没有真正的价值可言。)”可知，本文主要介绍的是20世纪50年代，英国历史学家Northeaster Parkinson提出的帕金森琐碎定律，也称为bike-shedding，因此最好的题目是C选项“The Bike Shed Effect: Avoiding Small Matters(自行车棚效应：避免小事)”。故选C。
6.（2024·山东日照·模拟预测）In 2022, the Nature Conservancy launched two 5-year pilot projects at working ranches (牧场) in Kansas and New Mexico to determine if virtual fences enable land managers to better perform regenerative management practices and to assess potential benefits for biodiversity and for ranchers’ bottom lines, as well as impacts on soil carbon storage.
Applauded by the U.S. Department of Agriculture as a climate adaption strategy, virtual fencing is an innovative technology that enables ranchers to use a smartphone or web app to remotely monitor and control where and when cattle graze (吃草). Virtual fences can reduce the need for physical fences, which require significant time, expense and labor to maintain. Physical fences also limit land managers in their ability to change grazing boundaries to adapt to seasonal changes in vegetation or to exclude cattle from ecologically sensitive areas.
The cows are outfitted with battery-operated, GPS-enabled collars that send out a radio frequency to communicate with reception towers, creating virtual grazing boundaries set by a rancher. When a cow approaches the edge of the virtual boundary, the collar produces a sound signaling it to turn around. If the cow proceeds to cross the boundary, it receives a momentary mild shock, signaling that it’s gone too far and should rejoin its group.
Grasslands are the least protected habitat on earth and one of the most effective carbon sinks, storing up to 20% of the world’s soil organic carbon. Unfortunately, grasslands are continuing to rapidly disappear for several reasons. For ecological health, most grassland ecosystems need periods of disturbance to aerate (使透气) the soil,
stimulate plant growth and recycle nutrients into the soil. Ranchers complete this disturbance-rest cycle by managing the timing, location, herd size and intensity of grazing activities, all of which can be time-consuming and painstaking.
“Currently, the costs of virtual fencing are still high, but in the long run it can help land managers better carry out management practices that regenerate land health, help address climate change and biodiversity loss,” said William Burnidge, director of the Nature Conservancy.
21．What’s stressed concerning virtual fencing in paragraph 2
A．Its smart design. B．Its major advantages.
C．Its wide application. D．Its working principles.
22．What does the mild shock indicate to the cow
A．It’s time to return. B．It’s time to graze.
C．It’s in danger. D．It’s in a wrong direction.
23．What’s unavoidable for ranchers to complete the disturbance-rest cycle
A．Intense efforts. B．Polluted soil. C．Financial failure. D．Ecological imbalance.
24．What’s Mr. Burnidge’s attitude to virtual fencing
A．Intolerant. B．Objective. C．Doubtful. D．Conservative.
【答案】21．B 22．A 23．A 24．B
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了美国大自然保护协会启动虚拟围栏试点项目，利用智能项圈控制牛群放牧，旨在评估其对草地管理、生物多样性及土壤碳储存的潜在益处，助力可持续农业与气候适应。
21．推理判断题。由文章第二段“Applauded by the U.S. Department of Agriculture as a climate adaption strategy, virtual fencing is an innovative technology that enables ranchers to use a smartphone or web app to remotely monitor and control where and when cattle graze (吃草). Virtual fences can reduce the need for physical fences, which require significant time, expense and labor to maintain. Physical fences also limit land managers in their ability to change grazing boundaries to adapt to seasonal changes in vegetation or to exclude cattle from ecologically sensitive areas. (虚拟围栏被美国农业部誉为一项气候适应战略，它是一项创新技术，使牧场主能够使用智能手机或网络应用程序远程监控和控制牛在何时何地吃草。虚拟围栏可以减少对物理围栏的需求，物理围栏需要大量的时间、费用和人力来维护。物理围栏也限制了土地管理者改变放牧边界以适应植被的季节性变化或将牛排除在生态敏感地区的能力。)”可知，第2段强调了虚拟围栏的主要优势。故选B。
22．细节理解题。由文章第三段中“If the cow proceeds to cross the boundary, it receives a momentary mild shock, signaling that it’s gone too far and should rejoin its group. (如果母牛继续越过边界，它会受到短暂的轻微电击，这表明它走得太远了，应该重新加入它的群体。)”可知，轻微的电击对奶牛意味着是时候回来了。故选A。
23．推理判断题。由文章第四段中“For ecological health, most grassland ecosystems need periods of disturbance to aerate (使透气) the soil, stimulate plant growth and recycle nutrients into the soil. Ranchers complete this disturbance-rest cycle by managing the timing, location, herd size and intensity of grazing activities, all of which
can be time-consuming and painstaking. (为了生态健康，大多数草地生态系统需要扰动期来给土壤通风，刺激植物生长，并将养分循环到土壤中。牧场主通过管理放牧活动的时间、地点、牧群规模和强度来完成这种干扰-休息循环，所有这些都是费时费力的。)”可知，牧场主完成扰动休息周期不可避免的是付出巨大努力，包括管理放牧的时间、地点、畜群大小和强度，这些都是费时费力的工作。故选A。
24．推理判断题。由文章最后一段““Currently, the costs of virtual fencing are still high, but in the long run it can help land managers better carry out management practices that regenerate land health, help address climate change and biodiversity loss,” said William Burnidge, director of the Nature Conservancy. (“目前，虚拟围栏的成本仍然很高，但从长远来看，它可以帮助土地管理者更好地实施管理措施，使土地恢复健康，帮助应对气候变化和生物多样性丧失，”大自然保护协会主任威廉·伯尼奇说。)”可知，威廉·伯尼奇在评估其利弊时持有一个平衡的看法，对于虚拟围栏的态度是客观的。故选B。
7.（2024·山东·二模）The 2024 Consumer Electronics Show is upon us and we’ve chosen four most functional-seeming ones to share with you.A desk bike to charge your phone
Combining the health benefits of a pedal (脚踏) desk with the energy savings of a body-powered phone charger, Ampera Bike seems ideally suited for office multitaskers. A half-hour of pedaling can charge the average phone about 50 percent. The bike, small and unnoticeable enough for a home office, allows workers to finish the same tasks moving as they did sitting still.Walking assist robot
For many, walking is a challenge because of aging, illness or muscle weakness. That’s why WIM, a robotic assist device tied around your waist and legs, was created. It reduces the energy needed to walk by 20 percent, potentially enabling walkers to go farther and feel less tired. The entire device weighs 3 pounds and folds up to the size of a purse. WIM can also be used in an exercise mode, providing resistance similar to walking in water and targeting specific muscles.A mental health mirror
How do you feel when looking in the mirror in the morning BMind Smart Mirror can take one look, use AI and natural language processing to analyze your expressions and gestures, tell your moods and then offer “personalized mental health coaching” to help. This technology that can monitor for heath changes has the potential of improving the quality of millions of lives.Targeted hearing device
People with hearing loss have difficulty listening to a specific voice in a noisy space. OrCam Hear addresses this issue with a system of earphones and an AI-powered app. The app samples voices and creates speaker profiles, which then allows users to select to select their wanted voice and deaden other ones, making a game-changing, experience for hearing aids in general.
25．What is special about Ampera Bike
A．It’s handy to carry about.
B．It charges phones with batteries.
C．It integrates fitness with energy supply.
D．It’s an economical form of transportation.
26．Which of the following devices may read your thoughts
A．Ampera Bike. B．WIM.
C．BMind Smart Mirror. D．OrCam Hear.
27．How does OrCam Hear favor the hearing-disabled
A．By restoring damaged hearing. B．By screening out undesired sounds.
C．By boosting the volume of hearing aids. D．By turning unclear voices into words.
【答案】25．C 26．C 27．B
【导语】这是一篇说明文。主要介绍了四款看起来非常实用的电子产品。
25．细节理解题。根据A desk bike to charge your phone中“Combining the health benefits of a pedal desk with the energy savings of a body-powered phone charger, Ampera Bike seems ideally suited for office multitaskers. A half-hour of pedaling can charge the average phone about 50 percent.”（Ampera Bike结合了脚踏式办公桌的健康益处和身体充电式手机充电器的节能优势，似乎非常适合办公室的多任务工作者。骑车半小时可以给手机充电50%。）可知，Ampera Bike的特别之处是它将健身与能量供应结合在一起。故选C项。
26．细节理解题。根据A mental health mirror中“BMind Smart Mirror can take one look, use AI and natural language processing to analyze your expressions and gestures, tell your moods and then offer “personalized mental health coaching” to help.”（BMind智能镜子可以看一眼，利用人工智能和自然语言处理来分析你的表情和手势，告诉你的情绪，然后提供“个性化的心理健康指导”来提供帮助。）可知，BMind智能镜可以读懂你的想法。故选C项。
27．细节理解题。根据Targeted hearing device中“OrCam Hear addresses this issue with a system of earphones and an AI-powered app. The app samples voices and creates speaker profiles, which then allows users to select to select their wanted voice and deaden other ones, making a game-changing, experience for hearing aids in general.”（OrCam Hear通过一个耳机系统和一个人工智能驱动的应用程序解决了这个问题。该应用程序对声音进行采样并创建扬声器配置文件，然后允许用户选择选择他们想要的声音并屏蔽其他声音，为助听器提供了一种改变游戏规则的体验。）可知，OrCam Hear通过过滤掉不想要的声音来帮助听障人士。故选B项。
8.（2024·山东·二模）Do you know cultivated meat Typically, making this sort of meat starts with cells from domestic animals. The cells are grown in bioreactors full of nutrient-rich liquid, and then harvested, and eventually become products such as steak or chicken. In a homely kitchen of Eat Just, a startup, a slice of such meat was fried and then served with peppers. The first mouthful of it was extraordinary because the meat was grown in a lab, rather than on an animal. Meanwhile, it was also dull, because the texture, taste, look and smell of the meat was almost identical to that of chicken.
In June, Eat Just and Upside Foods became the first two companies to win regulatory approval to sell cultivated meat in America. A handful of other firms are trying to bring cultivated meat to market. But the hope is fading owing to continued high costs and troubles with mass production.
The UN reports meat and dairy production already accounts for 12% of humanity’s greenhouse-gas emissions, Demand for meat is skyrocketing among the growing middle classes of Africa and Asia. Lab-grown meat could help meet that demand without the world breaking its carbon budget. By contrast, two-fifths of
Americans claim to restrict their meat consumption either for ethical(伦理的) reasons or environmental ones. Lab-grown meat may seem less ethically worrisome than eating animals. And the early success of plant-based meat alternatives gave investors hope. Beyond Meat, one such firm, went public in 2019, and saw its value shoot to $14 billion.
Though lab-grown meat offers an alternative to farm-grown meat, questions have been raised about how climate-friendly it can be. A study published earlier this year found that in some circumstances cultivated meat could be more polluting than the conventional stuff because the bioreactor is in great need of power to control its temperature. Consequently, only if renewable energy is used in the production process will cultivated meat cut the carbon footprint of the meat industry.
Whether this effort can make lab-grown meat attractive and cheap enough to attract consumers remains to be seen.
28．What does the author focus on concerning cultivated meat in paragraph 1
A．Its characteristics. B．Its health benefits.
C．Its cooking methods. D．Its similarities to artificial meat.
29．What can we infer from paragraph 3
A．Most Americans skip meat.
B．Asians prefer lab-grown meat.
C．Beyond Meat is facing financial collapse.
D．Lab-grown meat may have a vast consumer market.
30．In which aspect does the cultivated-meat industry damage the environment
A．Poisonous chemical leaks. B．Land occupation.
C．Grecnhouse-gas emissions. D．Water consumption.
31．What’s the author’s attitude to lab-grown meat
A．Opposed. B．Favorable. C．Uncaring. D．Reserved.
【答案】28．A 29．D 30．C 31．D
【导语】这是一篇说明文。主要介绍了人造肉这一特征以及人造肉目前巨大的消费市场，与此同时，它可能在环境方面带来的影响。
28．细节理解题。根据第一段中“The cells are grown in bioreactors full of nutrient-rich liquid, and then harvested, and eventually become products such as steak or chicken. In a homely kitchen of Eat Just, a startup, a slice of such meat was fried and then served with peppers. The first mouthful of it was extraordinary because the meat was grown in a lab, rather than on an animal. Meanwhile, it was also dull, because the texture, taste, look and smell of the meat was almost identical to that of chicken.”（这些细胞在充满营养丰富液体的生物反应器中生长，然后收获，最终成为牛排或鸡肉等产品。在创业公司Eat Just简朴的厨房里，一片这样的肉被煎熟，然后配上辣椒。第一口就感觉很特别，因为这种肉是在实验室里培育出来的，而不是在动物身上培育出来的。同时，它也很沉闷，因为肉的质地、味道、外观和气味几乎与鸡肉一模一样。）可知，在第一段中，作者关注
的是人造肉的特征。故选A项。
29．推理判断题。根据第三段“The UN reports meat and dairy production already accounts for 12% of humanity’s greenhouse-gas emissions, Demand for meat is skyrocketing among the growing middle classes of Africa and Asia. Lab-grown meat could help meet that demand without the world breaking its carbon budget. By contrast, two-fifths of Americans claim to restrict their meat consumption either for ethical(伦理的) reasons or environmental ones. Lab-grown meat may seem less ethically worrisome than eating animals. And the early success of plant-based meat alternatives gave investors hope. Beyond Meat, one such firm, went public in 2019, and saw its value shoot to $14 billion.”（联合国报告称，肉类和奶制品的生产已经占到人类温室气体排放量的12%，非洲和亚洲不断壮大的中产阶级对肉类的需求正在飙升。实验室培育的肉类可以在不打破世界碳预算的情况下帮助满足这一需求。相比之下，五分之二的美国人声称出于道德或环境原因限制肉类消费。与食用动物相比，实验室培育的肉类似乎不那么令人担忧。植物性肉类替代品的早期成功给了投资者希望。Beyond Meat就是这样一家公司，于2019年上市，市值飙升至140亿美元。）可知，从第三段我们可以推断出实验室培育的肉可能有巨大的消费市场。故选D项。
30．推理判断题。根据第四段“Though lab-grown meat offers an alternative to farm-grown meat, questions have been raised about how climate-friendly it can be. A study published earlier this year found that in some circumstances cultivated meat could be more polluting than the conventional stuff because the bioreactor is in great need of power to control its temperature. Consequently, only if renewable energy is used in the production process will cultivated meat cut the carbon footprint of the meat industry.”（尽管实验室培育的肉类为农场培育的肉类提供了另一种选择，但人们对它的气候友好性提出了质疑。今年早些时候发表的一项研究发现，在某些情况下，养殖肉类可能比传统肉类污染更严重，因为生物反应器非常需要电力来控制其温度。因此，只有在生产过程中使用可再生能源，养殖肉类才能减少肉类行业的碳足迹。）可推知，人造肉产业在温室气体排放方面破坏了环境。故选C项。
31．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Whether this effort can make lab-grown meat attractive and cheap enough to attract consumers remains to be seen.”（这一努力是否能使实验室培育的肉具有足够的吸引力和价格，从而吸引消费者，还有待观察。）可推知，作者对实验室培育的肉持保守态度。故选D项。
9.（2024·山东枣庄·二模）On August 15,a team of researchers and conservationists set off on a two-year voyage from Plymouth, England,on board the Dutch tall ship Oosterschelde. They will sail more than 46,000 miles(74,000 kilometers)and drop anchor in 32 different ports across four continents,before ending their journey in Falmouth,U.K.
The expedition, named Darwin200,comes more than 190 years after Charles Darwin sailed the globe collecting specimens and shaping ideas of his theory of evolution. The team will closely follow Darwin’s original voyage aboard the HMS Beagle, which set off on Dec.27,1831,and returned to England on Oct.2,1836.
Darwin was 22 years old when he joined the expedition with the intention of seeing the world before joining the church. But during the trip, Darwin became fascinated by the wide range of different species he encountered, which eventually led to him creating his theory of evolution by natural selection. Darwin’s account of the journey,
published after his return, also helped him establish his reputation as one of Victorian Britain’s academic elite.
The main aim of the new expedition is to train and inspire 200 young environmentalists, between 18 and 25 years old, who will each spend a week on board the Oosterschelde studying threatened species that Darwin encountered on his voyage.
“We wanted to create a similarly transformative experience(for the young naturalists),”Stewart MePherson, mission director of Darwin200,said in a statement. They have” the potential to be the STEM (science, technology, engineering, and mathematics)and conservation leaders of tomorrow,” he added.
Every week, the team will broadcast interactive “nature hour” sessions live from the ship for people across the world. They will also collect important data on ocean plastics and coral reef health,as well as survey seabirds, whales and dolphins.
32．What can we learn about Darwin200 from the first two paragraphs
A．It takes along 200 naturalists. B．It takes a shortcut for the journey.
C．It is to mark Darwin’s Beagle voyage. D．It lasts longer than Darwin’s voyage.
33．How did Darwin’s voyage affect him
A．It established his writing style. B．He gained a sense of adventure.
C．He earned great fame and fortune D．It changed the direction of his life.
34．What is Stewart McPherson’s wish for the young naturalists
A．To be more creative. B．To keep an open mind.
C．To develop scientific skills. D．To challenge Darwin’s theory.
35．What does the team’s research work focus on
A．Ocean conservation. B．The exploration of ocean.
C．The art of navigation. D．Scientific education.
【答案】32．C 33．D 34．C 35．A
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要讲述了达尔文200号是为了纪念达尔文的贝格尔号航行。
32．推理判断题、根据第二段“The expedition, named Darwin200,comes more than 190 years after Charles Darwin sailed the globe collecting specimens and shaping ideas of his theory of evolution. The team will closely follow Darwin’s original voyage aboard the HMS Beagle, which set off on Dec.27,1831,and returned to England on Oct.2,1836. (这次被命名为在“达尔文200号”的探险是在查尔斯·达尔文环球航行收集标本并形成其进化论思想190多年后进行的。该团队将密切跟踪达尔文最初乘坐英国皇家海军舰艇贝格尔号的航行，贝格尔号于1831年12月27日出发，并于1836年10月2日返回英国) ”可知，“达尔文200号”是为了纪念达尔文的贝格尔号航行。故答案为C。
33．推理判断题。根据文章第三段的“But during the trip, Darwin became fascinated by the wide range of different species he encountered, which eventually led to him creating his theory of evolution by natural selection. Darwin’s account of the journey, published after his return, also helped him establish his reputation as one of Victorian Britain’s academic elite. (但是在旅行中，达尔文对他遇到的各种不同物种着迷，这最终导致他创建了自然选择进化论。达尔文回国后出版的关于这次旅行的记录也帮助他建立了作为维多利亚时代英国学术精英之一
的声誉。)”可知，达尔文的航行改变了他的人生方向。故答案为D。
34．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段““We wanted to create a similarly transformative experience(for the young naturalists),”Stewart MePherson, mission director of Darwin200,said in a statement. They have“ the potential to be the STEM (science, technology, engineering, and mathematics)and conservation leaders of tomorrow,” he added.(“我们想(为年轻的博物学家)创造一种类似的变革性体验，”达尔文200项目负责人斯图尔特·麦克弗森在一份声明中说。他补充说，他们“有潜力成为未来科学、技术、工程和数学领域的领导者”。)”可知，斯图尔特·麦克弗森对年轻博物学家的期望是培养科学技能。故答案为C。
35．细节理解题，根据文章最后一段“Every week, the team will broadcast interactive “nature hour” sessions live from the ship for people across the world. They will also collect important data on ocean plastics and coral reef health,as well as survey seabirds, whales and dolphins. (每周，该团队将在船上为世界各地的人们直播互动的“自然一小时”会议。他们还将收集有关海洋塑料和珊瑚礁健康的重要数据，并调査海鸟、鲸鱼和海豚。)可知，这个团队的研究工作集中在海洋保护上。故答案为A。
10.（2024·山东实验中学·二模）Would a person born blind, who has learned to distinguish objects by touch, be able to recognize them purely by sight if he regained the ability to see The question, known as Molyneux’s problem, is about whether the human mind has a built-in concept of shapes that is so inborn that a blind person could immediately recognize an object with restored vision. Alternatively, the concepts of shapes are not inborn but have to be learned by exploring an object through sight, touch and other senses.
After their attempt to test it in blind children failed, Lars Chittka of Queen Mary University of London and his team carried out another experiment on bumblebees. To test whether bumblebees can form an internal representation of objects, they first trained the insects to distinguish globes from cubes using a sugar reward. The bees were first trained in the light, where they could see but not touch the objects. Then they were tested in the dark, where they could touch but not see the items. The researchers found that the insects spent more time in contact with the shape they had been trained to associate with the sugar reward, even though they had to rely on touch rather than sight to distinguish the objects.
The researchers also did the opposite test with untrained bumblebees, first teaching them with rewards in the dark and then testing them in the light. Again, the bees were able to recognize the shape associated with the sugar reward, though they had to rely on sight rather than touch in the test. In short, bees have solved Molyneux’s problem because the fact suggests that they can picture object features and access them through sight or touch.
However, some experts express their warning s against the result. Jonathan Birch, a philosopher of science, cautions that the bees may have had prior experience associating visual and tactile (触觉) information about straight edges and curved surfaces in their nests.
36．What is Molyneux’s problem about
A．Whether mankind’s sense of touch outweighs sight.
B．Whether mankind’s idea of shape is inborn or learned.
C．Whether blind people can identify the shape of an item.
D．Whether the blind can regain their sense of touch after recovery.
37．How did Lors Chittka and his colleagues try to figure out Molyneux’s problem
A．By experimentation on blind children.
B．By conducting controlled experiments.
C．By rewarding bumblebees with sugar.
D．By observing bumblebees in their nests.
38．What is Jonathan Birch’s attitude towards the conclusion of the bee experiments
A．Skeptical. B．Supportive.
C．Dismissive. D．Ambiguous.
39．Which of the following can be the best title of the passage
A．Scientists Found Senses Matter
B．Visual-Tactile Puzzle Has Been Solved
C．Experiments Will Help the Blind Regain Sight
D．Bumblebees May Help Solve Molyneux’s Problem
【答案】36．B 37．B 38．A 39．D
【导语】本文是说明文。这篇文章探讨了Molyneux问题，即一个天生失明但通过触摸学会区分物体的人在恢复视力后是否能够通过视觉来识别物体。
36．细节理解题。根据第一段“The question, known as Molyneux’s problem, is about whether the human mind has a built-in concept of shapes that is so inborn that a blind person could immediately recognize an object with restored vision. Alternatively, the concepts of shapes are not inborn but have to be learned by exploring an object through sight, touch and other senses.(这个问题被称为Molyneux的问题，是关于人类大脑是否有一种内在的形状概念，这种概念是天生的，以至于盲人可以在恢复视力的情况下立即认出物体。另外，形状的概念不是天生的，而是必须通过视觉、触觉和其他感官探索物体来学习的)”可知，Molyneux问题的内容是人类的形状观念是天生的还是后天习得的。故选B项。
37．推理判断题。根据第二段“After their attempt to test it in blind children failed, Lars Chittka of Queen Mary University of London and his team carried out another experiment on bumblebees. To test whether bumblebees can form an internal representation of objects, they first trained the insects to distinguish globes from cubes using a sugar reward. The bees were first trained in the light, where they could see but not touch the objects. Then they were tested in the dark, where they could touch but not see the items. The researchers found that the insects spent more time in contact with the shape they had been trained to associate with the sugar reward, even though they had to rely on touch rather than sight to distinguish the objects.(在他们试图在失明儿童身上进行测试失败后，伦敦玛丽女王大学的Lars Chittka和他的团队在大黄蜂身上进行了另一项实验。为了测试大黄蜂是否能形成对物体的内部表征，他们首先用糖奖励来训练大黄蜂区分球形和立方体。蜜蜂首先在光线下训练，在那里它们可以看到但不能触摸物体。然后他们在黑暗中进行测试，在那里他们可以触摸但看不到物品。研究人员发现，这些昆虫花了更多的时间来接触它们被训练成与糖奖励相关联的形状，尽管它们必须依靠触觉而不是视觉
来区分物体)”可知，Lors Chittka和他的同事是通过控制实验来研究Molyneux问题。故选B项。
38．推理判断题。根据最后一段“However, some experts express their warning s against the result. Jonathan Birch, a philosopher of science, cautions that the bees may have had prior experience associating visual and tactile (触觉) information about straight edges and curved surfaces in their nests.(然而，一些专家对这一结果提出了警告。科学哲学家乔纳森·伯奇(Jonathan Birch)警告说，蜜蜂可能已经有了将巢中的直边和曲面的视觉和触觉信息联系起来的经验)”可知，Jonathan Birch认为蜜蜂可能已经有了将巢中的直边和曲面的视觉和触觉信息联系起来的经验，所以是持怀疑的态度。故选A项。
39．主旨大意题。根据第一段“The question, known as Molyneux’s problem, is about whether the human mind has a built-in concept of shapes that is so inborn that a blind person could immediately recognize an object with restored vision. Alternatively, the concepts of shapes are not inborn but have to be learned by exploring an object through sight, touch and other senses.(这个问题被称为Molyneux的问题，是关于人类大脑是否有一种内在的形状概念，这种概念是天生的，以至于盲人可以在恢复视力的情况下立即认出物体。另外，形状的概念不是天生的，而是必须通过视觉、触觉和其他感官探索物体来学习的)”以及纵观全文可知，本文主要讲述了Molyneux问题，并通过大黄蜂来进行实验研究，所以D项“Bumblebees May Help Solve Molyneux’s Problem(大黄蜂可能帮助Molyneux解决问题)”是本文最好的标题。故选D项。2024年高考英语模拟试题分类汇编： 阅读理解：说明文（山东卷）
1.（2024·山东威海·二模）Some people may be picky eaters, but as a species we are not. Birds, bugs and whales, we’ll eat them all. Yet our reliance on wild animals goes far beyond just feeding ourselves. From agricultural feed to medicine to the pet trade, modern society exploits wild animals in a way that beats even the most aggressive wild predator (捕食者). Now, for the first time, researchers have tried to capture the full picture of how we use wildlife, including how many, and for what purposes. The research showcases just how broad our influence on wild animals is.
In the study, researchers have found that humans kill, collect or otherwise use about 15,000 species. That’s up to 300 times more than the next top predator in any ecosystem.
Yet according to Chris Darimont, a co-author of the study, the biggest shock isn’t how many species we affect but why we take them. “The result,” he says, “is that we remove, or essentially prey on, more species of animals for non-food reasons than for food reasons.”And the biggest non-food use is as pets and pet food. “That’s where things have gone off the rails (轨道),” he says. The problem is especially serious for tropical birds. The helmeted hornbill, for example, is captured mainly for the pe trade, or for its beak to be used as medicine or to be carved like ivory. Their disappearance limits seed dispersal and the spread of trees around the forest.
Another big difference between humans’ influence on wild animals and that of other predators is that we tend to favor rare and exotic (外来的) species in a way other animals do not. Most predators target common species, since they are easier to find and catch. Humans, nowever, tend to covet the novel. “The more rare it is,” say scientists, “the more that drives up the price, and therefore it may go into extinction.”
If we want wild species to survive, we need to reestablish our relationship with them, perhaps from predator to caretaker.
1．What role do humans play in their present relationship with wildlife according to the author
A．Picky predators. B．Protectors of biodiversity.
C．Greedy predators. D．Caretakers of the environment.
2．What shocked scientists most according to Chris Darimont
A．More species hunted for non-food use.
B．The impact of pet industries on wildlife.
C．The number of species affected by humans.
D．The consequences caused by species extinction.
3．Which can best explain the underlined “cover the novel” in paragraph 4
A．Long for huge profits.
B．Favor domestic species.
C．Take interest in pet trade.
D．Seek after new and unique things.
4．What is the purpose of the text
A．To promote stricter rules for hunting.
B．To advocate eco-friendly pet choices.
C．To reveal how humans affect biodiversity.
D．To highlight the need for wildlife conservation.
2.（2024·山东·模拟预测）A new report published in the Journal of Sleep Research found no evidence that using the snooze (打盹儿) function on your alarm negatively affects sleep and cognitive (认知) processes. And while learning sleepiness and shorter sleep were more common in those who snoozed, it could even have benefits if used shortly.
The research even found that a brief snooze period could relieve sleep mertia (惯性), the unclearness and performance or mood decline that occurs when waking up, without completely disturbing sleep. It could also improve one’s cognitive function compared to completely waking up after the first alarm goes off.
“The findings indicate that there is no reason to stop snoozing in the morning if you enjoy it, at least not for snooze times around 30 minutes. In fact, it may even help those with morning unclearness to be slightly more awake once they get up,” said the researcher Tina Sundelin of Stockholm University.
The research was based on two studies with the first observing the waking habits of 1,732 adults. Most of the adults (69%) reported using an alarm’s snooze function or occasionally setting multiple alarms. Snoozing ranged from 1 to 180 minutes, according to the study, with the average period being 22 minutes per morning. The second study analyzed 31 confirmed regular snoozers and found that for every 30 minutes they snoozed, they lost six minutes of sleep — for a net gain of 24 minutes. However, researchers did not find any clear effects on mood, stress, tiredness, hormone levels or overnight sleep quality.
The report also found people who snooze tended to be at least six years younger than those who don t, and those who were identified as night owls were almost four times more likely to snooze than early birds. Snoozers also had a slightly shorter sleep time on workdays, 13 minutes less on average, compared to those who never snooze.
Despite these studies finding that a certain amount of snooze time won’t damage your health, it remains key to get enough consistent sleep to avoid serious health consequences.
5．What may a short snooze period result in according to the new research
A．Better sleep inertia. B．Disturbed sleep processes.
C．A good mood. D．A poor cognitive function.
6．What is Tina Sundelin’s attitude to short snoozing in the morning
A．Critical. B．Tolerant. C．Doubtful. D．Favorable.
7．How was the research carried out
A．By consulting different experts. B．By collecting and analyzing data.
C．By reviewing related records online. D．By doing experiments on students.
8．What does the text suggest us do about sleep
A．Try to be an early sleeper. B．Sleep more on weekends.
C．Snooze as much as possible. D．Get enough consistent sleep.
3.（2024·山东·模拟预测）Historical accounts often described the now-extinct California grizzly bears as huge beasts ready to attack humans and livestock at any time. But according to a new paper, scientists say the truth might have been less dramatic: The bears ate a mostly vegetarian diet and were smaller than previously described. California grizzly bears once roamed in the Golden State. But European settlers often hunted, poisoned and trapped the creatures. Over time, because of these human activities, the California grizzly population declined. The last reliable sighting of a California grizzly bear occurred 100 years ago in 1924, and the animals disappeared completely sometime after that.
Researchers wanted to get a better understanding of the factors that accelerated the bears’ extinction. They also hoped to gain more insight into the creatures’ behavior, size and diet. To do so, they turned to documents and California grizzly specimens in natural history collections. They measured the animals’ skulls and teeth and analyzed their bones and pelts. The researchers found that California grizzly bears were much smaller than the 2,000 pounds often reported at the time. Historical accounts might not necessarily have been wrong, but they might have only included the largest bears. In addition, analyses of the animals’ bones and skins suggest the bears were primarily eating plants, which stands in contrast to their fear some hyper carnivorous (超级食肉的) reputation. “The bears likely increased meat consumption due to landscape changes coupled with the arrival of livestock,” says study co-author Alexis Mychajliw. However, researchers found the animals still ate a majority vegetarian diet and killed far less livestock than historical accounts suggested.
By digging beyond the bears’ reputation, the researchers gained a more accurate understanding of the California grizzly’s biology and natural history. And since scientists and land managers often rely on historical accounts when reintroducing animals to their former habitats, the study serves as a reminder that those old newspapers and journals do not tell the whole story.
9．What does the underlined word “roamed” in paragraph 1 mean
A．Disappeared. B．Declined. C．Fought. D．Wandered.
10．What did the researchers discover about California grizzly bears
A．They mainly fed on livestock.
B．Their diet consisted mostly of plants.
C．They ate a balanced diet of plants and meat.
D．The absence of livestock changed their dietary habit.
11．What can we learn about historical accounts of animals from the last paragraph
A．They are unique. B．They are one-sided.
C．They are accurate. D．They are comprehensive.
12．What is the text mainly about
A．The natural habitats of California grizzly bears.
B．The extinction process of California grizzly bears.
C．The reveal of the truth of California grizzly bears.
D．The significance of the arrival of California grizzly bears.
4.（2024·山东·模拟预测）We breathe, eat and drink tiny particles of plastic. But are these in the body harmless. dangerous or somewhere in between A small study published on Wednesday in the New England Journal of Medicine raises more questions than it answers about how these hits might affect the heart.
The study involved 257 people who had surgery to clear blocked blood vessels in their necks. Using two methods, researchers found evidence of plastics-mostly invisible nanoplastics — in 150 patients and no evidence of plastics in 107 patients. They followed these people for three years. During that time, 30 or 20% of those with plastics had a heart attack, stroke or died from any cause, compared to 8 or about 8% of those with no evidence of plastics.
The researchers also found more evidence of inflammation (炎症) in the people with the plastic bits in their blood vessels. Inflammation is the body’s response to injury and is thought to raise the risk of heart attacks and stroke.
“I hope that the alarming message will raise the consciousness of citizens, especially governments, to finally become aware of the importance of the health of our planet.” said Dr. Raffaele Marfella of the University of Campania in Italy.
Nevertheless, the study was very small and looked only at people with narrowed arteries (动脉), who were already at risk for heart attack and stroke. The patients with the plastics had more heart disease, diabetes and high cholesterol (胆固醇) than the patients without plastics. They were more likely to be men and more likely to be smokers. The researchers tried to adjust for these risk factors during their statistical analysis, but they may have missed important differences between the groups that could account for the results. This kind of study cannot prove that the plastics caused their problems.
“More research is needed and it is the first report suggesting a connection between microplastics and nanoplastics with disease in humans,” said Dr. Philip Landrigan of Boston College. Other scientists have found plastic bits in the lungs, liver, blood, and breast milk, “It does not prove cause and effect, but it suggests cause and effect,” he said, “And it needs urgently to be either confirmed or disproven (反驳) by other studies done by other investigators in other populations.”
13．What did the study find about the plastics in blood
A．They are visible and detectable. B．They may raise the risk of serious injuries.
C．They need to be removed by surgery. D．They may account for a higher rate of heart attacks.
14．What did Raffaele Marfella suggest
A．Immediate action should be taken by government.
B．Alarming message should be spread widely and quickly.
C．The awareness of the harm of plastic bits should be enhanced.
D．Joint efforts must be made to keep healthy physically and mentally.
15．What does paragraph 5 mainly talk about regarding the study
A．Limitations. B．Advantages. C．Causes. D．Effects.
16．What did Dr. Philip Landrigan think of the study
A．Helpful but unrealistic. B．Pioneering but impractical.
C．Distinctive but unnecessary. D．Suggestive but inconclusive.
5.（2024届山东中学联盟模拟预测）In the 1950s, British historian Northeaster Parkinson came up with a concept which was later known as Parkinson’s Law of Triviality. It states that the amount of time spent discussing an issue in an organization is oppositely associated with its actual importance.
Parkinson’s Law of Triviality is also known as “bike-shedding (车棚)”, after the story Parkinson uses to illustrate it. He asks readers to imagine a financial committee meeting to discuss a three-point agenda. The points are as follows: A proposal for a￡10 million nuclear power plant; A proposal for a￡350 bike shed; A proposal for a￡21 annual coffee budget.
What happens The committee ends up running through the nuclear power plant proposal in little time. It’s too advanced for anyone to really dig into the details. The discussion soon moves to the bike shed. Here, everyone’s an expert. In the end, the committee runs out of time and decides to meet again to complete their analysis.
Bike-shedding happens because the smaller a matter is, the more people will have an opinion on it, even when there is no genuine value to add. When something is outside of our circle of competence, like a nuclear power plant, we don’t even try to express an opinion. But when something is comprehensible, everyone wants to show that they know about the topic at hand.
How can we avoid bike-shedding The main thing you can do is to have a clear purpose. Priya Parker, the author of The Art of Gathering: How We Meet and Why It Matters, says that any successful gathering needs to have a focused purpose. “Specificity,” she says, “is a crucial element.”
When it comes to choosing your list of invitees, Parker writes, “if the purpose of your meeting is to make a decision, you may want to consider having fewer cooks in the kitchen.” Getting the result you want - a thoughtful, educated discussion about that power plant - depends on having the right people in the room.
17．What is Parkinson’s purpose of presenting the imaginary meeting
A．To state a fact. B．To clarify a concept.
C．To make a prediction. D．To make a comparison.
18．What can be inferred from Paragraph 4
A．The more you know, the less you speak.
B．What is simple for you may be tough for others.
C．What requires more work may get less attention.
D．The more you put in, the better your result will be.
19．Which is the author’s suggestion for a successful meeting
A．Planning before the meeting.
B．Getting the right people to the table.
C．Spending less time on the minor issues.
D．Taking different opinions into account.
20．What can be a suitable title for the text
A．Purpose: The Key to an Effective Meeting
B．Talent: A Crucial Element in Organizations
C．The Bike Shed Effect: Avoiding Small Matters
D．Nuclear Power Plant: The Less-known Proposal
6.（2024·山东日照·模拟预测）In 2022, the Nature Conservancy launched two 5-year pilot projects at working ranches (牧场) in Kansas and New Mexico to determine if virtual fences enable land managers to better perform regenerative management practices and to assess potential benefits for biodiversity and for ranchers’ bottom lines, as well as impacts on soil carbon storage.
Applauded by the U.S. Department of Agriculture as a climate adaption strategy, virtual fencing is an innovative technology that enables ranchers to use a smartphone or web app to remotely monitor and control where and when cattle graze (吃草). Virtual fences can reduce the need for physical fences, which require significant time, expense and labor to maintain. Physical fences also limit land managers in their ability to change grazing boundaries to adapt to seasonal changes in vegetation or to exclude cattle from ecologically sensitive areas.
The cows are outfitted with battery-operated, GPS-enabled collars that send out a radio frequency to communicate with reception towers, creating virtual grazing boundaries set by a rancher. When a cow approaches the edge of the virtual boundary, the collar produces a sound signaling it to turn around. If the cow proceeds to cross the boundary, it receives a momentary mild shock, signaling that it’s gone too far and should rejoin its group.
Grasslands are the least protected habitat on earth and one of the most effective carbon sinks, storing up to 20% of the world’s soil organic carbon. Unfortunately, grasslands are continuing to rapidly disappear for several reasons. For ecological health, most grassland ecosystems need periods of disturbance to aerate (使透气) the soil, stimulate plant growth and recycle nutrients into the soil. Ranchers complete this disturbance-rest cycle by managing the timing, location, herd size and intensity of grazing activities, all of which can be time-consuming and painstaking.
“Currently, the costs of virtual fencing are still high, but in the long run it can help land managers better carry out management practices that regenerate land health, help address climate change and biodiversity loss,” said William Burnidge, director of the Nature Conservancy.
21．What’s stressed concerning virtual fencing in paragraph 2
A．Its smart design. B．Its major advantages.
C．Its wide application. D．Its working principles.
22．What does the mild shock indicate to the cow
A．It’s time to return. B．It’s time to graze.
C．It’s in danger. D．It’s in a wrong direction.
23．What’s unavoidable for ranchers to complete the disturbance-rest cycle
A．Intense efforts. B．Polluted soil. C．Financial failure. D．Ecological imbalance.
24．What’s Mr. Burnidge’s attitude to virtual fencing
A．Intolerant. B．Objective. C．Doubtful. D．Conservative.
7.（2024·山东·二模）The 2024 Consumer Electronics Show is upon us and we’ve chosen four most functional-seeming ones to share with you.A desk bike to charge your phone
Combining the health benefits of a pedal (脚踏) desk with the energy savings of a body-powered phone charger, Ampera Bike seems ideally suited for office multitaskers. A half-hour of pedaling can charge the average phone about 50 percent. The bike, small and unnoticeable enough for a home office, allows workers to finish the same tasks moving as they did sitting still.Walking assist robot
For many, walking is a challenge because of aging, illness or muscle weakness. That’s why WIM, a robotic assist device tied around your waist and legs, was created. It reduces the energy needed to walk by 20 percent, potentially enabling walkers to go farther and feel less tired. The entire device weighs 3 pounds and folds up to the size of a purse. WIM can also be used in an exercise mode, providing resistance similar to walking in water and targeting specific muscles.A mental health mirror
How do you feel when looking in the mirror in the morning BMind Smart Mirror can take one look, use AI and natural language processing to analyze your expressions and gestures, tell your moods and then offer “personalized mental health coaching” to help. This technology that can monitor for heath changes has the potential of improving the quality of millions of lives.Targeted hearing device
People with hearing loss have difficulty listening to a specific voice in a noisy space. OrCam Hear addresses this issue with a system of earphones and an AI-powered app. The app samples voices and creates speaker profiles, which then allows users to select to select their wanted voice and deaden other ones, making a game-changing, experience for hearing aids in general.
25．What is special about Ampera Bike
A．It’s handy to carry about.
B．It charges phones with batteries.
C．It integrates fitness with energy supply.
D．It’s an economical form of transportation.
26．Which of the following devices may read your thoughts
A．Ampera Bike. B．WIM.
C．BMind Smart Mirror. D．OrCam Hear.
27．How does OrCam Hear favor the hearing-disabled
A．By restoring damaged hearing. B．By screening out undesired sounds.
C．By boosting the volume of hearing aids. D．By turning unclear voices into words.
8.（2024·山东·二模）Do you know cultivated meat Typically, making this sort of meat starts with cells from domestic animals. The cells are grown in bioreactors full of nutrient-rich liquid, and then harvested, and eventually become products such as steak or chicken. In a homely kitchen of Eat Just, a startup, a slice of such meat was fried and then served with peppers. The first mouthful of it was extraordinary because the meat was grown in a lab, rather than on an animal. Meanwhile, it was also dull, because the texture, taste, look and smell of the meat was almost identical to that of chicken.
In June, Eat Just and Upside Foods became the first two companies to win regulatory approval to sell cultivated meat in America. A handful of other firms are trying to bring cultivated meat to market. But the hope is fading owing to continued high costs and troubles with mass production.
The UN reports meat and dairy production already accounts for 12% of humanity’s greenhouse-gas emissions, Demand for meat is skyrocketing among the growing middle classes of Africa and Asia. Lab-grown meat could help meet that demand without the world breaking its carbon budget. By contrast, two-fifths of Americans claim to restrict their meat consumption either for ethical(伦理的) reasons or environmental ones. Lab-grown meat may seem less ethically worrisome than eating animals. And the early success of plant-based meat alternatives gave investors hope. Beyond Meat, one such firm, went public in 2019, and saw its value shoot to $14 billion.
Though lab-grown meat offers an alternative to farm-grown meat, questions have been raised about how climate-friendly it can be. A study published earlier this year found that in some circumstances cultivated meat could be more polluting than the conventional stuff because the bioreactor is in great need of power to control its temperature. Consequently, only if renewable energy is used in the production process will cultivated meat cut the carbon footprint of the meat industry.
Whether this effort can make lab-grown meat attractive and cheap enough to attract consumers remains to be seen.
28．What does the author focus on concerning cultivated meat in paragraph 1
A．Its characteristics. B．Its health benefits.
C．Its cooking methods. D．Its similarities to artificial meat.
29．What can we infer from paragraph 3
A．Most Americans skip meat.
B．Asians prefer lab-grown meat.
C．Beyond Meat is facing financial collapse.
D．Lab-grown meat may have a vast consumer market.
30．In which aspect does the cultivated-meat industry damage the environment
A．Poisonous chemical leaks. B．Land occupation.
C．Grecnhouse-gas emissions. D．Water consumption.
31．What’s the author’s attitude to lab-grown meat
A．Opposed. B．Favorable. C．Uncaring. D．Reserved.
9.（2024·山东枣庄·二模）On August 15,a team of researchers and conservationists set off on a two-year voyage from Plymouth, England,on board the Dutch tall ship Oosterschelde. They will sail more than 46,000 miles(74,000 kilometers)and drop anchor in 32 different ports across four continents,before ending their journey in Falmouth,U.K.
The expedition, named Darwin200,comes more than 190 years after Charles Darwin sailed the globe collecting specimens and shaping ideas of his theory of evolution. The team will closely follow Darwin’s original voyage aboard the HMS Beagle, which set off on Dec.27,1831,and returned to England on Oct.2,1836.
Darwin was 22 years old when he joined the expedition with the intention of seeing the world before joining the church. But during the trip, Darwin became fascinated by the wide range of different species he encountered, which eventually led to him creating his theory of evolution by natural selection. Darwin’s account of the journey, published after his return, also helped him establish his reputation as one of Victorian Britain’s academic elite.
The main aim of the new expedition is to train and inspire 200 young environmentalists, between 18 and 25 years old, who will each spend a week on board the Oosterschelde studying threatened species that Darwin encountered on his voyage.
“We wanted to create a similarly transformative experience(for the young naturalists),”Stewart MePherson, mission director of Darwin200,said in a statement. They have” the potential to be the STEM (science, technology, engineering, and mathematics)and conservation leaders of tomorrow,” he added.
Every week, the team will broadcast interactive “nature hour” sessions live from the ship for people across the world. They will also collect important data on ocean plastics and coral reef health,as well as survey seabirds, whales and dolphins.
32．What can we learn about Darwin200 from the first two paragraphs
A．It takes along 200 naturalists. B．It takes a shortcut for the journey.
C．It is to mark Darwin’s Beagle voyage. D．It lasts longer than Darwin’s voyage.
33．How did Darwin’s voyage affect him
A．It established his writing style. B．He gained a sense of adventure.
C．He earned great fame and fortune D．It changed the direction of his life.
34．What is Stewart McPherson’s wish for the young naturalists
A．To be more creative. B．To keep an open mind.
C．To develop scientific skills. D．To challenge Darwin’s theory.
35．What does the team’s research work focus on
A．Ocean conservation. B．The exploration of ocean.
C．The art of navigation. D．Scientific education.
10.（2024·山东实验中学·二模）Would a person born blind, who has learned to distinguish objects by touch, be able to recognize them purely by sight if he regained the ability to see The question, known as Molyneux’s problem, is about whether the human mind has a built-in concept of shapes that is so inborn that a blind person could immediately recognize an object with restored vision. Alternatively, the concepts of shapes are not inborn but have to be learned by exploring an object through sight, touch and other senses.
After their attempt to test it in blind children failed, Lars Chittka of Queen Mary University of London and his team carried out another experiment on bumblebees. To test whether bumblebees can form an internal representation of objects, they first trained the insects to distinguish globes from cubes using a sugar reward. The bees were first trained in the light, where they could see but not touch the objects. Then they were tested in the dark, where they could touch but not see the items. The researchers found that the insects spent more time in contact with the shape they had been trained to associate with the sugar reward, even though they had to rely on touch rather than sight to distinguish the objects.
The researchers also did the opposite test with untrained bumblebees, first teaching them with rewards in the dark and then testing them in the light. Again, the bees were able to recognize the shape associated with the sugar reward, though they had to rely on sight rather than touch in the test. In short, bees have solved Molyneux’s problem because the fact suggests that they can picture object features and access them through sight or touch.
However, some experts express their warning s against the result. Jonathan Birch, a philosopher of science, cautions that the bees may have had prior experience associating visual and tactile (触觉) information about straight edges and curved surfaces in their nests.
36．What is Molyneux’s problem about
A．Whether mankind’s sense of touch outweighs sight.
B．Whether mankind’s idea of shape is inborn or learned.
C．Whether blind people can identify the shape of an item.
D．Whether the blind can regain their sense of touch after recovery.
37．How did Lors Chittka and his colleagues try to figure out Molyneux’s problem
A．By experimentation on blind children.
B．By conducting controlled experiments.
C．By rewarding bumblebees with sugar.
D．By observing bumblebees in their nests.
38．What is Jonathan Birch’s attitude towards the conclusion of the bee experiments
A．Skeptical. B．Supportive.
C．Dismissive. D．Ambiguous.
39．Which of the following can be the best title of the passage
A．Scientists Found Senses Matter
B．Visual-Tactile Puzzle Has Been Solved
C．Experiments Will Help the Blind Regain Sight
D．Bumblebees May Help Solve Molyneux’s Problem

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