资源简介

第07讲 构词法
目录
01 考情透视·目标导航 1
02 知识导图·思维引航 2
03 考点突破·考法探究 4
考点一 派生法 5
知识点1 解题时派生词的判断依据 5
知识点2 前缀、否定前缀和否定后缀 6
知识点3 名词后缀 7
知识点4 形容词后缀 9
知识点5 副词后缀 11
知识点6 动词后缀 12
考点二 合成法 13
知识点1 合成名词 14
知识点2 合成形容词 14
知识点3 合成动词、副词及其他 14
考点三 转化法 16
04 真题练习·命题洞现
真题实战 17
阅读理解中对构词法的考查 17
语法填空中对构词法的考查 19
命题演练 21
考点 构词法考题统计 考情分析
派生法 合成法 转化法 2024（浙江1月高考）：encounter邂逅；criticism；technician；receptionist；assistant；graveyard；presence；educational；wastepaper；threaten； safety；hailstorm；delivery；satisfaction；thoughtful；connectivity；mismatch；individual等。 2023（新高考I卷）：competitor参赛者；economical adj. 经济的，实惠的;sustainable adj.可持续的;strategic adj. 战略(性)的; combination n. 结合；minimalism n. (艺术)极简主义；available adj.可用的，可得到的; foundation n. 根基；基础intolerable adj. 无法忍受的；minimalist n. 最低限要求者statistician n. 统计学家estimation n. 判断；估计additional adj. 附加的，另外的 countless adj. 无数的;多得数不清的overestimate v. 过高估计implication n. 牵连；含意； （新高考II卷）：arrival(arrive)；uneventful太平无事的；unavoidable不可避免的；occasionally adv. 偶尔；有时候；description描写；evaluation n. 评价，评估；emotional adj. 感情的；情感的；情绪的initiator n.发起人；创始人backcountry偏僻地区breathtaking令人叹为观止outnumber在数量上压倒，比...多representation代表, 描述increasingly越来越多； （全国乙卷）wonder(wonders)；skyrocket；approximately； transform；combination 2022（新高考I卷）：excitement兴奋；adventure冒险；honorable =honourable adj. 光荣的；可敬的；高贵的；disqualification n. 不合格；取消资格；被罚下场 disqualified不合格的；被取消资格的；willpower n. 意志力；毅力 （新高考II卷）：asleep adj.睡着的； accidentally adv.偶然地；symbolically象征性地；inexpensive廉价的；throwaway可随意丢弃的；interactive互动的；activate激活；springboard跳板；constructive建设性的； （全国乙卷）：responsible(responsibility) 分析近年高考真题可知，高考对构词法的考查越来越多。2024、2023年的听力及阅读理解中都出现了大量的构词法的考查。 通过构词法可以快速推断词义，提高阅读速度和正确率。完形填空中的选项页出现了很多通过构词法产生的新词。语法填空主要考查课标内的词形转换。因此，总结归类构词法知识非常必要。它能综合提高考生的核心素养。 通过对近三年高考高考试题的分析，预测高考试题中构词法构成的新词，将会频繁出现。
复习目标：、 具备根据语境推断词性及意思的能力； 掌握构词法的三大规则：派生、合成和转换； 掌握构词法，提高阅读速度，提高核心素养； 具备根据句法知识判断句子成分并判断其词性，然后准确写出正确形式的能力；
考点概述：许多英语单词的构词都有一定的规律，这种规律被成为构词法。掌握构词法知识对考生更好的理解词义、认识新词和扩大词汇量有重要意义。意义中的构词法主要有派生法(Derivation)、合成法（Composition）和转换法(Conversion)三大类。
【高考导航】
1.（2024年浙江1月高考阅读理解D片段） We are tempted by sugary treats because our ancestors lived in a calorie-poor world, and our brains developed a response mechanism to these treats that reflected their value — a feeling of reward and satisfaction.
【构词法】
sugary adj. 含糖的，甜的； （派生法-形容词后缀）
treat v.-n.乐趣，乐事； （转化法-动词变名词）
calorie-poor adj.无卡路里的； （合成法）
response n. 答复；反应； （派生法-名词后缀）
mechanism n. 机能，机制； （派生法-名词后缀）
satisfaction n. 满意；满足感； （派生法-名词后缀）
【句意】我们被甜食所诱惑，因为我们的祖先生活在一个低热量的世界，我们的大脑对这些食物发展出了一种反应机制，反映了它们的价值——一种奖励和满足感。
【思维建模】长难句要想拆分变容易，只需去枝叶，留主干。再分别正确理解句中的修饰语和难词即可。本句主干We are tempted by treats。because引导原因状语从句，and连接并列句。
2. (2023年新高考I卷) Xiao long bao(soup dumplings), those amazing constructions of delicate dumpling wrappers, encasing hot, ___56___(taste)soup and sweet, fresh meat, are far and away my favorite Chinese street food.
【解析】所给提示词为名词或动词，考虑变词性。根据空前后句子成分可知，此处需形容词作定语修饰soup。句意：小笼包(汤包)，那些精致的饺子皮，包裹着热腾腾的美味汤和甜甜的鲜肉，是我最喜欢的中国街头小吃。故填tasty.
【易错提醒】所给提示词即可作动词，又可作名词，考生容易受其前面逗号影响，不看句中成分，误填现在分词作状语。解答构词法的语法填空题型时，要分析句式，判断其句子成分，在具体语境中的词义。
考点一 派生法
知识点1 派生词的判断依据
例1.（2023·新高考I卷） Shanghai may be the ___59___(recognize)home of the soup dumplings but food historians will actually point you to the neighboring canal town of Nanxiang as Xiao long Bao’s birthplace.
【解析】所给提示词为动词，考查词性转换(转换成过去分词作形容词) (此题也可以归类为考查非谓语动词)。分析句子结构可知，空格在名词home前面作定语，recognize与home是逻辑上动宾关系，需填过去分词recognized作定语，recognized“被公认的”也可以看作是形容词作定语，故填recognized。句意：上海可能是公认的小笼包之乡，但美食历史学家会告诉你，邻近的运河小镇南翔才是小笼包的发源地。
【答案】recognized
【易错提醒】考生易受经验主义影响，单纯写出其派生词形式，recognition; 解题时应当瞻前顾后，根据句法知识判断句子成分并判断词性，然后准确写出其适当形式。
例2.（2024·湖南省长沙一中模拟）When it comes to sharing, one of the (great) gifts China gave to the world through the ancient Silk Road was the technology of making paper on an industrial scale,
【解析】考查形容词最高级。分析句中成分可知，需要形容词作定语修饰名词gifts。句意：说到分享，中国通过古丝绸之路给世界的最大礼物之一是工业规模的造纸技术，这一技术彻底改变了科学和哲学从8世纪开始在阿拉伯和伊斯兰世界一路传播到欧洲的过程。
【答案】greatest
【名师点睛】本题考查形容词在句中的正确变化形式。此处是“one of+名词复数”是重要解题线索。名词应当被形容词修饰。
知识点2 普通前缀、否定前缀与否定后缀
词缀 词缀意义 示例
前缀 auto-自动； fore-之前的； post之后的； a 构成形容词； anti 反对;抵抗； co 共同； en 使； inter-互相； bi-双； sub 下面的;小; tele 强调距离； re 再;又, multi-多； semi-半的 alone单独的；　　　　　 anti gas防毒气的； automatic自动的； cooperate合作； enjoy使高兴； Internet互联网； forecast预报； foresee预见； bimonthly双月的； multi-culture多文化的； telegram电报； rewrite重写； semi-final半决赛； semiconductor半导体；
否定 前缀 dis-不，非； il- 不，非； im-不，非； in- 不，非； ir- 不，非； non-不，非； un- 不，非； mis-错误； disappear消失; illegal非法的； impatient不耐烦的； impolite不礼貌的； incorrect不正确的; incomplete不完全的； irregular不规则的； irresponsible不负责任的； nonstop不停的,不间断的; nonexistent不存在的； mislead将……引入歧途,误导; unhappy不开心的；
否定 后缀 名词+--less构词形容词 hopeless无希望的； careless粗心大意的；
名词+-free构词形容词 carefree无忧无虑的； sugar-free无糖的；
【易错提醒】个别前缀也可以引起词性的变化，如：
1. en-可以和名词或形容词构成动词：enlarge扩大；enable使能够；encourage鼓励；
2. a-可以和名词或动词构成形容词：asleep睡着的；alive活着的；
3. out-可以和一些动词构成名词：outcome结果；outlet出口；outlook观点；
例1.（2024·浙江卷1月阅读理解B篇）This unbeatable price-point encouraged me to experiment with dozens of titles that I would never normally consider buying. And I’ve discovered some great books!
【解析】考查构词法之派生词。句意：这个无与伦比的价格点鼓励我尝试几十款我通常永远不会考虑购买的游戏。我还发现了一些很棒的书！
【思维建模】 unbeatable构词：un+beat+able前缀+词根+后缀, “不能超越的，无与伦比的；无敌的”。 discover构词：dis+cover前缀+词根，“发现”。
例2. （2024·新高考II卷） More recently, as books have become inexpensive or even throwaway, artists have used them as the raw material for artworks—transforming covers, pages or even complete volumes into paintings and sculptures.
【解析】考查构词法。句意：最近，随着书籍变得便宜甚至一次性，艺术家们把它们作为艺术品的原材料——把封面、页数甚至完整的书转换成绘画和雕塑。
【思维建模】inexpensive构词:in+expensive前缀+词根，“便宜的”；throwaway构词:throw+away合成词“adj.便宜的，抛弃型的; n.废品”; artist构词：art+ist词根+后缀，“艺术家”； artworks构词：art+works合成词“艺术品”； transform构词：trans+form前缀+词根“转换”。
【变式训练1】(2023全国甲卷) Eric Weiner’s The Socrates Express: In Search of Life Lessons from Dead Philosophers reawakened my love for philosophy.
【解析】考查构词转换。句意：埃里克·韦纳的《苏格拉底表达：从死去的哲学家那里寻找生命的教训》，重新唤醒了我对哲学的热爱。
【答案】勾起，唤起，重新唤醒
【变式训练2】When I’m face to face with a polar bear, I like it to be through a camera with a telephoto lens. But sometimes, that is easier said than done. This was one of those times.
【解析】考查构词转换。句意：当我和北极熊面对面时，我喜欢通过带长焦镜头的相机。但有时，这说起来容易做起来难。这就是其中的一次。
【答案】远距照相; 远摄镜头; 摄远镜头】
【名师总结】一般情况下，前缀往往改变词根的意义，不改变词根的词性；而后缀往往改变词根的词性。大部分前缀或后缀都有固定的意义，因此许多派生词的词义可以根据词根和词缀推知。
知识点3 名词后缀
表示人或物的名词的常用后缀
后缀 意思 例词
(i)an 来自；专长 于……的人 musician音乐家；Egyptian埃及人;physician内科医生；
ant ent 人，物 servant仆人；president总统；assistant助手；
ar er -or 人，物 beggar乞讨者；murderer杀人犯；builder建设者； Farmer农民； doctor医生； recorder录音机
ee 人，物 employee受雇者；refugee难民；trainee受训人员；
ess 表女性，雌性 hostess女主人；actress女演员；
ist 人，主义者 novelist小说家；socialist社会主义者；physicist物理学家；
例1.（ 2024·浙江卷1月) One doubter about the safety of cloud seeding is Chuck Doswell, a research scientist who just retired from the University of Oklahoma.
【解析】考查构词法。句意：一个对云播种安全性的怀疑者是刚刚从俄克拉何马大学退休的研究科学家查克·多斯韦尔。
【答案】怀疑者。doubt构词：词根+后缀er。
例2.（ 2023·新高考全国Ⅰ卷) You can view these practices as a toolbox meant to aid your efforts to build a minimalist lifestyle that words for your particular circumstances.
【解析】考查构词法。句意：你可以把这些实践看作是一个工具箱，旨在帮助你努力建立一个极简主义的生活方式，以代表你的特殊环境。
【答案】最低限要求者；极简主义者
表示行为、性质、状态等抽象名词的常用后缀
后缀 意思 例词
al 表示过程;或状态 removal移动；arrival到达
ance 表状态，行为 appearance外表；acceptance接受；reliance依靠
(t)ion ation 表状态，动作过;程，行为 suggestion建议；graduation毕业；liberation解放；
dom 身份，领域 freedom自由；wisdom智慧
ence 性质，状态，行为 difference区别；confidence自信；dependence依靠
ful 充满 basketful满篮；mouthful满嘴；houseful一屋子
hood 性质，身份，状态，时期 childhood儿童时代；neighbourhood附近
ism 宗教，风格，主义 heroism英雄气概；romanticism浪漫主义
ity 性质，状态 reality现实；ability能力；equality平等
ment 行为，物，组织，运;动，结果 disappointment失望；movement运动；agreement协议
ness 性质，状态 kindness仁慈；tiredness疲劳
ship 性质，身份，资格 hardship艰苦；leadership领导身份；friendship友谊
sion 行为，状态 conclusion结论；tension紧张
ure 行为，状态 exposure暴露；failure失败
th 结果，过程，性质，状态 truth真理；youth青春；growth生长；warmth温暖
age 集合，地点，状态，结果 storage储藏；village村庄；marriage婚姻
例1. (2023·新高考全国Ⅰ卷) When enough of these errors ________（short）together, they cancel each other out, resulting in a more accurate estimate.
【解析】考查构词转换。句意：当这些错误同时不足时，它们就会相互抵消，从而得到更准确的估计。此处of后是名词短语，故填shortage。
【答案】shortage
例2. (2024·浙江卷1月) we also need to be more thoughtful about our information consumption, resisting the temptation of the mental “junk food” in order to manage our time most effectively.
【解析】考查构词法。句意：我们还需要更加考虑我们的信息消费，抵制心理上的“垃圾食品”的诱惑，以便最有效地管理我们的时间。
【答案】information信息；consumption消费；temptation诱惑，引诱。
【易错提醒】 考生翻译长句时，容易产生“长词难懂不会译”的心理暗示，从而造成心理恐慌，分析句子结构失误，影响整体句意的理解。
【变式训练1】Tangshan city has proved to China and the rest of the world that in times of disaster, people must unify and show the ________（wise）to stay positive and rebuild for a brighter future.
【解析】考查构词转换。句意：唐山城已经向中国和世界其他地方证明，在灾难时期，人们必须团结起来，展示智慧，以保持积极向上，重建一个更光明的未来。此处作show的宾语，用名词wisdom。故填wisdom。
【答案】wisdom
知识点4　形容词后缀
后缀 意思 例词
able/ (i)ble 可……的，能……的 acceptable可接受的；flexible能适应新环境的；
(u)al 有……属性的；与......有关的 agricultural农业的； national国家的； chemical化学的
an ……(地，人)的 republican共和国的；European欧洲人的
ary ……的 imaginary想象的；revolutionary革命的
ative ……的 creative有创造性的；talkative 爱说话的
ed (具)有……的(特征) determined坚定的；learned博学的；aged年老的
ent ……的 frequent经常的；silent沉默的；diligent勤奋的
ese (地，人)的 Chinese中国(人)的；Japanese日本(人)的
ern 表示方向 eastern东方的；southern南方的
en ……的 golden金色的；wooden木制的；woolen羊毛的
ic 与……有关的 realistic现实的；energetic精力充足的
ish 近乎……的，如……的 childish孩子气的；foolish愚蠢的；selfish自私的
ive 与……有关的，有……倾向的，有……特性的 expensive昂贵的；effective有效的；decisive决定性的
ful 满的；有……性质的，引起……的 faithful信任的；powerful强大的；cheerful愉快的
ous 多……的，有……特性的 various各种各样的；humorous幽默的；dangerous危险的
ly ……品质的，每……的 friendly友好的；motherly母亲般的；weekly每周的
ward 向……的 backward向后的；forward向前的
y 多……的；有……的；如……的 cloudy多云的；funny有趣的；lucky运气好的
some 引起(或易于)……的 troublesome 讨厌的
例1. (2023·新高考II卷) Seeking and accepting constructive feedback (反馈) is crucial to growth.
【解析】考查构词法。构词：construct+ive词根+词缀。句意：寻求和接受建设性的反馈对成长至关重要。
【答案】建设性的
例2. （2021·新高考I卷）A history book which may contain the facts in story form will be easier to read than one dealing with 　　　　 (science) subjects.
【解析】考查构词转换。句意：一本可能以故事形式包含事实的历史书将比一本涉及科学主题的历史书更容易阅读。修饰名词用形容词，故填scientific。
【答案】scientific
【变式训练1】Therefore, just as we need to be more thoughtful about our caloric consumption, we also need to be more thoughtful about our information consumption.
【解析】考查构词法。句意：因此，就像我们需要更多地考虑我们的热量消费一样，我们也需要更加考虑我们的信息消费。
【答案】 沉思的；体贴的；缜密思考过的，深思熟虑的
【变式训练2】Whether you’re communicating in person or on the phone, being a good listener is an important part of any healthy relationship.
【解析】考查构词法。句意：无论你是面对面交流还是通过电话交流，成为一个好的倾听者都是任何健康关系的重要组成部分。
【答案】健康的
知识点5　副词后缀
后缀 意思 例词
ly ……地，状态，程度，方式 extremely非常；slowly慢慢地；happily高兴地
s 时间，地点，状态 outdoors在户外；nowadays现今
ward(s) 方向 afterward(s)后来；outwards向外；downwards向下
例1. (2024·浙江卷1月) But global connectivity has greatly changed our information environment. We are now ceaselessly bombarded (轰炸) with new information.
【解析】考查构词法。构词：ceaseless+ly形容词+-ly。句意：但全球连接已经极大地改变了我们的信息环境。我们现在不断地被新的信息轰炸（轰炸）。
【答案】不停地，持续地
例2.(2020 全国卷III) As the small boat moved 　　　　 (gentle) along the river he was left speechless by the mountains being silently reflected in the water.
【解析】考查构词转换。句意：当小船沿着河轻轻地移动时，山在水中静静地倒映着，这使他说不出话来。修饰动词用副词作状语。故填gently。
【答案】gently
【易错提醒】形容词加-ly后缀时需牢记以下规则：以-y结尾的词，把y变i,再加-ly; 以-le结尾的词，省去-e再加-y；以-e结尾的词直接加-ly；以-ic结尾的词加-ally。
【变式训练1】 “If we carry our burdens all the time, sooner or later, we will not be able to carry on, the burden becoming (increase) heavier.
【解析】考查词类转换。句意：如果我们一直背负着我们的负担，迟早我们将无法继续下去，负担会越来越重。分析句子结构可知，此处需要使用副词修饰形容词作状语，故填increasingly。
【答案】increasingly
【变式训练2】The helicopter made its final approach and, guided by the headlights, landed safely.
【解析】考查构词法。句意：直升机最后一次驶近，在前灯的引导下安全着陆。
【答案】安全地
知识点6 动词后缀
后缀 意思 例词
en 使变成 sharpen削尖；broaden加宽；strengthen加强；deepen加深
fy 使……化 clarify 阐明; simplify简化；beautify美化；purify净化；qualify 使具备资格；
ize 使……化 modernize使现代化；realize实现；mechanize使机械化
例1. (2023·全国甲卷) He ______（emphasis）the importance of education and self-improvement, which he believed would lead to a harmonious society.
【解析】考查构词转换。句意：他强调教育和自我完善的重要性，他认为这将导致一个和谐的社会。此处作谓语，故填emphasized。
【答案】emphasized
例2.(2022·江苏卷) There will still be lots of challenges if we are to classify garbage in a short time.
【解析】考查构词法。classify构词：class+ify词根+动词后缀。句意：如果我们要在短时间内将垃圾进行分类，仍然会有很多挑战。
【答案】分类
【变式训练1】To_______（justification）yourself with relevant examples from your personal experience and be specific about your achievements.
【解析】考查构词转换。句意：从你的个人经验中找到相关的例子，并具体说明你的成就。此处yourself是宾语，前用动词形式。
【答案】justify
【变式训练2】 The publication of Great Expectations, which was both widely reviewed and highly praised, strengthened Dickens’ status as a leading novelist.
【解析】考查构词转换。句意：《远大前程》的出版受到了广泛的评价和高度的赞扬，这加强了狄更斯作为主要小说家的地位。
【答案】加强
考点二 合成法
考点概述：许多把两个或两个以上的词素放到一起，这种构词法称为合成法。合成词通常由两个或两个以上的自由词素构成不同词性，最常见的包括：名词合成词，形容词合成词，动词合成词。
知识点1 合成名词
构成方法 例词
名词＋名词 classroom, schoolgirl, weekend, bookshop
形容词＋名词 highway, blackboard, hotdog, greenhouse
动词＋副词 get together, break down
名词＋动名词 handwriting, storytelling
副词＋名词 outbreak, overcoat
动名词＋名词 dining room, sleeping car, reading room
知识点2 合成形容词
构成方法 例词
形容词＋名词＋ ed white haired, warm hearted, kind hearted
形容词＋现在分词 good looking, easy going
形容词＋过去分词 ready made, new born
副词＋现在分词 hard working, well meaning
副词＋过去分词 well known, newly built
名词＋现在分词 English speaking, south facing
名词＋过去分词 man made, water covered
名词＋形容词 snow white, homesick
副词/形容词＋名词 right hand, full time
数词＋名词 100 meter, 17 year old
数词＋名词＋形容词 180 foot high, 10 year old
数词＋名词＋ ed four legged, one eyed
知识点3 合成动词、副词及其他
构成方法 例词
副词＋动词 overcome, understand
副词+名词 indoors, outdoors, overhead, upstairs;
形容词＋动词 dry clean, white wash
名词＋动词 typewrite, sleepwalk, daybreak, toothpick, sunrise, haircut;
名词+名词 girlfriend, cowboy, countryside, seafood, sunlight;
名词+形容词 worldwide, snow-white, ice-cool
形容词+名词 full-time, part-time
形容词+ving good-looking, ordinary-looking, easy-going;
代词+代词 everybody, anyone, somebody, nothing,
介词+其他 outside, inside, throughout;
例1.（2024·浙江卷1月）You can also find students on the class discussion board to organize a study group, or schedule in-person meeting s with your professor to discuss course concepts.
【解析】考考构词法。句意：你也可以在课堂讨论板上找到学生来组织一个学习小组，或者安排与你的教授面对面的会面来讨论课程的概念。
【答案】adj亲自的，现场的；
例2. (2023·新高考Ⅱ卷) They surveyed several hundred park-goers, asking them to submit a written summary online of eaningful interaction they had with nature in the park.
【解析】考查构词转换。句意：他们调查了几百名公园游客，要求他们在网上提交一份书面总结，说明他们在公园里与自然进行的有意义的互动。
【答案】逛公园的人
【变式训练1】He remembered landmarks, but since he didn’t know his town’s name, finding a small neighbourhood in a vast country proved to be impossible.
【解析】考查构词转换。句意：他记得地标，但由于他不知道他的城镇的名字，在一个广阔的国家找到一个小社区被证明是不可能的。
【答案】地标；标志性建筑
【变式训练2】And in contrast to our increasingly networked lives where the information we consume is monitored and tracked, a printed book still offers the chance of a wholly private, “off-line” activity.
【解析】考查构词转换。句意：与我们日益网络化的生活相比，我们消费的信息被监控和跟踪，一本印刷书籍仍然提供了一个完全私人的、“离线”活动的机会。
【答案】 网络化的；离线的
考点三 转化法
考点概述：在词形不变的情况下，一个单词没有加任何词缀，词性变为另一种词性，这种构词法成为转换法。考查热点是名词转化为动词、动词转化为名词两大类。其他还有名词转化为形容词、动词转化为形容词等。转化后的词义与之前的词义通常有密切的联系。
转化方式 例词
名词-动词 hand n.手-v.递；上交； chair n.椅子-v.主持； water n.水-v.浇水；name n.名字-v.取名
动词-名词 read v.阅读-n.阅读；shout v.呼喊-n.呼喊；cry v.哭-n.哭；try v.尝试-n.尝试
形容词-动词 better a.更好的-v.改善； last a.最后的-v.持续； slow a.慢的-v.减慢； own a.自己的-v.拥有；
形容词-副词 enough足够的-足够地； late晚的-迟于； hard艰苦的-努力地；
例1.（2021北京卷）By distracting the mind from the pain, music, people say, can lower stress and anxiety levels.
【解析】考查构词法。lower形容词动词化。句意：人们说，通过分散对疼痛的注意力，音乐可以降低压力和焦虑程度。
【答案】降低
【思维建模】分析句子成分时，迅速定位谓语动词是关键的步骤，情态动词应当和实义动词一起构词谓语，故可推知此处出现构词法中的词性转化。
例2.（2021·全国乙卷写作）
I also water the flowers in the yard and tidy up my own bedroom whenever necessary.
【解析】考查构词法。我还会给院子里的花浇水，必要时打扫自己的卧室。
【答案】浇水
【变式训练】If you help me sort out the things upstairs, I'll breakfast you tomorrow.
【解析】考查词性转换。breakfast名词动词化。句意：如果你帮我整理好楼上的东西，明天我请你吃早餐。
【答案】请吃早餐
一、 真题实战
根据构词法猜词词义
1.（2024·浙江卷1月）If you take an online course, what can you do to ensure the best possible grade
【答案】确保
【解析】考查派生词。句意：如果你参加了一个在线课程，你能做些什么来确保最好的成绩呢？
2.（2023·新高考II卷）The flight was uneventful, and Tiffy was a great passenger.
【答案】顺利的，平凡的，平安无事的
【解析】考查构词转换。句意：这次航班平安无事，蒂菲是一个伟大的乘客。
3.（2023·全国甲卷）Obviously, if precautions(预防) aren’t taken, grizzlies can become troublesome,sometimes killing farm animals or walking through yards in search of food.
【答案】令人烦恼的
【解析】考查构词法。句意：显然，如果不采取预防措施，灰熊就会变得麻烦，有时会杀死农场动物或穿过院子寻找食物。
4.（2023年型高考I卷）Although the studies led by Navajas have limitations and many questions remain, the potential implications for group discussion and decision-making are enormous.
【答案】
limitation n. 限制，边界；限制；局限；极限；
implication n. 含义；可能的影响（或作用、结果）；暗指；（被）牵连；[逻辑学]蕴涵，
discussion n. 讨论；论述
4. decision-making n. 决策
【解析】考查构词法，句意：尽管由纳瓦哈斯人领导的研究有局限性，而且仍存在许多问题，但其对小组讨论和决策的潜在影响是巨大的。
5.（2023·型高考I卷）This effect capitalizes on the fact that when people make errors, those errors aren’t always the same.
【答案】利用
【解析】考查构词法，capitalize,“转化”， capitalize on固定短语，“利用”。句意：这种效应利用了这样一个事实：当人们犯错误时，这些错误并不总是相同的。
6.（2022·新高考全国I卷）The set of speech sounds we use has not necessarily remained stable since the appearance of human beings, but rather the huge variety of speech sounds that we find today is the product of a complex interplay of things like biological change and cultural evolution.
【答案】相互作用
【解析】考查构词转换。句意：自从人类出现以来，我们使用的语音并不一定保持稳定，而是我们今天发现的巨大多样的语音是生物变化和文化进化等复杂相互作用的产物。
7. (2022·新高考卷Ⅰ) This research overturns the popular view that all human speech sounds were present when human beings evolved around 300，000 years ago.“The set of speech sounds we use has not necessarily remained stable since the appearance of human beings，but rather the huge variety of speech sounds that we find today is the
product of a complex interplay of things like biological change and cultural evolution，”said Steven Moran，a member of the research team.
【答案】
1．overturn vt.&vi.(使)翻倒
2．necessarily adv.必要地；一定地
3．appearance n.到来，出现
4．interplay n.相互作用
5．biological adj.生物(学)的
6．cultural adj.文化的
翻译：这项研究推翻了一种流行的观点，即大约30万年前人类进化时，所有的人类语音都存在。“自从人类的出现以来，我们使用的语音模式并不一定保持稳定，而我们今天发现的各种各样的语音则是生物变化和文化进化等相互作用的产
8.（2023·上海春招）Teachers and scholars must look beyond today's career-mindedness in talking about challenges to the humanities.
【答案】career-mindedness职业精神；humanities n. （总称）人的名词复数 ；人性；人文科学
【解析】在谈论人文学科面临的挑战时，教师和学者必须超越今天的职业思维。
9.（2020 全国新高考I卷）Follow all rules carefully to prevent disqualification.
【答案】不合格
【解析】考查构词转换。句意：小心遵守所有规则，防止被取消资格。
10. （2020 天津卷）We will probably have to force ourselves to waken our curiosity and discontent and keep them awake.
【答案】不满意
【解析】考查构词转换。句意：我们可能不得不强迫自己唤醒我们的好奇心和不满，让他们保持清醒。
用括号内所给词的适当形式填空
1.（2024·浙江卷1月）Many supermarkets are no longer doing “buy one get one free” promotions because of the _______ (criticize) that they lead to waste.
【答案】criticism
【解析】考查名词。句意：许多超市不再进行“买一送一”的促销活动，因为有人批评这种活动会造成浪费。根据“that they lead to waste”可知，此处应用名词criticism表示“批评”作宾语。故填criticism。
2.（2024·1月九省联考）He is happy with the ______ (improve) he sees in his students’ writing and in his own writing.
【答案】improvement
【解析】考查名词。句意：他很高兴看到他的学生和他自己的书写都有了改善。根据空格前的冠词the可知，空格处应填名词作介词with的宾语，表示“改善”是improvement，为不可数名词。故填improvement。
3.(2023·新高考II卷) Since June 2017, right before the ______ (arrive) of the two new pandas, Meng Meng and Jiao Qing, I have been helping the panda keepers at the zoo to feel more comfortable and confident speaking English.
【答案】arrival
【解析】考查名词。句意：从2017年6月开始，就在两只新大熊猫“萌萌”和“娇青”到来之前，我一直在帮助动物园的熊猫饲养员更舒服、更自信地说英语。分析句子结构可知，空前是冠词，空后是介词，所以空处应填名词作介词before的宾语，arrive的名词形式是arrival，不可数名词。故填arrival。
4.（2023·全国乙卷）The ________ (remark) development of this city, which is consciously designed to protect the past while stepping into the modern world
【答案】remarkable
【解析】考查形容词。句意：这个城市的显著发展，是有意识地在保护过去的同时步入现代世界，这意味着这里总是有新的东西可以发现，我可以在接下来的50年里一直拍摄北京。分析句子成分可知，空处为形容词修饰名词“development of this city”。故填remarkable。
5.（2022·1月浙江卷）When the answer was no ,she declined the________(invite) .
【答案】invitation
【解析】考查名词。句意：当答案是否定的时候，她拒绝了那个邀请。此处需填入名词作动词decline的宾语，故填invitation。
6.（2022·6月浙江卷）John Olson, a former (photograph)and his team turn paintings into fully textured 3D models.
【答案】photographer
【解析】考查名词。句意：约翰·奥尔森是一位前摄影师，他和他的团队将绘画转化为全纹理3D模型。单数名词做主语，根据句意表示“摄影师”，此处为单数概念，故填photographer。
7.(2023· 新高考Ⅰ卷) Xiao long bao(soup dumplings), those amazing constructions of delicate dumpling wrappers, encasing hot, 　　　　　　 (taste) soup and sweet, fresh meat, are far and away my favourite Chinese street food.
【答案】tasty　
【解析】考查形容词。句意:小笼包(汤包),那些精致的饺子皮,包裹着热腾腾的美味汤汁和甜甜的鲜肉,无疑是我最喜欢的中国街头小吃。形容词修饰后面的名词 soup作定语,故空处需用tasty “美味的”。
8.(2022·新高考II卷) Whenever I tell people that I teach English at the Berlin Zoo, I almost always get a questioning look. Behind it, the person is trying to figure out who exactly I teach…the animals
Since June 2017, right before the arrival of the two new pandas, Meng Meng and Jiao Qing, I have been helping the panda keepers at the zoo to feel more comfortable and 　　　　　　 (confidence) speaking English.
【答案】confident　
【解析】考查形容词。句意：从2017年6月开始，就在两只新大熊猫“萌萌”和“娇青”到来之前，我一直在帮助动物园的熊猫饲养员更舒服、更自信地说英语。分析句子结构可知，空处和前文的comfortable并列，作并列表语，应用形容词形式，confidence的形容词形式是confident。故填confident。
9.(2023·1月浙江高考卷) The hutongs they formed were orderly, lined by ________ (space)homes and walled gardens. Farther from the center lived the commoners and laborers.
【答案】spacious
【解析】考查形容词。句意：他们建立的胡同井然有序。宽大的房屋和有墙的花园成行排列。空格处需要填形容词作定语修饰空格后的名词homes。故填spacious。
10.（2023·全国甲卷) ______ (difference) from traditional fables, Carson’s story ends with an accusation instead of a moral.
【答案】Different
【解析】考查形容词。句意：与传统寓言不同，卡森的故事以一种指责而不是道德结束。be different from与……不同，所以用形容词作状语。故填Different。
二、 命题演练
用括号内所给词的适当形式填空
1.（2024·江苏·模拟预测）Following the barbecue-induced travel craze to the city of Zibo in East China, Chinese social media has once again highlighted the next internet-famous city worthy of (explore).
【答案】exploration
【解析】考查名词。句意：继烧烤引发的淄博旅游热潮之后，中国社交媒体再次强调了下一个值得探索的网红城市。此处使用名词作宾语，需要的词义为“探索”，即exploration，它为不可数名词，故填exploration。
2.（2024·江苏·泰州模拟）It also recreated (memory) moments of genuine exchanges among people.
【答案】memorable
【解析】考查形容词。句意：它还重现了人们真诚交流的难忘时刻。分析句子可知，空处修饰moments作定语，表示“难忘的”用memorable。故填memorable。
3.（2024·浙江·二模） It is believed that by arranging things (appropriate), one can harmonize the energies of the natural world.
【答案】appropriately
【解析】考查副词。句意：人们相信，通过适当布置事物，可以和谐自然界的能量。此处需要一个副词修饰动词arranging，因此使用appropriately“适当地”，作状语。故填appropriately。
4.（2024·浙江·模拟预测）Apparently, respect for the elders is the (found) of the Chinese moral system.
【答案】foundation
【解析】考查名词。句意：显然，尊老是中国道德体系的基础。分析句子结构和意思可知，这里需要名词，作表语。故填foundation。
5.（2024·全国·高三模拟）Peking Opera is a (combine) of music, dance, art, acrobatics, and martial arts.
【答案】combination
【解析】考查名词。句意：京剧是音乐、舞蹈、艺术、杂技和武术的结合体。句中“a _____ of music”为名词所有格，在句中作表语，故空格处应用名词，combine意为“（使）结合”，动词词性，对应的名词为combination，意为“结合，结合体”，根据空格前“a”可知，应用combination的单数形式。故填combination。
6.（23-24高三·湖南长沙·阶段练习）Nowadays, it is mainly in those minor ethnic groups that this life passage is still celebrated. In some parts of China, this ceremony is experiencing a (revive).
【答案】revival
【解析】考查名词。句意：在中国的一些地区，这个仪式正在复兴。作动词的宾语，结合不定冠词可知应用单数名词revival，故填revival。
（2024·湖南雅礼中学·高三模拟）The Manchu rulers then felt that this ceremony was (meaning) and thus abolished this ceremony which had lasted for thousands of years.
【答案】meaningless
【解析】考查形容词。句意：满族统治者觉得这个仪式毫无意义，于是废除了这个延续了几千年的仪式。作表语，表示“毫无意义”应用形容词meaningless。故填meaningless。
8.（2024·湖南雅礼中学·高三模二模 At the time, Chinese officials didn’t agree with the (decide).
【答案】decision
【解析】考查名词。句意：当时，中国官员并不同意这一决定。作宾语，应用名词decision，此处为单数含义。故填decision。
9.（2024·湖北·沙市中学模拟）The West Lake is (definite) a place people can never miss when visiting Hangzhou.
【答案】definitely
【解析】考查副词。句意：西湖绝对是每个来杭州的人都不能错过的地方。分析句子，设空处使用副词作状语。definitely意为“绝对地”。故填definitely。
（2024·湖南一模） Interesting, meaningful and featured activities are (special) designed from the moment
【答案】specially
【解析】．考查副词。句意：从您踏进博物馆的那一刻起，一直到您离开，都有特别设计的有趣、有意义、有特色的活动。分析句子可知，空处修饰动词designed，用副词作状语。故填specially。第07讲 构词法
目录 01 模拟基础练 【题型一】形容词后缀的考查 【题型二】副词后缀的考查 【题型三】名词后缀的考查 【题型四】动词后缀的考查 【题型五】前缀的考查 02 重难创新练 03 真题实战练
用所给词的适当形式填空
题型一 形容词后缀的考查
1.（23-24高三·福建漳州·阶段练习）So far, Shaolin Kungfu has become a window of Chinese culture to the world, which also turns Shaolin Temple into the most (influence) “holy land” of martial arts in the world.
【答案】influential
【解析】考查形容词。句意：至今，少林功夫已成为中国文化向世界展示的窗口，这也使少林寺成为世界上最具影响力的武术“圣地”。空处缺少形容词作定语，influence对应的形容词为influential“有影响力的”。故填influential。
2.（23-24高三·重庆·期中）The city’s task centers on the belief that its (star) skies have the potential to inject energy into the conventional tourism.
【答案】starry
【解析】考查形容词。句意：这座城市的任务集中在相信它的星空有可能为传统旅游业注入活力。修饰名词skies应用形容词starry，故填starry。
3.（24-25高三·吉林长春·期末）Born in 1587, Xu Xiake grew up in a rich family. Yet he rejected the ___ （comfort) life to travel the lost world of imperial China.
【答案】comfortable
【解析】考查形容词。句意：徐霞客生于1587年，在一个富有的家庭中长大。然而，他毅然放弃了安逸的生活，选择去探索那个鲜为人知的古代中国世界。分析句子结构，空白处修饰名词life，作定语，应用形容词comfortable“安逸的”。故填comfortable。
4.（23-24高三·广东·阶段练习）Today, these yellowed pieces of mail have become a (nation) cultural treasure.
【答案】national
【解析】考查形容词。句意：今天，这些泛黄的邮件已经成为国家的文化瑰宝。修饰名词cultural treasure应用形容词。故填national。
5.（2024·浙江·模拟预测）As China has more than 297 million people (age) 60 and over, according to the latest statistics, this day has grown in popularity over the years.
【答案】aged
【解析】考查形容词。句意：根据最新统计，中国60岁及以上的人口超过2.97亿，这一天多年来越来越受欢迎。分析句子结构和意思可知，这里需要形容词，意为“年龄是……岁的”，作后置定语。故填aged。
6.（23-24高三·湖北·阶段练习）So it goes in China, where tea is (day) necessity.
【答案】daily
【解析】考查形容词。句意：在茶是日常必需品的中国也是如此。分析句子可知，空处是修饰necessity的定语，day的形容词形式daily符合题意，意为“日常的”，daily necessity意为“日常必需品”。故填daily。
7.（2024·山东·模拟预测）Nowadays, mutton hotpot has become one of the favorite cuisines of the Chinese, with (technology) development in mutton production allowing for year-round supplies of fresh meat across the country.
【答案】technological
【解析】考查形容词。句意：如今，羊肉火锅已经成为中国人最喜欢的美食之一，随着羊肉生产技术的发展，全国各地全年都有新鲜的肉类供应。修饰名词development，应用形容词technological作定语。故填technological。
8.（23-24高三·河南郑州·阶段练习） Whether due to its long history or the strong (decorate) effect, silk flowers were common accessories of the ancient women.
【答案】decorative
【解析】考查形容词。句意：无论是由于其悠久的历史，还是强烈的装饰效果，绢花是古代妇女常用的饰物。修饰后面的名词effect，使用形容词作定语，故填decorative。
9.（2024·山东·模拟预测）The tray table is (adjust), so that passengers seated at different heights are able to use it.
【答案】adjustable
【解析】考查形容词。句意：小桌板是可调节的，因此坐在不同高度的乘客都可以使用它。作表语，表示“可调节的”应用形容词adjustable。故填adjustable。
10.（福建省厦门第二中学2023-2024学年高三试题）On the east bank of Chaohu, China’s fifth-largest freshwater lake, rests a (mystery) ancient “kingdom” of jade called Lingjiatan.
【答案】mysterious
【解析】考查形容词。句意：在中国第五大淡水湖巢湖东岸，坐落着一个神秘的古代玉石“王国”——凌家滩。修饰名词kingdom应用形容词mysterious，作定语。故填mysterious。
题型二 副词后缀的考查
1.（2024·江苏泰州·模拟预测）Moving forward, we’ll grasp the opportunities to remain at the forefront of BRI’s joint construction and provide more top-level green energy (global).”
【答案】 globally
【解析】考查副词。句意：展望未来，我们将抓住机遇，继续走在共建“一带一路”前列，为全球提供更多高水平绿色能源。分析句子可知，空处修饰动词provide，用副词作状语。故填globally。
（2024·浙江·二模）It is believed that by arranging things (appropriate), one can haronize the energies of the natural world.
【答案】 appropriately
【解析】考查副词。句意：人们相信，通过适当布置事物，可以和谐自然界的能量。此处需要一个副词修饰动词arranging，因此使用appropriately“适当地”，作状语。故填appropriately。
3.（2024·辽宁六校联考）Apart from this, existing examples of ancient Chinese architecture are also (wide) praised for its elegant outlines and various features, such as overhanging eaves(屋檐), upturned roof corners, and different shapes of roofs.
【答案】widely
【解析】考查副词。句意：除此之外，现存的中国古代建筑也因其优美的外形和各种不同的特征而广受赞誉，如悬垂的屋檐、翘起的屋角和不同形状的屋顶。修饰动词praise应用副词widely，表示“广泛地”，wide作副词时表示“宽地”不符合语境。故填widely。
4.（2023高三·河北秦皇岛·阶段练习）“One who holds office should pool the ideas and wisdom of the people and_________ (extensive) draw on all well-intended and useful views,” wrote Zhuge Liang in his article, “Instructions to Subjects and Officials.”
【答案】extensively
【解析】考查副词。句意：诸葛亮在他的《教与军师长史参军掾属》中写道：“为官者就是要集思广益，广泛吸取忠直有益的意见。”修饰动词词组draw on“利用”应用副词形式。故填extensively。
5.（23-24·山东·阶段练习）The boat comes out (magnificent), and its shape and features are distinctive of the north of Fujian province.
【答案】magnificently
【解析】考查副词。句意：这艘船出来时气势恢宏，其形状和特征具有闽北特色。提示词修饰动词短语comes out，用副词magnificently作状语，意为“壮丽地，宏伟地”。故填magnificently。
6.（2024·江西九江·二模）In 2005, the pattern was (successful)selected as the symbol of China’s cultural heritage to showcase the ancient Chinese people’s wisdom and aspirations.
【答案】successfully
【解析】考查副词。句意：2005年，该图案成功入选中国文化遗产标志，展示了中国古代人民的智慧和愿望。修饰动词用副词作状语。故填successfully。
7.（2024·山东·模拟预测）It was also (extraordinary) popular among many royal families of the Qing Dynasty.
【答案】extraordinarily
【解析】考查副词。句意：它在清朝的许多皇室中也非常流行。根据空后的形容词可知，此处应用extraordinary的副词形式。故填extraordinarily。
8.（23-24高三·河南郑州·阶段练习）Silk flowers are the flowers (typical) made with silk, satin and other high-grade fabrics.
【答案】typically
【解析】考查副词。句意：绢花是用丝绸、缎子等高档面料制作的花。修饰动词made，使用副词作状语，故填typically。
9.(2024·湖南高三模拟) (basic), medical incense can kill bacteria in the environment, protecting people against infections.
【答案】Basically
【解析】考查副词。句意：基本上，药香可以杀死环境中的细菌，保护人们免受感染。分析句子，设空处使用basic的副词basically作状语，修饰句子，意为“基本上地”，同时该空置于句首，开头单词首字母大写。故填Basically。
(2024·云南师大附中高三模拟) Saint-Exupéry wrote and drew on (extreme) thin paper, which made the task of transporting the pages of the manuscript even more challenging.
【答案】extremely
【解析】考查副词。句意：圣-埃克苏普海姆在极其薄的纸上书写和绘图，这使得运送手稿的任务变得更加困难。修饰形容词thin应使用副词，extremely意为“极其”，故填extremely。
题型三 名词后缀的考查
1.（2024·浙江嘉兴·模拟预测）Unlike Qingzhi, Wan Yue, a mother of two, became a hanfu (enthusiasm) for the sense of community.
【答案】enthusiast
【解析】考查名词。句意：与清芝不同的是，作为两个孩子的母亲，万悦成为了一名追求社区感的汉服爱好者。结合语义和不定冠词a，用单数名词enthusiast (爱好者)作表语。故填enthusiast。
2.（23-24高三·安徽·阶段练习） It has also facilitated the (adopt) of clean energy in Africa, helping it avoid the pollution associated with Western industrialization.
【答案】adoption
【解析】考查名词。句意：它还促进了非洲采用清洁能源，帮助非洲避免了与西方工业化相关的污染。根据空前的the和空后的of可知此处应该填名词adoption作宾语，为不可数名词。故填adoption。
3.（2024·湖北十堰·模拟预测）Have you ever experienced one of the earliest movies It boasts star-studded ensembles (乐团), undergoes rapid transformations in the blink of an eye, and even includes special effects, music and (perform), all without the aid of machines or computers.
【答案】performances
【解析】考查名词。句意：它拥有众星云集的乐团，瞬息之间千变万化，甚至包括特效、音乐和表演，所有这些都不需要机器或电脑的帮助。分析句子可知，空处和special effects以及music并列，作includes的宾语，名词performance“表演”符合题意，且空前没有表示单数概念的修饰语，可数名词performance应用复数形式，表泛指。故填performances。
4.（2024·湖南·一模）Start your (explore) from Sichuan Cuisine Museum, enjoy different aspects of Sichuan cuisine, satisfy your curiosity and taste buds and experience all fun for “Playing with Chuancais”.
【答案】exploration
【解析】考查名词。句意：从川菜博物馆开始，领略川菜的方方面面，满足你的好奇心和味蕾，体验“玩川菜”的一切乐趣。分析句子可知，空处作start的宾语，用名词。故填exploration。
5.（23-24·湖北·沙市中学模拟）Now as Hangzhou has grabbed the world's attention, tourists from various places have gathered to this heavenly city to enjoy its slow life tempo and beautiful natural __ (surround) .
【答案】surroundings
【解析】考查名词。句意：同上。分析句子，设空处使用surround的名词surroundings作宾语，意为“周围环境”，其通常使用复数形式。故填surroundings。
（23-24·湖南长沙·雅礼中学模拟）In some parts of China, this ceremony is experiencing a____ (revive).
【答案】revival
【解析】考查名词。句意：在中国的一些地区，这个仪式正在复兴。作动词的宾语，结合不定冠词可知应用单数名词revival，故填revival。
7.（24-25高三·吉林长春·期末）“On the surface, Xu's travel can neither be classified as great affairs of state nor great undertakings that changed the course of history.” writes the cultural historian Zheng Peikai. “Xu traveled to satisfy his own______ (curious) — he traveled for the sake of traveling.”
【答案】curiosity
【解析】考查名词。句意：徐旅行是为了满足自己的好奇心——他旅行是为了旅行。分析句子结构，空白处在句子中作宾语，应用名词curiosity“好奇心”，不可数名词。故填curiosity。
8.（23-24·山东·阶段练习）During the early hours of the Lantern Festival, about 60 to 70 villagers gather to burn the midnight oil at the local ancestral hall to finish the making of the giant boat,which is about 6 to 8 meters long and 3 to 4 meters in (high), in one go.
【答案】height
【解析】考查名词。句意：在元宵节的凌晨，大约60到70名村民聚集在当地的祠堂里，点燃午夜的油，一口气完成巨型船的制作，这艘船长约6到8米，高约3到4米。提示词作介词宾语，用名词height；in height“有……高”。故填height。
9.（23-24高三·广东珠海·阶段练习）It’s believed that recognizing the cultural value of the custom matters in the ____ (promote) of Chinese traditions.
【答案】promotion
【解析】考查名词。句意：人们认为，认识到这种习俗的文化价值对于弘扬中国传统很重要。分析句子成分可知，空处为名词形式。故填promotion。
10.（23-24高三·山东威海·阶段练习）It is just one example of ancient works of art that not only tells the (wise) of our ancestors, but also is a witness to the pursuit of beauty by Chinese craftsmen throughout centuries.
【答案】wisdom
【解析】考查名词。句意：它只是古代艺术作品的一个例子，它不仅讲述了我们祖先的智慧，也见证了几个世纪以来中国工匠对美的追求。根据空前的the和空后的of可知，空处应用名词在句中作宾语，wise的名词是wisdom意为“智慧”，是不可数名词。故填wisdom。
题型四 动词后缀的考查
1．To avoid knee pain, you can run on soft surface, do exercises to (strength) your leg muscles.
【答案】strengthen
【解析】考查动词。句意：为了避免膝盖疼痛，你可以在柔软的地面上跑步，做一些锻炼来加强你的腿部肌肉。由句意及空前的you can run on soft surface, do exercises to及空后的your leg muscles可知应填动词原形，不定式作目的状语。故填strengthen。
2．Knowing some tips will help (sure) that you have an enjoyable meal with friends or family — no matter where you are in the world.
【答案】ensure
【解析】考查动词和短语。句意：了解一些技巧将有助于确保你与朋友或家人一起享受愉快的晚餐，无论你在世界的哪个地方。help do sth.意思为：有助于做某事，空处之后that引导宾语从句，此处表示“确保”用动词ensure。故填ensure。
3．For a beginner of sports, it is highly recommendable that the time for training (length) little by little.
【答案】be lengthened
【解析】考查动词。句意：对于刚开始运动的人来说，强烈建议慢慢延长训练时间。分析句子，句中it is recommendable that sb （should）do为虚拟语气，意为“推荐某人应该做某事”，该结构中should可以省略。故设空处使用该使用length的动词lengthen作主语从句的谓语动词，意为“延长”。同时the time 与lengthen之间的关系是被动关系，用被动语态。故填be lengthened。
4．The local elephant population (threat) by poaching until stricter law enforcement was implemented.
【答案】was threatened
【解析】考查时态，语态和主谓一致。句意：在实施更严格的执法之前，当地的大象数量受到偷猎的威胁。由was可知，句子时态是一般过去时，由by可知，句子用被动语态，因此空格处是一般过去时的被动语态，主语The local elephant population是不可数名词，因此空格处是was threatened。故填was threatened。
5．Fields of flowers, tile-roofed villages and tasty meals (rich) this wonderful experience.
【答案】enrich
【解析】考查时态和主谓一致。句意：鲜花的田野、瓦房的村庄和美味的食物丰富了这一美妙的体验。分析句子结构可知，空格处用动词作谓语，rich的动词是enrich，句子描述客观事实，时态用一般现在时，主语“Fields of flowers, tile-roofed villages and tasty meals”是复数概念，因此空格处用动词原形，故填enrich。
题型五 前缀的考查
1.（2024·湖北十堰·模拟预测）The challenge of mastering this millennia-old technique within such a short time initially seemed like mission (possible).
【答案】impossible
【解析】考查形容词。句意：在如此短的时间内掌握这一千年历史的技术的挑战最初似乎是不可能完成的任务。分析句子可知，空处作修饰mission的定语，结合“The challenge of mastering this millennia-old technique within such a short time”可知，此处指“不可能完成的任务”，应用possible的反义词impossible，意为“不可能的”。
2．（2023·黑龙江哈尔滨·阶段练习）I shall never forget watching the sunrise over the sea-it was (forget)!
【答案】unforgettable
【解析】考查形容词。句意：我永远不会忘记在海上看日出——它是令人难以忘记的。空格前“was”是系动词，后面接形容词。括号中给出的提示词动词“forget”，对应的形容词是“forgettable”意思是“易被忘记的”。但根据句意这里应该使用反义“难以忘记的”，需要添加否定前缀。故填unforgettable。
3．Many stars, which are out of the solar system, are (visible) without a telescope.
【答案】invisible
【解析】考查形容词。句意：太阳系外的许多恒星不用望远镜是看不见的。由句意可知，此处应用visible的反义词invisible(看不见的)，形容词作表语。故填invisible。
4．If one is late for a job interview, it is (likely) that he will get the job.
【答案】unlikely
【解析】考查形容词和构词法。句意：如果一个人面试迟到，他就不太可能得到工作。由If one is late for a job interview（如果一个人面试迟到）可知，如果一个人面试迟到，他就不太可能得到工作，因此空格处为“不可能的”，is后跟形容词作表语，“不可能的”的形容词为unlikely，故填unlikely。
5．He is a good teacher who never expresses the least (patience) with slow learners.
【答案】impatience
【解析】考查构词法。句意：他是一位好老师，对学得慢的学生从不表现出丝毫不耐烦的。根据句意，应是“不耐烦，没耐心”；patience是名词“耐心”，前面加上否定前缀im-，构成其反义词impatience“不耐烦”。故填impatience。
6．It is (legal) to employ someone under the age of sixteen.
【答案】illegal
【解析】考查形容词。句意：雇用16岁以下的人是违法的。根据背景知识，“employ someone under the age of sixteen（雇佣16岁以下的人）”应该是违法的；legal是“合法的”，应加否定前缀il-， 构成形容词illegal，意思为“非法的”。故填illegal。
题型一 阅读理解
阅读下面短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最佳选项。（运用构词法理解文中加黑字）
The US Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) recently asked scientists, lawyers, social scientists and other experts to consider some of these ethical dimension. To give two examples: on privacy, as we let more listening devices into our homes, how do we prevent the data they collect falling into the wrong hands through hacking (黑客) or simply being sold between companies without us receiving any money Another example: mixed reality, including virtual reality, will become pervasive in the next few years. As we move from headsets to what the IEEE committee describes as “more delicate sensory enhancements” we will use technology to live in an illusory world in many aspects of our lives. How do we balance the rights of the individual, control over our virtual identity, and the need to live and interact on a face-to-face basis while being empowered to live rich lives in mixed reality
There is, of course, always a tension between innovation and regulation. But it can often seem that giant steps are taken in technology with minimal public discussion. Take the self-driving car: although it may be safer than human drivers and is likely to save more than a million lives a year worldwide, it will also take jobs from drivers, traffic police, sign-makers, car-repair companies, carmakers and more. Is this a bargain we want to make In taking that decision, have we given thought to a car that knows everywhere we go, decides routes, perhaps, based on paid advertisement from shops along the way—and listens and sees everything we do on board What will happen to that data and can it be kept safe
Additionally, while some worry about the uncommon “trolley problem” of whom the car should choose to hit in a strange accident—an old lady or a mother and baby—perhaps the more frequent issue will be how we find out what the algorithm (运算程序) was thinking at the time of an accident, because AIs (Artificial Intelligence) are self-learning and devise their own strategies.
Similar concerns are emerging over the internet of things. Robot vacuum-cleaners already plot cleaning cycles using computer-aided vision that, for some models, is relayed to their manufacturers. As more things at home become connected, they will be hackable and the data they collect saleable.
It’s time for some messy, democratic discussions about the future of AI.
1．Two examples in paragraph 1 are used to________.
A．shed some light on hacking in our modern life
B．lead the reader to think of ethical issues brought by hi-tech
C．lead in the following example concerning the self-driving car
D．list the existing problems that caught the attention of experts
2．The word “pervasive” in paragraph 1 probably means “________”.
A．intelligent B．powerful C．widespread D．skillful
3．We can infer from the passage that________.
A．innovation should be accompanied by guidelines to relieve tension
B．more giant innovative steps will lead to fewer public discussion
C．disadvantages of the self-driving car will outweigh its advantages
D．artificial intelligence fails to have a promising and bright future
4．In the passage, the author intends to ________.
A．expose some underlying problems in high-technology
B．call on professionals to enforce law and order
C．illustrate AI’s abilities in self-devising and self-learning strategies
D．display our inter-connected computer-aided life in future
【答案】1．B 2．C 3．A 4．A
【导语】这是一篇议论文。文章以自动驾驶车辆以及机器人吸尘器可能带来的问题为例，揭露高科技的潜在问题，呼吁人们考虑高科技带来的一些伦理问题。
1．推理判断题。根据第一段的“The US Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) recently asked scientists, lawyers, social scientists and other experts to consider some of these ethical dimension. (美国电气与电子工程师协会（IEEE）最近要求科学家、律师、社会科学家和其他专家考虑其中一些道德层面)”推知，第一段的两个例子是为了引导读者思考高科技带来的伦理问题。故选B。
2．词句猜测题。结合常识和第一段“in the next few years(未来几年)”可知，随着时间的发展，新兴事物之后会变得普遍，划线词所在句子意为“混合现实，包括虚拟现实，将在未来几年变得普遍”，即pervasive意为“普遍的”，与widespread同义。故选C。
3．推理判断题。根据第二段的“There is, of course, always a tension between innovation and regulation. But it can often seem that giant steps are taken in technology with minimal public discussion. (当然，创新和监管之间总是存在矛盾。但在科技领域取得巨大进展时，公众的讨论往往很少)”和最后一段“It’s time for some messy, democratic discussions about the future of AI.(是时候对人工智能的未来进行一些混乱、民主的讨论了)”可知，科技发展，公众需要进行一些相关讨论去明确方向，可得出创新应伴随着缓解紧张局势的指导方针。故选A。
4．推理判断题。根据第一段的“To give two examples: on privacy, as we let more listening devices into our homes, how do we prevent the data they collect falling into the wrong hands through hacking(黑客)or simply being sold between companies without us receiving any money Another example: mixed reality, including virtual reality, will become pervasive in the next few years. As we move from headsets to what the IEEE committee describes as “more delicate sensory enhancements” we will use technology to live in an illusory world in many aspects of our lives. How do we balance the rights of the individual, control over our virtual identity, and the need to live and interact on a face-to-face basis while being empowered to live rich lives in mixed reality (举两个例子：关于隐私，当我们让更多的监听设备进入我们的家庭时，我们如何防止它们收集的数据通过黑客攻击落入坏人手中，或者仅仅在公司之间出售而我们没有收到任何钱？另一个例子：混合现实，包括虚拟现实，将在未来几年变得普遍。随着我们从耳机转向IEEE委员会所描述的“更精细的感官增强”，我们将在生活的许多方面使用技术生活在一个虚幻的世界中。我们如何平衡个人的权利、对虚拟身份的控制，以及在面对面的基础上生活和互动的需要，同时有权在混合现实中过上丰富的生活？)”以及下文提到的自动驾驶车辆以及机器人吸尘器可能带来的问题推知，作者写作本文的目的是暴露一些高科技的潜在问题。故选A。
题型二 语法填空
阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
（23-24高三·山东济南·开学考试）Silk, a kind of light, delicate and soft fabric, has pushed its way throughout China’s history. One cannot be certain of its origin, but the ancient Chinese people credited their own wisdom 5 Leizu, the wife of the Yellow Emperor, as the 6 (invent) of sericulture(养蚕业).
Among the various styles and materials of silk, Nanjing Yunjin is a fancy fabric often 7 (use) for royal costumes, representing China’s highest level of silk knitting(编织) technique. Yunjin is best made by hand in a complex procedure, 8 consists of more than a hundred steps. Even the most skilled craftsmen can only knit a few centimeters a day. Time, patience 9 skillfulness all play critical roles in its rare beauty. In the Western Han Dynasty, explorer Zhang Qian 10 (open) up the routes to the western regions. Silk, 11 (play) a critical role in the ancient routes, beautified countries in Central Asia and then other parts of Eurasia and beyond.
In the hands of Chinese artists, the 12 (thin) threads can knit enormous possibilities, and the softest material can pass through thousands of years. As one of the many 13 (wonder) of ancient China, silk is not merely a type of fabric. It is a cultural symbol as well as 14 expression of elegance.
【答案】
5．to 6．inventor 7．used 8．which 9．and 10．opened 11．playing 12．thinnest 13．wonders 14．an
【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了中国丝绸的历史、表现形式、地位和意义。
5．考查介词。句意：人们不能确定它的起源，但古代中国人将自己的智慧归功于黄帝的妻子嫘祖，她是养蚕业的发明者。credit sth. to sb.意为“将……归功于某人”，为固定搭配。故填to。
6．考查名词。句意参考上题。根据空前的the可知，空处应用名词，inventor意为“发明者，发明家”，为可数名词，这里特指嫘祖是养蚕业的发明者，应用名词单数。故填inventor。
7．考查非谓语动词。句意：在各种风格和材料的丝绸中，南京云锦是皇室服饰中常用的一种精致面料，代表着中国丝绸编织技术的最高水平。分析句子结构，空处应用非谓语动词。逻辑主语a fancy fabric和use之间是动宾关系，所以应用过去分词作后置定语。故填used。
8．考查定语从句。句意：云锦经过复杂程序用最好的手工制作而成，这种程序包括一百多个步骤。分析句子结构，空处引导一个非限制性定语从句，指代先行词a complex procedure，指物，且在从句中作主语，所以应用which。故填which。
9．考查连词。句意：时间、耐心和技巧都在其罕见的美丽中发挥着关键作用。根据句意并分析句子结构，Time, patience和skillfulness之间是并列关系，所以应用and连接。故填and。
10．考查时态。句意：西汉时期，探险家张骞开辟了西域之路。根据时间状语“In the Western Han Dynasty”可知，这里表示过去发生的事情，应用一般过去时。故填opened。
11．考查非谓语动词。句意：丝绸在古代路线中发挥着关键作用，美化了中亚国家，然后美化了欧亚大陆其他地区和其他地区。分析句子结构，空处应用非谓语动词。逻辑主语Silk和play之间是主谓关系，所以应用现在分词，作后置定语。故填playing。
12．考查形容词的最高级。句意：在中国艺术家的手中，最细的线可以编织出巨大的可能性，最柔软的材料可以穿越数千年。根据空前的the和下文中的“the softest material”可知，这里表示最高级，意为最细的线，应用thin的最高级形式thinnest。故填thinnest。
13．考查名词的数。句意：作为中国古代众多奇迹之一，丝绸不仅仅是一种织物。wonder意为“奇迹”，为可数名词，其前有many修饰，所以应用名词复数。故填wonders。
14．考查冠词。句意：它是一种文化象征，也是优雅的表现。根据空后的“expression of elegance”可知，这里泛指一种优雅的表现，且expression的发音以元音音素开头，所以应用不定冠词an。故填an。
阅读下列短文, 从每题所给的A、B、C和D四个选项中, 选出最佳答案。
1.（2024年1月浙江卷阅读理解C篇）
On September 7, 1991, the costliest hailstorm (花暴) in Canadian history hit Calgary’s southern suburbs. As a result, since 1996 a group of insurance companies have spent about $2million per year on the Alberta Hail Suppression Project. Airplanes seed threatening storm cells with a chemical to make small ice crystals fall as rain before they can grow into dangerous hailstones. But farmers in east-central Alberta — downwind of the hail project flights — worry that precious moisture (水分) is being stolen from their thirsty land by the cloud seeding.
Norman Stienwand, who farms in that area, has been addressing public meetings on this issue for years “Basically, the provincial government is letting the insurance companies protect the Calgary-Edmonton urban area from hail,” Mr. Stienwan d says, “but they’re increasing drought risk as far east as Saskatchewan.”
The Alberta hail project is managed by Terry Krauss, a cloud physicist who works for Weather Modification Inc. of Fargo, North Dakota. “We affect only a very small percentage of the total moisture in the air, so we cannot be cousing drought.” Dr. Krauss says. “In fact, we may be helping increase the moisture downwind by creating wetter ground.”
One doubter about the safety of cloud seeding is Chuck Doswell, a research scientist who just retired from the University of Oklahoma. “In 1999, I personally saw significant tornadoes (龙卷风) form from a seeded storm cell in Kansas,” Dr. Doswell says. “Does cloud seeding create killer storms or reduce moisture downwind No one really knows, of course, but the seeding goes on.”
Given the degree of doubt, Mr. Stienwand suggests, “it would be wise to stop cloud seeding.” In practice, doubt has had the opposite effect. Due to the lack of scientific proof concerning their impacts, no one has succeeded in winning a lawsuit against cloud-seeding companies. Hence, private climate engineering can proceed in relative legal safety.
8. What does the project aim to do
A. Conserve moisture in the soil. B. Prevent the formation of hailstones.
C. Forecast disastrous hailstorms. D. Investigate chemical use in farming.
9. Who are opposed to the project
A. Farmers in east-central Alberta. B. Managers of insurance companies.
C. Provincial government officials. D. Residents of Calgary and Edmonton
10. Why does Dr. Doswell mention the tornadoes he saw in 1999
A. To compare different kinds of seeding methods.
B. To illustrate the development of big hailstorms.
C. To indicate a possible danger of cloud seeding.
D. To show the link between storms and moisture.
11. What can we infer from the last paragraph
A. Scientific studies have proved Stienwand right.
B. Private climate engineering is illegal in Canada.
C. The doubt about cloud seeding has disappeared.
D. Cloud-seeding companies will continue to exist.
【答案】8. B 9. A 10. C 11. D
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了1991年9月7日，加拿大历史上损失最大的冰雹袭击了卡尔加里的南郊。因此，自1996年以来，一组保险公司每年在艾伯塔省冰雹抑制项目上花费约200万美元。飞机在有威胁的风暴中心中播撒一种化学物质，使小冰晶在变成危险的冰雹之前像雨一样落下。但是，在艾伯塔省中东部的农民们担心，“冰雹计划”飞行的下风处，宝贵的水分正被人工降雨从他们干渴的土地上偷走。
【8题详解】
细节理解题。根据第一段中“As a result, since 1996 a group of insurance companies have spent about $2million per year on the Alberta Hail Suppression Project. Airplanes seed threatening storm cells with a chemical to make small ice crystals fall as rain before they can grow into dangerous hailstones.(因此，自1996年以来，一组保险公司每年在艾伯塔省冰雹抑制项目上花费约200万美元。飞机在有威胁的风暴中心中播撒一种化学物质，使小冰晶在变成危险的冰雹之前像雨一样落下)”可知，这个项目的目标是防止冰雹的形成。故选B项。
【9题详解】
细节理解题。根据第一段中“But farmers in east-central Alberta — downwind of the hail project flights — worry that precious moisture (水分) is being stolen from their thirsty land by the cloud seeding.(但是，在艾伯塔省中东部的农民们担心，“冰雹计划”飞行的下风处，宝贵的水分正被人工降雨从他们干渴的土地上偷走)”可知，艾伯塔省中东部的农民反对这个项目。故选A项。
【10题详解】
推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“One doubter about the safety of cloud seeding is Chuck Doswell, a research scientist who just retired from the University of Oklahoma. “In 1999, I personally saw significant tornadoes (龙卷风) form from a seeded storm cell in Kansas,” Dr. Doswell says. “Does cloud seeding create killer storms or reduce moisture downwind No one really knows, of course, but the seeding goes on.”(查克·多斯韦尔是一位刚刚从俄克拉何马大学退休的研究科学家，他对人工降雨的安全性持怀疑态度。“1999年，我在堪萨斯州亲眼目睹了由种子风暴细胞形成的重大龙卷风，”多斯韦尔博士说。“人工降雨会制造致命风暴还是减少顺风处的水分？当然，没有人真正知道，但是播种还在继续。”)”可推知，多斯韦尔博士提到他在1999年看到的龙卷风是为了提示人工降雨可能带来的危险。故选C项。
【11题详解】
推理判断题。根据最后一段“Given the degree of doubt, Mr. Stienwand suggests, “it would be wise to stop cloud seeding.” In practice, doubt has had the opposite effect. Due to the lack of scientific proof concerning their impacts, no one has succeeded in winning a lawsuit against cloud-seeding companies. Hence, private climate engineering can proceed in relative legal safety.(考虑到质疑的程度，斯廷旺德建议，“停止人工降雨是明智的。”在实践中，怀疑产生了相反的效果。由于缺乏有关其影响的科学证据，没有人成功地赢得了对人工降雨公司的诉讼。因此，私人气候工程可以在相对合法的安全条件下进行)”可推知，从最后一段我们能推断出人工降雨公司将继续存在。故选D项。
2.（2023年新高考II卷阅读理解D篇）
As cities balloon with growth, access to nature for people living in urban areas is becoming harder to find. If you’re lucky, there might be a pocket park near where you live, but it’s unusual to find places in a city that are relatively wild.
Past research has found health and wellness benefits of nature for humans, but a new study shows that wildness in urban areas is extremely important for human well-being.
The research team focused on a large urban park. They surveyed several hundred park-goers, asking them to submit a written summary online of a meaningful interaction they had with nature in the park. The researchers then examined these submissions, coding (编码) experiences into different categories. For example, one participant’s experience of “We sat and listened to the waves at the beach for a while” was assigned the categories “sitting at beach” and “listening to waves.”
Across the 320 submissions, a pattern of categories the researchers call a “nature language” began to emerge. After the coding of all submissions, half a dozen categories were noted most often as important to visitors. These include encountering wildlife, walking along the edge of water, and following an established trail.
Naming each nature experience creates a usable language, which helps people recognize and take part in the activities that are most satisfying and meaningful to them. For example, the experience of walking along the edge of water might be satisfying for a young professional on a weekend hike in the park. Back downtown during a workday, they can enjoy a more domestic form of this interaction by walking along a fountain on their lunch break.
“We’re trying to generate a language that helps bring the human-nature interactions back into our daily lives. And for that to happen, we also need to protect nature so that we can interact with it,” said Peter Kahn, a senior author of the study.
12. What phenomenon does the author describe at the beginning of the text
A. Pocket parks are now popular. B. Wild nature is hard to find in cities.
C. Many cities are overpopulated. D. People enjoy living close to nature.
13. Why did the researchers code participant submissions into categories
A. To compare different types of park-goers. B. To explain why the park attracts tourists.
C. To analyze the main features of the park. D. To find patterns in the visitors’ summaries.
14. What can we learn from the example given in paragraph 5
A. Walking is the best way to gain access to nature.
B. Young people are too busy to interact with nature.
C. The same nature experience takes different forms.
D. The nature language enhances work performance.
15. What should be done before we can interact with nature according to Kahn
A. Language study. B. Environmental conservation.
C. Public education. D. Intercultural communication.
【答案】12. B 13. A 14. C 15. B
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。城市化让人们越来越难以接触到自然，但一项新研究发现城市中的野生自然对人类健康和幸福感具有重要影响。研究团队对一座大型城市公园的游客进行调查，发现与野生自然的互动可以创造出一种可用的语言，帮助人们认识和参与最令人满意和有意义的活动。该研究呼吁保护城市中的野生自然。
【12题详解】
细节理解题。根据第一段内容“As cities balloon with growth, access to nature for people living in urban areas is becoming harder to find. If you’re lucky, there might be a pocket park near where you live, but it’s unusual to find places in a city that are relatively wild.(随着城市的飞速发展，生活在城市地区的人们越来越难以接近大自然。如果你幸运的话，你住的地方附近可能会有一个袖珍公园，但在城市里找到相对天然的地方是罕见的)”可知，文章开头作者讲述了一种现象，在城市里，人们很难找到野生的自然。故选B。
【13题详解】
推理判断题。根据第三段的“They surveyed several hundred park-goers, asking them to submit a written summary online of a meaningful interaction they had with nature in the park. The researchers then examined these submissions, coding (编码) experiences into different categories. (他们调查了数百名公园游客，要求他们在网上提交一份书面总结，描述他们在公园里与大自然有意义的互动。然后，研究人员检查了这些提交的信息，将体验分为不同的类别)”可知，研究人员按照公园游客提交的在公园里与大自然互动的活动把游客分类，再根据第四段“Across the 320 submissions, a pattern of categories the researchers call a “nature language” began to emerge. After the coding of all submissions, half a dozen categories were noted most often as important to visitors. (在这320份提交的作品中，一种被研究人员称为“自然语言”的分类模式开始出现。在对所有提交的内容进行编码后，有六个类别被认为对游客最重要)”可推断，给游客分类是为了区分不同的游客类别。故选A。
【14题详解】
推理判断题。根据第五段内容“Naming each nature experience creates a usable language, which helps people recognize and take part in the activities that are most satisfying and meaningful to them. For example, the experience of walking along the edge of water might be satisfying for a young professional on a weekend hike in the park. Back downtown during a workday, they can enjoy a more domestic form of this interaction by walking along a fountain on their lunch break. (命名每一种自然体验创造了一种可用的语言，这有助于人们认识并参与到对他们来说最满意和最有意义的活动中。例如，沿着水边散步的经历可能会让一个年轻的专业人士在周末去公园徒步旅行时感到满意。在工作日回到市中心，他们可以在午休时沿着喷泉散步，享受一种更居家的互动方式)”可知，本段讲述了自然体验创造一种可用的语言，有助于人们识别并参与对自己来说最满意最有意义的活动，接下来以一个年轻的专业人士参与自然的方式举例说明，去公园时沿着水边散步让他感到满意，回到市中心工作时他可以通过沿着喷泉散步获得满足。因此推知，从第五段的例子中我们可以知道一样的自然体验可以呈现不同的形式。故选C。
【15题详解】
推理判断题。根据最后一段““We’re trying to generate a language that helps bring the human-nature interactions back into our daily lives. And for that to happen, we also need to protect nature so that we can interact with it,” said Peter Kahn, a senior author of the study. (“我们正试图创造一种语言，帮助将人类与自然的互动带回我们的日常生活中。要做到这一点，我们还需要保护自然，这样我们才能与它互动，”该研究的资深作者彼得·卡恩说。)”可推断，彼得·卡恩认为在我们与大自然互动之前我们应该先要保护自然。故选B。第07讲 构词法
目录 01 模拟基础练 【题型一】形容词后缀的考查 【题型二】副词后缀的考查 【题型三】名词后缀的考查 【题型四】动词后缀的考查 【题型五】前缀的考查 02 重难创新练 03 真题实战练
用所给词的适当形式填空
题型一 形容词后缀的考查
1.（23-24高三·福建漳州·阶段练习）So far, Shaolin Kungfu has become a window of Chinese culture to the world, which also turns Shaolin Temple into the most (influence) “holy land” of martial arts in the world.
2.（23-24高三·重庆·期中）The city’s task centers on the belief that its (star) skies have the potential to inject energy into the conventional tourism.
3.（24-25高三·吉林长春·期末）Born in 1587, Xu Xiake grew up in a rich family. Yet he rejected the ___ （comfort) life to travel the lost world of imperial China.
4.（23-24高三·广东·阶段练习）Today, these yellowed pieces of mail have become a (nation) cultural treasure.
5.（2024·浙江·模拟预测）As China has more than 297 million people (age) 60 and over, according to the latest statistics, this day has grown in popularity over the years.
6.（23-24高三·湖北·阶段练习）So it goes in China, where tea is (day) necessity.
7.（2024·山东·模拟预测）Nowadays, mutton hotpot has become one of the favorite cuisines of the Chinese, with (technology) development in mutton production allowing for year-round supplies of fresh meat across the country.
8.（23-24高三·河南郑州·阶段练习） Whether due to its long history or the strong (decorate) effect, silk flowers were common accessories of the ancient women.
9.（2024·山东·模拟预测）The tray table is (adjust), so that passengers seated at different heights are able to use it.
10.（福建省厦门第二中学2023-2024学年高三试题）On the east bank of Chaohu, China’s fifth-largest freshwater lake, rests a (mystery) ancient “kingdom” of jade called Lingjiatan.
题型二 副词后缀的考查
1.（2024·江苏泰州·模拟预测）Moving forward, we’ll grasp the opportunities to remain at the forefront of BRI’s joint construction and provide more top-level green energy (global).”
（2024·浙江·二模）It is believed that by arranging things (appropriate), one can haronize the energies of the natural world.
3.（2024·辽宁六校联考）Apart from this, existing examples of ancient Chinese architecture are also (wide) praised for its elegant outlines and various features, such as overhanging eaves(屋檐), upturned roof corners, and different shapes of roofs.
4.（2023高三·河北秦皇岛·阶段练习）“One who holds office should pool the ideas and wisdom of the people and_________ (extensive) draw on all well-intended and useful views,” wrote Zhuge Liang in his article, “Instructions to Subjects and Officials.”
5.（23-24·山东·阶段练习）The boat comes out (magnificent), and its shape and features are distinctive of the north of Fujian province.
6.（2024·江西九江·二模）In 2005, the pattern was (successful)selected as the symbol of China’s cultural heritage to showcase the ancient Chinese people’s wisdom and aspirations.
7.（2024·山东·模拟预测）It was also (extraordinary) popular among many royal families of the Qing Dynasty.
8.（23-24高三·河南郑州·阶段练习）Silk flowers are the flowers (typical) made with silk, satin and other high-grade fabrics.
9.(2024·湖南高三模拟) (basic), medical incense can kill bacteria in the environment, protecting people against infections.
(2024·云南师大附中高三模拟) Saint-Exupéry wrote and drew on (extreme) thin paper, which made the task of transporting the pages of the manuscript even more challenging.
题型三 名词后缀的考查
1.（2024·浙江嘉兴·模拟预测）Unlike Qingzhi, Wan Yue, a mother of two, became a hanfu (enthusiasm) for the sense of community.
2.（23-24高三·安徽·阶段练习） It has also facilitated the (adopt) of clean energy in Africa, helping it avoid the pollution associated with Western industrialization.
3.（2024·湖北十堰·模拟预测）Have you ever experienced one of the earliest movies It boasts star-studded ensembles (乐团), undergoes rapid transformations in the blink of an eye, and even includes special effects, music and (perform), all without the aid of machines or computers.
4.（2024·湖南·一模）Start your (explore) from Sichuan Cuisine Museum, enjoy different aspects of Sichuan cuisine, satisfy your curiosity and taste buds and experience all fun for “Playing with Chuancais”.
5.（23-24·湖北·沙市中学模拟）Now as Hangzhou has grabbed the world's attention, tourists from various places have gathered to this heavenly city to enjoy its slow life tempo and beautiful natural __ (surround) .
（23-24·湖南长沙·雅礼中学模拟）In some parts of China, this ceremony is experiencing a____ (revive).
7.（24-25高三·吉林长春·期末）“On the surface, Xu's travel can neither be classified as great affairs of state nor great undertakings that changed the course of history.” writes the cultural historian Zheng Peikai. “Xu traveled to satisfy his own______ (curious) — he traveled for the sake of traveling.”
8.（23-24·山东·阶段练习）During the early hours of the Lantern Festival, about 60 to 70 villagers gather to burn the midnight oil at the local ancestral hall to finish the making of the giant boat,which is about 6 to 8 meters long and 3 to 4 meters in (high), in one go.
9.（23-24高三·广东珠海·阶段练习）It’s believed that recognizing the cultural value of the custom matters in the ____ (promote) of Chinese traditions.
10.（23-24高三·山东威海·阶段练习）It is just one example of ancient works of art that not only tells the (wise) of our ancestors, but also is a witness to the pursuit of beauty by Chinese craftsmen throughout centuries.
题型四 动词后缀的考查
1．To avoid knee pain, you can run on soft surface, do exercises to (strength) your leg muscles.
2．Knowing some tips will help (sure) that you have an enjoyable meal with friends or family — no matter where you are in the world.
3．For a beginner of sports, it is highly recommendable that the time for training (length) little by little.
4．The local elephant population (threat) by poaching until stricter law enforcement was implemented.
5．Fields of flowers, tile-roofed villages and tasty meals (rich) this wonderful experience.
题型五 前缀的考查
1.（2024·湖北十堰·模拟预测）The challenge of mastering this millennia-old technique within such a short time initially seemed like mission (possible).
2．（2023·黑龙江哈尔滨·阶段练习）I shall never forget watching the sunrise over the sea-it was (forget)!
3．Many stars, which are out of the solar system, are (visible) without a telescope.
4．If one is late for a job interview, it is (likely) that he will get the job.
5．He is a good teacher who never expresses the least (patience) with slow learners.
6．It is (legal) to employ someone under the age of sixteen.
题型一 阅读理解
阅读下面短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最佳选项。（运用构词法理解文中加黑字）
The US Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) recently asked scientists, lawyers, social scientists and other experts to consider some of these ethical dimension. To give two examples: on privacy, as we let more listening devices into our homes, how do we prevent the data they collect falling into the wrong hands through hacking (黑客) or simply being sold between companies without us receiving any money Another example: mixed reality, including virtual reality, will become pervasive in the next few years. As we move from headsets to what the IEEE committee describes as “more delicate sensory enhancements” we will use technology to live in an illusory world in many aspects of our lives. How do we balance the rights of the individual, control over our virtual identity, and the need to live and interact on a face-to-face basis while being empowered to live rich lives in mixed reality
There is, of course, always a tension between innovation and regulation. But it can often seem that giant steps are taken in technology with minimal public discussion. Take the self-driving car: although it may be safer than human drivers and is likely to save more than a million lives a year worldwide, it will also take jobs from drivers, traffic police, sign-makers, car-repair companies, carmakers and more. Is this a bargain we want to make In taking that decision, have we given thought to a car that knows everywhere we go, decides routes, perhaps, based on paid advertisement from shops along the way—and listens and sees everything we do on board What will happen to that data and can it be kept safe
Additionally, while some worry about the uncommon “trolley problem” of whom the car should choose to hit in a strange accident—an old lady or a mother and baby—perhaps the more frequent issue will be how we find out what the algorithm (运算程序) was thinking at the time of an accident, because AIs (Artificial Intelligence) are self-learning and devise their own strategies.
Similar concerns are emerging over the internet of things. Robot vacuum-cleaners already plot cleaning cycles using computer-aided vision that, for some models, is relayed to their manufacturers. As more things at home become connected, they will be hackable and the data they collect saleable.
It’s time for some messy, democratic discussions about the future of AI.
1．Two examples in paragraph 1 are used to________.
A．shed some light on hacking in our modern life
B．lead the reader to think of ethical issues brought by hi-tech
C．lead in the following example concerning the self-driving car
D．list the existing problems that caught the attention of experts
2．The word “pervasive” in paragraph 1 probably means “________”.
A．intelligent B．powerful C．widespread D．skillful
3．We can infer from the passage that________.
A．innovation should be accompanied by guidelines to relieve tension
B．more giant innovative steps will lead to fewer public discussion
C．disadvantages of the self-driving car will outweigh its advantages
D．artificial intelligence fails to have a promising and bright future
4．In the passage, the author intends to ________.
A．expose some underlying problems in high-technology
B．call on professionals to enforce law and order
C．illustrate AI’s abilities in self-devising and self-learning strategies
D．display our inter-connected computer-aided life in future
题型二 语法填空
阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
（23-24高三·山东济南·开学考试）Silk, a kind of light, delicate and soft fabric, has pushed its way throughout China’s history. One cannot be certain of its origin, but the ancient Chinese people credited their own wisdom 5 Leizu, the wife of the Yellow Emperor, as the 6 (invent) of sericulture(养蚕业).
Among the various styles and materials of silk, Nanjing Yunjin is a fancy fabric often 7 (use) for royal costumes, representing China’s highest level of silk knitting(编织) technique. Yunjin is best made by hand in a complex procedure, 8 consists of more than a hundred steps. Even the most skilled craftsmen can only knit a few centimeters a day. Time, patience 9 skillfulness all play critical roles in its rare beauty. In the Western Han Dynasty, explorer Zhang Qian 10 (open) up the routes to the western regions. Silk, 11 (play) a critical role in the ancient routes, beautified countries in Central Asia and then other parts of Eurasia and beyond.
In the hands of Chinese artists, the 12 (thin) threads can knit enormous possibilities, and the softest material can pass through thousands of years. As one of the many 13 (wonder) of ancient China, silk is not merely a type of fabric. It is a cultural symbol as well as 14 expression of elegance.
阅读下列短文, 从每题所给的A、B、C和D四个选项中, 选出最佳答案。
1.（2024年1月浙江卷阅读理解C篇）
On September 7, 1991, the costliest hailstorm (花暴) in Canadian history hit Calgary’s southern suburbs. As a result, since 1996 a group of insurance companies have spent about $2million per year on the Alberta Hail Suppression Project. Airplanes seed threatening storm cells with a chemical to make small ice crystals fall as rain before they can grow into dangerous hailstones. But farmers in east-central Alberta — downwind of the hail project flights — worry that precious moisture (水分) is being stolen from their thirsty land by the cloud seeding.
Norman Stienwand, who farms in that area, has been addressing public meetings on this issue for years “Basically, the provincial government is letting the insurance companies protect the Calgary-Edmonton urban area from hail,” Mr. Stienwan d says, “but they’re increasing drought risk as far east as Saskatchewan.”
The Alberta hail project is managed by Terry Krauss, a cloud physicist who works for Weather Modification Inc. of Fargo, North Dakota. “We affect only a very small percentage of the total moisture in the air, so we cannot be cousing drought.” Dr. Krauss says. “In fact, we may be helping increase the moisture downwind by creating wetter ground.”
One doubter about the safety of cloud seeding is Chuck Doswell, a research scientist who just retired from the University of Oklahoma. “In 1999, I personally saw significant tornadoes (龙卷风) form from a seeded storm cell in Kansas,” Dr. Doswell says. “Does cloud seeding create killer storms or reduce moisture downwind No one really knows, of course, but the seeding goes on.”
Given the degree of doubt, Mr. Stienwand suggests, “it would be wise to stop cloud seeding.” In practice, doubt has had the opposite effect. Due to the lack of scientific proof concerning their impacts, no one has succeeded in winning a lawsuit against cloud-seeding companies. Hence, private climate engineering can proceed in relative legal safety.
8. What does the project aim to do
A. Conserve moisture in the soil. B. Prevent the formation of hailstones.
C. Forecast disastrous hailstorms. D. Investigate chemical use in farming.
9. Who are opposed to the project
A. Farmers in east-central Alberta. B. Managers of insurance companies.
C. Provincial government officials. D. Residents of Calgary and Edmonton
10. Why does Dr. Doswell mention the tornadoes he saw in 1999
A. To compare different kinds of seeding methods.
B. To illustrate the development of big hailstorms.
C. To indicate a possible danger of cloud seeding.
D. To show the link between storms and moisture.
11. What can we infer from the last paragraph
A. Scientific studies have proved Stienwand right.
B. Private climate engineering is illegal in Canada.
C. The doubt about cloud seeding has disappeared.
D. Cloud-seeding companies will continue to exist.
2.（2023年新高考II卷阅读理解D篇）
As cities balloon with growth, access to nature for people living in urban areas is becoming harder to find. If you’re lucky, there might be a pocket park near where you live, but it’s unusual to find places in a city that are relatively wild.
Past research has found health and wellness benefits of nature for humans, but a new study shows that wildness in urban areas is extremely important for human well-being.
The research team focused on a large urban park. They surveyed several hundred park-goers, asking them to submit a written summary online of a meaningful interaction they had with nature in the park. The researchers then examined these submissions, coding (编码) experiences into different categories. For example, one participant’s experience of “We sat and listened to the waves at the beach for a while” was assigned the categories “sitting at beach” and “listening to waves.”
Across the 320 submissions, a pattern of categories the researchers call a “nature language” began to emerge. After the coding of all submissions, half a dozen categories were noted most often as important to visitors. These include encountering wildlife, walking along the edge of water, and following an established trail.
Naming each nature experience creates a usable language, which helps people recognize and take part in the activities that are most satisfying and meaningful to them. For example, the experience of walking along the edge of water might be satisfying for a young professional on a weekend hike in the park. Back downtown during a workday, they can enjoy a more domestic form of this interaction by walking along a fountain on their lunch break.
“We’re trying to generate a language that helps bring the human-nature interactions back into our daily lives. And for that to happen, we also need to protect nature so that we can interact with it,” said Peter Kahn, a senior author of the study.
12. What phenomenon does the author describe at the beginning of the text
A. Pocket parks are now popular. B. Wild nature is hard to find in cities.
C. Many cities are overpopulated. D. People enjoy living close to nature.
13. Why did the researchers code participant submissions into categories
A. To compare different types of park-goers. B. To explain why the park attracts tourists.
C. To analyze the main features of the park. D. To find patterns in the visitors’ summaries.
14. What can we learn from the example given in paragraph 5
A. Walking is the best way to gain access to nature.
B. Young people are too busy to interact with nature.
C. The same nature experience takes different forms.
D. The nature language enhances work performance.
15. What should be done before we can interact with nature according to Kahn
A. Language study. B. Environmental conservation.
C. Public education. D. Intercultural communication.第07讲 构词法
目录
01 考情透视·目标导航 1
02 知识导图·思维引航 2
03 考点突破·考法探究 4
考点一 派生法 5
知识点1 解题时派生词的判断依据 5
知识点2 前缀、否定前缀和否定后缀 6
知识点3 名词后缀 7
知识点4 形容词后缀 9
知识点5 副词后缀 10
知识点6 动词后缀 10
考点二 合成法 11
知识点1 合成名词 11
知识点2 合成形容词 11
知识点3 合成动词、副词及其他 12
考点三 转化法 13
04 真题练习·命题洞现
真题实战 14
阅读理解中对构词法的考查 14
语法填空中对构词法的考查 14
命题演练 15
考点 构词法考题统计 考情分析
派生法 合成法 转化法 2024（浙江1月高考）：encounter邂逅；criticism；technician；receptionist；assistant；graveyard；presence；educational；wastepaper；threaten； safety；hailstorm；delivery；satisfaction；thoughtful；connectivity；mismatch；individual等。 2023（新高考I卷）：competitor参赛者；economical adj. 经济的，实惠的;sustainable adj.可持续的;strategic adj. 战略(性)的; combination n. 结合；minimalism n. (艺术)极简主义；available adj.可用的，可得到的; foundation n. 根基；基础intolerable adj. 无法忍受的；minimalist n. 最低限要求者statistician n. 统计学家estimation n. 判断；估计additional adj. 附加的，另外的 countless adj. 无数的;多得数不清的overestimate v. 过高估计implication n. 牵连；含意； （新高考II卷）：arrival(arrive)；uneventful太平无事的；unavoidable不可避免的；occasionally adv. 偶尔；有时候；description描写；evaluation n. 评价，评估；emotional adj. 感情的；情感的；情绪的initiator n.发起人；创始人backcountry偏僻地区breathtaking令人叹为观止outnumber在数量上压倒，比...多representation代表, 描述increasingly越来越多； （全国乙卷）wonder(wonders)；skyrocket；approximately； transform；combination 2022（新高考I卷）：excitement兴奋；adventure冒险；honorable =honourable adj. 光荣的；可敬的；高贵的；disqualification n. 不合格；取消资格；被罚下场 disqualified不合格的；被取消资格的；willpower n. 意志力；毅力 （新高考II卷）：asleep adj.睡着的； accidentally adv.偶然地；symbolically象征性地；inexpensive廉价的；throwaway可随意丢弃的；interactive互动的；activate激活；springboard跳板；constructive建设性的； （全国乙卷）：responsible(responsibility) 分析近年高考真题可知，高考对构词法的考查越来越多。2024、2023年的听力及阅读理解中都出现了大量的构词法的考查。 通过构词法可以快速推断词义，提高阅读速度和正确率。完形填空中的选项页出现了很多通过构词法产生的新词。语法填空主要考查课标内的词形转换。因此，总结归类构词法知识非常必要。它能综合提高考生的核心素养。 通过对近三年高考高考试题的分析，预测高考试题中构词法构成的新词，将会频繁出现。
复习目标：、 具备根据语境推断词性及意思的能力； 掌握构词法的三大规则：派生、合成和转换； 掌握构词法，提高阅读速度，提高核心素养； 具备根据句法知识判断句子成分并判断其词性，然后准确写出正确形式的能力；
考点概述：许多英语单词的构词都有一定的规律，这种规律被成为构词法。掌握构词法知识对考生更好的理解词义、认识新词和扩大词汇量有重要意义。意义中的构词法主要有派生法(Derivation)、合成法（Composition）和转换法(Conversion)三大类。
【高考导航】
1.（2024年浙江1月高考阅读理解D片段） We are tempted by sugary treats because our ancestors lived in a calorie-poor world, and our brains developed a response mechanism to these treats that reflected their value — a feeling of reward and satisfaction.
2. (2023年新高考I卷) Xiao long bao(soup dumplings), those amazing constructions of delicate dumpling wrappers, encasing hot, ___56___(taste)soup and sweet, fresh meat, are far and away my favorite Chinese street food.
考点一 派生法
知识点1 派生词的判断依据
例1.（2023·新高考I卷） Shanghai may be the ___59___(recognize)home of the soup dumplings but food historians will actually point you to the neighboring canal town of Nanxiang as Xiao long Bao’s birthplace.
例2.（2024·湖南省长沙一中模拟）When it comes to sharing, one of the (great) gifts China gave to the world through the ancient Silk Road was the technology of making paper on an industrial scale,
知识点2 普通前缀、否定前缀与否定后缀
词缀 词缀意义 示例
前缀 auto-自动； fore-之前的； post之后的； a 构成形容词； anti 反对;抵抗； co 共同； en 使； inter-互相； bi-双； sub 下面的;小; tele 强调距离； re 再;又, multi-多； semi-半的 alone单独的；　　　　　 anti gas防毒气的； automatic自动的； cooperate合作； enjoy使高兴； Internet互联网； forecast预报； foresee预见； bimonthly双月的； multi-culture多文化的； telegram电报； rewrite重写； semi-final半决赛； semiconductor半导体；
否定 前缀 dis-不，非； il- 不，非； im-不，非； in- 不，非； ir- 不，非； non-不，非； un- 不，非； mis-错误； disappear消失; illegal非法的； impatient不耐烦的； impolite不礼貌的； incorrect不正确的; incomplete不完全的； irregular不规则的； irresponsible不负责任的； nonstop不停的,不间断的; nonexistent不存在的； mislead将……引入歧途,误导; unhappy不开心的；
否定 后缀 名词+--less构词形容词 hopeless无希望的； careless粗心大意的；
名词+-free构词形容词 carefree无忧无虑的； sugar-free无糖的；
【易错提醒】个别前缀也可以引起词性的变化，如：
1. en-可以和名词或形容词构成动词：enlarge扩大；enable使能够；encourage鼓励；
2. a-可以和名词或动词构成形容词：asleep睡着的；alive活着的；
3. out-可以和一些动词构成名词：outcome结果；outlet出口；outlook观点；
例1.（2024·浙江卷1月阅读理解B篇）This unbeatable price-point encouraged me to experiment with dozens of titles that I would never normally consider buying. And I’ve discovered some great books!
例2. （2024·新高考II卷） More recently, as books have become inexpensive or even throwaway, artists have used them as the raw material for artworks—transforming covers, pages or even complete volumes into paintings and sculptures.
【变式训练1】(2023全国甲卷) Eric Weiner’s The Socrates Express: In Search of Life Lessons from Dead Philosophers reawakened my love for philosophy.
【变式训练2】When I’m face to face with a polar bear, I like it to be through a camera with a telephoto lens. But sometimes, that is easier said than done. This was one of those times.
知识点3 名词后缀
表示人或物的名词的常用后缀
后缀 意思 例词
(i)an 来自；专长 于……的人 musician音乐家；Egyptian埃及人;physician内科医生；
ant ent 人，物 servant仆人；president总统；assistant助手；
ar er -or 人，物 beggar乞讨者；murderer杀人犯；builder建设者； Farmer农民； doctor医生； recorder录音机
ee 人，物 employee受雇者；refugee难民；trainee受训人员；
ess 表女性，雌性 hostess女主人；actress女演员；
ist 人，主义者 novelist小说家；socialist社会主义者；physicist物理学家；
例1.（ 2024·浙江卷1月) One doubter about the safety of cloud seeding is Chuck Doswell, a research scientist who just retired from the University of Oklahoma.
例2.（ 2023·新高考全国Ⅰ卷) You can view these practices as a toolbox meant to aid your efforts to build a minimalist lifestyle that words for your particular circumstances.
表示行为、性质、状态等抽象名词的常用后缀
后缀 意思 例词
al 表示过程;或状态 removal移动；arrival到达
ance 表状态，行为 appearance外表；acceptance接受；reliance依靠
(t)ion ation 表状态，动作过;程，行为 suggestion建议；graduation毕业；liberation解放；
dom 身份，领域 freedom自由；wisdom智慧
ence 性质，状态，行为 difference区别；confidence自信；dependence依靠
ful 充满 basketful满篮；mouthful满嘴；houseful一屋子
hood 性质，身份，状态，时期 childhood儿童时代；neighbourhood附近
ism 宗教，风格，主义 heroism英雄气概；romanticism浪漫主义
ity 性质，状态 reality现实；ability能力；equality平等
ment 行为，物，组织，运;动，结果 disappointment失望；movement运动；agreement协议
ness 性质，状态 kindness仁慈；tiredness疲劳
ship 性质，身份，资格 hardship艰苦；leadership领导身份；friendship友谊
sion 行为，状态 conclusion结论；tension紧张
ure 行为，状态 exposure暴露；failure失败
th 结果，过程，性质，状态 truth真理；youth青春；growth生长；warmth温暖
age 集合，地点，状态，结果 storage储藏；village村庄；marriage婚姻
例1. (2023·新高考全国Ⅰ卷) When enough of these errors ________（short）together, they cancel each other out, resulting in a more accurate estimate.
例2. (2024·浙江卷1月) we also need to be more thoughtful about our information consumption, resisting the temptation of the mental “junk food” in order to manage our time most effectively.
【变式训练1】Tangshan city has proved to China and the rest of the world that in times of disaster, people must unify and show the ________（wise）to stay positive and rebuild for a brighter future.
知识点4　形容词后缀
后缀 意思 例词
able/ (i)ble 可……的，能……的 acceptable可接受的；flexible能适应新环境的；
(u)al 有……属性的；与......有关的 agricultural农业的； national国家的； chemical化学的
an ……(地，人)的 republican共和国的；European欧洲人的
ary ……的 imaginary想象的；revolutionary革命的
ative ……的 creative有创造性的；talkative 爱说话的
ed (具)有……的(特征) determined坚定的；learned博学的；aged年老的
ent ……的 frequent经常的；silent沉默的；diligent勤奋的
ese (地，人)的 Chinese中国(人)的；Japanese日本(人)的
ern 表示方向 eastern东方的；southern南方的
en ……的 golden金色的；wooden木制的；woolen羊毛的
ic 与……有关的 realistic现实的；energetic精力充足的
ish 近乎……的，如……的 childish孩子气的；foolish愚蠢的；selfish自私的
ive 与……有关的，有……倾向的，有……特性的 expensive昂贵的；effective有效的；decisive决定性的
ful 满的；有……性质的，引起……的 faithful信任的；powerful强大的；cheerful愉快的
ous 多……的，有……特性的 various各种各样的；humorous幽默的；dangerous危险的
ly ……品质的，每……的 friendly友好的；motherly母亲般的；weekly每周的
ward 向……的 backward向后的；forward向前的
y 多……的；有……的；如……的 cloudy多云的；funny有趣的；lucky运气好的
some 引起(或易于)……的 troublesome 讨厌的
例1. (2023·新高考II卷) Seeking and accepting constructive feedback (反馈) is crucial to growth.
例2. （2021·新高考I卷）A history book which may contain the facts in story form will be easier to read than one dealing with 　　　　 (science) subjects.
【变式训练1】Therefore, just as we need to be more thoughtful about our caloric consumption, we also need to be more thoughtful about our information consumption.
【变式训练2】Whether you’re communicating in person or on the phone, being a good listener is an important part of any healthy relationship.
知识点5　副词后缀
后缀 意思 例词
ly ……地，状态，程度，方式 extremely非常；slowly慢慢地；happily高兴地
s 时间，地点，状态 outdoors在户外；nowadays现今
ward(s) 方向 afterward(s)后来；outwards向外；downwards向下
例1. (2024·浙江卷1月) But global connectivity has greatly changed our information environment. We are now ceaselessly bombarded (轰炸) with new information.
例2.(2020 全国卷III) As the small boat moved 　　　　 (gentle) along the river he was left speechless by the mountains being silently reflected in the water.
【变式训练1】 “If we carry our burdens all the time, sooner or later, we will not be able to carry on, the burden becoming (increase) heavier.
【变式训练2】The helicopter made its final approach and, guided by the headlights, landed safely.
知识点6 动词后缀
后缀 意思 例词
en 使变成 sharpen削尖；broaden加宽；strengthen加强；deepen加深
fy 使……化 clarify 阐明; simplify简化；beautify美化；purify净化；qualify 使具备资格；
ize 使……化 modernize使现代化；realize实现；mechanize使机械化
例1. (2023·全国甲卷) He ______（emphasis）the importance of education and self-improvement, which he believed would lead to a harmonious society.
例2.(2022·江苏卷) There will still be lots of challenges if we are to classify garbage in a short time.
【变式训练1】To_______（justification）yourself with relevant examples from your personal experience and be specific about your achievements.
【变式训练2】 The publication of Great Expectations, which was both widely reviewed and highly praised, strengthened Dickens’ status as a leading novelist.
考点二 合成法
考点概述：许多把两个或两个以上的词素放到一起，这种构词法称为合成法。合成词通常由两个或两个以上的自由词素构成不同词性，最常见的包括：名词合成词，形容词合成词，动词合成词。
知识点1 合成名词
构成方法 例词
名词＋名词 classroom, schoolgirl, weekend, bookshop
形容词＋名词 highway, blackboard, hotdog, greenhouse
动词＋副词 get together, break down
名词＋动名词 handwriting, storytelling
副词＋名词 outbreak, overcoat
动名词＋名词 dining room, sleeping car, reading room
知识点2 合成形容词
构成方法 例词
形容词＋名词＋ ed white haired, warm hearted, kind hearted
形容词＋现在分词 good looking, easy going
形容词＋过去分词 ready made, new born
副词＋现在分词 hard working, well meaning
副词＋过去分词 well known, newly built
名词＋现在分词 English speaking, south facing
名词＋过去分词 man made, water covered
名词＋形容词 snow white, homesick
副词/形容词＋名词 right hand, full time
数词＋名词 100 meter, 17 year old
数词＋名词＋形容词 180 foot high, 10 year old
数词＋名词＋ ed four legged, one eyed
知识点3 合成动词、副词及其他
构成方法 例词
副词＋动词 overcome, understand
副词+名词 indoors, outdoors, overhead, upstairs;
形容词＋动词 dry clean, white wash
名词＋动词 typewrite, sleepwalk, daybreak, toothpick, sunrise, haircut;
名词+名词 girlfriend, cowboy, countryside, seafood, sunlight;
名词+形容词 worldwide, snow-white, ice-cool
形容词+名词 full-time, part-time
形容词+ving good-looking, ordinary-looking, easy-going;
代词+代词 everybody, anyone, somebody, nothing,
介词+其他 outside, inside, throughout;
例1.（2024·浙江卷1月）You can also find students on the class discussion board to organize a study group, or schedule in-person meeting s with your professor to discuss course concepts.
例2. (2023·新高考Ⅱ卷) They surveyed several hundred park-goers, asking them to submit a written summary online of eaningful interaction they had with nature in the park.
【变式训练1】He remembered landmarks, but since he didn’t know his town’s name, finding a small neighbourhood in a vast country proved to be impossible.
【变式训练2】And in contrast to our increasingly networked lives where the information we consume is monitored and tracked, a printed book still offers the chance of a wholly private, “off-line” activity.
考点三 转化法
考点概述：在词形不变的情况下，一个单词没有加任何词缀，词性变为另一种词性，这种构词法成为转换法。考查热点是名词转化为动词、动词转化为名词两大类。其他还有名词转化为形容词、动词转化为形容词等。转化后的词义与之前的词义通常有密切的联系。
转化方式 例词
名词-动词 hand n.手-v.递；上交； chair n.椅子-v.主持； water n.水-v.浇水；name n.名字-v.取名
动词-名词 read v.阅读-n.阅读；shout v.呼喊-n.呼喊；cry v.哭-n.哭；try v.尝试-n.尝试
形容词-动词 better a.更好的-v.改善； last a.最后的-v.持续； slow a.慢的-v.减慢； own a.自己的-v.拥有；
形容词-副词 enough足够的-足够地； late晚的-迟于； hard艰苦的-努力地；
例1.（2021北京卷）By distracting the mind from the pain, music, people say, can lower stress and anxiety levels.
例2.（2021·全国乙卷写作）
I also water the flowers in the yard and tidy up my own bedroom whenever necessary.
【变式训练】If you help me sort out the things upstairs, I'll breakfast you tomorrow.
一、 真题实战
根据构词法猜词词义
1.（2024·浙江卷1月）If you take an online course, what can you do to ensure the best possible grade
2.（2023·新高考II卷）The flight was uneventful, and Tiffy was a great passenger.
3.（2023·全国甲卷）Obviously, if precautions(预防) aren’t taken, grizzlies can become troublesome,sometimes killing farm animals or walking through yards in search of food.
4.（2023年型高考I卷）Although the studies led by Navajas have limitations and many questions remain, the potential implications for group discussion and decision-making are enormous.
5.（2023·型高考I卷）This effect capitalizes on the fact that when people make errors, those errors aren’t always the same.
6.（2022·新高考全国I卷）The set of speech sounds we use has not necessarily remained stable since the appearance of human beings, but rather the huge variety of speech sounds that we find today is the product of a complex interplay of things like biological change and cultural evolution.
7. (2022·新高考卷Ⅰ) This research overturns the popular view that all human speech sounds were present when human beings evolved around 300，000 years ago.“The set of speech sounds we use has not necessarily remained stable since the appearance of human beings，but rather the huge variety of speech sounds that we find today is the
product of a complex interplay of things like biological change and cultural evolution，”said Steven Moran，a member of the research team.
8.（2023·上海春招）Teachers and scholars must look beyond today's career-mindedness in talking about challenges to the humanities.
9.（2020 全国新高考I卷）Follow all rules carefully to prevent disqualification.
10. （2020 天津卷）We will probably have to force ourselves to waken our curiosity and discontent and keep them awake.
用括号内所给词的适当形式填空
1.（2024·浙江卷1月）Many supermarkets are no longer doing “buy one get one free” promotions because of the _______ (criticize) that they lead to waste.
2.（2024·1月九省联考）He is happy with the ______ (improve) he sees in his students’ writing and in his own writing.
3.(2023·新高考II卷) Since June 2017, right before the ______ (arrive) of the two new pandas, Meng Meng and Jiao Qing, I have been helping the panda keepers at the zoo to feel more comfortable and confident speaking English.
4.（2023·全国乙卷）The ________ (remark) development of this city, which is consciously designed to protect the past while stepping into the modern world
5.（2022·1月浙江卷）When the answer was no ,she declined the________(invite) .
6.（2022·6月浙江卷）John Olson, a former (photograph)and his team turn paintings into fully textured 3D models.
7.(2023·新高考Ⅰ卷) Xiao long bao(soup dumplings), those amazing constructions of delicate dumpling wrappers, encasing hot, 　　　　　　 (taste) soup and sweet, fresh meat, are far and away my favourite Chinese street food.
8.(2022·新高考II卷) Whenever I tell people that I teach English at the Berlin Zoo, I almost always get a questioning look. Behind it, the person is trying to figure out who exactly I teach…the animals
Since June 2017, right before the arrival of the two new pandas, Meng Meng and Jiao Qing, I have been helping the panda keepers at the zoo to feel more comfortable and 　　　　　　 (confidence) speaking English.
9.(2023·1月浙江高考卷) The hutongs they formed were orderly, lined by ________ (space)homes and walled gardens. Farther from the center lived the commoners and laborers.
10.（2023·全国甲卷) ______ (difference) from traditional fables, Carson’s story ends with an accusation instead of a moral.
二、 命题演练
用括号内所给词的适当形式填空
1.（2024·江苏·模拟预测）Following the barbecue-induced travel craze to the city of Zibo in East China, Chinese social media has once again highlighted the next internet-famous city worthy of (explore).
2.（2024·江苏·泰州模拟）It also recreated (memory) moments of genuine exchanges among people.
3.（2024·浙江·二模） It is believed that by arranging things (appropriate), one can harmonize the energies of the natural world.
4.（2024·浙江·模拟预测）Apparently, respect for the elders is the (found) of the Chinese moral system.
5.（2024·全国·高三模拟）Peking Opera is a (combine) of music, dance, art, acrobatics, and martial arts.
6.（23-24高三·湖南长沙·阶段练习）Nowadays, it is mainly in those minor ethnic groups that this life passage is still celebrated. In some parts of China, this ceremony is experiencing a (revive).
（2024·湖南雅礼中学·高三模拟）The Manchu rulers then felt that this ceremony was (meaning) and thus abolished this ceremony which had lasted for thousands of years.
8.（2024·湖南雅礼中学·高三模二模 At the time, Chinese officials didn’t agree with the (decide).
9.（2024·湖北·沙市中学模拟）The West Lake is (definite) a place people can never miss when visiting Hangzhou.
（2024·湖南一模） Interesting, meaningful and featured activities are (special) designed from the moment

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