资源简介 一、 意义:在一个复合句子中,宾语是一个句子,我们把这个句子叫宾语从句。二、宾语从句的结构:主语+谓语+if/ whether/ that/ 特殊疑问词+主语+谓语。如:一)that引导的宾语从句:1.He thinks that she is a good girl.他认为她是一个好女孩儿。2.I’m afraid that I have made a mistake.我恐怕我犯了一个错误。3.The reason for his absence was that he was ill.他缺席的原因是他病了。4.He said that he knew you.他说他知道你。5.He thinks that he’s the cleverest in his class.他认为他是班上最聪明的。6.She said in her letter that she would come next month.她在信中说,她将会下个月来。7. He thought that he was strong and that only he could help them.他认为他是强壮的,并且认为只有他能帮助他们。8.Lily said that she was at home at that time.莉莉说那个时候她正在家里。二)if/ whether引导的宾语从句:当后边没有or not时,能用if或whether;当后边有or not时,只能用whether。9.Could you tell me if/ whether your brother is a league member 你能告诉我你的哥哥是否是一个共青团员?10.I don’t know if/ whether they’re talking about me.我不知道他们是否正在谈论我。11.Can you tell me whether the old man is alive or not 你能告诉我那个老人是否还活着?12.He asked me if/ whether I could help him pick apples next week.他问我,我是否能够在下周帮他摘苹果。三)特殊疑问词引导的宾语从句:13.He doesn’t know where the post office is.他不知道邮局在哪儿。14.He told me what I should read.他告诉我应该读什么。15.This is why we put off the meeting.这就是为什么我推迟开会的原因。16.I asked him what he wanted.我问他想要什么。17.Can you guess who is your father talking with now 你能猜出来你父亲现在正在和谁谈话吗?18.He asked me how they would finish the work.他问我他们将怎样完成工作。19.Do you know when they began to teach her English 你知道他们什么时候开始教她英语吗?20.They know which hospital she works in.他们知道她在哪个医院工作。三、宾语从句的时态:宾语从句的时态要和主句的时态保持一致。一)当主句是现在时态时,从句该用什么时态就用什么时态。如:1. Could you tell me where you bought the toy bear 你能告诉我了你在什么地方买的这个玩具熊吗?2. I wonder when we will have a meeting.我不知道我们将什么时候开会。二)当主句是过去时态时,从句用相应的过去时态。如:1. I called my friends to see Whether they would like to go.我给我的朋友打电话,让他们看看他们将是否愿意来。(主句的时态是过去时,从句里的will改成了would。)2.I asked him what he wanted.我问他他想要什么。(主句的时态是过去时态,从句里的一般现在时态改成了一般过去时态。)四、注意事项:1. 看语序。要确定宾语从句的语序是主语+谓语。2. 时态。要注意主语的时态。3. 特殊疑问词在宾语从句中做主语时要注意语序是:特殊疑问词+谓语。如:Could you tell me what’s wrong with you Could you tell me what’s the matter with you Could you tell me what’s the trouble with you 你能告诉我你怎么了吗?She didn't know what happened to you 她不知道你发生了什么事。4.宾语从句中的意思表示客观真理时,一律用一般现在时态。如:Our teacher said the earth runs around the sun.我们老师说地球围着太阳转。5.注意主句是could, would等表示委婉请求的主句,其实是一般现在时态,其后的宾语从句该用什么时态就用什么时态。如:1)Could/Would you please tell me where they’re playing cards 请你告诉我他们正在什么地方玩牌好吗?2)Could you find out why he’s always late for school 你能发现他为什么总是上学迟到吗? 四、 做题时的思路:先看语序,再看时态,再看意思。中考真题1. (2022年黑龙江省哈尔滨市)—Could you tell me ________ on weekdays —I usually go to school on foot but sometimes by bike.A. why do you go to school B. when you went to school C. how you go to school2. (2022年北京市) —Do you know _________the new national park —Yes, I do. To protect wildlife and benefit the local peopleA. why did China set up B. why China set upC. when did China set up D. when China set up3.(2022年天津市)—Could you tell me ________ —It’s about 6,300 kilometres long.A. how wide is the Changjiang River B. how wide the Changjiang River isC. how long is the Changjiang River D. how long the Changjiang River is4. (2022年海南省) —Have you decided ________ the children in the poor area —By sending them books and schoolbags.A. how you will help B. how will you help C. when you will help5. (2022年吉林省)—Kate, do you know______ —In the school hall.A. when we’ll have the English partyB. why we’ll have the English partyC. where we’ll have the English party6.(2022年云南省)—Your stamps are so fantastic. Could you please tell me______?—Oh,I bought them in the post office next to the bank.A. why did you buy them B. where did you buy themB. why you bought them D. where you bought them7. (2022年重庆市A卷)-Can you tell me ______ -Yes. In the language center.A. where will the speech competition be heldB. where the speech competition will be heldC. when will the speech competition be heldD. when the speech competition will be held8. (2022年重庆市B卷)—Excuse me, do you know ________ —Yes. Next Friday.A.when will the volunteers come backB.when the volunteers will come backC.how will the volunteers come backD.how the volunteers will come back9. (2022年辽宁省沈阳市)—Hi, Tom. Could you tell me ________ —I’ll go there next Sunday.A. how you will go to Beiling Park B. when you will go to Beiling ParkC. how will you go to Beiling Park D. when will you go to Beiling Park10. (2022年江苏省扬州市)—Excuse me, could you tell me ________ —You can take No. 6 bus there. It’s about 15 minutes’ ride.A. how far is the Slender West LakeB. how far the Slender West Lake isC. how can I get to the Slender West Lake11. (2022年江苏省宿迁市)--Jenny,do you know ________ --Er,next Tuesday.A.when the sports meeting will take place B.when will the sports meeting take placeC.where the sports meeting will take place D.where will the sports meeting take place12. (2022年江苏省无锡市)—There will be a robot on show in our school next week.—Really I wonder ________.A. what it likes B. what it is like C. what does it like D. what is it like13. (2022年山东省济南市) — Excuse me. I am new here. Can you tell me ________ — Sure. Go straight and you will see it on your left.A. where is the nearest cinemaB. where was the nearest cinemaC. where the nearest cinema isD. where the nearest cinema was14. (2022年湖北省武汉市) —Can you tell me __________ —To get practical skills.A. what do you learn about safety B. when do you have the art festivalC. how you balance your studies and hobbies D. why you learn cooking at school15. (2022年湖北省十堰市) —Could you please tell me ________ —Next Sunday.A. when I can get back my notebook B. when can I get back my notebookC. how long I can get back my notebook D. how long can I get back my notebook16. (2022年湖南省怀化市)—Do you know _______ —She is a teacher.A. What is Linda’s job B. What Linda’s job is C. What was Linda’s job17. ---Could you tell me ___ --- “Rome was not built in a day.” You should try to give it enough chances to become strong.A. why I should do to have a good memory B. what I can do to have a good memory C. how can I have a good memory 18. —Do you know ____ the meeting —Tomorrow morning. A. when they had B. when they are going to have C. when did they have D. when are they going to have19.—Could you tell me ___ yuanxiao in China —Usually at the Lantern Festival.A. when do people eat B. how do people eatC. when people eat D. how people eat20.—Do you know ____ —This afternoon. A.when will the policeman give us a talk B.where will the policeman give us a talk C.when the policeman will give us a talk D.where the policeman will give us a talk参考答案1-5 CBDAC 6-10 DBBBB 11-15 ABCDA 16-20 BBBBC动词变名词1.v+ ment 结尾achieve —— achievement 成就advertise —— advertisement 广告agree —— agreement 同意amuse——amusement 娱乐commit —— commitment 奉献develop —— development 发展disagree —— disagreement 不赞同equip 装备 —— equipment 装备,器材govern 统治 —— government 政府manage——management 经营,管理argue —— argument 争吵2.V+ ion 结尾attract —— attraction 吸引discuss —— discussion 讨论express ——-expression 词语;表达instruct —— instruction 指导, 介绍invent—— invention 发明predict ——prediction 预言impress —— impression 印象suggest ——suggestion 建议,暗示educate —— education 教育graduate —— graduation 毕业operate —— operation 操作,动手术illustrate —— illustration 阐明,举例说明pollute —— pollution 污染introduce ——introduction 介绍organize ——organization组织imagine —— imagination 想象力inspire——inspiration 灵感,鼓舞人心的invite —— invitation 邀请compete —— competition 竞争,比赛pronounce ——pronunciation发音admit —— admission 承认permit —— permission 允许conclude —— conclusion 结论decide —— decision 决定describe —— description描写,描绘resolve —— resolution 决心solve ——solution 解决方法3.V+ ance 结尾allow —— allowance 允许appear —— appearance 外貌 ,出现perform —— performance 演出exist —— existance 存在4.V+ ing 结尾end —— ending 结尾,结局train ——training训练mean —— meaning 意义say—— saying 谚语remind —— reminding提醒bathe ——bathing沐浴5.词尾加-er或-or后变成表示“某一类人”的名词work——worker 工人teach——teacher老师sing——singer 歌手jump——jumper跳高运动员play——player表演者、运动员learn——learner 学习者visit——visitor访问者invent——inventor发明家6.V+ 其他beg——beggar 乞丐sit——seat 座位believe —— belief 信仰behave —— behavior 行为know—— knowledge 知识fly—— flight 飞行mix —— mixture 混合物press —— pressure 压力serve —— service 服务succeed ——success 成功pursue —— pursuit 追求,从事propose —— proposal 建议withdraw —— withdrawal 取钱;收回;撤退survive —— survival--survivor 幸存者arrive —— arrival到达analyze —— analysis 分析形容词变名词1.词尾ent改为ency或enceefficient有效率的——efficiency 效率patient——patience/impatience 耐性/无耐心dependent——dependence依赖性independent——independency 独立性urgent——urgency 紧急2.ble结尾,ble改为bilitypossible——possibility 可能responsible——responsibility 责任;职责3.其他accurate——accuracy 准确性prosperous——prosperity 繁荣true——truth 真相wide——width 宽度long——length 长度high——height 高度名词/动词变形容词1.名词+yhonest —— honesty 诚实的guilt 罪恶——guilty 内疚的health——healthy 健康的luck——lucky 幸运的cloud——cloudy 多云的wind—windy 多风的rain——rainy 多雨的snow——snowy 多雪的tourist —— touristy 游客多的er结尾,改er为ryhunger——hungry 饥饿的anger —— angry 生气的fog—— foggy 有雾的sun—— sunny 阳关灿烂的fur—— furry 毛皮的shine——shiny 发亮的taste —— tasty 美味的2. 名词/动词+ ed以辅音+辅音结尾的单词,直接加edtalent —— talented 有天赋的offend ——offended 生气的crowd ——crowded 拥挤的以元音字母e结尾的单词直接加dbalance —— balanced 平衡的organize——organized 有组织的pollute ——polluted 被污染的please ——pleased 高兴的元音加辅音结尾的单词,词尾辅音双写再加edspot —— spotted 有斑点的3.名词+ ful/lesscare —— careful/ careless 小心的/ 粗心的help—— helpful / helpless 有帮助的/ 无助的use—— useful/ useless有用的 / 无用的meaning —— meaningful / meaningless有意义的/无意义的colour—— colourful /colourless多彩的/无色的pain 疼痛 ——painful /painless痛苦的/ 不痛的thank—— thankful / thankless 充满感激的/ 不知感恩的peace 和平 —— peaceful 和平的play游戏 —— playful 爱玩耍的home —— homeless 无家可归的4.名词/动词+ ablechange —— changeable 易变的adjust——adjustable 可调整的comfort——comfortable 舒适的knowledge——knowledgeable 知识渊博的suit ——suitable 合适的动词以辅音加y结尾 把y变i 加able ,deny—— deniable 可否认的rely—— reliable 可靠的5.名词+ ouscourage——courageous 勇敢的danger—— dangerous 危险的以y结尾,改y为i再加ousmystery 神秘—— mysterious 神秘的6.ce 变 tconfidence—— confident 自信的difference——different 不同的dependence —— dependent 依赖他人的independence—— independent 独立的7.词尾加 aladdition—— additional 附加的,额外的music—— musical 音乐的person——personal (私人的)nation—— national 国家的education——educational有教育意义的tradition—— traditional 传统的origin起源——original 新颖的;独创的以元音字母结尾的单词,去掉词尾元音加alnature——natural 自然的globe—— global 全球的特例:class—— classical 经典的medicine 药——medical 医学的grammar—— grammatical 语法的8.名词+ lyfriend—— friendly 友好的live——lively 活跃的,有生气的love——lovely 可爱的week——weekly 每周的man——manly 男子气概的;强壮的9.词尾+ enwood—— wooden 木制的wool—— woolen 羊毛的10. 表示方位的词East——easternWest——westernSouth——southernNorth——northern11.四大洲Asia 亚洲—— AsianAfrica 非洲——AfricanEurope欧洲—— EuropeanAmerica 美洲——American12.其他energy精力——energetic 精力充沛的strategy——strategic 战略的scientist——scientific 科学的fool 傻子——foolish 愚蠢的love——loving 慈爱的pleasure——pleasant令人愉快的 / pleased高兴的pride——proud 自豪的形容词变动词1.词尾加izemodern——modernize 使...现代化social——socialize 使...社会化2.词尾加enfast——fasten 使固定;集中于short—— shorten 缩短wide——widen 放宽less——lessen 使...减少特例(有变形):long——lengthen 使延长strong ——strengthen 加强;巩固3.词前加enlarge —— enlarge 扩大;放大形容词变副词1.形容词+ lybad——badly 坏地bright——brightly 明亮地casual——casually 随意地clear——clearly 清楚地complete——completely 完全correct——correctly 正确地final——finally 最后fortunate——fortunately幸运地general——generally 一般来讲loud——loudly 大声地particular ——particularly特别地polite——politely 礼貌地proper ——properly适当地main——mainly 主要地most ——mostly 多半,大多数normal——normally 正常地quick——quickly 迅速地quiet——quietly 轻轻地,安静地real——really 真正地recent ——recently 最近;近来sad——sadly 悲哀地slow——slowly 缓慢地special——specially 专门,特殊地specific——specifically 特定地,明确地strong——strongly 坚决地, 强烈地sudden——suddenly突然usual——usually 通常2. 以le 结尾的, 去e + ycomfortable——comfortably 舒服地gentle——gently 温柔地possible——possibly 可能地simple——simply 仅仅;只;简单地terrible——terribly 非常;极度地3.辅音字母+ y 变y为 ilyeasy——easily 容易地heavy——heavily 沉重地happy——happily 快乐地4.特殊good——well好地true——truly 真实地确定主题句主题句是对全文的概括,是文章的主旨。它能在文章中起到“画龙点睛”的作用。通常主题句出现在一篇文章的开头,而后,全文对主题句所提出的内容进行解释,扩展。写主题句应注意以下几点:①归纳出你要写的文章的几个要点②提炼出一句具有概括性的话③主题句应具有可读性,抓住、吸引读者。注意篇章结构合理布局一般为三段式开始部分——说出文中的要点、核心问题。正文部分——围绕主题开展叙述、讨论。结尾部分——对全文的总结和概括。要做到全文中心突出、段落之间必须是有机地联系,内容完整、连贯。前后呼应,去除与主题无关的内容。写作技巧一如何开篇技巧1:主旨设问更给力I think it's very important for us to do sports. Why Because it's good for our health andstudy.I think it's very important for us to protect environment. Why Because it's good for living.I think it's very important for us to learn English. Why Because it's the most-widely used language in the world.技巧2:从我们到我Different people have different _____, but / and I have / prefer _____二如何写正文句型变化:变化原则1:表达观点要“自我”In my opinion,we should pay much more attention on the weak subjects!变化原则2:两句之间要过渡I left my pen at home.What was worse,the drugstore was closed that day.变化原则3:凡是问题阐述用形容词句型普通级句型The environment is bad.比较级句型The environment is getting worse and worse.The environment is getting much worse than before.最高级句型I have never seen the worseenvironment.变化原则4:表达作用多用it句式Reading is a good way to relax myself.Watching movies is a wonderful way to learn English.变化原则5:增强情感转感叹How beneficial it is for us to read!How important it is for students to do sports.变化原则6:事情到感情句型I was very happy that I got an A in English last term.It makes me feel happy that I got an A in English last term.变化原则7:形容词句型升级It was an unusual experience in my life.It was one of the most unusual experience in my life.变化原则8:活用there be结合定从Many reasons made me like reading.There are many reasons why I enjoy reading词汇变化:变化原则1:make更有feelI made a progress in English.I feel proud.It makes me feel proud to make a progress in English.变化原则2:连词不再用and增补not only…but also…,as well as…进阶what's more / worse,furthermore转折while,however变化原则3:喜欢不再like用be fond of, enjoy,be crazy about变化原则4:提出措施尽量不用should用suppose, had better, have no choice but, it's our duty to三如何结尾1.各种号召——事不宜迟Don't put it off.2.各种越来越——多多益善the+比较级+主谓,the+比较级+主谓越…就越…The better we take care of the environment,the more beautiful the world will be.3.名言警句学习类 Practice makes perfect.运动类 Rome was not built in a day.环保类 Nothing is impossible to a willing mind.爱好类 Interest is the best teacher.写作锦囊锦囊1:巧用连接词过渡1) 次序关系:first, first of all, to begin with, to start with, second, next, then, afterwards, finally, eventually, lastly, at last, last but not least2) 因果关系:because, since, as, for,due to, in view of, for this reason, for the reason that..., as a result, so, therefore, thus, hence, so that3) 转折关系:but, however, though, even though4) 并列关系:and, also, too, as well as, either, or, both...and...5) 递进关系:moreover, in this way, not only...but also..., not...but..., in addition (to), besides, on the one hand..., on the other hand..., in order tot, meanwhile6) 比较关系:like, likewise, similarly, compared with, compared to, apart from, rather than7) 对照关系:rather, neither...nor, although, though, but, however,on the contrary, different from this8) 举例关系:like, such as, for example,in particular, including, as for, as to, according to9) 强调关系:in fact, especially, particularly,obviously, what is more important, certainly, of course, without a doubt10) 条件关系:if, unless, lest, provided that, if it is the case, in this sense, once,if possible, if necessary, if so11) 归纳总结:therefore, in short, in brief, in other words, on the whole, in sum, to sum up, in conclusion, in summary, to conclude, the conclusion can be drawn that..., for this reason锦囊2:掌握常用句型1.inorderto为了实现他的梦想,他学习非常努力。He worked very hard in order to realize his dream.3.so…that他们太累了,除了伸懒腰什么都做不了。They were all so tired that they could do nothing but yawn.5.wouldrather…than他宁愿听他人讲而不愿自己说。He would rather listen to others than talk himself.6.not only…but also在短短的三年的时间里她不但完成了所有课程,而且还获得了博士学位。In just three years, she had not only finished all the lessons , but also received her doctor's degree.7.either…or如果考试过关,你可以买一个MP3或去云南玩一趟。You could either buy an MP3 or go to Yunnan for a visit if you pass the exam.8.neither…nor他是一个无聊的人,既不爱娱乐,也不爱读书。He is a boring man. He likes neither entertainment nor reading.9.not…until直到他告诉我发生的事,我才了解真相。I didn't know the truth until she told me what happened.10.find it adj to do…我觉得作听力时有必要作笔记。I find it necessary to take own notes while listening.11.as well as他善良又乐于助人。He was kind as well as helpful.12.…as well这个小孩活泼又可爱。The child is active and funny as well.13.one…the other你看见桌子上有两只笔吗?一支是红色的,另一支是黑色的。Have you seen two pens on the desk One is red, the other is black.14.some…others每个人都很忙,有些在读书,有些在写作。Every one is busy in classroom. Some are reading, others are writing.1. 英语的词类句子要由词组成,英语词类有十种:句中成分用实词,名、代、动、副、数、形容;冠、介、连词和感叹,虚词附加或沟通。词类功能掌握了,造句之时好运用。2. 语序歌主、谓、宾、表同汉语,定语有同也有异。状语位置更特殊,不能全和汉语比。3. 肯定句变一般疑问句have和be提句首,其它助词Do开头。时间、人称由do变,动词只把原形留。谓语助词有几个,第一助词提句首。4. 肯定句变否定句否定句中加not,放在be和have后。其它要加动词do,do的后面加not,时间、人称由do变,动词原形总保留。谓语若是助词多,not紧跟第一个。5. 名词的所有格名词只变数,不分主宾格。人和动物类,可变所有格。撇(’)后加s,相当汉语“的”。时间、距离等,也变所有格。6. 名词变复数单数变为复数式,加上“s”统言之。下列结尾名词后,要加“s”先加“e”:发音[∫][t∫][s]和[z],或是辅音加“o”时。有些名词变复数,词尾变化要注意:“y”前字母是辅音, 一律变“y”为“ie”;遇到“f / fe”,有时需要变“ve”少数名词不规则,特别情况靠硬记。7. 时间名词前所有介词的速记年月周前要用 in,日子前面却不行。遇到几号要用“on”,上午下午又是“in”。要说某日上下午,用 on 换 in 才能行。午夜黄昏用 at,黎明用它也不错。at 也在时分前,说“差”用 to,说“过”要用 past。8. 介词用法歌介词加宾语,才能有实意。表、定、状、宾、补,词组在句里。9. 介词顺口溜in 在……里,out 在……外,在旁边的是 beside,靠近的为 by。on 在……上,under 在……下,above 在上头,below 在底下。10. be的用法歌动词be,变化大,“I”用“am”“You”用“are”,Is用于它(it)、他(he)、她(she)复数一定要用“are”,切莫用错闹笑话。11. 动词的时态四种时间各四式,联想对比便于记。时间现在和过去,各自还有将来时。一般、完成、进行式,完成进行是四式。四四共有十六种,看来复杂掌握易;除去have / be以外,动词变化有规律。12. 动词形式的变化动词根本是原形,变化形式有四种:原形词尾加“s”,现在第三单人称;过去原形加“ed”,过去分词也相同;原形加上“ing”,现在分词或动名。原形词尾加“s”,如同名词复数式。若加“ed / ing”,以下情况要注意:词尾有 ie 只加 d,Ing去掉无声 e ;词尾 ie 变成 y ,然后再加 ing ;辅音之后y结尾,Y要变 i 加 ed;现在分词不变y,直接加上ing;词尾重读闭音节,结尾辅音都双写,r 做结尾也一样,重读音节 r 双写;结尾字母若是“t”,不是重读也双写。过去分词过去式,不按规则也有些。13. 动词不定式不带to的动词五看(notice,observe,see,look at,watch),三使役(have,let,make),二听(hear,listen to),一感觉(feel)。按:在上述动词后做宾语补语用的不定式不带to。14. 非谓语动词动词不做谓语用,不定、分词与动名。to 加原形不定式,词组可做名、副、形。分词现在和过去,相当副词和形容。原形加上“ing”,动词具有名词性。15. 基数词变序数词(之一)基变序,有规律,词尾字母 tdd 。①八减 t,九减 e,f 要把 ve 替。②ty 把 y 变成 i ,记住th前有个e。③① 指first、second、third。② 指eight去掉t,nine去掉e,five和twelve去掉ve加上f。③ 指twenty→twentieth等。16. 基数词变序数词(之二)第一、二、三要全变,①其余“th”加后边,②“th”里有例外,你需格外记明白:八减 t,九减 e,③字母 f 代ve,④ty 变 tie。⑤① one-first,two-second,three-third。② four-fourth,seven-seventh,hundred-hundredth。。③ eight-eighth ,nine-ninth。④ five-fifth,twelve-twelfth。⑤ twenty-twentieth,sixty-sixtieth。17. There be的位置和用法说明何时何地有,there be在主语前。随着主语第一个,be的形式做变换。18. be going的用法be going 是助动词,后跟加 to 不定式。说明“准备”或“就要”,时间人称只变 be。19. have+gothave 作为动词“有”,助动词也有have;have got 惯用语,got 可有也可无。若变否定疑问,去掉 got 再加 do;或把 have 提句首,not 加在 have 后。20. 以or结尾的词售票员班长(照)镜子,蓖麻教授(找)医生。按:有些同学常把-or结尾的词误拼为-er结尾的词。初中课本只有六个以-or结尾的词。它们是:doctor,monitor,conductor,mirror,castor,professor。21. 以f(e)结尾的名词复数以f(e)结尾的名词,在中学课本里,出现了不少。其名词复数形式:有的直接在-f(e)后加s;有的要改-f(e)为ve再加-s;个别单词上述两种形式均可(如handkerchief→handkerchiefs或handkerchieves)。似乎不易记住这些规则,可只要记只下面这首顺口溜,相信你就不会觉得难了。妻子持刀去宰狼,小偷吓得发了慌;躲在架后保己命,半片树叶遮目光。按:顺口溜中的黑体字是初中阶段学过的以-f(s)结尾的名词:wife(妻子),knife(小刀),wolf(狼),thief(小偷),shelf(架子),self(自己),life(生命),half(一半),leaf(树叶)。这九个词变复数时,都是改-f(e)为ve再加-s。由self构成的复合词,其变化与self相同(如myself→ourselves;yourself→yourselves;himelf,herself,itself→themselves)。表示方位的介词:in, to, on1. in 表示在某地范围之内。Shanghai is/lies in the east of China. 上海在中国的东部。2. to 表示在某地范围之外。Japan is/lies to the east of China. 日本位于中国的东面。3. on 表示与某地相邻或接壤。Mongolia is/lies on the north of China. 蒙古国位于中国北边。表示计量的介词:at, for, by1. at 表示“以……速度”“以……价格”。It flies at about 900 kilometers an hour. 它以每小时900公里的速度飞行。I sold my car at a high price. 我以高价出售了我的汽车。2. for 表示“用……交换,以……为代价”。He sold his car for 500 dollars.他以五百元把车卖了。注意:at表示单价(price) ,for表示总钱数。 3. by 表示“以……计”,后跟度量单位。They paid him by the month. 他们按月给他计酬。Here eggs are sold by weight. 在这里鸡蛋是按重量卖的。表示材料的介词:of, from, in1. of 成品仍可看出原料。This box is made of paper. 这个盒子是纸做的。2. from 成品已看不出原料。Wine is made from grapes. 葡萄酒是葡萄酿成的。3. in 表示用某种材料或语言。Please fill in the form in pencil first. 请先用铅笔填写这个表格。They talk in English. 他们用英语交谈。表示工具或手段的介词:by, with, on1. by 用某种方式,多用于交通。I went there by bus. 我坐公共汽车去那儿。2. with表示“用某种工具”。He broke the window with a stone. 他用石头把玻璃砸坏了。注意:with表示用某种工具时,必须用冠词或物主代词。3. on 表示“以……方式”,多用于固定词组。They talked on the telephone. 他们通过电话进行交谈。She learns English on the radio/on TV. 她通过收音机/电视学英语。表示关于的介词:of, about, on1. of 仅是提到或谈到过某人或某事。He spoke of the film the other day. 他前几天提到了这部影片。2. about 指“关于”某人或某事物的较详细的情况。Can you tell me something about yourself 你能告诉我关于你自己的事情吗?3. on 指“关于”学术性的或严肃的事。It’s a textbook on the history of china. 它是一本有关中国历史的教科书。表原因或理由的介词:for, at, from, of, with, by, because of1. for 表示原因,与sorry, famous, punish, praise, thank, blame连用。I am sorry for what I said to you. 我后悔不该对你讲那些话。2. at 指情感变化的原因,意为“因听到或看到而……”。He was surprised at the news. 听到这消息他大吃一惊。3. from 指“外在的原因”,如受伤、车祸等。He died from the wound. 他因受伤而致死。4. of 指“内在的原因”,如病、饿等。The old man died of hunger. 老人死于饥饿。5. with 指生理上或情感上的由外界到内心的原因。Hearing the news, he jumped with joy. 他们听到这个消息,欣喜若狂。He was shaking with anger. 他气得浑身发抖。6. by 表示外部的,尤其是暴力的或无意中造成某种结果的原因。Her body was bent by age. 他因年老背弯了。She took your umbrella by mistake. 我因弄错拿了你的雨伞。7. because of 表示引起结果的直接原因。He retired last month because of illness/because he ill.他因生病上个月退休了.8. owing to 多表示引起某不良后果的原因。Owing to the rain they could not come. 由于下雨他们没来。9. thanks to 表示引起某种幸运结果的原因,常译为“幸亏……,多亏……”。Thanks to John, we won the game. 多亏约翰,我们才赢了这场比赛。10. out of 表示动机的起因,常译为“出于……”。He asked the question out of curiosity. 他出于好奇才问了那个问题。11. through 多表示因局部而影响全局的原因。The war was lost through bad organization. 战争因组织不周而失败了。表示好像或当作的介词:like, as1. like表示“像……一样”,其实不是。Peter the Great, like his country, was strong and proud. 彼得大帝像他的国家一样强健和自豪。2. as表示“作为,以……身份”,其实也是。He talked to me as a father. 他以父亲的身份跟我谈话。注:as作连词时,可表示“好像……”。The work is not so difficult as you imagine. 这工作不像你想像的那么困难。表示支持或反对的介词:against, foragainst 反对,for支持,互为反义词。Are you for my idea or against it 你赞同还是反对我的想法?表示除某人某物外的介词:besides, excep1. besides是包括后面所提人或物在内的“除……外,还”。Thirty students went to the cinema besides him. 除他以外,还有30个学生去看了电影(共计31人去)。He is interested in tennis besides(=as well as)football.他对足球和网球都感兴趣。2. except是指不包括后面所提人或物在内的“除去”。Everyone is excited except me. 除我以外的每个人都很激动(我并不激动)。All the visitors are Japanese except him. 除他以外的所有游客都是日本人。(他不是日本人)注意:(A) except通常与表示全体的all, every连用;若与other连用,只能用besides。He had other people to take care of besides me. 除我之外,他还要照顾别人。(B) except是排除同类;而except for是排除非同类,常在说明基本情况后,从细节上加上修正。The composition is very good except for a few spelling mistakes. 除了几处拼写错误之外,这篇作文整体还是不错的。(作文与拼写错误是非同类的)但except for 有时也可代替 except,特别是在句首时,因为 except 是不能用于句首的。Except for George, you can all go. 除乔治外,你们都可以去。 展开更多...... 收起↑ 资源列表 初中复习资料:英语词性转换汇总.docx 初中英语介词知识点归纳.docx 初中英语写作三大要点(附写作锦囊).docx 初中英语语法21个口诀记忆法.docx 初中英语语法精讲 精练-宾语从句.docx