资源简介

Unit2 Sports culture
一、 重点单词
(一) 英汉对记(39)
1. solidarity n. 团结，齐心协力(16)
2. joint adj. 联合的，共同的
n. 关节；接合处(16)
3. motto n. (pl. mottoes, mottos) 格言，座右铭(16)
4. boundary n. 边界，分界线(16)
5. proceed vi. 接着做，继而做；继续从事(或进行)；行进，前往(17)
6. flame n. 火焰，火舌(17)
7. consistent adj. 一致的，始终如一的；连续的(17)
8. rank vi.& vt. 属于某等级，把……分等级；排列，使排成行
　n. 地位，级别；等级；排，列；军衔(17)
9. trend n. 趋势，趋向(17)
10. hurdle n. (hurdles) 跨栏赛；栏架；障碍(17)
11. advent n. (重要事件、人物等的)到来，出现(17)
12. ascend vi.& vt. 上升，升高，登高(17)
13. identical adj. 完全同样的(19)
14. fellow adj. 同伴的，同情况的，同类的
n. 同辈，同类；男人，家伙(19)
15. relay n. 接力赛
vt. 转发(信息、消息等)；播放，转播(19)
16. chest n. 胸部；大箱子(20)
17. cheek n. 面颊，脸颊(20)
18. amateur n. 业余运动员，业余爱好者；生手，外行
adj. 业余的(20)
19. ankle n. 踝，踝关节(20)
20. session n. 一段时间，一场；会议，开庭；学年(20)
21. marathon n. 马拉松赛跑；马拉松式的活动(或工作)(20)
22. constitution n. 体质，身体素质；宪法，章程(21)
23. pour vt.& vi. 倒，斟；倾倒，倒出；涌流，倾泻；下大雨(21)
24. celebrity n. 名人；名望(23)
25. humility n. 谦逊，谦虚(23)
26. grace n. 高雅，文雅；优美；风度，体面(23)
27. dignity n. 尊严；自尊；高贵(23)
28. idiom n. 习语，成语(25)
29. league n. 联赛；等级，级别(25)
n. (the net) 球门网；网，网状物(25)
31. council n. 政务委员会，地方议会；市政服务机构；委员会(26)
32. venue n. 活动场地(26)
33. curveball n. 曲线球(26)
34. handle vt. 处理，应付；控制，操纵
n. 把手，拉手；柄(26)
35. fist n. 拳，拳头(26)
36. waist n. 腰，腰部；(衣服的)腰部(26)
37. remark n. 谈论，言论
vi.& vt. 说起，评论(26)
38. towel n. 毛巾，抹布，纸巾(26)
39. iron n. 铁；熨斗
vt. & vi. (用熨斗)熨，烫平(27)
(二) 派生倍记(10)
1. racial adj. 种族的；种族间的(16)→race n. 赛跑；竞争；人种；种族；民族 vi.& vt. 参加比赛；使比赛；(使)快速移动；快速转动
2. afterwards adv. 以后，后来(17)→after prep. 在……后；在(某人)后面；寻找；追捕；仅次于；虽然；鉴于；模仿；与……对比 conj. 在……以后 adv. 后来；以后 adj. 后来的
3. humanity n. (统称)人，人类；人性；人道，仁慈(17)→human adj. 人的；人本性的；通人情的 n. 人
4. election n. 选举，推选；当选(17)→elect vt. & vi. 选举；选择 adj. 当选而尚未就职的，候任的
5. gradually adv. 逐渐地，逐步地(20)→gradual adj. 逐渐的；平缓的
6. unselfish adj. 无私的，忘我的(23)→selfish adj. 自私的→selfless adj. 无私的
7. insurance n. 保险业；保险；保险费(25)→insure vt. & vi. 投保；承保
8. complain vi.& vt. 抱怨，投诉(25)→complaint n. 抱怨；不满的原因；疾病
9. cruel adj. 刻毒伤人的，残酷的(26)→cruelty n. 残酷；虐待；不公
10. literally adv. 真正地，确实地；按字面，字面上(26)→literal adj. 字面意义的；完全按原文的；缺乏想象力的
(三) 合成并记(7)
1. BCE abbr. 公元前(16)
2. half marathon n. 半程马拉松赛跑(20)
3. chairman n. (委员会的)委员长，主席；(会议的)主席，主持人(21)
4. bobsleigh n. 大雪橇(供两人或两人以上比赛用)(23)
5. salesman n. 售货员，推销员(25)
6. backfire vi. 产生事与愿违的不良(或危险)后果(26)
7. ballpark n. 棒球场；变动范围(26)
(四) 短语强记(13)
1. track and field 田径运动(17)
2. call on sb to do sth 正式邀请某人做某事；请求某人做某事(17)
3. walk on air 欢天喜地，得意扬扬(23)
4. keep sth in perspective 正确客观地看待(23)
5. find one's way into 偶然来到，无意中处于(25)
6. move the goalposts 改变条件(或规则)(25)
7. score an own goal 进乌龙球；无意中做让自己吃亏的事(25)
8. in the ballpark 差不多(26)
9. a ballpark estimate 大致相近的估计(26)
10. throw sb a curveball 给某人出难题(26)
11. three strikes and you are out 三振出局(26)
12. below the belt 不公正的，伤人的(26)
13. throw in the towel 认输，承认失败(26)
(五) 重点例释(17)
1. participate vi. 参加，参与
(1) participation n. 参加；参与
(2) participant n. 参加者；参与者
College students should actively participate in social practice, which will lead to the acquisition of more knowledge and skills, now that what they learn from books is limited.
既然大学生从书本上学到的东西是有限的，那么他们就应该积极参与会使他们获得更多知识和技能的社会实践。
Without the participation of so many people, the completion of such a project in a short period would be out of the question.
没有那么多人的参与，在短期内完成这项工作是不可能的。
She is an active participant in this activity.
她积极参与这项活动。
2. compete vi. 参加比赛；竞争
(1) compete with/against 与……竞争
(2) compete in 在……方面竞争/比赛
(3) compete for 为……而竞争/比赛
(4) competition n. 比赛；竞争
(5) competitor n. 竞赛者；对手
(6) competitive adj. 竞争的；有竞争力的
Life is like a long race where we compete with others to go beyond ourselves.
生活就像一次长跑，我们与他人竞争，进而超越自我。
In the Olympic Games, they competed in the 800 metres with Australian competitors for the gold medal.
在奥运会上，他们与澳大利亚选手竞争800米比赛的金牌。
I will compete against Mary for the first prize in the competition.
在比赛中，我将与玛丽一决高下，争夺冠军。
He took part in a swimming competition.
他参加了游泳比赛。
We need to work harder to remain competitive with other companies.
我们必须更加努力工作以保持对其他公司具有竞争力。
3. diverse adj. 多种多样的，不同的
There are diverse approaches to English teaching. But not all of them are equally efficient for our Chinese students.
英语教学方法多种多样，但不是所有的方法都对我们中国学生同样有效。
We have nothing against diversity; indeed, we want more of it.
我们并不反对多样化；其实，我们希望有更多的多样化。
4. motivate vt. 激励，激发；成为……的动机，是……的原因
She's very good at motivating her students.
她非常擅长激励她的学生。
Her motivation for writing was a desire for women to get the right to higher education.
她写作的动力是希望女性有权接受高等教育。
5. demonstrate vt. 表现，表露；证实，证明；示范，演示
vi. 游行示威
demonstration n. 示范，演示；证明；表现；游行示威
These results demonstrate convincingly that our campaign is working.
这些结果有力地证明，我们的运动正在发挥作用。
We were given a brief demonstration of the computer's functions.
有人向我们简短演示了这种计算机的各种功能。
6. applaud vt. & vi. 鼓掌；称赞，赞许
As the girl walked off the stage, the entire audience stood on their feet clapping to applaud her honesty.
当女孩走下舞台时，所有的观众站起来为她的诚实鼓掌。
There was a great round of applause when the dance ended.
舞蹈结束时，全场爆发出了一阵热烈的掌声。
7. rank vi. & vt. 属于某等级，把……分等级；排列，使排成行
n. 地位，级别；等级；排，列；军衔
This town ranks high among beauty spots.
这小镇在风景区中享有盛名。
His rank is a captain.
他的军衔是上尉。
Taxis stand in a rank waiting to be hired.
出租车排成一列等候乘客。
8. faith n. 信心；宗教信仰
(1) keep/break faith with sb对某人守信用/不守信用；忠诚/不忠诚于某人
(2) lose faith in 对……失去信心
(3) faithful adj. 忠实的；忠诚的
Faith is stronger than reason.
信仰比理智更有力。
Never losing faith in himself, the scientist went on with his research.
这位科学家从未对自己失去信心，继续做着研究。
We must be honest and faithful to the people.
我们必须对人民诚实守信。
9. ambition n. 追求的目标，夙愿；野心，雄心，壮志
A journey of a thousand miles begins with a single step, reflecting one's ambition and great expectation.
千里之行始于足下，体现了一个人的雄心壮志和远大抱负。
My sister is quite ambitious and plans to get a PhD degree within one year.
我姐姐很有抱负，打算一年内拿到博士学位。
10. limit vt. 限制，限定；限量，减量
n. 界限；限度，限制；限量，限额
(1) be limited to 局限于
(2) limited adj. 受限的，有限的
(3) limitless adj. 无限制的，无界限的，无限度的，无止境的
(4) limitation n. 局限性
There is a limit to everything.
任何事情都有个限度。
Travelling abroad was limited to rich tourists and wealthy business people decades ago.
几十年前出国旅游还仅限于有钱的游客和富有的商人。
Because of the limited time, he didn't go into details on the subject.
由于时间有限，他没有对这个问题作详细的说明。
No one in his senses can believe that we have a limitless period of time before us.
任何有理智的人都不会相信我们面前的时间是无限的。
I realized how possible it was to overcome your limitations, and to achieve well beyond what you believe yourself capable of.
我意识到，克服自己的局限、取得超乎自己想象的成就是完全有可能的。
11. pour vt. & vi. 倒，斟；倾倒，倒出；涌流，倾泻；下大雨
(1) pour sth into sth 向……投入大量金钱；大量投资于
(2) pour in 泻入，流入，涌入
(3) pour out 倒出；倾吐
(4) pour down 倾泻而下；下大雨
(5) It never rains but it pours. 祸不单行/屋漏偏逢连夜雨。
(6) pour oil on the flames 火上浇油
Shall I pour you some water
要不要我给你倒点水？
The government poured a large sum of money into the project.
政府把大笔资金投入了这项工程。
The moonlight poured in through the windows.
月光透过窗户泻入室内。
She poured out her troubles to me over a cup of coffee.
她一边喝着咖啡，一边向我倾吐着她的烦恼。
The rain poured down, so he abandoned the idea of jogging outside.
雨倾盆而下，所以他放弃了到外面慢跑的想法。
12. walk on air 欢天喜地，得意扬扬
(1) on/off (the) air 正在/停止播送(电视、广播)
(2) up in the air 悬而未决
(3) (build) castles in the air (建)空中楼阁，幻想，空想
(4) clear the air (通过倾诉)改变困境，缓解紧张状态，改善气氛
(5) with one's nose in the air 傲慢；看不起人；鼻孔朝天，自高自大
Mark was walking on air after he got 100 in the English test.
马克在英语考试中取得了100分，高兴极了。
We will be back on air tomorrow morning at 7.
明天早上7点本节目重新开播。
Our travel plans are still up in the air.
我们的旅行计划尚未决定。
13. opponent n. 对手，竞争者；反对者
(1) oppose vt. 反对，反抗；与……角逐
(2) be opposed to 反对
(3) opposing adj. 对抗的；相反的
Norris twice knocked down his opponent in the early rounds of the fight.
诺里斯在拳击赛的前几个回合中两次击倒对手。
The local people opposed building the new hotel because of the great cost.
由于成本太高，当地人反对建新的宾馆。
Dr Muffett stressed that he was opposed to bullying in schools and that action would be taken to stamp it out.
马费特博士强调说，他反对学校中的恃强凌弱现象，并且将会采取行动杜绝该现象。
Water is the opposing force to fire.
水火不相容。
14. find one's way into 偶然来到，无意中处于
(1) be born/be made that way 天性如此
(2) get in the way of 挡……的路；妨碍
(3) give way (to sb/sth) 屈服，退让，让步； 让……在先；让……先行
(4) have it/things/everything one's own way 为所欲为；一意孤行
(5) have a way with sb/sth 善于应付；善于处理；有办法对付
(6) look the other way 故意避而不看
(7) lose one's way 迷失方向，迷路；忘记宗旨，背离……的意图
(8) make way (for sb/sth) 让……通过；给……让路；让出位置
(9) (not) stand in sb's way (不)妨碍别人
(10) work one's way through sth 自始至终做(尤指耗费时间或力量的事)
(11) clear the way (for sth/for sth to happen) (为……)清除障碍，扫清道路
(12) feel one's way (如在黑暗中)摸索着走动；(在新环境中)谨慎行事
(13) mend one's ways 改过自新；改邪归正
(14) pave the way (for sb/sth) (为……)铺平道路，创造条件
(15) talk one's way out of sth/of doing sth 靠能言善辩开脱；以话解围
(16) take sth the wrong way 误会本意良好的话
(17) Where there's a will, there's a way. 有志者，事竟成。
It's not his fault he's so pompous—he was born that way.
他如此自命不凡并不是他的错，他天生就是这种性格。
He wouldn't allow emotions to get in the way of him doing his job.
他不会让情绪妨碍自己的工作。
He refused to give way on any of the points.
他拒绝在任何一点上让步。
Have it your own way.
随你的便吧。
He has a way with small children.
他很会逗小孩。
I feel that the project has lost its way.
我觉得这个项目已经背离了原来的意图。
Tropical forest is felled to make way for grassland.
热带森林被砍伐，腾出地方做草地。
If you believe you can make her happy, I won't stand in your way.
如果你相信你能使她幸福，我不会妨碍你的。
She worked her way through the pile of documents.
她从头至尾处理了那一堆文件。
The ruling could clear the way for extradition proceedings.
这项裁决也许能为引渡程序铺平道路。
She was new in the job, still feeling her way.
她对这项工作不熟悉，还在摸索着干。
This decision paved the way for changes in employment rights for women.
这项决议为修改妇女就业权利创造了条件。
I managed to talk my way out of having to give a speech.
我好说歹说总算逃脱了发言差事。
15. unintentionally adv. 无意地，非故意地
(1) intend vt. & vi. 想要，打算；意图
(2) intend doing/to do 打算做
(3) intend sb to do 打算要某人做
(4) intended adj. 计划的；为……打算(或设计)的
(5) be intended for 为……准备的，为……打算的
(6) intention n. 意图，打算
(7) with the intention of 带着……的目的
(8) intentional adj. 故意的，有意的，存心的
(9) unintentional adj. 非故意的；无意的
He intends to buy/buying a car.
他打算买辆汽车。
He intended her to go there.
他打算让她去那儿。
This dictionary is intended for elementary learners of English.
本词典是为初学英语的人编写的。
We've come here with the intention of learning knowledge.
我们是带着学习知识的目的来到这里的。
I'm sorry I left you off the list—it wasn't intentional.
很抱歉没把你列在名单里——我不是有意的。
Perhaps he had slightly misled them, but it was quite unintentional.
也许他给他们造成了小小的误导，但他不是有意的。
16. below the belt 不公正的，伤人的
Do you think it's a bit below the belt what they're doing
你认为他们的所作所为有点不公正吗？
I thought his remarks were quite below the belt.
我觉得他的话十分尖酸刻薄。
17. remark n. 谈论，言论
vi. & vt. 说起，评论
(1) make a remark on/upon 对……进行评论
(2) remark on/upon 对……进行评论
(3) remarkable adj. 显著的，引人注目的
(4) remarkably adv. 引人注目地，明显地，显著地
I feel the remark was inappropriate for such a serious issue.
我认为对如此严肃的问题来说，该评论不合时宜。
It would be rude to remark upon her appearance.
对她评头论足是不礼貌的。
She has done remarkable jobs.
她样样工作都干得很出色。
He was remarkably successful in business.
他在事业上取得了显著成功。
二、 短语扩充
(一) 英汉对记(94)
1. make a fact file(P15) 制作真实档案
2. a team competition 团体赛
3. highly trained and talented athletes(P16) 训练有素、极具天赋的运动员
4. in the spirit of friendship, solidarity and fair play 本着友好、团结和公平竞争的精神
5. in the hope of 希望
6. be recognized as 被公认为
7. an extraordinary sporting event 非凡的体育盛事
8. the ancient Olympic Games 古代奥运会
9. the long jump 跳远
10. die out 消亡
11. bring … back to life 使……复活
12. different racial origins 不同种族出身
13. live side by side in peace 和平共处
14. people from diverse backgrounds 来自不同背景的人
15. make joint efforts 共同努力
16. realize one's dream 实现某人的梦想
17. devote oneself to 致力于
18. push the boundaries 突破界限
e to public attention 引起公众的注意
20. win the light heavyweight gold medal 赢得轻重量级拳击金牌
21. demonstrate great talent and personality(P17) 展现出非凡的才能和个性
22. light the Olympic flame 点燃奥运圣火
23. at the opening ceremony 在开幕式上
24. lead to 导致；通向
25. a former track and field athlete 前田径运动员
26. give birth to 生；产生
27. rank first 排名第一
28. in the medal table 在奖牌榜上
29. win one's country's first ever gold medal 赢得国家有史以来的第一块金牌
30. the upward trend 上升趋势
31. win a hard fought victory 赢得艰苦的胜利
32. in the final 在决赛中
33. distinguish facts from opinions(P18) 区分事实和观点
34. the youth version(P19) 青年版
35. be identical to … 与……相同
36. build bridges between different cultures 在不同文化之间架起桥梁
37. mixed swimming relays 混合游泳接力赛
38. be divided into 被分成
39. return to normal(P20) 恢复正常
40. reflect on 反思
41. lack of 缺乏
42. eat a hearty breakfast 吃丰盛的早餐
43. get through to the end 坚持到底
44. an army of soldiers(P21) 一大群士兵
45. stand in line for inspection 排队接受检阅
46. take a step back 退后一步
47. have a strong constitution 身体强壮
48. bend over 弯腰
49. clear up 清理；放晴
50. be wet with sweat 汗流浃背
51. deliver striking blows(P22) 打出惊人的一击
52. strong willpower 坚强的意志
53. (be) lost in the glory of the moment(P23) 沉浸在当下的荣耀中
e first/second/third 获得第一名/第二名/第三名
55. live with one's decisions 接受自己的决定
56. in praise of 赞扬，表扬
57. the International Fair Play Committee 国际公平竞赛委员会
58. without hesitation 毫不犹豫
59. go on to do sth 继续做某事(做不同的事)
60. a fellow competitor 竞争对手
61. in the final stage 在最后阶段
62. an example to sb 某人的榜样
63. show respect to sb(P24) 尊重某人
64. provide clarification in conversation 在谈话中说清楚
65. in this case 在这种情况下
66. follow the structure 使用这个结构
67. state the main idea 陈述主旨
68. take a clear stand on sth 对某事采取明确的立场
69. give one's understanding of sth in detail 详细地阐释某人对某事物的了解
70. use transitional statements 使用过渡语句
71. make one's essay flow more smoothly 使文章更流畅
72. an inseparable part of day to day life(P25) 日常生活中不可分割的一部分
73. take a look at 看一看
74. football leagues 足球联赛
75. kick or head the ball into the opposing team's goal 把球踢进或用头顶进对方的球门
76. an insurance salesman 保险推销员
77. reach one's annual sales target 达到年度销售目标
78. the local council(P26) 地方议会
79. rough estimates 粗略估计
80. a large number of 大量的
81. (be) connected with … 与……连接/有关
82. make an unfair and cruel remark 说不公平、恶毒的话
83. on one's own 独自
84. end the fight 结束战斗
85. mean doing sth 意思是/意味着做某事
86. admit defeat 承认失败
87. professional career(P27) 职业生涯
88. the Chinese women's volleyball team 中国女排
89. at the FIVB Volleyball Women's World Cup 在国际排联女排世界杯上
90. at the FIVB Volleyball Women's World Championship 在国际排联女排世界锦标赛上
91. head coach 主教练
92. additional facts 其他事实
93. Iron Hammer 铁榔头
94. get inspired(P28) 受到鼓舞，得到灵感
(二) 同词类记
● call(5)
1. call at 停靠；(短时间)停留
2. call in on 顺便拜访
3. call on 号召；拜访(某人)
4. call out 召集
5. call on sb to do 号召某人做
● keep(9)
1. keep ahead 领先
2. keep away from 避免接近；远离；勿靠近
3. keep back (与……)保持距离；隐瞒；扣留
4. keep down 隐蔽；蹲下；压制(或限制、控制)某人；使保持在低水平
5. keep in 控制(或抑制)感情；使不外出
6. keep off 避免吃(或喝、吸)某物；回避某话题；使……不接近；(雨、雪等)未下
7. keep on 继续；坚持
8. keep out of 使不卷入某事；避免某事
9. keep up with 跟上；齐步前进；与(某人)保持联系；熟悉
三、 精选句型
1. Sport teaches you character, it teaches you to play by the rules, it teaches you to know what it feels like to win and lose—it teaches you about life.(P15)
2. Every four years, thousands of highly trained and talented athletes gather together in the spirit of friendship, solidarity and fair play, ready to test their abilities against each other in the hope of being recognized as the best of the best.(P16)
3. By the time he died in 2016, Ali had been recognized as one of the greatest boxers of all time.(P17)
4. Since then the upward trend for Chinese sport has been unstoppable.(P17)
5. A critical reader needs to distinguish facts from opinions, and evaluate the evidence on which the opinions are based to decide whether they are convincing.(P18)
6. The majority of these sports are identical to those at the Olympics but other sports, such as wushu, have been added too.(P19)
7. When my breathing returned to normal, I reflected on what had just been achieved.(P20)
8. I ran my race relaxed and confident, even though my limits were being tested like never before.(P20)
9. Cathy and I waited patiently until word spread that the first runners would be arriving soon.(P21)
10. Since sport is an inseparable part of day to day life, there are lots of sports idioms that have found their way into everyday language.(P25)
11. An insurance salesman who is about to reach his annual sales target, only for the company to make the target higher, could rightly complain about the company moving the goalposts.(P25)
12. This idiom is often used to talk about situations where people fail after wasting three chances.(P26)
13. However, when you are thrown a curveball, do not throw in the towel—work hard, be careful not to score an own goal, and you are sure to make it！(P26)
四、 语法指南
过去进行时与过去完成时的被动语态(Passive voice in the past continuous and past perfect tenses)
(一) 过去进行时的被动语态
表示过去某个时刻正在进行或者发生的被动性的动作。
1. 过去进行时的被动语态构成：
(1) 肯定句：was/were＋being＋done
Another bridge was being built over the Yangtze River then.
那时长江上正在建造另一座大桥。
(2) 否定句：was/were＋not＋being＋done
The movie star wasn't being stalked by a fan at that time yesterday.
昨天那时，那个电影明星没有被粉丝跟踪。
(3) 一般疑问句：需将was/were提到主语的前面
Was a new library being put up in their school just then
他们学校当时正在建一座新图书馆吗？
(4) 特殊疑问句：疑问词＋was/were＋(主语)＋being＋done
What was being done to the machine
对这台机器采取了什么措施？
2. 过去进行时的被动语态用法：
(1) 过去进行时的被动语态同它的主动语态一样，表示过去正在进行的动作。
He was being interviewed by our headmaster at this time yesterday.
他昨天这个时候正在接受我们校长的面试。
This film was being shown at that time.
当时正在放映这部电影。
(2) 少数及物动词的过去进行时的被动语态表示按计划、安排将要承受某个动作。
They said some rock music was being played by them next.
他们说下面将由他们演奏一些摇滚音乐。
It was said that a party was being held tonight.
据说今晚将举办一场晚会。
(二) 过去完成时的被动语态
表示在过去某一时刻或某一动作之前发生的被动的动作或状态。
1. 过去完成时的被动语态构成：
(1) 肯定句：had＋been＋done
The media reported more than 1，000 people had been killed in the earthquake.
据媒体报道，已有1 000多人在地震中丧生。
(2) 否定句：had＋not＋been＋done
The classroom hadn't been cleaned before the teacher came.
老师来之前教室还没打扫。
(3) 一般疑问句：需将had提到主语的前面
Had the new plan been discussed before the meeting
新计划在会前讨论过了吗？
(4) 特殊疑问句：疑问词＋had＋(主语)＋been＋done
How many buildings had been destroyed when the hurricane ended
飓风结束时有多少建筑物被毁？
2. 过去完成时的被动语态用法：
(1) 表示过去某一时间以前已经完成的动作，常与by、before等引导的时间状语连用。
By the time he got to school, the first period had been finished.
当他到学校时，第一节课已经结束了。
(2) 在 told、said、knew、heard、thought等动词之后的宾语从句中，若表示过去某一被动动作时，用过去完成时。
They said the production costs had been reduced.
他们说生产成本已经降低了。
The boy was reminded that his homework had not been handed in.
这个男孩被提醒他的家庭作业还没交。
(3) 根据语意可以判断出动作先后的被动语态，用过去完成时。
As the assignment had been done, he went on to search the Internet.
作业完成后，他继续在网上搜索。
He did what he had been told to.
他做了别人叫他做的事。
另：当从句由 after、before、when或 as soon as引导时，主句和从句都可以用一般过去时。
When he arrived, he called her.
他一到就给她打了电话。
They locked the door before they left.
他们离开前锁了门。
【小结】
(一) 常用八大时态的被动语态
1. 一般现在时的被动语态构成：am/is/are done
I am asked to study hard.
我被要求努力学习。
This T shirt is washed once a week.
这件T恤一周洗一次。
2. 一般过去时的被动语态构成：was/were done
The soldier was killed, but the train was saved.这位战士牺牲了，然而列车得救了。
Some notes were passed up to the speaker.
有人给演讲者递了一些纸条。
3. 一般将来时的被动语态构成：shall/will be done
We shall be asked a lot of strange questions.
我们将被问许多奇怪的问题。
My son will be sent to school next September.
来年九月我将送我儿子去读书。
注意：一般将来时的被动语态的特别用法：
(1) be going to be done
Some old buildings are going to be pulled down.
一些旧的楼房将被拆掉。
The problem isn't going to be discussed at the meeting tomorrow.
这个问题将不在明天的会议上讨论。
(2) be to be done
The sports meet is to be held on April 10.
运动会将于四月十日举行。
The machines are not to be repaired tonight.
今晚将不会修理这些机器。
(3) 在时间状语、条件状语等从句中，常用一般现在时的被动语态代替一般将来时的被动语态。
Free tickets will be given to whoever comes first.
先来的人可以得到免费的票。
If I am given enough time, I will go to Beijing for my holiday.
如果我有足够的时间，我将去北京度假。
4. 过去将来时的被动语态构成：should/would be done
The news would be sent to him as soon as it arrived.
消息一到就会通知他。
He told us that the new railway would be built the next year.
他告诉我们新铁路将在明年修建。
5. 现在完成时的被动语态构成：has/have been done
The work has just been finished.
工作刚刚结束。
The old rules have been done away with by us.
旧规章已经被我们废除了。
6. 过去完成时的被动语态构成：had been done
By last December three ships had been built by them.
到去年十二月底他们已建造了三艘船。
100 tractors had been produced by the end of last year.
到去年年底生产了100辆拖拉机。
7. 现在进行时的被动语态构成：am/is/are being done
The bridge is being repaired.
桥梁正在修复中。
The new library is being built by the workers.
工人们正在建设新的图书馆。
8. 过去进行时的被动语态构成：was/were being done
A meeting was being held when I was there.
我到那时正在开会。
The college was being built at this time last year.
去年这个时候这所大学正在建设中。
(二) 被动语态的用法
1. 强调动作的承受者(有时用by短语来强调动作的执行者)：
Xiao Li was made monitor of the class.
小李被选为班长。
This work must be done by you, and not by me.
这件工作必须由你做，而不是我。
2. 不知道或不必说出动作的执行者：
His bike was stolen last night.
他的自行车昨晚被人偷走了。
Every year a lot of people are killed in traffic accidents.
每年都有许多人死于交通事故。
3. 为了表示委婉或礼貌，避免提及动作执行者或说话者自己：
Everybody is expected to obey the following rules.
希望大家遵守以下规定。
You are warmly invited to come to our English party at 8：00 p．m. tomorrow.
诚挚邀请您明晚8：00来参加我们的英语晚会。
4. 动作的执行者是无生命的事物：
The house was struck by lightning.
那房子被闪电所击中。
The famous museum was practically ruined by the big fire.
那个著名的博物馆几乎被大火烧毁了。
5. 使句子连接自然或更加简洁、匀称：
The old professor gave a lecture on American history and was well received.
那位老教授作了一个有关美国历史的讲座，受到大家的热烈欢迎。
The book which had been lost was found and was returned to the library.
那本丢失的书找到后被还到了图书馆。
(三) 特殊情况下的被动语态
1. 带情态动词的被动结构，其形式为：情态动词＋be＋过去分词，原来带to的情态动词变成被动语态后to仍要保留。
It should be done at once.
应该立即做这件事。
I ought to be criticized for it.
我应该为此受到批评。
2. 带双宾语的被动结构，习惯上把间宾提前，也可把直宾提前，但不要遗漏介词：
I was given a toy at Christmas.＝A toy was given to me at Christmas.
有人在圣诞节送了我一个玩具。
He was offered some assistance.＝Some assistance was offered to him.
有人向他提供了一些帮助。
3. 带复合宾语的被动结构，只将宾语提前，宾补不动(但make、see、hear等宾补省略的to，变被动结构时要加to)。
The boy was caught smoking a cigarette.
男孩被看到正在吸烟。
They were made to work day and night.
他们被迫日夜工作。
(四) 被动语态与系表结构的区别
被动语态与系表结构都可由“be＋过去分词”来构成，其区别如下：
1. 如果强调动作或句中有介词by引出动作的执行者，该句一般为被动语态，否则为系表结构。
The glass is broken.(系表结构)
玻璃杯碎了。
The glass was broken by the boy.(被动语态)
玻璃杯被那男孩打碎了。
2. 如果句中有地点、频率或时间状语时，一般为被动语态。
The door is locked.(系表结构)
门锁上了。
The door has already/just been locked.(被动语态)
门已经被锁上了。
3. 被动语态除用于一般时态和完成时态外，还可以用于进行或将来时态，而系表结构中的系动词be只有一般时态和完成时态。
The machine is being repaired.(被动语态)
机器正在修理。
A new school will be built here.(被动语态)
这里将会建一所新学校。
五、 话题写作
(一) 佳句积累
1. It was a Frenchman, Pierre de Coubertin, who brought the Olympics back to life. (it was … who … 为强调句型)
2. His dream was that the Olympics would help people of different racial origins and from different cultures live side by side in peace. (that引导表语从句)
3. Motivated by the Olympic motto “Faster, Higher, Stronger”， many well known athletes, both male and female, have devoted themselves to achieving sporting excellence and pushing the boundaries of human achievement. (motivated by是过去分词短语作状语；devoted themselves to中to为介词，后接两个动名词短语)
4. He came to public attention during the 1960 Rome Olympics, when he won the light heavyweight gold medal for the USA, demonstrating great talent and personality in the process. (when引导非限制性定语从句；demonstrating是现在分词短语作结果状语)
5. More often than not, winning has the victor walking on air, lost in the glory of the moment, while the loser is left with a bitter taste and a feeling of failure. (winning是动名词作主语；walking on air是现在分词短语作宾语补足语；while意为“而，然而”，连接并列句)
6. Whether you come first or last, it is important to remember that at any sporting event, you face two opponents: your fellow competitors and yourself. (whether … or … 意为“无论……还是……”，引导让步状语从句；it作形式主语，to remember … 为真正的主语；that引导宾语从句，作remember的宾语)
7. There is an old and very wise saying, repeated many times, “Win with humility, lose with grace, and do both with dignity.” (引用谚语； repeated many times是过去分词短语作后置定语)
8. Hence comes the idiom “below the belt”. (完全倒装句，主语是the idiom “below the belt”)
9. Sport is challenging and so is life. (and连接并列句；so构成倒装，意为“……也是如此”，特别注意：这里so是副词，不是连词，因此句子的and一定不能丢)
10. Known as the “Iron Hammer”， Lang Ping is the first person in volleyball to win Olympic gold medals both as a player and as a coach. (known as是过去分词短语作状语；the first … 后接动词不定式)
(二) 佳作欣赏
在如今的体育赛事和生活中，体育精神显得尤为重要。请你写一篇英语短文来论述你对体育精神的重要性的看法。
注意：
1. 写作词数应为80左右；
2. 可适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
One possible version：
Sportsmanship means working hard, playing fair and handling both victory and defeat with grace. I believe good sportsmanship is of vital importance.
Firstly, practising good sportsmanship wins respect. Good sportsmanship means acknowledging victories without ignoring opponents, finding ways to praise your opponents. By demonstrating your respect to your opponents, you win respect from them too. Secondly, good sportsmanship teaches children how they should behave. Kids learn the basics of sportsmanship from the adults in their lives.
In conclusion, sportsmanship is a demonstration of our own morals in real life. Therefore, good sportsmanship should be highly advocated.

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