资源简介

阅读理解说明文、议论文
2024年高考真题
Passage1
【新课标Ⅰ卷】Is comprehension the same whether a person reads a text onscreen or on paper And are listening to and viewing content as effective as reading the written word when covering the same material The answers to both questions are often “no”. The reasons relate to a variety of factors, including reduced concentration, an entertainment mindset (心态) and a tendency to multitask while consuming digital content.
When reading texts of several hundred words or more, learning is generally more successful when it’s on paper than onscreen. A large amount of research confirms this finding. The benefits of print reading particularly shine through when experimenters move from posing simple tasks — like identifying the main idea in a reading passage — to ones that require mental abstraction — such as drawing inferences from a text.
The differences between print and digital reading results are partly related to paper’s physical properties. With paper, there is a literal laying on of hands, along with the visual geography of distinct pages. People often link their memory of what they’ve read to how far into the book it was or where it was on the page.
But equally important is the mental aspect. Reading researchers have proposed a theory called “shallowing hypothesis (假说)”. According to this theory, people approach digital texts with a mindset suited to social media, which are often not so serious, and devote less mental effort than when they are reading print.
Audio (音频) and video can feel more engaging than text, and so university teachers increasingly turn to these technologies — say, assigning an online talk instead of an article by the same person. However, psychologists have demonstrated that when adults read news stories, they remember more of the content than if they listen to or view identical pieces.
Digital texts, audio and video all have educational roles, especially when providing resources not available in print. However, for maximizing learning where mental focus and reflection are called for, educators shouldn’t assume all media are the same, even when they contain identical words.
28. What does the underlined phrase “shine through” in paragraph 2 mean
A Seem unlikely to last. B. Seem hard to explain.
C. Become ready to use. D. Become easy to notice.
29. What does the shallowing hypothesis assume
A. Readers treat digital texts lightly. B. Digital texts are simpler to understand.
C. People select digital texts randomly. D. Digital texts are suitable for social
media.
30. Why are audio and video increasingly used by university teachers
A. They can hold students' attention. B. They are more convenient to prepare.
C. They help develop advanced skills. D. They are more informative than text.
31. What does the author imply in the last paragraph
A. Students should apply multiple learning techniques.
B. Teachers should produce their own teaching material.
C. Print texts cannot be entirely replaced in education.
D. Education outside the classroom cannot be ignored.
【答案】28. D 29. A 30. A 31. C
【导语】本文是议论文。主要讨论了纸质阅读与数字阅读、音频和视频学习方式的差异和效果。
【28题详解】
词句猜测题。根据前文“When reading texts of several hundred words or more, learning is generally more successful when it’s on paper than onscreen. A large amount of research confirms this finding.(当阅读几百字或更多的文本时，在纸上学习通常比在屏幕上学习更成功。大量的研究证实了这一发现)”可知，在纸上学习更有成效，以及后文“when experimenters move from posing simple tasks — like identifying the main idea in a reading passage — to ones that require mental abstraction — such as drawing inferences from a text.(当实验人员从提出简单的任务(如识别阅读文章的主旨)转移到需要思维抽象的任务(如从文本中推断)时)”推知，此处应是表达“当实验者从简单的任务转向需要精神抽象的任务时，纸质阅读的益处就变得显而易见”之意，所以shine through应是“显而易见”之意，和D项意思相近。故选D项。
【29题详解】
推理判断题。根据第四段“But equally important is the mental aspect. Reading researchers have proposed a theory called “shallowing hypothesis (假说)”. According to this theory, people approach digital texts with a mindset suited to social media, which are often not so serious, and devote less mental effort than when they are reading print.(但同样重要的是精神层面。阅读研究人员提出了一个名为“shallowing hypothesis”的理论。根据这一理论，人们以适合社交媒体的心态接触数字文本，这些文本通常不那么严肃，与阅读印刷品时相比，投入的精神努力也更少)”可知，shallowing hypothesis假设读者在阅读数字文本时会持有一种轻松的心态，不会像阅读纸质书籍那样投入太多的心理努力。故选A项。
【30题详解】
细节理解题。根据第五段“Audio (音频) and video can feel more engaging than text, and so university teachers increasingly turn to these technologies — say, assigning an online talk instead of an article by the same person.(音频和视频可能比文本更具吸引力，因此大学教师越来越多
地转向这些技术，例如分配在线讲座而不是同一作者的文章)”可知，音频和视频比文本更能吸引学生的注意力，所以大学教师越来越多地使用这些技术。故选A项。
【31题详解】
推理判断题。根据最后一段“Digital texts, audio and video all have educational roles, especially when providing resources not available in print. However, for maximizing learning where mental focus and reflection are called for, educators shouldn’t assume all media are the same, even when they contain identical words.(数字文本、音频和视频都具有教育作用，尤其是在提供印刷品中无法获得的资源时。然而，为了在需要精神集中和反思的情况下最大限度地学习，教育工作者不应假定所有媒体都是相同的，即使它们包含相同的单词)”可知，尽管数字文本、音频和视频在教育中有一定作用，但当需要精神集中和反思以最大化学习时，教育者不应假定所有媒体都是相同的，即使它们包含相同的单词。这表明作者认为纸质文本在教育中的作用仍然不可替代，因此暗示纸质文本在教育中的重要性。故选C项。
Passage2
【新课标ⅠⅠ卷】We all know fresh is best when it comes to food. However, most produce at the store went through weeks of travel and covered hundreds of miles before reaching the table. While farmer’s markets are a solid choice to reduce the journey, Babylon Micro-Farm (BMF) shortens it even more.
BMF is an indoor garden system. It can be set up for a family. Additionally, it could serve a larger audience such as a hospital, restaurant or school. The innovative design requires little effort to achieve a reliable weekly supply of fresh greens.
Specifically, it’s a farm that relies on new technology. By connecting through the Cloud, BMF is remotely monitored. Also, there is a convenient app that provides growing data in real time. Because the system is automated, it significantly reduces the amount of water needed to grow plants. Rather than watering rows of soil, the system provides just the right amount to each plant. After harvest, users simply replace the plants with a new pre-seeded pod (容器) to get the next growth cycle started.
Moreover, having a system in the same building where it’s eaten means zero emissions (排放) from transporting plants from soil to salad. In addition, there’s no need for pesticides and other chemicals that pollute traditional farms and the surrounding environment.
BMF employees live out sustainability in their everyday lives. About half of them walk or bike to work. Inside the office, they encourage recycling and waste reduction by limiting garbage cans and avoiding single-use plastic. “We are passionate about reducing waste, carbon and chemicals in our environment,” said a BMF employee.
8. What can be learned about BMF from paragraph 1
A. It guarantees the variety of food. B. It requires day-to-day care.
C. It cuts the farm-to-table distance. D. It relies on farmer’s markets.
9. What information does the convenient app offer
A. Real-time weather changes. B. Current condition of the plants.
C. Chemical pollutants in the soil. D. Availability of pre-seeded pods.
10. What can be concluded about BMF employees
A. They have a great passion for sports.
B. They are devoted to community service.
C. They are fond of sharing daily experiences.
D They have a strong environmental awareness.
11. What does the text mainly talk about
A. BMF’s major strengths. B. BMF’s general management.
C. BMF’s global influence. D. BMF’s technical standards.
【答案】8. C 9. B 10. D 11. A
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了巴比伦微农场（BMF）的一些主要优势，包括减少食物运输距离、通过云技术远程监控、自动化系统节约水资源、减少化学污染、以及员工的环保生活方式等。
【8题详解】
细节理解题。根据第一段“While farmer’s markets are a solid choice to reduce the journey, Babylon Micro-Farm (BMF) shortens it even more. (虽然农贸市场是减少旅程的可靠选择，但巴比伦微型农场（BMF）甚至缩短了旅程)”可知，巴比伦微型农场（BMF）进一步缩短了从农场到餐桌的距离。故选C。
【9题详解】
细节理解题。根据第三段“Also, there is a convenient app that provides growing data in real time. (此外，还有一个便捷的应用程序，可以实时提供增长数据)”可知，这个便捷的应用程序提供了植物生长的实时数据。故选B。
【10题详解】
推理判断题。根据最后一段“BMF employees live out sustainability in their everyday lives. About half of them walk or bike to work. Inside the office, they encourage recycling and waste reduction by limiting garbage cans and avoiding single-use plastic. “We are passionate about reducing waste, carbon and chemicals in our environment,” said a BMF employee. (BMF员工在日常生活中追求可持续发展。大约一半的人步行或骑自行车上班。在办公室里，他们通过限制垃圾桶和避免一次性塑料来鼓励回收和减少浪费。BMF的一名员工表示：“我们热衷于减少环境中的废物、碳和化学品。”)”可知，BMF员工具有强烈的环保意识。故选D。
【11题详解】
主旨大意题。根据第一段“While farmer’s markets are a solid choice to reduce the journey, Babylon Micro-Farm (BMF) shortens it even more. (虽然农贸市场是减少旅程的可靠选择，但巴比伦微型农场（BMF）甚至缩短了旅程)”、第三段“By connecting through the Cloud, BMF is
remotely monitored. Also, there is a convenient app that provides growing data in real time. Because the system is automated, it significantly reduces the amount of water needed to grow plants. Rather than watering rows of soil, the system provides just the right amount to each plant. (通过云连接，对BMF进行远程监控。此外，还有一个方便的应用程序可以实时提供不断增长的数据。由于该系统是自动化的，因此大大减少了种植植物所需的水量。该系统不是给一排排土壤浇水，而是为每株植物提供合适的水量)”以及最后一段“BMF employees live out sustainability in their everyday lives. About half of them walk or bike to work. Inside the office, they encourage recycling and waste reduction by limiting garbage cans and avoiding single-use plastic. “We are passionate about reducing waste, carbon and chemicals in our environment,” said a BMF employee. (BMF员工在日常生活中追求可持续发展。大约一半的人步行或骑自行车上班。在办公室里，他们通过限制垃圾桶和避免一次性塑料来鼓励回收和减少浪费。BMF的一名员工表示：“我们热衷于减少环境中的废物、碳和化学品。”)”可知，文章主要介绍了巴比伦微农场（BMF）的一些主要优势，包括减少食物运输距离、通过云技术远程监控、自动化系统节约水资源、减少化学污染、以及员工的环保生活方式等。故选A。
Passage3
【新课标Ⅰ卷】In the race to document the species on Earth before they go extinct, researchers and citizen scientists have collected billions of records. Today, most records of biodiversity are often in the form of photos, videos, and other digital records. Though they are useful for detecting shifts in the number and variety of species in an area, a new Stanford study has found that this type of record is not perfect.
“With the rise of technology it is easy for people to make observations of different species with the aid of a mobile application,” said Barnabas Daru, who is lead author of the study and assistant professor of biology in the Stanford School of Humanities and Sciences. “These observations now outnumber the primary data that comes from physical specimens (标本), and since we are increasingly using observational data to investigate how species are responding to global change, I wanted to know: Are they usable ”
Using a global dataset of 1.9 billion records of plants, insects, birds, and animals, Daru and his team tested how well these data represent actual global biodiversity patterns.
“We were particularly interested in exploring the aspects of sampling that tend to bias (使有偏差) data, like the greater likelihood of a citizen scientist to take a picture of a flowering plant instead of the grass right next to it,” said Daru.
Their study revealed that the large number of observation-only records did not lead to better global coverage. Moreover, these data are biased and favor certain regions, time periods, and species. This makes sense because the people who get observational biodiversity data on mobile devices are often citizen scientists recording their encounters with species in areas nearby. These data are also biased toward certain species with attractive or eye-catching features.
What can we do with the imperfect datasets of biodiversity
“Quite a lot,” Daru explained. “Biodiversity apps can use our study results to inform users of oversampled areas and lead them to places — and even species — that are not well-sampled. To improve the quality of observational data, biodiversity apps can also encourage users to have an expert confirm the identification of their uploaded image.”
32. What do we know about the records of species collected now
A. They are becoming outdated. B. They are mostly in electronic form.
C. They are limited in number. D. They are used for public exhibition.
33. What does Daru’s study focus on
A. Threatened species. B. Physical specimens.
C. Observational data. D. Mobile applications.
34. What has led to the biases according to the study
A. Mistakes in data analysis. B. Poor quality of uploaded pictures.
C. Improper way of sampling. D. Unreliable data collection devices.
35. What is Daru’s suggestion for biodiversity apps
A. Review data from certain areas. B. Hire experts to check the records.
C. Confirm the identity of the users. D. Give guidance to citizen scientists.
【答案】32. B 33. C 34. C 35. D
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了斯坦福大学的一项研究发现，数字生物多样性记录存在偏见，建议应用程序引导公民科学家获取更好的数据。
【32题详解】
细节理解题。根据第一段“Today, most records of biodiversity are often in the form of photos, videos, and other digital records. (今天，大多数生物多样性记录通常以照片、视频和其他数字记录的形式出现。)”可知，现在收集的物种记录大多是以电子形式存在的。故选B。
【33题详解】
细节理解题。根据第二段“These observations now outnumber the primary data that comes from physical specimens (标本), and since we are increasingly using observational data to investigate how species are responding to global change, I wanted to know: Are they usable (这些观察结果现在超过了来自物理标本的原始数据，而且由于我们越来越多地使用观察数据来研究物种如何应对全球变化，我想知道：它们有用吗 )”和第四段““We were particularly interested in exploring the aspects of sampling that tend to bias (使有偏差) data, like the greater likelihood of a citizen scientist to take a picture of a flowering plant instead of the grass right next to it,” said Daru. (Daru说“我们特别感兴趣的是探索取样容易产生数据偏差的方面，比如公民科学家更有可能拍摄开花植物的照片，而不是它旁边的草。”)”可知，Daru的研究聚焦于观察数据，即人们通过移动应用记录的物种观察数据。故选C。
【34题详解】
细节理解题。根据第四段““We were particularly interested in exploring the aspects of sampling
that tend to bias (使有偏差) data, like the greater likelihood of a citizen scientist to take a picture of a flowering plant instead of the grass right next to it,” said Daru. (Daru说“我们特别感兴趣的是探索取样容易产生数据偏差的方面，比如公民科学家更有可能拍摄开花植物的照片，而不是它旁边的草。”)”以及第五段“This makes sense because the people who get observational biodiversity data on mobile devices are often citizen scientists recording their encounters with species in areas nearby.( 这是有道理的，因为在移动设备上获得观察生物多样性数据的人通常是公民科学家，他们记录了他们在附近地区与物种的接触。)”可知，导致数据偏差的原因是采样方式的不当。故选C。
【35题详解】
推理判断题。根据最后一段“Biodiversity apps can use our study results to inform users of oversampled areas and lead them to places — and even species — that are not well-sampled. To improve the quality of observational data, biodiversity apps can also encourage users to have an expert confirm the identification of their uploaded image. (生物多样性应用程序可以使用我们的研究结果来告知用户样本过多的地区，并将他们引导到样本不足的地方，甚至是物种。为了提高观测数据的质量，生物多样性应用程序还可以鼓励用户让专家确认他们上传的图像的身份。)”可知，Daru 建议生物多样性应用应该给公民科学家提供指导。故选D。
Passage4
【新课标ⅠⅠ卷】Given the astonishing potential of AI to transform our lives, we all need to take action to deal with our AI-powered future, and this is where AI by Design: A Plan for Living with Artificial Intelligence comes in. This absorbing new book by Catriona Campbell is a practical roadmap addressing the challenges posed by the forthcoming AI revolution (变革).
In the wrong hands, such a book could prove as complicated to process as the computer code (代码) that powers AI but, thankfully, Campbell has more than two decades’ professional experience translating the heady into the understandable. She writes from the practical angle of a business person rather than as an academic, making for a guide which is highly accessible and informative and which, by the close, will make you feel almost as smart as AI.
As we soon come to learn from AI by Design, AI is already super-smart and will become more capable, moving from the current generation of “narrow-AI” to Artificial General Intelligence. From there, Campbell says, will come Artificial Dominant Intelligence. This is why Campbell has set out to raise awareness of AI and its future now-several decades before these developments are expected to take place. She says it is essential that we keep control of artificial intelligence, or risk being sidelined and perhaps even worse.
Campbell’s point is to wake up those responsible for AI-the technology companies and world leaders-so they are on the same page as all the experts currently developing it. She explains we are at a “tipping point” in history and must act now to prevent an extinction-level event for humanity. We need to consider how we want our future with Al to pan out. Such structured thinking,
followed by global regulation, will enable us to achieve greatness rather than our downfall.
AI will affect us all, and if you only read one book on the subject, this is it.
12. What does the phrase “In the wrong hands” in paragraph 2 probably mean
A. If read by someone poorly educated. B. If reviewed by someone ill-intentioned.
C. If written by someone less competent. D. If translated by someone unacademic.
13. What is a feature of AI by Design according to the text
A. It is packed with complex codes. B. It adopts a down-to-earth writing style.
C. It provides step-by-step instructions. D. It is intended for AI professionals.
14. What does Campbell urge people to do regarding AI development
A. Observe existing regulations on it.
B. Reconsider expert opinions about it.
C. Make joint efforts to keep it under control.
D. Learn from prior experience to slow it down.
15. What is the author’s purpose in writing the text
A. To recommend a book on AI. B. To give a brief account of AI history.
C. To clarify the definition of AI. D. To honor an outstanding AI expert.
【答案】12. C 13. B 14. C 15. A
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了Catriona Campbell所著AI by Design: A Plan for Living with Artificial Intelligence一书。该书作为应对AI革命挑战的实用指南，以商业视角阐述AI发展现状与前景，强调控制AI的重要性，呼吁各界协同确保人工智能安全发展，以防潜在危机。
【12题详解】
词句猜测题。根据文章第二段“such a book could prove as complicated to process as the computer code (代码) that powers AI but, thankfully, Campbell has more than two decades' professional experience translating the heady into the understandable. She writes from the practical angle of a business person rather than as an academic, making for a guide which is highly accessible and informative and which, by the close, will make you feel almost as smart as AI. (这样一本书可能会像驱动人工智能的计算机代码一样复杂，但值得庆幸的是，坎贝尔有20多年的专业经验，可以将令人兴奋的内容转化为可理解的内容。她从商业人士的实际角度而不是学者的角度出发，撰写了一本非常通俗易懂、内容丰富的指南，读完后会让你觉得自己几乎和人工智能一样聪明)”可知，坎贝尔撰写的这本书是通俗易懂的，如果别人写这本书的话可能就不是这样了，推测划线短语表示 “如果是由能力较差的人写的”。故选C项。
【13题详解】
推理判断题。根据文章第二段“thankfully, Campbell has more than two decades’ professional experience translating the heady into the understandable. She writes from the practical angle of a business person rather than as an academic, making for a guide which is highly accessible and informative and which, by the close, will make you feel almost as smart as AI.(值得庆幸的是，坎贝尔有20多年的专业经验，可以将令人兴奋的内容转化为可理解的内容。她从商业人士的实际角度而不是学者的角度出发，撰写了一本非常通俗易懂、内容丰富的指南，读完后会让你觉得自己几乎和人工智能一样聪明)”可知，坎贝尔在书中将令人兴奋的内容转化为可理解的内容，这本书的特点是通俗易懂，推测它采用了接地气的写作风格。故选B项。
【14题详解】
细节理解题。根据文章倒数第二段“She says it is essential that we keep control of artificial intelligence, or risk being sidelined and perhaps even worse. (她说，我们必须保持对人工智能的控制，否则就有被边缘化甚至更糟的风险)”和文章最后一段“We need to consider how we want our future with AI to pan out. Such structured thinking, followed by global regulation, will enable us to achieve greatness rather than our downfall. (我们需要考虑我们希望人工智能的未来如何发展。这种结构化的思维，加上全球监管，将使我们走向伟大，而不是走向衰败)”可知，坎贝尔敦促人们保持对人工智能的控制，考虑人工智能的未来应如何发展，所以关于人工智能的发展，坎贝尔敦促人们共同努力将其控制住。故选C项。
【15题详解】
推理判断题。根据文章第一段“Given the astonishing potential of AI to transform our lives, we all need to take action to deal with our AI-powered future, and this is where AI by Design: A Plan for Living with Artificial Intelligence comes in. This absorbing new book by Catriona Campbell is a practical roadmap addressing the challenges posed by the forthcoming AI revolution (变革). (考虑到人工智能改变我们生活的惊人潜力，我们都需要采取行动来应对人工智能驱动的未来，这正是AI by Design: A Plan for Living with Artificial Intelligence的用武之地。卡特里奥娜·坎贝尔撰写的这本引人入胜的新书是一本实用的路线图，旨在应对即将到来的人工智能革命带来的挑战)”和文章最后一段“AI will affect us all, and if you only read one book on the subject, this is it. (人工智能将影响我们所有人，如果你只读一本关于这个主题的书，那就是这本书)”可知，本文主要介绍了Catriona Campbell所著AI by Design: A Plan for Living with Artificial Intelligence一书，该书作为应对AI革命挑战的实用指南，以商业视角阐述AI发展现状与前景，强调控制AI的重要性，呼吁各界协同确保人工智能安全发展，以防潜在危机，所以作者写这篇文章的目的是推荐一本关于人工智能的书。故选A项。Passage5
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2024年名校模拟题
Passage1
（2024·江苏南通·三模）In a recent study of healthy volunteers, National Institutes of Health researchers discovered that our brains may replay memories of learning new skills when we rest.
NIH researchers have mapped out the brain activity that flows when we learn a new skill, such as playing a new song on the piano, and found that during short rest the volunteers’ brains rapidly and repeatedly replayed faster versions of the activity seen while they practiced typing a code. The more a volunteer replayed the activity the better they performed during subsequent practice sessions.
The study was conducted at the NIH Clinical Center. The team of Dr. Cohen, M.D．, senior investigator at the NIH’s National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), used a highly sensitive scanning technique to record the brain waves of 33 healthy, right-handed volunteers as they learned to type a five-digit test code with their left hands. The subjects sat in a chair and under the scanner’s long, cone-shaped cap. An experiment began when a subject was shown the code “41234” on a screen and asked to type it out as many times as possible for 10 seconds and then take a 10 second break. Subjects were asked to repeat this cycle of alternating (交替的) practice and rest sessions a total of 35 times.
During the first few trials, the speed at which subjects correctly typed the code improved dramatically and then leveled off around the 11th cycle. In a previous study, Dr. Cohen’s team showed that most of these gains happened during short rests, and not when the subjects were typing. Moreover, the gains were greater than those made after a night’s sleep and were related with a decrease in the size of brain waves, called beta rhythms. In this new report, the researchers searched for something different in the subjects’ brain waves.
“We wanted to explore the mechanisms (机制) behind memory strengthening seen during wakeful rest. Several forms of memory appear to rely on the replaying of neural (神经的) activity, so we decided to test this idea out for procedural skill learning,” said Ethan R. Buch, Ph.D．, a staff scientist on Dr. Cohen’s team and leader of the study. To do this, Dr. Buch developed a computer program which allowed the team to understand the brain wave activity associated with typing each number in the test code.
Interestingly, they found that the more a volunteer replayed, the better their performance was. “We were a bit surprised by these last results. Overall, our results support the idea that the replay activity during waking rest may be a powerful tool that researchers can use to help
individuals learn new skills faster and possibly facilitate recovery from stroke.” said Dr. Cohen.
8．What have NIH researchers recently found
A．The brain activity slowly flows when we learn a new skill.
B．The value of short practice sessions can’t be overestimated.
C．Short rest makes no difference to the neural replay of the activity.
D．The frequency of brain replay contributes to practice performances.
9．What is mainly talked about in Paragraph 3
A．The process of the research.
B．The facilities of the research.
C．The application of the research.
D．The preparations of the research.
10．Why did Dr. Buch develop a computer program
A．To distinguish the first 11 cycles from the later ones.
B．To confirm the role of neural replay in skill learning.
C．To explore the potential effects of procedural learning.
D．To find out the reasons for the changes in brain waves.
11．What does Dr. Cohen think of the research findings
A．Acceptable.
B．Promising.
C．Shallow.
D．Dismissive.
【答案】8．D 9．A 10．B 11．A
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍一研究中，研究人员发现当人们休息时，大脑可能会重放学习新技能的记忆。
8．细节理解题。根据第二段“NIH researchers have mapped out the brain activity that flows when we learn a new skill, such as playing a new song on the piano, and found that during short rest the volunteers’ brains rapidly and repeatedly replayed faster versions of the activity seen while they practiced typing a code. The more a volunteer replayed the activity the better they performed during subsequent practice sessions. (美国国立卫生研究院的研究人员绘制出了我们学习一项新技能时的大脑活动，比如在钢琴上弹奏一首新歌。他们发现，在短暂的休息期间，志愿者的大脑会快速地、反复地重播他们练习打字时看到的更快版本的活动。志愿者重复练习的次数越多，他们在随后的练习中表现就越好)”可知，美国国立卫生研究院的研究人员最近发现大脑回放的频率有助于练习表现。故选D。
9．主旨大意题。根据第三段“The study was conducted at the NIH Clinical Center. The team of Dr. Cohen, M.D., senior investigator at the NIH’s National Institute of Neurological Disorders and
Stroke (NINDS), used a highly sensitive scanning technique to record the brain waves of 33 healthy, right-handed volunteers as they learned to type a five-digit test code with their left hands. The subjects sat in a chair and under the scanner’s long, cone-shaped cap. An experiment began when a subject was shown the code “41234” on a screen and asked to type it out as many times as possible for 10 seconds and then take a 10 second break. Subjects were asked to repeat this cycle of alternating (交替的) practice and rest sessions a total of 35 times. (这项研究在美国国立卫生研究院临床中心进行。科恩博士是美国国立卫生研究院国家神经疾病和中风研究所(NINDS)的高级研究员，他的团队使用了一种高度敏感的扫描技术，记录了33名健康的右撇子志愿者在学习用左手输入五位数测试代码时的脑电波。受试者坐在椅子上，在扫描仪的长锥形帽下。实验开始时，受试者在屏幕上看到代码“41234”，并被要求在10秒内尽可能多地输入该代码，然后休息10秒。受试者被要求重复这种交替练习和休息的循环，总共35次)”可知，本段在介绍研究的过程。故选A。
10．细节理解题。根据第五段““We wanted to explore the mechanisms (机制) behind memory strengthening seen during wakeful rest. Several forms of memory appear to rely on the replaying of neural (神经的) activity, so we decided to test this idea out for procedural skill learning,” said Ethan R. Buch, Ph.D., a staff scientist on Dr. Cohen’s team and leader of the study. To do this, Dr. Buch developed a computer program which allowed the team to understand the brain wave activity associated with typing each number in the test code. (“我们想探索清醒休息期间记忆增强背后的机制。有几种形式的记忆似乎依赖于神经活动的重演，所以我们决定在程序技能学习中验证这个想法，”科恩团队的一名科学家、该研究的负责人Ethan R. Buch博士说。为了做到这一点，布赫博士开发了一个计算机程序，使团队能够了解与输入测试代码中的每个数字相关的脑电波活动)”可知，Buch博士要开发一个计算机程序是为了确认神经重放在技能学习中的作用。故选B。
11．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Interestingly, they found that the more a volunteer replayed, the better their performance was. “We were a bit surprised by these last results. Overall, our results support the idea that the replay activity during waking rest may be a powerful tool that researchers can use to help individuals learn new skills faster and possibly facilitate recovery from stroke.” said Dr. Cohen. (有趣的是，他们发现志愿者重复播放的次数越多，他们的表现就越好。“我们对最后的结果感到有点惊讶。总的来说，我们的研究结果支持这样一种观点，即在清醒休息期间的重放活动可能是一种强大的工具，研究人员可以使用它来帮助个人更快地学习新技能，并可能促进中风后的恢复。”Cohen博士说)”可推知，Cohen博士对研究结果是认同的。故选A。
Passage2
（2024·重庆·三模）In Oceanside, a coastal suburb about 40 miles north of San Diego, the palm trees wave and the temperature is almost perfect. Teenagers watch surfers ride glassy waves. Every day it feels like the most perfect summer day. There is just one problem: The sand is
disappearing.
While many visitors, and even lifelong Californians in the industrial state, might see wide areas of sand as part of the state’s natural beauty, the reality is that over decades, the coast has become a highly engineered wonder. Millions of cubic yards of sand dug from other parts has been added in the last century to build the postcard-worthy beach like the one in Santa Monica.
But a range of forces have shrunk beaches all along California’s coastline. California could lose as much as 75% of its beaches by 2100, given the sea level rise related to climate change. Over time, beach sand gets s wept up into the water. Some of it moves towards other beaches. Besides, dams and concrete canals have reduced the amount of river sediment (沉淀物) flowing downstream that could help fill beaches as a supplement (补充). If the shoreline were allowed to evolve without human intervention, the beaches could continue to exist as we know them. But in California, the development in many places along the coast has created a hard barrier, disturbing that natural evolution.
Over the years, local governments worked together on a few major sand supplement projects. But those, still, have proved to be fleeting solutions. “Everything we do is a short-term fix,” said Gary Griggers, a professor specializing in coastal science. In recent years, as the sand’s disappearance grew more extreme, longtime Oceanside residents formed an organization called Save Oceanside Sand. A beach town cannot exist without a beach. Leaders here launched some international design competitions, aiming at finding new ways of getting and keeping sand on the city’s beaches.
“It’s really a race. I think there’s absolutely nothing we can do to hold back the Pacific Ocean,” said Gairy Griggers.
8．What does the author mean by mentioning the engineered wonder
A．Most visitors are engineers. B．California is an industrial state.
C．It’s the perfect holiday vacation. D．The beach is artificially maintained.
9．What is a reason for the crisis of beaches along California’s coastline
A．Sand supplement has been added. B．Sea level rise results in climate change.
C．Much river sediment is flowing downstream. D．Human intervention blocks the natural evolution.
10．What does the underlined word “fleeting” in Paragraph 4 mean
A．Efficient. B．Temporary. C．Sustainable. D．Complex.
11．Which of the following was done to preserve Californian beaches
A．Design contests were held. B．Dams and canals were built.
C．Man-made beaches were expanded. D．Sand-themed postcards were published.
【答案】8．D 9．D 10．B 11．A
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。在圣地亚哥以北约40英里的海滨郊区，有一片怡人沙滩。殊
不知，这片游客眼中的“自然风光”竟是人工造景。几十年来，这片沙滩的沙子在不断减少，当地的人们尝试了各种各样的方法，以拯救这片美丽的沙滩。
8．细节理解题。根据第二段“Millions of cubic yards of sand dug from other parts has been added in the last century to build the postcard-worthy beach like the one in Santa Monica.(在上个世纪，从其他地方挖出的数百万立方码的沙子被添加进去，建造了像圣莫尼卡那样值得明信片的海滩)”可知，这片沙滩的沙子是从别处搬来的，是靠人工维持的。故选D。
9．细节理解题。根据第三段“If the shoreline were allowed to evolve without human intervention, the beaches could continue to exist as we know them.(如果允许海岸线在没有人为干预的情况下进化，海滩可以继续以我们所知道的方式存在)”可知，人为干预阻碍了沙滩的自然进化，给沙滩带来了危机。故选D。
10．词义猜测题。根据划线词后文“Everything we do is a short-term fix(我们所做的一切都是短期的解决办法)”可知，这些解决方法都是短暂的。故划线词意思是“短暂的”。故选B。
11．细节理解题。根据第四段“Leaders here launched some international design competitions, aiming at finding new ways of getting and keeping sand on the city’s beaches.(这里的领导人发起了一些国际设计竞赛，旨在寻找新的方法来获取和保持城市海滩上的沙子)”可知，人们举行了一些国际的设计比赛活动，来拯救沙滩。故选A。
Passage3
（2024·山西·模拟预测）A team of scientists from the Center for Cognition and Sociality and the Data Science Group at the Institute for Basic Science (IBS) made an exciting discovery about how computers and human brains work similarly when remembering things. They found out that the way artificial intelligence (AI) models, like those in smart robots, store memories is a lot like how our brain’s memory center, called the hippocampus (海马体), does it. This part of the brain is really important for feelings and memories.
Understanding how AI learns and keeps information is key to making it smarter. The scientists looked into how our brains learn and remember by focusing on a special process involving the NMDA receptor, a critical part of the hippocampus. This receptor works like a smart door in our brain that helps with learning and remembering. It opens when certain brain chemicals are present, allowing the cell to receive signals and create memories. A specific element, magnesium, acts like a guard, only letting substances in under the right conditions.
Interestingly, the team found that Transformer, a type of AI model, uses a similar “guarding” method to manage its memory. They wondered if they could make the Transformer’s memory better by copying the brain’s process. By adjusting some settings in the Transformer to mimic (模拟、模仿) the brain’s memory door, they improved its ability to remember things long-term, just like adjusting magnesium levels can affect how well we remember stuff.
This discovery is a big deal because it shows we can use what we know about the brain to make AI smarter. C． Justin LEE, a neuroscience (神经学) director at the institute, mentioned that
this research was a big step forward for both AI and brain science. It opens up new ways to understand how the brain works and to create more advanced AI based on these insights.
So, in simple terms, scientists have figured out that computers can learn and remember in ways that are surprisingly similar to us, which could help make them even smarter in the future.
12．What does the term “NMDA receptor” in paragraph 2 most likely refer to
A．A type of computer virus that attacks AI systems.
B．A new technology for making computers run faster.
C．A component in AI models that predicts future events.
D．A part of the human brain involved in learning and memory.
13．What did the team discover about Transformer
A．It directly mimics the brain’s memory process.
B．It is unaffected by changes in memory settings.
C．It uses a special method to manage memory.
D．It requires adjustments to enhance long-term memory.
14．What is the significance of the research findings according to C． Justin LEE
A．It is a new approach to memory organization.
B．It is a crucial step in advancing AI and neuroscience.
C．It is a method for improving short-term memory in AI.
D．It is a breakthrough in understanding AI emotional processing.
15．What is the main idea of the passage
A．Exploring the NMDA receptor in the brain.
B．Discussing implications of neuroscience for AI.
C．Comparing computer and human memory processes.
D．Discovering similarities between AI and human memory.
【答案】12．D 13．C 14．B 15．D
【导语】本文一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了科学家发现人工智能记忆存储方式与人脑海马体相似，并通过模仿大脑记忆机制改进了AI模型的记忆能力，促进了AI与脑科学的发展。
12．细节理解题。根据第二段中“This receptor works like a smart door in our brain that helps with learning and remembering.(这种受体就像我们大脑中的一扇智能门，帮助我们学习和记忆)”可知，“NMDA receptor”是人脑中参与学习和记忆的一部分。故选D。
13．推理判断题。根据第三段中“Interestingly, the team found that Transformer, a type of AI model, uses a similar “guarding” method to manage its memory.(有趣的是，研究小组发现，Transformer是一种人工智能模型，它使用类似的“保护”方法来管理内存)”可知，Transformer使用了一种类似于保护的特殊方法来管理其内存。故选C。
14．推理判断题。根据第四段中“C. Justin LEE, a neuroscience (神经学) director at the institute, mentioned that this research was a big step forward for both AI and brain science. (C. Justin LEE，该研究所的神经科学主任表示，这项研究对于人工智能和脑科学都是一个重大的进展)”可知，他认为这些研究发现的重要意义在于这项研究发现推进了AI和神经科学的关键步骤。故选B。
15．主旨大意题。根据全文内容及最后一段“So, in simple terms, scientists have figured out that computers can learn and remember in ways that are surprisingly similar to us, which could help make them even smarter in the future.(所以，简单来说，科学家们已经发现计算机能够以和我们惊人相似的方式学习和记忆，这可能有助于它们在未来变得更加智能。)”可知，整篇文章的中心思想是关于在人工智能和人类记忆之间发现的相似性，D选项“发现人工智能与人类记忆之间的相似之处”准确总结了文章的中心思想。故选D。
Passage4
（2024·黑龙江牡丹江·一模）Geothermal (地热的) power generation is one of our most stable renewable energy resources. Heat generated below the Earth’s surface can provide an almost unlimited supply to power and heat homes. And while geothermal electricity only accounts for around one percent of global generation, that is set to at least triple by 2050.
The Geysers in California is the world’s largest geothermal electricity complex. It produces enough electricity from its 18 power plants for 725,000 homes, totaling 20 percent of the state’s renewable energy. Superheated “dry steam” is channeled from a large sandstone reservoir heated by a large magma chamber (岩浆房) more than four miles beneath the surface.
Heat is captured from its passage through the rock and the heated water converts into electricity. Cooled water is then recycled and pumped back to gather more heat. EGS (enhanced geothermal systems) technologies will open up many more sites for geothermal energy. “You can effectively put a power plant anywhere,” said Will Pettit, director of the Geothermal Resources Council. “All you have to do is drill deep enough and you will find hot rock.”
Most geothermal plants actually use a flash steam technique, where hot water (at 360F or 180C) is drawn up, passed into lower pressure tanks and flashed into steam to power a turbine (涡轮机). Binary cycle (双元循环) plants are the growth technology because they can operate at lower water temperatures and more diverse geographical locations. They use moderately hot water to heat a secondary fluid with a lower boiling point—as low as 135F—to drive turbines.
Geothermal plants already emit 11 times less carbon dioxide per unit of electricity than the average US coal power plant. They can also operate 24 hours a day to provide a solid base load for homes and businesses.
There are drawbacks too. Seismic activity around drilling wells is a factor. High investment costs are another. But the US government is backing the sector with multi-million dollar funds to push forward advanced EGS research. Geothermal energy is set to play a big part in the low-carbon electricity future.
8．What is the significance of EGS (enhanced geothermal systems) technologies
A．They have made geothermal energy less sustainable.
B．They have greatly reduced the need for drilling in geothermal sites.
C．They allow for more efficient use of geothermal resources.
D．They have opened up new methods of generating electricity from water.
9．What can be inferred from paragraph 4
A．Power plants are not affected by water.
B．Hot water is used to power a turbine directly.
C．Binary cycle plants are less restricted to sites.
D．A flash steam technique is a must in geothermal plants.
10．What does the author think of geothermal power
A．Perfect. B．limited . C．impractical. D．promising.
11．What is the main idea of the article
A．Businesses have been competing to gain an advantage in geothermal power.
B．Geothermal power is likely to be a great chance to sustainable power.
C．Traditional power has been replaced by geothermal power in America.
D．EGS technologies have come into widespread application around the world.
【答案】8．C 9．C 10．D 11．B
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了地热发电的概念、工作原理、应用实例以及优缺点。
8．细节理解题。根据文章第三段“EGS (enhanced geothermal systems) technologies will open up many more sites for geothermal energy. “You can effectively put a power plant anywhere,” said Will Pettit, director of the Geothermal Resources Council. “All you have to do is drill deep enough and you will find hot rock.”(增强型地热系统(EGS)技术将为地热能源开辟更多的场所。“你可以在任何地方建立发电厂，”地热资源委员会主任Will Pettit说。“你所要做的就是钻得足够深，你就会找到热岩石。”)”可知，EGS技术能够开辟更多的地热能源场地，使得人们可以在更多地方建立发电厂。因此，EGS技术的意义在于它们使得地热资源的利用更加高效。故选C项。
9．推理判断题。根据文章第四段“Binary cycle (双元循环) plants are the growth technology because they can operate at lower water temperatures and more diverse geographical locations. They use moderately hot water to heat a secondary fluid with a lower boiling point—as low as 135F—to drive turbines.(双元循环发电厂是增长的技术，因为它们可以在更低的水温和更多不同的地理位置运行。它们使用温度适中的热水加热沸点较低的二次流体——低至135华氏度——以驱动涡轮机。)”可知，双元循环发电厂是增长的技术，它们可以在更低的水温和更
多不同的地理位置运行。由此可知，双元循环发电厂对地点的限制较少。故选C。
10．推理判断题。根据文章第一段“Geothermal (地热的) power generation is one of our most stable renewable energy resources. Heat generated below the Earth’s surface can provide an almost unlimited supply to power and heat homes. And while geothermal electricity only accounts for around one percent of global generation, that is set to at least triple by 2050.(地热发电是我们最稳定的可再生能源之一。地球表面以下产生的热量可以为家庭提供几乎无限的电力和供暖。虽然地热发电只占全球发电量的1%左右，但到2050年，这一比例将至少增加两倍。)”以及全文内容可知，文章强调了地热发电作为最稳定的可再生能源之一的重要性，并提到了地热发电在全球发电量的占比预计将在未来有所增加。由此可知，作者认为地热是有前途的。故选D项。
11．主旨大意题。根据文章第一段“Geothermal (地热的) power generation is one of our most stable renewable energy resources. Heat generated below the Earth’s surface can provide an almost unlimited supply to power and heat homes. And while geothermal electricity only accounts for around one percent of global generation, that is set to at least triple by 2050.(地热发电是我们最稳定的可再生能源之一。地球表面以下产生的热量可以为家庭提供几乎无限的电力和供暖。虽然地热发电只占全球发电量的1%左右，但到2050年，这一比例将至少增加两倍。)”以及最后一段“But the US government is backing the sector with multi-million dollar funds to push forward advanced EGS research. Geothermal energy is set to play a big part in the low-carbon electricity future. (但美国政府正以数百万美元的资金支持该行业，以推动先进的EGS研究。地热能将在未来的低碳电力中扮演重要角色。)”可知，文章主要介绍了地热发电作为一种可持续能源的重要性、工作原理、应用实例、优缺点以及未来的发展前景。从文章的描述中，我们可以看到地热发电作为一种稳定且几乎无限的可再生能源，为电力和家庭供暖提供了丰富的能源供应。尽管目前地热电力在全球发电量的占比还较小，但预计未来这一比例将会有所增加。因此，文章的主要思想是地热发电有可能成为可持续能源的一个重要机遇。故选B项。
Passage5
（2024·湖南长沙·三模）Rogues (疯狗浪), called “extreme storm waves” by scientists, are large, unexpected, and dangerous waves that are at least twice as high as the other waves around them, according to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). These abnormal waves, which happen every day and all over the world, are highly unpredictable and can destroy ships that meet with them.
Rogue waves appear to form when large rough waves pass through one another, combining to form huge walls of water, according to NOAA．However, why and where they appear is unclear. But using 700 years’ worth of ocean data including historical records and data from buoys (浮标) in 158 locations around the world, researchers have now created a system for predicting these
“huge beasts”.
“They are caused by a combination of many factors that, until now, have not been combined into a single risk assessment,” said lead author Dion H fner. H fner and his co-workers mapped the factors that may lead to rogue waves and used AI to make a single model that could determine the likelihood that a rogue wave will form.
The team trained a neural network using historical wave data. This generated a system that learned the causes of rogue waves by itself and could work to predict them. But the AI’s methods were hid in a black box. This means scientists couldn’t know how the AI did its workings. So H fner’s team applied another form of machine learning, which produced an equation (综合体) when fed data, rather than just a single prediction, helping the researchers to understand how the AI reached its predictions.
“Our analysis demonstrates that abnormal waves occur all the time. In fact, we registered 100,000 waves in our data set that can be defined as rogue waves,” H fner said. This system effectively shows the sign of a rogue wave, H fner added, and can better protect ships from being destroyed as the sail around the world. Ship companies can use the device with the system to predict when and where rogue waves might arise to seek an alternative course.
8．How does the author introduce the topic
A．By using an example. B．By giving a definition.
C．By drawing a comparison. D．By making an assumption.
9．What can the system do according to paragraph 2
A．Monitor huge sea creatures. B．Guide ships around in the sea.
C．Prevent rouge waves from occurring. D．Forecast the hitting of rogue waves.
10．What is the disadvantage of the AI’s methods
A．They aren’t visually available. B．They depend on too many factors.
C．They make inaccurate predictions. D．They don’t process data systematically.
11．How does H fner find the system
A．It requires more field tests. B．It has been widely used.
C．It needs further improvement. D．It has a promising future.
【答案】8．B 9．D 10．A 11．D
【导语】本文是说明文。“疯狗浪”被科学家称为“极端风暴波”，是一种巨大的、意想不到的、危险的海浪。研究人员发明了一个系统，该系统可以有效显示“疯狗浪”的迹象，更好地保护在世界各地航行的船只免受破坏。
8．推理判断题。根据文章第一段“Rogues (疯狗浪), called “extreme storm waves” by scientists, are large, unexpected, and dangerous waves that are at least twice as high as the other waves around them, according to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). These abnormal waves, which happen every day and all over the world, are highly unpredictable and can
destroy ships that meet with them.(据美国国家海洋和大气管理局称，“疯狗浪”被科学家称为“极端风暴波”，是一种巨大的、意想不到的、危险的海浪，其高度至少是周围其他海浪的两倍。这些异常的海浪在世界各地每天都有发生，非常难以预测，可能会摧毁遇到它们的船只。)” 再结合下文中关于“疯狗浪”的介绍可知，作者主要通过对“疯狗浪”下定义来引入话题。故选B。
9．细节理解题。根据第二段中的“why and where they appear is unclear…researchers have now created a system for predicting these ‘huge beasts’.( 它们出现的原因和地点尚不清楚。但是，利用700年来的海洋数据，包括历史记录和来自世界各地158个地点的浮标数据，研究人员现在创建了一个预测这些“巨兽”的系统。)”可知，疯狗浪出现的原因和地点尚不清楚，因此，研究人员创建了一个系统来预测这些“巨兽”。故选D。
10．细节理解题。根据文章第四段“But the AI’s methods were hid in a black box. This means scientists couldn’t know how the AI did its workings.(但人工智能的方法隐藏在一个黑盒子里。这意味着科学家无法知道人工智能是如何工作的。)”可知，人工智能的方法被藏在一个黑箱里，这意味着科学家无法知道人工智能是如何工作的。故选A。
11．推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“This system effectively shows the sign of a rogue wave, H fner added, and can better protect ships from being destroyed as the sail around the world. Ship companies can use the device with the system to predict when and where rogue waves might arise to seek an alternative course.( H fner补充说：“该系统可以有效地显示异常浪的迹象，并且可以更好地保护航行在世界各地的船只。船只公司可以使用该设备和该系统来预测何时何地可能出现异常海浪，以寻求替代航线。”)”可知，他认为这个系统有着很好的发展前景。故选D。
Passage6
（2024·广西南宁·二模）In Japan, the new year began with disaster as a 7.5 magnitude earthquake struck the Noto Peninsula (能登半岛) on the country’s western edge on Monday. More than 2,000 active fault lines (断层线) lie beneath Japan, making it one of the most earthquake-prone countries in the world.
Many scientists have long considered earthquake forecasting to be impossible. But given recent improvements in artificial intelligence, some researchers have been studying whether that could change.
Last fall, researchers at the University of Texas at Austin increased such hopes for earthquake prediction with a seven-month trial in China. In all, the algorithm (演算法) successfully forecast 14 earthquakes, each within about 200 miles of its actual epicenter (震中). Meanwhile, it missed one quake and predicted eight that never happened. The trial was part of an international A．I.-design competition, one of a few such events held in recent years to advance earthquake prediction technologies.
Sergey Fomel, a geoscientist at UT Austin and a member of the research team, says in a statement. “We’re not yet close to making predictions for anywhere in the world, but what we achieved tells us that what we thought was an impossible problem is solvable in principle.”
Additionally, machine learning could help detect hidden patterns in data or collect more data to better inform earthquake forecasting, Hutchison writes for MIT Technology Review. For example, some researchers are showing how A．I. might use recordings from a specific seismic site to anticipate an earthquake’s magnitude. One team has built and trained neural networks to predict where aftershocks may occur after an initial strike. And others are using machine learning to identify and extract seismic waves—the vibrations that spread through the earth during tectonic activity (构造活动)—from other noises in the ground.
12．What’s the function of the first paragraph
A．To explain a concept. B．To introduce a new topic.
C．To supply a summary. D．To provide an example.
13．What made some researchers optimistic about the earthquake forecasting
A．The recent progress in theories. B．The use of traditional methods.
C．The increasing number of earthquakes. D．The advancements in artificial intelligence.
14．What do we know from the third paragraph
A．The trial was conducted by Chinese. B．The algorithm was totally successful.
C．A．I. shows promise in earthquake prediction. D．The A．I. competition only focused on earthquakes.
15．What is the best title for the passage
A．Japan’s Vulnerability to Earthquakes B．Helper in Predicting Earthquakes—A．I.
C．The Impossibility of Earthquake Prediction D．International Efforts to Predict Earthquakes
【答案】12．B 13．D 14．C 15．B
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了经过试验发现，人工智能在地震预测方面大有前途，并给出详细的例子。
12．推理判断题。根据第一段“In Japan, the new year began with disaster as a 7.5 magnitude earthquake struck the Noto Peninsula (能登半岛) on the country’s western edge on Monday. More than 2,000 active fault lines (断层线) lie beneath Japan, making it one of the most earthquake-prone countries in the world.(在日本，新的一年从灾难中开始，周一，该国西部边缘的诺托半岛发生了7.5级地震。日本地下有2000多条活动断层带，使其成为世界上地震最频繁的国家之一)”可推知，第一段的作用是引入一个新话题。故选B。
13．细节理解题。根据第二段“But given recent improvements in artificial intelligence, some researchers have been studying whether that could change.(但鉴于最近人工智能的进步，一些研
究人员一直在研究这种情况是否会改变)”可知，人工智能的进步让一些研究人员对地震预报持乐观态度。故选D。
14．细节理解题。根据第三段“In all, the algorithm (演算法) successfully forecast 14 earthquakes, each within about 200 miles of its actual epicenter (震中). Meanwhile, it missed one quake and predicted eight that never happened.(该算法总共成功预测了14次地震，每次地震都在震中200英里以内。与此同时，它错过了一次地震，并预测了8次从未发生的地震)”可知，人工智能在地震预测方面大有前途。故选C。
15．主旨大意题。根据第二段“Many scientists have long considered earthquake forecasting to be impossible. But given recent improvements in artificial intelligence, some researchers have been studying whether that could change.(许多科学家一直认为地震预报是不可能的。但鉴于最近人工智能的进步，一些研究人员一直在研究这种情况是否会改变)”结合文章主要说明了经过试验发现，人工智能在地震预测方面大有前途，并给出详细的例子。可知，B选项“预测地震的帮手——人工智能”最符合文章标题。故选B。
Passage7
（2024·吉林长春·模拟预测）Huddled in small groups around laptops, 20 Brazilian teenagers are using an app to build a skill that’s vital to the future of their entire community. The teenagers belong to the Guarani indigenous (本地的) people and they are fluent in speaking both Portuguese and their mother tongue, Guarani Mbya. But when it comes to writing, they often use Portuguese as that’s what they were first taught to write in, putting the Guarani Mbya language in its written form at risk of disappearing. But since March of this year, they’ve been using an app to improve their ability to write in Guarani Mbya. The app is part of a project funded by IBM to create AI tools to help preserve and expand the use of indigenous languages in Brazil.
Of the 7,000 or so languages that exist in the world, about a fifth are thought to be endangered, with the United Nations estimating that half of these will be extinct by 2100 — the majority being indigenous languages. The movement to prevent indigenous languages from disappearing has prompted a number of tech-centric language preservation and expansion projects. For example, in New Zealand, an app has been developed to collect oral recordings of indigenous languages across the region to help speakers boost their everyday use of their native language.
But embracing technology and the desire to protect culture and language are often at odds in indigenous communities, as Dr. Burbank has observed. “A minority group that’s fighting to preserve a counterculture (反主流文化) will create walls around the culture to try not to dilute (削弱) it, because the majority culture is automatically going to wipe that culture out,” says Dr. Burbank. While many of the indigenous communities Dr. Burbank works with feel technology could contribute to that dilution, she believes it can benefit indigenous communities.
8．Guarani indigenous teenagers seldom write in Guarani Mbya because __________.
A．they were initially trained to use Portuguese in writing
B．the written Guarani Mbya language is in danger of extinction
C．they intend to break free from their indigenous culture
D．Guarani Mbya makes it hard for them to integrate into the outside world
9．How many languages are estimated to disappear by 2100
A．About 7,000. B．About 3,500. C．About 1,400. D．About 700.
10．What does the underlined phrase “at odds” in the last paragraph mean
A．Confusable. B．Sensational. C．Contradictory. D．Consistent.
11．What is the author’s attitude toward using AI for language preservation
A．Positive. B．Unclear. C．Doubtful. D．Dismissive.
【答案】8．A 9．B 10．C 11．A
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了人们开始利用人工智能来保护语言。
8．细节理解题。根据第一段“But when it comes to writing, they often use Portuguese as that’s what they were first taught to write in, putting the Guarani Mbya language in its written form at risk of disappearing.(但在写作方面，他们通常使用葡萄牙语，因为这是他们最初学习的语言，这使得瓜拉尼姆比亚语的书面形式面临消失的危险)”可知，瓜拉尼土著青少年很少用瓜拉尼语写作，因为他们最初被训练使用葡萄牙语写作。故选A。
9．细节理解题。根据第二段“Of the 7,000 or so languages that exist in the world, about a fifth are thought to be endangered, with the United Nations estimating that half of these will be extinct by 2100 — the majority being indigenous languages.(世界上现存的大约7000种语言中，大约有五分之一被认为濒临灭绝，联合国估计其中一半将在2100年前灭绝——其中大多数是土著语言)”可知，到2100年，估计有7000÷2=3500种语言会消失。故选B。
10．词句猜测题。根据划线词后文““A minority group that’s fighting to preserve a counterculture (反主流文化) will create walls around the culture to try not to dilute (削弱) it, because the majority culture is automatically going to wipe that culture out,” says Dr. Burbank.(伯班克博士说：“为保护一种反主流文化而斗争的少数群体会在这种文化周围筑起高墙，尽量不去稀释它，因为多数文化会自动消灭这种文化。”)”可知，为保护一种反主流文化而斗争的少数群体会在这种文化周围筑起高墙，尽量不去稀释它，因为多数文化会自动消灭这种文化。即在土著社区，拥抱技术与保护文化和语言的愿望往往是矛盾的。故划线词意思是“矛盾的”。故选C。
11．推理判断题。根据第一段“The app is part of a project funded by IBM to create AI tools to help preserve and expand the use of indigenous languages in Brazil.(该应用程序是IBM资助的一个项目的一部分，该项目旨在创建人工智能工具，以帮助保护和扩大巴西本土语言的使用)”以及第二段“For example, in New Zealand, an app has been developed to collect oral recordings of indigenous languages across the region to help speakers boost their everyday use of their native
language.(例如，在新西兰，开发了一款应用程序，用于收集该地区土著语言的口语录音，以帮助使用者提高他们日常使用母语的能力)”可推知，作者对使用人工智能来保存语言持积极态度。故选A。
Passage8
（2024·河北保定·一模）Politicians, business bosses, and other types of leaders indeed tend to like speaking with their hands, but does the habit influence how others interpret those words To get to the bottom of it, a team of researchers from the Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics conducted a series of experiments on volunteers who viewed videos of people speaking with and without hand movements.
After showing the volunteers videos of people speaking under different conditions, the researchers asked them questions about what they had heard. Some conditions involved the speaker stressing different parts of words in a sentence. Other conditions involved the speaker making various types of hand gestures, such as pointing and sweeping movements. The team recorded the volunteers as they viewed the video recordings, questioning the volunteers afterward about what they had seen and heard.
Researchers found that the volunteers were more affected by syllables (音节) spoken with the conjunction of hand gestures: In 20 percent of the cases, the viewers were more likely to have heard and interpreted the word spoken with a hand gesture. Interestingly, however, volunteers were 40 percent more likely to hear the wrong sound when a mismatch between the word spoken and the hand gesture occurred.
Body language expert Carol Goman said, “Studies have found that speaking with your hands really can change the view of your character. People who communicate through active gesturing tend to be considered warm, agreeable, and energetic, while those who remain still are seen as logical, cold, and analytic. In fact, a 2015 study that studied TED Talks, which posts international talks online, found that the most popular speakers used nearly twice as many gestures as the least popular speakers used.”
The research team said that their findings suggest that hand gestures are an important part of in-person communication that have a direct impact on what the listener hears. Furthermore, they suggest that our responses to hand gestures may be something we learn as we grow up.
12．What’s the researchers’ purpose of doing the experiments
A．To examine the volunteers’ interpreting skills.
B．Test the effect hand gestures have on speaking.
C．To record the volunteers’ questions for the speaker.
D．To confirm the influence hand movements have on leaders.
13．What did the researchers find in the experiments
A．Hand movements affected what the listener heard.
B．The speaker stressed different parts of words in a sentence.
C．People speaking with different hand gestures had different effects.
D．The most popular speakers used more gestures than the least popular speakers did.
14．What does the underlined word “conjunction” mean in Paragraph 3
A．Assistance. B．Combination. C．Disturbance. D．Interpretation.
15．What may the researchers agree with
A．Gestures can influence others’ view on one’s personality.
B．Understanding gestures is a must in every language.
C．In-person communication helps interpret gestures.
D．Responses to gestures are learning behavior.
【答案】12．B 13．A 14．B 15．D
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了研究人员通过实验发现，在谈话中使用或不使用手势会对听众产生很大影响。
12．细节理解题。根据第一段“Politicians, business bosses, and other types of leaders indeed tend to like speaking with their hands, but does the habit influence how others interpret those words To get to the bottom of it, a team of researchers from the Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics conducted a series of experiments on volunteers who viewed videos of people speaking with and without hand movements. (政治家、商业老板和其他类型的领导人确实倾向于用手说话，但是这种习惯会影响其他人如何理解这些话吗？为了弄清真相，马克斯·普朗克心理语言学研究所的一组研究人员对志愿者进行了一系列实验，这些志愿者观看了人们说话时有和没有手部动作的视频。)”可知，研究人员做实验的目的是测试手势对说话的影响。故选B。
13．细节理解题。根据第三段中“In 20 percent of the cases, the viewers were more likely to have heard and interpreted the word spoken with a hand gesture. Interestingly, however, volunteers were 40 percent more likely to hear the wrong sound when a mismatch between the word spoken and the hand gesture occurred. (在20%的情况下，观众更有可能听到并理解用手势说的话。然而，有趣的是，当说的话和手势不匹配时，志愿者听到错误声音的可能性要高出40%)”可知，研究人员在实验中发现手的动作会影响听者听到的内容。故选A。
14．词句猜测题。根据第三段中的“In 20 percent of the cases, the viewers were more likely to have heard and interpreted the word spoken with a hand gesture. (在20%的案例中，观众更有可能听到并理解结合手势说的话。)”可推知，此处是指志愿者更容易受到与手势相结合的音节的影响，所以conjunction意为“结合”。故选B。
15．推理判断题。根据最后一段中“Furthermore, they suggest that our r阅读理解说明文、议论文
2024年高考真题
Passage1
【新课标Ⅰ卷】Is comprehension the same whether a person reads a text onscreen or on paper And are listening to and viewing content as effective as reading the written word when covering the same material The answers to both questions are often “no”. The reasons relate to a variety of factors, including reduced concentration, an entertainment mindset (心态) and a tendency to multitask while consuming digital content.
When reading texts of several hundred words or more, learning is generally more successful when it’s on paper than onscreen. A large amount of research confirms this finding. The benefits of print reading particularly shine through when experimenters move from posing simple tasks — like identifying the main idea in a reading passage — to ones that require mental abstraction — such as drawing inferences from a text.
The differences between print and digital reading results are partly related to paper’s physical properties. With paper, there is a literal laying on of hands, along with the visual geography of distinct pages. People often link their memory of what they’ve read to how far into the book it was or where it was on the page.
But equally important is the mental aspect. Reading researchers have proposed a theory called “shallowing hypothesis (假说)”. According to this theory, people approach digital texts with a mindset suited to social media, which are often not so serious, and devote less mental effort than when they are reading print.
Audio (音频) and video can feel more engaging than text, and so university teachers increasingly turn to these technologies — say, assigning an online talk instead of an article by the same person. However, psychologists have demonstrated that when adults read news stories, they remember more of the content than if they listen to or view identical pieces.
Digital texts, audio and video all have educational roles, especially when providing resources not available in print. However, for maximizing learning where mental focus and reflection are called for, educators shouldn’t assume all media are the same, even when they contain identical words.
28. What does the underlined phrase “shine through” in paragraph 2 mean
A Seem unlikely to last. B. Seem hard to explain.
C. Become ready to use. D. Become easy to notice.
29. What does the shallowing hypothesis assume
A. Readers treat digital texts lightly. B. Digital texts are simpler to understand.
C. People select digital texts randomly. D. Digital texts are suitable for social
media.
30. Why are audio and video increasingly used by university teachers
A. They can hold students' attention. B. They are more convenient to prepare.
C. They help develop advanced skills. D. They are more informative than text.
31. What does the author imply in the last paragraph
A. Students should apply multiple learning techniques.
B. Teachers should produce their own teaching material.
C. Print texts cannot be entirely replaced in education.
D. Education outside the classroom cannot be ignored.
Passage2
【新课标ⅠⅠ卷】We all know fresh is best when it comes to food. However, most produce at the store went through weeks of travel and covered hundreds of miles before reaching the table. While farmer’s markets are a solid choice to reduce the journey, Babylon Micro-Farm (BMF) shortens it even more.
BMF is an indoor garden system. It can be set up for a family. Additionally, it could serve a larger audience such as a hospital, restaurant or school. The innovative design requires little effort to achieve a reliable weekly supply of fresh greens.
Specifically, it’s a farm that relies on new technology. By connecting through the Cloud, BMF is remotely monitored. Also, there is a convenient app that provides growing data in real time. Because the system is automated, it significantly reduces the amount of water needed to grow plants. Rather than watering rows of soil, the system provides just the right amount to each plant. After harvest, users simply replace the plants with a new pre-seeded pod (容器) to get the next growth cycle started.
Moreover, having a system in the same building where it’s eaten means zero emissions (排放) from transporting plants from soil to salad. In addition, there’s no need for pesticides and other chemicals that pollute traditional farms and the surrounding environment.
BMF employees live out sustainability in their everyday lives. About half of them walk or bike to work. Inside the office, they encourage recycling and waste reduction by limiting garbage cans and avoiding single-use plastic. “We are passionate about reducing waste, carbon and chemicals in our environment,” said a BMF employee.
8. What can be learned about BMF from paragraph 1
A. It guarantees the variety of food. B. It requires day-to-day care.
C. It cuts the farm-to-table distance. D. It relies on farmer’s markets.
9. What information does the convenient app offer
A. Real-time weather changes. B. Current condition of the plants.
C. Chemical pollutants in the soil. D. Availability of pre-seeded pods.
10. What can be concluded about BMF employees
A. They have a great passion for sports.
B. They are devoted to community service.
C. They are fond of sharing daily experiences.
D They have a strong environmental awareness.
11. What does the text mainly talk about
A. BMF’s major strengths. B. BMF’s general management.
C. BMF’s global influence. D. BMF’s technical standards.
Passage3
【新课标Ⅰ卷】In the race to document the species on Earth before they go extinct, researchers and citizen scientists have collected billions of records. Today, most records of biodiversity are often in the form of photos, videos, and other digital records. Though they are useful for detecting shifts in the number and variety of species in an area, a new Stanford study has found that this type of record is not perfect.
“With the rise of technology it is easy for people to make observations of different species with the aid of a mobile application,” said Barnabas Daru, who is lead author of the study and assistant professor of biology in the Stanford School of Humanities and Sciences. “These observations now outnumber the primary data that comes from physical specimens (标本), and since we are increasingly using observational data to investigate how species are responding to global change, I wanted to know: Are they usable ”
Using a global dataset of 1.9 billion records of plants, insects, birds, and animals, Daru and his team tested how well these data represent actual global biodiversity patterns.
“We were particularly interested in exploring the aspects of sampling that tend to bias (使有偏差) data, like the greater likelihood of a citizen scientist to take a picture of a flowering plant instead of the grass right next to it,” said Daru.
Their study revealed that the large number of observation-only records did not lead to better global coverage. Moreover, these data are biased and favor certain regions, time periods, and species. This makes sense because the people who get observational biodiversity data on mobile devices are often citizen scientists recording their encounters with species in areas nearby. These data are also biased toward certain species with attractive or eye-catching features.
What can we do with the imperfect datasets of biodiversity
“Quite a lot,” Daru explained. “Biodiversity apps can use our study results to inform users of oversampled areas and lead them to places — and even species — that are not well-sampled. To improve the quality of observational data, biodiversity apps can also encourage users to have an expert confirm the identification of their uploaded image.”
32. What do we know about the records of species collected now
A. They are becoming outdated. B. They are mostly in electronic form.
C. They are limited in number. D. They are used for public exhibition.
33. What does Daru’s study focus on
A. Threatened species. B. Physical specimens.
C. Observational data. D. Mobile applications.
34. What has led to the biases according to the study
A. Mistakes in data analysis. B. Poor quality of uploaded pictures.
C. Improper way of sampling. D. Unreliable data collection devices.
35. What is Daru’s suggestion for biodiversity apps
A. Review data from certain areas. B. Hire experts to check the records.
C. Confirm the identity of the users. D. Give guidance to citizen scientists.
Passage4
【新课标ⅠⅠ卷】Given the astonishing potential of AI to transform our lives, we all need to take action to deal with our AI-powered future, and this is where AI by Design: A Plan for Living with Artificial Intelligence comes in. This absorbing new book by Catriona Campbell is a practical roadmap addressing the challenges posed by the forthcoming AI revolution (变革).
In the wrong hands, such a book could prove as complicated to process as the computer code (代码) that powers AI but, thankfully, Campbell has more than two decades’ professional experience translating the heady into the understandable. She writes from the practical angle of a business person rather than as an academic, making for a guide which is highly accessible and informative and which, by the close, will make you feel almost as smart as AI.
As we soon come to learn from AI by Design, AI is already super-smart and will become more capable, moving from the current generation of “narrow-AI” to Artificial General Intelligence. From there, Campbell says, will come Artificial Dominant Intelligence. This is why Campbell has set out to raise awareness of AI and its future now-several decades before these developments are expected to take place. She says it is essential that we keep control of artificial intelligence, or risk being sidelined and perhaps even worse.
Campbell’s point is to wake up those responsible for AI-the technology companies and world leaders-so they are on the same page as all the experts currently developing it. She explains we are at a “tipping point” in history and must act now to prevent an extinction-level event for humanity. We need to consider how we want our future with Al to pan out. Such structured thinking, followed by global regulation, will enable us to achieve greatness rather than our downfall.
AI will affect us all, and if you only read one book on the subject, this is it.
12. What does the phrase “In the wrong hands” in paragraph 2 probably mean
A. If read by someone poorly educated. B. If reviewed by someone ill-intentioned.
C. If written by someone less competent. D. If translated by someone unacademic.
13. What is a feature of AI by Design according to the text
A. It is packed with complex codes. B. It adopts a down-to-earth writing style.
C. It provides step-by-step instructions. D. It is intended for AI professionals.
14. What does Campbell urge people to do regarding AI development
A. Observe existing regulations on it.
B. Reconsider expert opinions about it.
C. Make joint efforts to keep it under control.
D. Learn from prior experience to slow it down.
15. What is the author’s purpose in writing the text
A. To recommend a book on AI. B. To give a brief account of AI history.
C. To clarify the definition of AI. D. To honor an outstanding AI expert.
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2024年名校模拟题
Passage1
（2024·江苏南通·三模）In a recent study of healthy volunteers, National Institutes of Health researchers discovered that our brains may replay memories of learning new skills when we rest.
NIH researchers have mapped out the brain activity that flows when we learn a new skill, such as playing a new song on the piano, and found that during short rest the volunteers’ brains rapidly and repeatedly replayed faster versions of the activity seen while they practiced typing a code. The more a volunteer replayed the activity the better they performed during subsequent practice sessions.
The study was conducted at the NIH Clinical Center. The team of Dr. Cohen, M.D．, senior investigator at the NIH’s National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), used a highly sensitive scanning technique to record the brain waves of 33 healthy, right-handed volunteers as they learned to type a five-digit test code with their left hands. The subjects sat in a chair and under the scanner’s long, cone-shaped cap. An experiment began when a subject was shown the code “41234” on a screen and asked to type it out as many times as possible for 10 seconds and then take a 10 second break. Subjects were asked to repeat this cycle of alternating (交替的) practice and rest sessions a total of 35 times.
During the first few trials, the speed at which subjects correctly typed the code improved dramatically and then leveled off around the 11th cycle. In a previous study, Dr. Cohen’s team showed that most of these gains happened during short rests, and not when the subjects were
typing. Moreover, the gains were greater than those made after a night’s sleep and were related with a decrease in the size of brain waves, called beta rhythms. In this new report, the researchers searched for something different in the subjects’ brain waves.
“We wanted to explore the mechanisms (机制) behind memory strengthening seen during wakeful rest. Several forms of memory appear to rely on the replaying of neural (神经的) activity, so we decided to test this idea out for procedural skill learning,” said Ethan R. Buch, Ph.D．, a staff scientist on Dr. Cohen’s team and leader of the study. To do this, Dr. Buch developed a computer program which allowed the team to understand the brain wave activity associated with typing each number in the test code.
Interestingly, they found that the more a volunteer replayed, the better their performance was. “We were a bit surprised by these last results. Overall, our results support the idea that the replay activity during waking rest may be a powerful tool that researchers can use to help individuals learn new skills faster and possibly facilitate recovery from stroke.” said Dr. Cohen.
8．What have NIH researchers recently found
A．The brain activity slowly flows when we learn a new skill.
B．The value of short practice sessions can’t be overestimated.
C．Short rest makes no difference to the neural replay of the activity.
D．The frequency of brain replay contributes to practice performances.
9．What is mainly talked about in Paragraph 3
A．The process of the research.
B．The facilities of the research.
C．The application of the research.
D．The preparations of the research.
10．Why did Dr. Buch develop a computer program
A．To distinguish the first 11 cycles from the later ones.
B．To confirm the role of neural replay in skill learning.
C．To explore the potential effects of procedural learning.
D．To find out the reasons for the changes in brain waves.
11．What does Dr. Cohen think of the research findings
A．Acceptable.
B．Promising.
C．Shallow.
D．Dismissive.
Passage2
（2024·重庆·三模）In Oceanside, a coastal suburb about 40 miles north of San Diego, the
palm trees wave and the temperature is almost perfect. Teenagers watch surfers ride glassy waves. Every day it feels like the most perfect summer day. There is just one problem: The sand is disappearing.
While many visitors, and even lifelong Californians in the industrial state, might see wide areas of sand as part of the state’s natural beauty, the reality is that over decades, the coast has become a highly engineered wonder. Millions of cubic yards of sand dug from other parts has been added in the last century to build the postcard-worthy beach like the one in Santa Monica.
But a range of forces have shrunk beaches all along California’s coastline. California could lose as much as 75% of its beaches by 2100, given the sea level rise related to climate change. Over time, beach sand gets s wept up into the water. Some of it moves towards other beaches. Besides, dams and concrete canals have reduced the amount of river sediment (沉淀物) flowing downstream that could help fill beaches as a supplement (补充). If the shoreline were allowed to evolve without human intervention, the beaches could continue to exist as we know them. But in California, the development in many places along the coast has created a hard barrier, disturbing that natural evolution.
Over the years, local governments worked together on a few major sand supplement projects. But those, still, have proved to be fleeting solutions. “Everything we do is a short-term fix,” said Gary Griggers, a professor specializing in coastal science. In recent years, as the sand’s disappearance grew more extreme, longtime Oceanside residents formed an organization called Save Oceanside Sand. A beach town cannot exist without a beach. Leaders here launched some international design competitions, aiming at finding new ways of getting and keeping sand on the city’s beaches.
“It’s really a race. I think there’s absolutely nothing we can do to hold back the Pacific Ocean,” said Gairy Griggers.
8．What does the author mean by mentioning the engineered wonder
A．Most visitors are engineers. B．California is an industrial state.
C．It’s the perfect holiday vacation. D．The beach is artificially maintained.
9．What is a reason for the crisis of beaches along California’s coastline
A．Sand supplement has been added. B．Sea level rise results in climate change.
C．Much river sediment is flowing downstream. D．Human intervention blocks the natural evolution.
10．What does the underlined word “fleeting” in Paragraph 4 mean
A．Efficient. B．Temporary. C．Sustainable. D．Complex.
11．Which of the following was done to preserve Californian beaches
A．Design contests were held. B．Dams and canals were built.
C．Man-made beaches were expanded. D．Sand-themed postcards were published.
Passage3
（2024·山西·模拟预测）A team of scientists from the Center for Cognition and Sociality and the Data Science Group at the Institute for Basic Science (IBS) made an exciting discovery about how computers and human brains work similarly when remembering things. They found out that the way artificial intelligence (AI) models, like those in smart robots, store memories is a lot like how our brain’s memory center, called the hippocampus (海马体), does it. This part of the brain is really important for feelings and memories.
Understanding how AI learns and keeps information is key to making it smarter. The scientists looked into how our brains learn and remember by focusing on a special process involving the NMDA receptor, a critical part of the hippocampus. This receptor works like a smart door in our brain that helps with learning and remembering. It opens when certain brain chemicals are present, allowing the cell to receive signals and create memories. A specific element, magnesium, acts like a guard, only letting substances in under the right conditions.
Interestingly, the team found that Transformer, a type of AI model, uses a similar “guarding” method to manage its memory. They wondered if they could make the Transformer’s memory better by copying the brain’s process. By adjusting some settings in the Transformer to mimic (模拟、模仿) the brain’s memory door, they improved its ability to remember things long-term, just like adjusting magnesium levels can affect how well we remember stuff.
This discovery is a big deal because it shows we can use what we know about the brain to make AI smarter. C． Justin LEE, a neuroscience (神经学) director at the institute, mentioned that this research was a big step forward for both AI and brain science. It opens up new ways to understand how the brain works and to create more advanced AI based on these insights.
So, in simple terms, scientists have figured out that computers can learn and remember in ways that are surprisingly similar to us, which could help make them even smarter in the future.
12．What does the term “NMDA receptor” in paragraph 2 most likely refer to
A．A type of computer virus that attacks AI systems.
B．A new technology for making computers run faster.
C．A component in AI models that predicts future events.
D．A part of the human brain involved in learning and memory.
13．What did the team discover about Transformer
A．It directly mimics the brain’s memory process.
B．It is unaffected by changes in memory settings.
C．It uses a special method to manage memory.
D．It requires adjustments to enhance long-term memory.
14．What is the significance of the research findings according to C． Justin LEE
A．It is a new approach to memory organization.
B．It is a crucial step in advancing AI and neuroscience.
C．It is a method for improving short-term memory in AI.
D．It is a breakthrough in understanding AI emotional processing.
15．What is the main idea of the passage
A．Exploring the NMDA receptor in the brain.
B．Discussing implications of neuroscience for AI.
C．Comparing computer and human memory processes.
D．Discovering similarities between AI and human memory.
Passage4
（2024·黑龙江牡丹江·一模）Geothermal (地热的) power generation is one of our most stable renewable energy resources. Heat generated below the Earth’s surface can provide an almost unlimited supply to power and heat homes. And while geothermal electricity only accounts for around one percent of global generation, that is set to at least triple by 2050.
The Geysers in California is the world’s largest geothermal electricity complex. It produces enough electricity from its 18 power plants for 725,000 homes, totaling 20 percent of the state’s renewable energy. Superheated “dry steam” is channeled from a large sandstone reservoir heated by a large magma chamber (岩浆房) more than four miles beneath the surface.
Heat is captured from its passage through the rock and the heated water converts into electricity. Cooled water is then recycled and pumped back to gather more heat. EGS (enhanced geothermal systems) technologies will open up many more sites for geothermal energy. “You can effectively put a power plant anywhere,” said Will Pettit, director of the Geothermal Resources Council. “All you have to do is drill deep enough and you will find hot rock.”
Most geothermal plants actually use a flash steam technique, where hot water (at 360F or 180C) is drawn up, passed into lower pressure tanks and flashed into steam to power a turbine (涡轮机). Binary cycle (双元循环) plants are the growth technology because they can operate at lower water temperatures and more diverse geographical locations. They use moderately hot water to heat a secondary fluid with a lower boiling point—as low as 135F—to drive turbines.
Geothermal plants already emit 11 times less carbon dioxide per unit of electricity than the average US coal power plant. They can also operate 24 hours a day to provide a solid base load for homes and businesses.
There are drawbacks too. Seismic activity around drilling wells is a factor. High investment costs are another. But the US government is backing the sector with multi-million dollar funds to push forward advanced EGS research. Geothermal energy is set to play a big part in the low-carbon electricity future.
8．What is the significance of EGS (enhanced geothermal systems) technologies
A．They have made geothermal energy less sustainable.
B．They have greatly reduced the need for drilling in geothermal sites.
C．They allow for more efficient use of geothermal resources.
D．They have opened up new methods of generating electricity from water.
9．What can be inferred from paragraph 4
A．Power plants are not affected by water.
B．Hot water is used to power a turbine directly.
C．Binary cycle plants are less restricted to sites.
D．A flash steam technique is a must in geothermal plants.
10．What does the author think of geothermal power
A．Perfect. B．limited . C．impractical. D．promising.
11．What is the main idea of the article
A．Businesses have been competing to gain an advantage in geothermal power.
B．Geothermal power is likely to be a great chance to sustainable power.
C．Traditional power has been replaced by geothermal power in America.
D．EGS technologies have come into widespread application around the world.
Passage5
（2024·湖南长沙·三模）Rogues (疯狗浪), called “extreme storm waves” by scientists, are large, unexpected, and dangerous waves that are at least twice as high as the other waves around them, according to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). These abnormal waves, which happen every day and all over the world, are highly unpredictable and can destroy ships that meet with them.
Rogue waves appear to form when large rough waves pass through one another, combining to form huge walls of water, according to NOAA．However, why and where they appear is unclear. But using 700 years’ worth of ocean data including historical records and data from buoys (浮标) in 158 locations around the world, researchers have now created a system for predicting these “huge beasts”.
“They are caused by a combination of many factors that, until now, have not been combined into a single risk assessment,” said lead author Dion H fner. H fner and his co-workers mapped the factors that may lead to rogue waves and used AI to make a single model that could determine the likelihood that a rogue wave will form.
The team trained a neural network using historical wave data. This generated a system that learned the causes of rogue waves by itself and could work to predict them. But the AI’s methods were hid in a black box. This means scientists couldn’t know how the AI did its workings. So H fner’s team applied another form of machine learning, which produced an equation (综合体) when fed data, rather than just a single prediction, helping the researchers to understand how the AI reached its predictions.
“Our analysis demonstrates that abnormal waves occur all the time. In fact, we registered
100,000 waves in our data set that can be defined as rogue waves,” H fner said. This system effectively shows the sign of a rogue wave, H fner added, and can better protect ships from being destroyed as the sail around the world. Ship companies can use the device with the system to predict when and where rogue waves might arise to seek an alternative course.
8．How does the author introduce the topic
A．By using an example. B．By giving a definition.
C．By drawing a comparison. D．By making an assumption.
9．What can the system do according to paragraph 2
A．Monitor huge sea creatures. B．Guide ships around in the sea.
C．Prevent rouge waves from occurring. D．Forecast the hitting of rogue waves.
10．What is the disadvantage of the AI’s methods
A．They aren’t visually available. B．They depend on too many factors.
C．They make inaccurate predictions. D．They don’t process data systematically.
11．How does H fner find the system
A．It requires more field tests. B．It has been widely used.
C．It needs further improvement. D．It has a promising future.
Passage6
（2024·广西南宁·二模）In Japan, the new year began with disaster as a 7.5 magnitude earthquake struck the Noto Peninsula (能登半岛) on the country’s western edge on Monday. More than 2,000 active fault lines (断层线) lie beneath Japan, making it one of the most earthquake-prone countries in the world.
Many scientists have long considered earthquake forecasting to be impossible. But given recent improvements in artificial intelligence, some researchers have been studying whether that could change.
Last fall, researchers at the University of Texas at Austin increased such hopes for earthquake prediction with a seven-month trial in China. In all, the algorithm (演算法) successfully forecast 14 earthquakes, each within about 200 miles of its actual epicenter (震中). Meanwhile, it missed one quake and predicted eight that never happened. The trial was part of an international A．I.-design competition, one of a few such events held in recent years to advance earthquake prediction technologies.
Sergey Fomel, a geoscientist at UT Austin and a member of the research team, says in a statement. “We’re not yet close to making predictions for anywhere in the world, but what we achieved tells us that what we thought was an impossible problem is solvable in principle.”
Additionally, machine learning could help detect hidden patterns in data or collect more data to better inform earthquake forecasting, Hutchison writes for MIT Technology Review. For example, some researchers are showing how A．I. might use recordings from a specific seismic
site to anticipate an earthquake’s magnitude. One team has built and trained neural networks to predict where aftershocks may occur after an initial strike. And others are using machine learning to identify and extract seismic waves—the vibrations that spread through the earth during tectonic activity (构造活动)—from other noises in the ground.
12．What’s the function of the first paragraph
A．To explain a concept. B．To introduce a new topic.
C．To supply a summary. D．To provide an example.
13．What made some researchers optimistic about the earthquake forecasting
A．The recent progress in theories. B．The use of traditional methods.
C．The increasing number of earthquakes. D．The advancements in artificial intelligence.
14．What do we know from the third paragraph
A．The trial was conducted by Chinese. B．The algorithm was totally successful.
C．A．I. shows promise in earthquake prediction. D．The A．I. competition only focused on earthquakes.
15．What is the best title for the passage
A．Japan’s Vulnerability to Earthquakes B．Helper in Predicting Earthquakes—A．I.
C．The Impossibility of Earthquake Prediction D．International Efforts to Predict Earthquakes
Passage7
（2024·吉林长春·模拟预测）Huddled in small groups around laptops, 20 Brazilian teenagers are using an app to build a skill that’s vital to the future of their entire community. The teenagers belong to the Guarani indigenous (本地的) people and they are fluent in speaking both Portuguese and their mother tongue, Guarani Mbya. But when it comes to writing, they often use Portuguese as that’s what they were first taught to write in, putting the Guarani Mbya language in its written form at risk of disappearing. But since March of this year, they’ve been using an app to improve their ability to write in Guarani Mbya. The app is part of a project funded by IBM to create AI tools to help preserve and expand the use of indigenous languages in Brazil.
Of the 7,000 or so languages that exist in the world, about a fifth are thought to be endangered, with the United Nations estimating that half of these will be extinct by 2100 — the majority being indigenous languages. The movement to prevent indigenous languages from disappearing has prompted a number of tech-centric language preservation and expansion projects. For example, in New Zealand, an app has been developed to collect oral recordings of indigenous languages across the region to help speakers boost their everyday use of their native language.
But embracing technology and the desire to protect culture and language are often at odds in indigenous communities, as Dr. Burbank has observed. “A minority group that’s fighting to preserve a counterculture (反主流文化) will create walls around the culture to try not to dilute (削
弱) it, because the majority culture is automatically going to wipe that culture out,” says Dr. Burbank. While many of the indigenous communities Dr. Burbank works with feel technology could contribute to that dilution, she believes it can benefit indigenous communities.
8．Guarani indigenous teenagers seldom write in Guarani Mbya because __________.
A．they were initially trained to use Portuguese in writing
B．the written Guarani Mbya language is in danger of extinction
C．they intend to break free from their indigenous culture
D．Guarani Mbya makes it hard for them to integrate into the outside world
9．How many languages are estimated to disappear by 2100
A．About 7,000. B．About 3,500. C．About 1,400. D．About 700.
10．What does the underlined phrase “at odds” in the last paragraph mean
A．Confusable. B．Sensational. C．Contradictory. D．Consistent.
11．What is the author’s attitude toward using AI for language preservation
A．Positive. B．Unclear. C．Doubtful. D．Dismissive.
Passage8
（2024·河北保定·一模）Politicians, business bosses, and other types of leaders indeed tend to like speaking with their hands, but does the habit influence how others interpret those words To get to the bottom of it, a team of researchers from the Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics conducted a series of experiments on volunteers who viewed videos of people speaking with and without hand movements.
After showing the volunteers videos of people speaking under different conditions, the researchers asked them questions about what they had heard. Some conditions involved the speaker stressing different parts of words in a sentence. Other conditions involved the speaker making various types of hand gestures, such as pointing and sweeping movements. The team recorded the volunteers as they viewed the video recordings, questioning the volunteers afterward about what they had seen and heard.
Researchers found that the volunteers were more affected by syllables (音节) spoken with the conjunction of hand gestures: In 20 percent of the cases, the viewers were more likely to have heard and interpreted the word spoken with a hand gesture. Interestingly, however, volunteers were 40 percent more likely to hear the wrong sound when a mismatch between the word spoken and the hand gesture occurred.
Body language expert Carol Goman said, “Studies have found that speaking with your hands really can change the view of your character. People who communicate through active gesturing tend to be considered warm, agreeable, and energetic, while those who remain still are seen as logical, cold, and analytic. In fact, a 2015 study that studied TED Talks, which posts international talks online, found that the most popular speakers used nearly twice as many gestures as the least popular speakers used.”
The research team said that their findings suggest that hand gestures are an important part of in-person communication that have a direct impact on what the listener hears. Furthermore, they suggest that our responses to hand gestures may be something we learn as we grow up.
12．What’s the researchers’ purpose of doing the experiments
A．To examine the volunteers’ interpreting skills.
B．Test the effect hand gestures have on speaking.
C．To record the volunteers’ questions for the speaker.
D．To confirm the influence hand movements have on leaders.
13．What did the researchers find in the experiments
A．Hand movements affected what the listener heard.
B．The speaker stressed different parts of words in a sentence.
C．People speaking with different hand gestures had different effects.
D．The most popular speakers used more gestures than the least popular speakers did.
14．What does the underlined word “conjunction” mean in Paragraph 3
A．Assistance. B．Combination. C．Disturbance. D．Interpretation.
15．What may the researchers agree with
A．Gestures can influence others’ view on one’s personality.
B．Understanding gestures is a must in every language.
C．In-person communication helps interpret gestures.
D．Responses to gestures are learning behavior.
Passage9
（2024·浙江绍兴·二模）Do you see a bird right now Can you hear one chirping If so, you might be getting a mental health boost. A study recently published in the journal Science found that being in the presence of birds made people feel more positive.
Andrea Mechelli, a psychologist at King’s College London, found himself studying the natural world accidentally. Initially he was searching for answers to why people who lived in cities seemed to tend to suffer mental illness, particularly psychosis. In 2015, he created the smartphone app Urban Mind to search for patterns in users’ environments. “Our first finding is that nature has a very powerful effect,” says Mechelli. He and his colleagues then wondered if some aspects of nature were more beneficial than others. They turned to birds for their ubiquity (普遍存在) in rural and urban environments.
Their latest study included 1,292 participants mainly in the United Kingdom and Europe. For two weeks, participants were prompted to fill out a questionnaire about their surrounding environment and their mental state three times a day. Mechelli performed a statistical analysis that found an obvious improvement in wellbeing when birds were present, even when eliminating other factors like the presence of trees or waterways. The mental health benefit was true both for
people who disclosed a depression diagnosis and those without any diagnosed mental health conditions.
Peter James, an environmental health scientist at Harvard, would like to see more data. He found that environmental health studies like these lack diversity. Yet, a psychologist at Trent University in Canada, Lisa Nisbet says, “This kind of study helps us understand how people’s everyday experience with specific elements of nature, such as birds, can be restorative.”
Appreciating birds seems to be a promising avenue for nature-based health and wellbeing interventions. At Mechelli’s clinical practice in London, he focuses on early intervention therapies. He suggests his patients go for walks to observe the trees and plants growing in the city, and the bird fluttering by from branch to branch. “It has no side effects,” he says. “It’s something they could try, and they have nothing to lose.”
8．What can be inferred about Andrea Mechelli’s study
A．Diverse environments are rewarding only for depressed people.
B．The presence of birds is beneficial to mental health.
C．Peter James thought highly of Mechelli’s research.
D．It was originally targeted at the research on birds.
9．What does the underlined word “eliminating” mean in paragraph 3
A．Defeating. B．Identifying.
C．Considering. D．Removing.
10．Which of the following statement might Andrea Mechelli agree with
A．Early intervention shows no significance.
B．The access to nature helps people be more confident.
C．Nature-based intervention functions well in mental health.
D．People’s daily experience is connected with mental problems.
11．What’s the best title of the passage
A．Use Nature in Supporting Mental Health B．Get Outside for a Quicker Mental Recovery
C．Analyze Data to Make a Good Treatment Plan D．Turn to Birds for Better Understandings of Humans
Passage10
（2024·四川·模拟预测）In an era of digital technology, the art of writing by hand has slowly been downgraded to a past entertainment. However, recent research suggests that this physical act is essential to brain health and development, having multiple cognitive (认知的) benefits. It is time we should reevaluate the potential benefits it may have on our mental capacities.
According to numerous studies, writing by hand stimulates more complex and diverse brain connections essential for encoding new information and forming memories. For instance, a recent
investigation found that brain connectivity patterns were far more complicated and widespread for participants who wrote by hand compared to those who typed. Thus, it is clear that handwriting has a distinct and significant impact on our brain health.
Handwriting isn’t just good for our brains health—it also has clear, practical benefits. Research has shown that students who take handwritten notes score significantly higher on quizzes, demonstrating improved learning. This extends beyond the classroom too. People who recorded information on paper calendars demonstrated more brain activity and recalled information faster than those who used smartphones. The act of handwriting, therefore, could be a valuable tool for students preparing for exams and adults managing daily tasks.
Despite its clear benefits, handwriting has been on the decline. However, 25states in the US have reintroduced writing back into school curriculums. This is a step in the right direction, as previous research has also indicated that handwriting is essential in children’s brain development. Preliterate (未识字的) children who wrote by hand demonstrated brain activity in a circuit of the brain used in learning to read, further strengthening the link between handwriting and cognitive development.
It is clear that handwriting is a valuable activity that has the potential to enhance our brain health, learning, memory, and problem-solving skills. As we continue to navigate the digital age, it is important not to overlook the value of this seemingly simple activity. So, the next time you reach for your keyboard, remember the benefits of picking up a pen instead.
12．What do people usually think of handwriting at present
A．It has become an old-fashioned skill. B．It has many cognitive benefits in life.
C．It has been replaced by digital devices. D．It has been a popular entertainment.
13．What does the author mainly show about handwriting in paragraph 3
A．It is beneficial to brain health. B．It helps students score higher on quizzes.
C．It stimulates diverse brain connection. D．It has good effects on learning and memory.
14．Why is previous research mentioned in paragraph 4
A．To make a comparison. B．To add further evidence.
C．To show different opinions. D．To explain the brain activity.
15．What’s the purpose of the passage
A．To illustrate a finding on handwriting. B．To emphasize the importance of handwriting.
C．To show the wide application of handwriting. D．To introduce the artistic value of handwriting.

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